670:
60:
2533:
680:
939:, who captured Benevento in 1053. Guiscard, in turn, gave Benevento to his nominal suzerain, Pope Leo IX. Pope Leo IX and his successors appointed a series of minor Lombards as dukes until Pope Gregory VII appointed Guiscard Prince of Benevento in 1078. Finally, in 1081, Guiscard returned the title to the papacy with little but the city remaining of the once-great principality which had determined the direction of South Italian affairs for generations. No dukes or princes were thereafter named.
82:
2482:
798:
790:
659:
494:
The
Lombard duchies, part of the loosely-knit Lombard kingdom, were essentially independent, in spite of their common roots and language, and law and religion similar to that of the north, and in spite of the Beneventan dukes' custom of taking to wife women from the royal family. A swathe of
774:
to confirm documents, just like the
Lombard kings, and the princes may have continued to use them into the ninth century. They indicate a continuation (or imitation) of Roman forms of administration, as well as widespread literacy (or "sub-literacy").
843:
ravages, the first
Saracens having been called in by Radelchis and subsequently Siconulf in their decade-long war. Often spurred by rival Christian rulers, the Saracens attacked Naples and Salerno unsuccessfully. The Islamic colony in southern
720:—a "twin Pavia". Arechis expanded the Roman city, with new walled enclosures extending onto the level ground southwest of the old city, where Arechis razed old constructions for a new princely palace, whose open court is still traceable in the
615:. However, Arianism was disappearing even in the duchy, as was the distinction between the ethnic Lombard population and the Latin- and Greek-speaking one. In 663, the city itself was besieged by the Byzantines during the failed attempt of
1070:
877:
conquered
Benevento and united the two duchies. He declared them inseparable and introduced the principle of co-rule, whereby sons would be associated with their fathers, a principle soon borrowed by Salerno. However, all
747:, who had, however, partially submitted to the Franks. The Franks assisted in the repulsion of Adelchis, but, in turn, attacked Benevento's territories several times, obtaining small gains, notably the annexation of
915:
The first decades of the eleventh century saw
Benevento dwindle to less than either of her sister duchies, Salerno, then prominent, or Capua. Around 1000, Benevento still comprised 34 separate counties. In 1022,
59:
422:. Lombard dukes ruled Benevento from 571 to 1077, when it was conquered by the Normans for four years before it was given to the Pope. Being cut off from the rest of the Lombard possessions by the
928:
arrived in the
Mezzogiorno in these years, and Benevento then acknowledged to be in papal suzerainty, was only an off-and-on ally. The Beneventan duke still had enough prestige to lend his son,
627:
defended the city bravely, however, and the
Emperor, also fearing the arrival of Romuald's father, King Grimoald, retired to Naples. However, Romuald intercepted part of the Roman army at
475:
The circumstances surrounding the creation of the duchy are disputed. According to some scholars, Lombards were present in southern Italy well before the complete conquest of the
2783:
808:
In the following century despite the continuing hostility of the
Frankish sovereigns, Benevento reached its apex, imposing a tribute on Naples and capturing Amalfi under Duke
1202:
372:
358:
333:
319:
638:
In the following decades, Benevento conquered some territories from the
Byzantines, but the main enemy of the duchy was now the northern Lombard kingdom itself. King
449:
independence for nearly 300 years, although it was divided after 849. Benevento dwindled in size in the early 11th century, and was completely captured by the Norman
716:(prince). In 787, he was forced by Charlemagne's siege of Salerno to submit to Frankish suzerainty. At this time, Benevento was acclaimed by a chronicler as a
1195:
479:: the duchy by these accounts would have been founded in 571. The Lombards may have entered later, around 590. Whatever the case, the first duke was
1043:
932:, to the Norman-Lombard rebellion in Apulia as leader, but Atenulf abandoned the Normans and Benevento lost what was left of its influence.
710:(the old Lombard capital). Seeing that this was impractical and would draw Frankish attention to himself, he opted instead for the title of
1188:
950:. Talleyrand held the title till 1815 and was quite capable in administering the duchy besides his other tasks. Benevento was conquered by
929:
531:, he wrote first a history of Rome and then a history of the Lombards, the main source for the history of the duchy to that time as well.
