248:
215:
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42:
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1211:Око 1148. год. ситуација на Балкану била је овака. На једној страни беху у савезу Византија и Млеци, а на другој Нормани и Мађари. Нормани су били побеђени и у опасности да се ратиште пренесе с Балкана на њихово подручје у Италију. Да омету Манојла у том плану они настоје свима средствима, да му направе што више неприлика код куће. Доиста, 1149. год. јавља се нови устанак Срба против Ви- зантије, који отворено помажу Мађари. Цар ...
136:
948:. While David Komnenos had made some preparations in anticipation of the encroaching Normans, such as ordering reinforcement of the cities walls' and assigning four divisions to the cities' defense, these precautions proved insufficient. Only one of the four divisions actually engaged the Normans, resulting in the city being captured with relative ease by Norman forces. Upon gaining control of the city Norman forces
655:, the Norman faction led by Robert Guiscard saw no reason to stop; Byzantium was decaying further still and looked ripe for conquest. Further pressing Norman motivation to invade was consistent support by the Byzantines for uprisings against Robert Guiscard. The Western edge of the Byzantine empire in particular was known for being a safe haven for rebel groups. When
834:, who quickly defeated Roger with their powerful fleet. In ca.1148, the political situation in the Balkans was divided by two sides, one being the alliance of the Byzantines and Venice, the other the Normans and Hungarians. The Normans were sure of the danger that the battlefield would move from the Balkans to their area in Italy. The
842:
with a fleet of 40 ships to pillage
Constantinople's suburbs. Manuel had already agreed with Conrad on a joint invasion and partition of southern Italy and Sicily. The renewal of the German alliance remained the principal orientation of Manuel's foreign policy for the rest of his reign, despite the
741:
in numerous battles. These Norman mercenaries were instrumental in the capture of multiple cities. It is speculated that, in exchange for an oath of loyalty, Alexios promised land around the city of
Antioch to Bohemond in order to create a buffer vassal state and simultaneously keep Bohemond away
630:
Over a thirty-year period (1061–1091), Norman factions also completed the initial
Byzantine attempt to retake Sicily. However, it would not be until 1130 that both Sicily and southern Italy were united into one kingdom, formalized by
838:, Hungarians and Normans exchanged envoys, being in the interest of the Normans to stop Manuel's plans to recover Italy. In 1149, Manuel recovered Corfu and prepared to take the offensive against the Normans, while Roger II sent
623:
itself. After defeating the
Byzantines in a series of battles in Apulia, and after two major attempts to relieve the city had failed, the city Bari surrendered in April 1071, ending the Byzantine presence in southern Italy.
746:
fell the
Normans refused to hand it over, although in time Byzantine domination was established. Out of fear that this signaled Byzantine intentions to reconquer southern Italy and remove his suzerainty over the Normans,
588:
During the time that the
Normans had conquered southern Italy, the Byzantine Empire was in a state of internal decay; the administration of the Empire had been wrecked, the efficient government institutions that provided
781:
with
Antioch (in 1145 being forced to provide Byzantium with a contingent of troops and allow a Byzantine garrison in the city). However, the city was given guarantees of protection against Turkic attack and
980:
With the
Normans unable to take the Balkans, they turned their attention to European affairs. The Byzantines meanwhile had not possessed the will or the resources for any Italian invasion since the days of
601:
to reverse the situation proved unfruitful. The premature death of the former and the overthrow of the latter led to further collapse as the
Normans consolidated their conquest of Sicily and Italy.
627:
In 1079–80, the
Byzantines again gave their support to a rebellion against Guiscard. This support came largely in the form of financing smaller Norman mercenary groups to assist in the rebellion
905:
rose up in rebellion against the Sicilian Crown, and the untried William I. There followed a string of spectacular successes as numerous strongholds yielded either to force or the lure of gold.