527:
arrived in
Benevento in the retinue of a princess from Pavia, the duke's bride. Settled into the greatest of Beneventan monasteries,
603:, and instead killed the former, forced the latter into exile, and captured Pavia. As king of the Lombards, he tried to reinstate
2448:
1553:
81:
174:
20:
2590:
2803:
1855:
1573:
487:. Though at first independent, Zotto was eventually made to submit to the royal authority of the north. His successor was
2368:
2111:
2059:
2470:
2250:
1921:
784:
2362:
1970:
1102:
271:
2788:
1211:
441:. After the fall of the kingdom in 774, the duchy became the sole Lombard territory which continued to exist as a
2380:
669:
2707:
2356:
2260:
2204:
1362:
616:
430:
2677:
2245:
2179:
1978:
1710:
1633:
1484:
1172:
947:
365:
2596:
917:
852:. At the same time, however, the Byzantine Empire reconquered a great part of southern Italy, beginning at
290:
70:
2773:
2627:
2517:
2374:
2326:
2017:
1504:
1164:
2622:
2617:
2320:
2314:
2265:
2255:
1685:
1670:
1533:
1117:
1051:
897:
824:
ended the conflict by decreeing that the duchy be split into two distinct principates: Benevento (with
2532:
2432:
1715:
744:
684:
147:
2743:
2723:
2338:
1690:
1543:
1479:
817:
752:
635:
and Salerno, and destroyed it. A peace between the Duchy and the Eastern Empire was signed in 680.
2478:
763:. None of these pledges were followed up, and the decreased power and influence of the individual
2798:
2662:
2426:
2101:
1993:
1955:
1450:
1380:
909:
901:
833:
699:
592:
491:, his nephew, and the principle of hereditary succession guided the Beneventan duchy to the end.
438:
351:
338:
223:
208:
101:
2463:
2386:
2332:
2280:
2270:
2106:
2049:
1720:
729:
624:
488:
642:
intervened several times to impose a candidate of his own on the ducal throne. His successor,
2728:
2702:
2657:
2564:
2541:
2507:
2350:
2194:
2146:
2132:
1960:
1700:
1613:
1563:
1242:
1225:
905:
728:. Like their Byzantine enemies, the dukes linked the palace compound with a national church,
639:
434:
2692:
2502:
2398:
2275:
2214:
2199:
2122:
2086:
2042:
2032:
1810:
1782:
1588:
1432:
1330:
1274:
849:
650:
and Benevento foreign countries where it was forbidden to travel without royal permission.
8:
2522:
2512:
2420:
2151:
2054:
2037:
2027:
1882:
1805:
1628:
1623:
1558:
1458:
1368:
1125:
867:
809:
802:
1055:
563:. After his reign, Byzantine holdings in southern Italy were reduced to Naples, Amalfi,
2778:
2574:
2494:
2344:
2240:
2235:
2209:
2174:
2169:
2127:
2091:
1845:
1767:
1740:
1680:
1583:
1568:
1406:
1037:
955:
874:
124:
920:
conquered both Capua and Benevento, but returned to Germany after the failed siege of
2793:
2754:
2733:
2672:
2612:
2456:
2189:
2184:
2117:
2076:
2070:
1911:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1618:
1598:
1548:
1538:
1519:
1098:
889:
880:
760:
516:
411:
2738:
2682:
2406:
1988:
1983:
1906:
1840:
1835:
1705:
1675:
1643:
1499:
1444:
1423:
1401:
1180:
885:
821:
647:
540:
508:
324:
836:. As a part of the partition, Capua was made part of the Principality of Salerno.
735:
In 788, the principality was invaded by Byzantine troops led by Desiderius's son,
429:, Benevento was practically independent from the start. Only during the reigns of
2667:
2647:
2579:
1929:
1897:
1892:
1872:
1735:
1695:
1665:
1648:
1608:
1593:
1578:
1509:
1494:
1411:
1391:
1264:
1061:
936:
756:
524:
512:
456:
450:
134:
1787:
812:. When Sicard was assassinated in 839, a civil war broke out. Sicard's brother,
679:
2584:
2412:
2308:
2302:
1902:
1877:
1750:
1745:
1730:
1725:
1660:
1655:
1638:
1603:
1396:
1374:
1318:
1257:
740:
520:
419:
41:
2767:
2632:
2096:
1934:
1438:
1312:
1284:
1133:
1109:
951:
856:, which they retook from the Saracens in 876, and eventually elevating their
528:
426:
507:. Cultural autonomy followed naturally: a distinctive liturgical chant, the
2637:
2549:
1469:
1324:
1304:
1141:
129:
97:
66:
912:, the Ironhead's nephew, rebelled, demanding his part of the inheritance.
900:
the title of Duke of Spoleto also. However, he split it between his sons:
511:, developed in the church of Benevento: it was not entirely superseded by
2642:
2022:
1887:
1090:
893:
764:
695:
663:
608:
797:
921:
771:
691:
442:
1289:
862:
725:
612:
600:
476:
415:
111:
2486:
2481:
2007:
1489:
1294:
1237:
943:
813:
736:
712:
632:
604:
596:
584:
572:
568:
484:
407:
167:
154:
2569:
2559:
2554:
1269:
1230:
925:
896:
in 969. Before his death (March 981), he had gained from Emperor
829:
643:
620:
588:
552:
500:
464:
870:(999), further reducing the already declining Beneventan power.
1777:
1149:
840:
825:
748:
628:
576:
560:
556:
544:
980:
1755:
1279:
1252:
845:
789:
707:
658:
564:
548:
539:
Under Zotto's successors, the duchy was expanded against the
504:
480:
390:
193:
483:, a leader of a band of soldiers who descended the coast of
16:
Lombard state in present-day southern Italy from 577 to 1053
1247:
968:
853:
820:
took the throne in Benevento. After 10 years of civil war,
580:
496:
423:
1165:
Ducato (570 ca.-774) et Principato di Benevento (774-1077)
946:, after conquering Benevento, named as prince the famous
908:, Salerno. Soon, Benevento was stripped away again when
778:
260:• Frankish conquest of the Kingdom of the Lombards
743:. However, his attempts were thwarted by Arechis' son,
816:, was proclaimed prince in Salerno while the assassin
702:
tried to claim the royal dignity and make Benevento a
2784:
States and territories established in the 6th century
992:
767:
monarchs allowed the duchy to increase its autonomy.
1210:
1004:
935:The greatest of the Norman rulers of the south was
503:separated the dukes of Benevento from the kings at
437:(r. 712–744) on was the duchy closely tied to the
755:made vague promises of tribute and submission to
694:briefly captured Spoleto and Benevento, but with
2765:
2396:
839:The crisis was aggravated by the beginning of
2464:
1196:
595:(duke since 647), went north to aid the King
1599:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia)
1075:The Italian Cities and the Arabs before 1095
892:in 978. He succeeded in making Benevento an
459:refers to Benevento as the "Samnite Duchy" (
1112:(1926). J. P. Whitney; et al. (eds.).
698:'s conquest of the Lombard kingdom in 774,
33:
2471:
2457:
1203:
1189:
1114:The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III
1042:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
80:
796:
788:
678:
668:
657:
1554:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
1124:
1108:
1068:
1050:
1027:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
662:A map of Europe in 814 at the death of
19:For a list of rulers of Benevento, see
2766:
884:was unified for the last time by Duke
848:was eliminated only in 915, after the
759:, which were renewed by his successor
21:List of Dukes and Princes of Benevento
2452:
1184:
1083:
779:Decline through division and conquest
543:. Arechis, himself from the duchy of
1140:
1030:Literacy in Lombard Italy, c.568-744
653:
13:
785:History of Islam in southern Italy
623:, to recover southern Italy. Duke
495:territory that owed allegiance to
14:
2815:
2363:United Provinces of Central Italy
1158:
751:to the duchy of Spoleto. In 814,
599:against his brother, the co-king
515:until the 11th century. A unique
272:Norman conquest of southern Italy
30:Duchy (Principality) of Benevento
2531:
2480:
1212:List of historic states of Italy
433:(r. 662–671) and the kings from
370:
356:
331:
317:
58:
2345:Provisional Government of Milan
1073:; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
519:was also developed for writing
35:Ducatus (Principatus) Beneventi
2708:List of presidents of Campania
1544:City of Fiume and its District
770:The Beneventan dukes employed
212:(last duke & first prince)
1:
1979:County of Apulia and Calabria
1485:Campagna e Marittima Province
1077:. University of Pennsylvania.
1020:
948:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
904:received Benevento-Capua and
575:, and the maritime cities of
470:
366:County of Apulia and Calabria
86:The Principality of Benevento
69:motif was commonly minted on
2678:Duchy of Apulia and Calabria
961:
954:in February 1814 and at the
918:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
559:, but was unable to capture
534:
291:Solidus, tremissis, denarius
7:
2804:Former monarchies of Europe
2381:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2375:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2327:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1505:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
1069:Krueger, Hilmar C. (1955).
10:
2820:
2591:Cities, towns and villages
2321:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
2315:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1716:Prince-Bishopric of Trento
1686:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1671:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
1118:Cambridge University Press
958:was restored to the Pope.