897:
at the time, but he declined because his demoralised army longed to get back north of the Alps as soon as possible. Nevertheless, with the help of disaffected local barons including Count
1001:. The successive Sicilian rulers would eventually continue the Norman policy of domination over post-Byzantine states in the Ionian Sea and Greece, attempting to assert suzerainty over
725:. Alexios had to grant the Venetians, privileges to assure their support, something that eventually led to them controlling a substantial amount of the empire's financial sector.
585:
in 1058. Following the death of Guaimar, the Normans were increasingly independent actors on the south Italian scene, which brought them into direct conflict with Byzantium.
659:
ascended to the throne of Byzantium, his early emergency reforms, such as requisitioning Church money—a previously unthinkable move—proved too little to stop the Normans.
385:
936:
Although the last invasions and last large scale conflict between the two powers lasted less than two years, the third Norman invasions came closer still to taking
694:
with 360,000 gold pieces to attack the Normans in Italy, which forced Guiscard to concentrate on his defenses at home in 1083–1084. He also secured the alliance of
843:
gradual divergence of interests between the two empires after Conrad's death. However, while Manuel was in Valona planning the offensive across the Adriatic, the
893:(1155). The two generals were instructed to enlist the support of Frederick Barbarossa, since he was hostile to the Normans of Sicily and was south of the
453:
611:
of Calabria, was captured by Robert Guiscard in 1060. At the time, the Byzantines held a few coastal towns in Apulia, including Bari, the capital of the
458:
378:
871:'s (Conrad's successor) failure to deal with the Normans encouraged Manuel to take advantage of the multiple instabilities that existed in the
565:
during the attempted Byzantine reconquest of Sicily, only to turn against their employers when the emirs proved difficult to conquer. By 1030,
908:
William and his army landed on the peninsula and destroyed the Greek fleet (4 ships) and army at Brindisi on May 28, 1156 and recovered Bari.
751:
declared the emperor an excommunicate, and threatened any Latin Christian who served in his army with the same consequence. With the death of
1803:
1788:
1783:
985:. After the third invasion, the survival of the Empire became more important to the Byzantines than a mere province on the other side of the
920:, abandoning the rebels and confirming William as king. During the summer of 1157, he sent a fleet of 164 ships carrying 10,000 men to sack
1006:
965:
844:
104:
371:
298:
1031:
17:
717:
The Norman danger ended for the time being with the death of Robert Guiscard in 1085, combined with a Byzantine victory and crucial
1712:
Shepard, Jonathan. (1973). "The English and Byzantium: A Study of Their Role in the Byzantine Army in the Later Eleventh Century".
593:
with a quarter of a million troops and adequate resources by taxation had collapsed within a period of three decades. Attempts by
690:). Alexios suffered several defeats before being able to strike back with success. He enhanced this by bribing the German king
1752:
1731:
964:. Following this battle Thessalonica was speedily recovered and the Normans were pushed back to Italy. The exception was the
1621:
880:
695:
468:
1573:
798:
Southern Italy in 1112, at the time of Roger II's coming of age, showing the major states and cities. The border of the
1778:
561:
against the Byzantines. Eventually, some Normans, including the powerful de Hauteville brothers, served in the army of
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1677:
1643:
1585:
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1537:
1512:
1488:
1447:
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1405:
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409:
266:
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and dated his charters by Alexios' reign. While Guiscard was in Italy, Alexios defeated Bohemond in the battle of
1798:
1793:
1567:
1472:
876:
208:
691:
687:
448:
261:
802:
in 1154, at the time of Roger's death, is shown by a thicker black line encircling most of southern Italy.
949:
615:. In 1067–68, they gave financial support to a rebellion against Guiscard. In 1068, the Normans besieged
540:
473:
1498:
490:
1481:
Adrian IV, the English Pope, 1154–1159: Studies and Texts edited by Brenda Bolton and Anne J. Duggan
956:
on the throne. In the aftermath of the fall of Andronikos, a reinforced Byzantine field army under
898:
998:
756:
528:
426:
416:
251:
1456:
Charanis, Peter. (1952). "Aims of the Medieval Crusades and How They Were Viewed by Byzantium."
969:
353:
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574:
478:
431:
308:
993:, who was without an heir, threw the kingdom into instability and upheaval, and by 1194 the
569:
became count of Aversa, marking the start of permanent Norman settlement in Italy. In 1042,
1607:
1040:
990:
868:
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was faced with war by Roger II of Sicily, whose fleet had captured the Byzantine island of
343:
1355:
8:
1521:
1010:
917:
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612:
598:
332:
247:
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1504:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
737:, the Byzantines were able to utilize, to some extent, Norman mercenaries to defeat the
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The World Atlas of Warfare: Military Innovations That Changed the Course of History
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608:
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557:
The Normans' initial military involvement in southern Italy was on the side of the
536:
513:
313:
292:
218:
140:
1591:
Loud, G. A. (1999). "Coinage, Wealth, and Plunder in the Age of Robert Guiscard".
1098:
McQueen, William (1986). "Relations Between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112".
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abstained from attacking the northern parts of the Crusader states as a result.
1631:
1603:
1599:
957:
937:
909:
815:
859:, combined with the widespread rebellions against the rule of the new King in
1772:
1652:
McQueen, William B. "Relations Between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112".
1525:
889:, with Byzantine troops, 10 Byzantine ships, and large quantities of gold to
777:
734:
711:
620:
535:. The last of the Norman invasions, though having incurred disaster upon the
436:
184:
1611:
901:, Manuel's expedition achieved astonishingly rapid progress as the whole of
706:. This forced Bohemond to retreat to Epirus and Alexios was able to recover
41:
1393:
994:
986:
945:
738:
236:
1463:
Davis-Secord, Sarah. (2017). "Sicily at the Center of the Mediterranean".
902:
671:
70:
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1111:
850:
363:
27:
Series of Norman invasions of the Byzantine Empire between 1040 and 1189
1039:(in Croatian). Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. p. 47. Archived from
582:
794:
913:
1705:
Rowe, John Gordon. (1959). "The Papacy and the Greeks (1122–1153)".
789:
643:
179:
1613:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2
1419:
Birkenmeier, John W. (2002). "The Campaigns of Manuel I Komnenos".
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Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean
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111:
66:
1356:"Roman Emperors DIR Andronikos I Komnenos Andronicus I Comnenus"
1136:
921:
890:
867:, the presence of Apulian refugees at the Byzantine court, and
864:
826:
attack in the Balkans, in 1148 Manuel enlisted the alliance of
768:
532:
256:
96:
1002:
835:
823:
811:
675:
647:
The map of Europe after the death of Robert Guiscard in 1085.
1339:
1616:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 611–643.
1248:
1246:
944:
had allowed the Normans to go relatively unchecked towards
894:
1438:
Brooke, Zachary Nugent (2004). "East and West:1155–1198".
1270:
1231:
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had taken power, themselves being replaced in 1266 by the
855:
The death of Roger in February 1154, who was succeeded by
775:
allowed the Byzantines to extract an even more favorable
577:
as his liege. To further strengthen ties and legitimacy,
1243:
1306:
972:
and his successors until it fell to the Turks in 1479.
1282:
1221:
1219:
1294:
1258:
851:
Manuel I's intervention in southern Italy (1155–1156)
1479:
Duggan, Anne J. (2003). "The Pope and the Princes".
968:, which remained in the hands of the Norman admiral
546:
543:, was eventually driven out and vanquished by 1186.
1216:
952:. The following panic resulted in a revolt placing
847:, posing a danger to the Byzantine Adriatic bases.
728:
670:(later, Bohemund I of Antioch), Norman forces took
1741:Venning, Timothy; Frankopan, Peter (1 May 2015).
1560:The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe
916:on June 18, 1156 where he and William signed the
790:Second Norman invasion of the Balkans (1147–1149)
1770:
1740:
1421:The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180
1142:
932:Third Norman invasion of the Balkans (1185–1186)
639:First Norman invasion of the Balkans (1081–1085)
508:were a series of military conflicts between the
1602:(2004). "The Byzantine Empire (1118–1204)". In
1327:, Grandezza e catastrofe di Bisanzio. III; 13,2
1723:The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans: 1081–1108
1530:The Normans: Warrior Knights and Their Castles
928:. In 1158 William made peace with the Romans.