782:
739:, who had taken refuge at
88:shown within Italy in 1000
18:
2752:
2716:
2691:
2605:
2540:
2529:
2493:
2433:Free Territory of Trieste
2293:
2223:
2162:
2145:
2069:
2006:
1969:
1951:Principality of Benevento
1943:
1920:
1865:
1854:
1796:
1766:
1518:
1468:
1422:
1353:
1340:
1303:
1218:
673:Benevento at its maximum
619:, who had disembarked at
523:. The 8th-century writer
404:Principality of Benevento
386:
296:
286:
282:
268:
258:
248:
244:
236:
232:
217:
202:
187:
183:
173:
163:
148:Chalcedonian Christianity
143:
117:
107:
93:
79:
55:
50:
28:
2339:Italian United Provinces
1691:Principality of Piombino
1480:Patrimony of Saint Peter
989:, pp. 71 and n1 73.
2789:Kingdom of the Lombards
2663:Principality of Salerno
2427:Italian Social Republic
2102:Principality of Taranto
1994:Principality of Taranto
1956:Principality of Salerno
1711:Bishopric of Tarantasia
1534:Bishopric of Bressanone
1451:Duchy of the Pentapolis
834:Principality of Salerno
555:, and sacked Byzantine
439:Kingdom of the Lombards
406:) was the southernmost
352:Principality of Salerno
339:Kingdom of the Lombards
270:• Disestablished (
102:Kingdom of the Lombards
2333:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2107:Terra Sancti Benedicti
2011:(from the 9th century)
1721:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1057:Italy and her Invaders
805:
794:
687:
676:
666:
591:, etc.). In 662, Duke
463:) after the region of
34:
2703:Elections in Campania
2658:Principality of Capua
2351:Republic of San Marco
2133:Crown Colony of Malta
1961:Principality of Capua
1701:Marquisate of Saluzzo
1564:County of Santa Fiora
1226:Etruscan civilization
1146:The Dark Ages 476-918
1130:The Normans in Sicily
1071:Setton, Kenneth Meyer
977:, pp. 68 and 76.
800:
792:
682:
672:
661:
118:Common languages
2575:Sorrentine Peninsula
2147:French Revolutionary
2087:State of the Presidi
1811:Republic of Florence
1783:Domini di Terraferma
1433:Exarchate of Ravenna
1331:Western Roman Empire
1275:Nuragic civilization
1173:I Longobardi del Sud
1126:Norwich, John Julius
1028:Everett, N. (2003).
850:Battle of Garigliano
828:and Apulia north to
414:that was centred on
2421:Free State of Fiume
2369:Kingdom of Sardinia
2112:Neapolitan Republic
2060:Kingdom of Sardinia
2055:Republic of Sassari
1883:Catepanate of Italy
1806:Republic of Cospaia
1629:Duchy of Montferrat
1624:March of Montferrat
1559:County of Guastalla
1459:Exarchate of Africa
868:Catapanate of Italy
250:• Established
2774:Duchy of Benevento
2653:Duchy of Benevento
2251:Lucca and Piombino
2128:Malta Protectorate
2092:Duke of San Donato
1846:Republic of Ancona
1768:Republic of Venice
1681:Duchy of Mirandola
1569:Duchy of Guastalla
1407:Duchy of Tridentum
1387:Duchy of Benevento
1354:Barbarian kingdoms
1097:(Frankfurt: 1982,
1084:General References
956:Congress of Vienna
875:Atenulf I of Capua
806:
795:
793:Italy around 1796.