883:, both of whom held the high imperial rank of
721:aid that allowed the Byzantines to retake the
1726:. Woodridge, Suffolk, UK: The Boydell Press.
379:
1382:
1507:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1418:
1276:
1203:Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti (1940).
1007:County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
966:County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
1636:The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180
386:
372:
1719:
1630:
1598:
1312:
1252:
822:. However, despite being distracted by a
393:
1396:, translated by E. R. A. Sewter (1969).
793:
642:
573:was made a count, taking Lombard prince
1686:
1667:
1288:
1237:
1097:
960:decisively defeated the Normans at the
14:
1771:
1595:. Vol. 114, No. 458, pp. 815–843.
1478:
1437:
1300:
1264:
771:. The quick and energetic response of
1440:A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198
1180:
1178:
1029:
710:and convince many Normans, including
367:
1804:Wars involving the Holy Roman Empire
1789:12th century in the Byzantine Empire
1784:11th century in the Byzantine Empire
1497:
1225:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1709:. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 115–130.
1656:, vol. 56, 1986, pp. 427–476.
1460:, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 123–134.
806:In 1147 the Byzantine empire under
619:; in the same year, they began the
24:
1175:
25:
1815:
1082:
1057:
1005:, finally conquered in 1260, the
696:Henry, Count of Monte Sant'Angelo
553:Norman conquest of southern Italy
547:Norman conquest of southern Italy
410:Norman conquest of southern Italy
729:Rebellion of Antioch (1104–1140)
246:
213:
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190:
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147:
134:
40:
1689:Byzantium: The Decline and Fall
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1348:
1330:
1318:
1196:
1187:
1166:
443:Norman invasions of the Balkans
1638:. Cambridge University Press.
1358:. roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu
1157:
1148:
1127:
1118:
1073:
1023:
759:rebelled once again, invading
581:also married Lombard Princess
13:
1:
1687:Norwich, John Julius (1995).
1668:Norwich, John Julius (1998).
1593:The English Historical Review
1423:. Brill Academic Publishers.
1345:Cinnamo, pp. 170, 16–175, 19.
1133:Davis-Secord 2017, pp. 216–7.
517:
1744:A Chronology of the Crusades
1720:Theotokis, Georgios (2014).
1670:A Short History of Byzantium
1467:. Cornell University Press.
1412:
1143:Venning & Frankopan 2015
1016:
975:
541:sacking Thessalonica in 1185
7:
1562:. Oxford University Press.
1483:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1206:Društveni i istoriski spisi
651:Following their successful
520:1040 to 1186 involving the
485:Byzantine campaign in Italy
10:
1820:
1716:, Vol. 29. pp. 53–92.
1387:
1336:Annales Casinenes, p. 311.
1124:Davis-Secord 2017, p. 214.
742:from Italy. However, when
653:conquest of southern Italy
550:
1400:. London: Penguin Books.
1383:General and cited sources
1375:Davis-Secord 2017, p.215.
940:. Then Byzantine Emperor
714:, to enter his services.
405:
275:
125:
48:
39:
34:
1664:. Accessed 22 Apr. 2020.
1558:Holmes, George. (1988).
1013:and other territories.
767:), and sacking much of
757:Principality of Antioch
733:During the time of the
529:Principality of Antioch
252:Principality of Antioch
110:Norman invasion of the
1799:12th-century conflicts
1794:11th-century conflicts
1580:. Middlesex: Penguin.
1033:Prva stoljeća Hrvatske
970:Margaritus of Brindisi
830:, and the help of the
803:
662:Led by the formidable
648:
354:Margaritus of Brindisi
276:Commanders and leaders
1779:Byzantine–Norman wars
1608:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
1547:. The Mill: Tempest.
1172:Charanis 1952, p.129.
1030:Budak, Neven (1994).
962:Battle of Demetritzes
942:Andronikos I Komnenos
828:Conrad III of Germany
797:
698:, who controlled the
688:Battle of Dyrrhachium
646:
607:, the capital of the
575:Guaimar IV of Salerno
571:William de Hauteville
527:in the west, and the
506:Byzantine–Norman wars
397:Byzantine–Norman wars
35:Byzantine–Norman Wars
18:Byzantine–Norman Wars
1543:John Haldon (2000).
1499:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
869:Frederick Barbarossa
678:, and laid siege to
1522:Christopher Gravett
1240:, pp. 98, 103.
1163:Shepard 1972, p. 72
1079:Shepard 1973, p.86.
1070:Holmes 1988, p. 210
1011:Despotate of Epirus
950:sacked Thessalonica
918:Treaty of Benevento
899:Robert of Loritello
877:Michael Palaiologos
668:Bohemund of Taranto
613:catepanate of Italy
599:Romanos IV Diogenes
333:Bohemond of Taranto
309:Andronicus Komnenos
209:Apulia and Calabria
95:Norman conquest of
1691:. London: Viking.
1545:The Byzantine Wars
1532:. Oxford: Osprey.
1442:. Routledge (UK).
804:
657:Alexios I Comnenus
649:
633:Roger II of Sicily
286:Alexios I Komnenos
267:Kingdom of Croatia
242:Duchy of Benevento
155:Republic of Venice
1754:978-1-317-49643-4
1733:978-1-84383-921-7
1325:Niketas Choniates
1193:Rowe 1952, p.120.
1184:Rowe 1959, p.118.
1154:Loud 1999, p.824.
1145:, pp. 17–18.
912:came to terms at
873:Italian peninsula
840:George of Antioch
808:Manuel I Comnenus
800:Kingdom of Sicily
700:Gargano Peninsula
525:Kingdom of Sicily
499:
498:
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349:Constantine Bodin
339:George of Antioch
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196:Kingdom of Sicily
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1019:
989:. The death of
983:Manuel Comnenus
978:
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853:
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773:Manuel Komnenus
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664:Robert Guiscard
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605:Reggio Calabria
579:Robert Guiscard
563:George Maniakes
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1541:
1519:
1513:
1495:
1489:
1476:
1461:
1458:Church History
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1317:
1313:Magdalino 2002
1305:
1303:, p. 482.
1293:
1291:, p. 112.
1281:
1279:, p. 114.
1269:
1267:, p. 122.
1257:
1255:, p. 621.
1253:Magdalino 2004
1242:
1230:
1228:, p. 237.
1215:
1195:
1186:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1081:
1072:
1056:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
977:
974:
958:Alexios Branas
938:Constantinople
933:
930:
910:Pope Adrian IV
903:southern Italy
852:
849:
845:Serbs revolted
814:and plundered
791:
788:
730:
727:
640:
637:
551:Main article:
548:
545:
497:
496:
494:
493:
487:
486:
482:
481:
476:
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119:
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108:
105:Ionian Islands
92:
90:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
65:
64:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
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1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1756:
1750:
1747:. Routledge.
1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1698:0-670-82377-5
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1679:0-14-025960-0
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1645:0-521-52653-1
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:0-670-81967-0
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:0-7524-1795-9
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:1-84603-088-9
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:David Nicolle
1523:
1520:
1516:
1514:0-472-08149-7
1510:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1490:0-7546-0708-9
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:0-415-22126-9
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1430:90-04-11710-5
1426:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1406:0-14-044215-4
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1315:, p. 67.
1314:
1309:
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1278:
1273:
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1109:
1105:
1101:
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1076:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1046:on 2019-05-04
1042:
1035:
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1000:
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992:
988:
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833:
829:
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821:
817:
813:
809:
801:
796:
787:
785:
780:
779:
778:modus vivendi
774:
770:
766:
763:(which would
762:
758:
754:
753:John Comnenus
750:
745:
740:
736:
735:First Crusade
726:
724:
720:
715:
713:
712:Peter Aliphas
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
645:
636:
634:
628:
625:
622:
621:siege of Bari
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
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596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
523:
515:
511:
507:
492:
489:
488:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
442:
441:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
427:Montemaggiore
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
404:
399:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
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355:
352:
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345:
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212:
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201:
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177:
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174:
169:
158:
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145:
143:
142:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
91:
86:
85:
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78:
77:
72:
68:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
1758:. Retrieved
1743:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1688:
1669:
1653:
1635:
1612:
1592:
1577:
1559:
1544:
1529:
1503:
1480:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1420:
1397:
1394:Anna Comnena
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1350:
1341:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1289:Norwich 1995
1284:
1272:
1260:
1238:Norwich 1995
1233:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1075:
1048:. Retrieved
1041:the original
1032:
1025:
995:Hohenstaufen
987:Adriatic Sea
979:
946:Thessalonica
935:
907:
884:
854:
805:
776:
739:Seljuk Turks
732:
716:
666:and his son
661:
650:
629:
626:
603:
587:
556:
516:fought from
505:
503:
474:Thessalonica
395:
331:
324:
291:
284:
237:Papal States
198:(after 1130)
183:
139:
126:Belligerents
1760:18 February
1672:. Penguin.
1398:The Alexiad
1301:Brooke 2004
1265:Duggan 2003
1106:: 427–490.
881:John Doukas
755:the Norman
672:Dyrrhachium
479:Demetritzes
432:Montepeloso
87:Territorial
71:South Italy
1773:Categories
1568:0192854356
1473:1501712594
1362:2020-04-30
1050:2023-10-10
991:William II
875:. He sent
765:also rebel
583:Sikelgaita
522:Norman-led
344:William II
82:Indecisive
1654:Byzantion
1501:(1991) .
1413:Secondary
1226:Fine 1991
1100:Byzantion
1017:Citations
976:Aftermath
914:Benevento
857:William I
832:Venetians
491:Brindisi
56:1040–1189
1714:Traditio
1662:44161007
1634:(2002).
1610:(eds.).
1576:(1988).
1528:(2006).
1112:44161007
999:Angevins
886:sebastos
719:Venetian
708:Castoria
704:Trikkala
692:Henry IV
684:Thessaly
591:Basil II
559:Lombards
512:and the
454:Ioannina
422:Olivento
114:defeated
103:and the
101:Calabria
61:Location
1388:Primary
820:Corinth
761:Cilicia
744:Antioch
723:Balkans
680:Larissa
617:Otranto
567:Rainulf
531:in the
510:Normans
464:Larissa
233:duchies
231:Lombard
185:Normans
112:Balkans
89:changes
67:Balkans
1751:
1730:
1695:
1676:
1660:
1642:
1620:
1584:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1511:
1487:
1471:
1446:
1427:
1404:
1110:
1009:, the
926:Almira
922:Euboea
891:Apulia
865:Apulia
861:Sicily
816:Thebes
769:Cyprus
537:Romans
533:Levant
417:Cannae
262:Rascia
257:Duklja
166:
153:
97:Apulia
79:Result
1658:JSTOR
1108:JSTOR
1044:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
1003:Corfu
836:Serbs
824:Cuman
812:Corfu
686:(see
676:Corfu
609:tagma
1762:2024
1749:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1524:and
1509:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1469:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1402:ISBN
924:and
895:Alps
879:and
863:and
818:and
674:and
597:and
504:The
459:Arta
437:Bari
69:and
53:Date
682:in
539:by
1775::
1606:;
1245:^
1218:^
1209:.
1177:^
1104:56
1102:.
1084:^
1059:^
635:.
518:c.
99:,
1764:.
1736:.
1701:.
1682:.
1648:.
1626:.
1588:.
1570:.
1555:.
1540:.
1517:.
1493:.
1475:.
1452:.
1433:.
1408:.
1365:.
1114:.
1053:.
387:e
380:t
373:v
107:.
20:)
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