688:
677:
667:
648:duchies of Spoleto
445:, maintaining its
400:Duchy of Benevento
73:by various princes
2761:
2760:
2673:Duchy of Sorrento
2613:Kingdom of Naples
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2289:
2288:
2256:Massa and Carrara
2141:
2140:
2118:Hospitaller Malta
2077:Kingdom of Naples
2071:Kingdom of Sicily
2002:
2001:
1912:Duchy of Sorrento
1831:Republic of Genoa
1826:Republic of Siena
1821:Republic of Massa
1816:Republic of Lucca
1549:County of Gorizia
1539:Corsican Republic
1520:Holy Roman Empire
890:prince of Salerno
881:Langobardia minor
611:of the late king
517:Beneventan script
461:Ducatum Samnitium
412:Italian Peninsula
396:
395:
382:
381:
378:
377:
344:
343:
228:
219:• 1059–1077
213:
198:
2811:
2683:Ancient Campania
2597:List of communes
2535:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2407:Kingdom of Italy
2394:
2393:
2160:
2159:
1989:County of Sicily
1984:County of Aversa
1907:Byzantine Sicily
1893:Theme of Lucania
1863:
1862:
1841:Republic of Pisa
1836:Republic of Noli
1706:Duchy of Spoleto
1676:Duchy of Merania
1574:Kingdom of Italy
1500:Duchy of Ferrara
1445:Duchy of Perugia
1424:Byzantine Empire
1402:Duchy of Spoleto
1369:Ostrogothic rule
1351:
1350:
1219:Pre-Roman period
1205:
1198:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1121:
1078:
1065:
1047:
1041:
1033:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
886:Pandulf Ironhead
822:Emperor Louis II
704:secundum Ticinum
675:extent circa 851
654:Secundum Ticinum
541:Byzantine Empire
509:Beneventan chant
374:
373:
360:
359:
348:
347:
335:
334:
325:Byzantine Empire
321:
320:
314:
313:
298:
297:
226:
211:
196:
159:
152:
84:
62:
45:
37:
26:
25:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2712:
2694:
2687:
2668:Duchy of Amalfi
2648:Duchy of Naples
2643:Italia province
2601:
2580:Terra di Lavoro
2536:
2527:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2447:
2438:
2392:
2295:
2294:Post-Napoleonic
2285:
2219:
2155:
2149:
2137:
2079:
2075:
2074:(1130–1816) and
2073:
2065:
2010:
1998:
1965:
1939:
1930:Emirate of Bari
1916:
1903:Theme of Sicily
1898:Duchy of Naples
1873:Duchy of Amalfi
1858:
1850:
1798:
1797:Other Republics
1792:
1770:
1762:
1756:County of Tenda
1736:County of Savoy
1696:Duchy of Reggio
1666:Duchy of Mantua
1594:March of Friuli
1526:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1510:Duchy of Urbino
1495:Duchy of Castro
1472:
1464:
1418:
1412:Duchy of Tuscia
1392:Duchy of Friuli
1355:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1315:(753 BC–509 BC)
1299:
1214:
1209:
1175:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1086:
1081:
1062:Clarendon Press
1052:Hodgkin, Thomas
1035:
1034:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
964:
937:Robert Guiscard
787:
781:
757:Louis the Pious
718:Ticinum geminum
674:
656:
646:, declared the
537:
525:Paul the Deacon
513:Gregorian chant
473:
457:Paul the Deacon
451:Robert Guiscard
371:
357:
332:
318:
275:
261:
251:
220:
205:
204:• 774–787
190:
189:• 571–591
157:
150:
139:
135:Byzantine Greek
89:
87:
75:
74:
63:
46:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:Former duchies
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2759:
2758:
2753:
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2746:
2741:
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2655:
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2585:Vallo di Diano
2582:
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2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
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2505:
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2453:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
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2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:Italian Empire
2403:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2357:Roman Republic
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2309:Duchy of Lucca
2306:
2303:Duchy of Genoa
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
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2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
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2172:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1878:Duchy of Gaeta
1875:
1869:
1867:
1860:
1856:Southern Italy
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1799:(c. 1000–1797)
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1751:County of Nice
1748:
1746:Duchy of Aosta
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:Savoyard state
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Duchy of Milan
1658:
1656:Duchy of Ivrea
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
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1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
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1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1429:
1427:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1397:Duchy of Ivrea
1394:
1389:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1363:Odoacer's rule
1359:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1327:(27 BC–395 AD)
1322:
1321:(509 BC–27 BC)
1319:Roman Republic
1316:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:Cisalpine Gaul
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1160:
1159:External links
1157:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1122:
1110:Gwatkin, H. M.
1106:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1066:
1048:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:Krueger (1955)
1003:
1001:, p. 170.
999:Everett (2003)
991:
987:Hodgkin (1895)
979:
975:Hodgkin (1895)
966:
965:
963:
960:
780:
777:
741:Constantinople
722:Piano di Corte
655:
652:
536:
533:
472:
469:
420:Southern Italy
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
368:
362:
361:
354:
345:
342:
341:
336:
328:
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53:
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32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2816:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
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2725:
2722:
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2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:Magna Graecia
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
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2576:
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2337:
2334:
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2328:
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2319:
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2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
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2247:
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2239:
2237:
2234:
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2222:
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2201:
2198:
2196:
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2176:
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2171:
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2153:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:Duchy of Sora
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2056:
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2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1935:Muslim Sicily
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
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1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1439:Duchy of Rome
1437:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1313:Roman Kingdom
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Magna Graecia
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1152:: Rivingtons.
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:Oman, Charles
1139:
1135:
1134:Penguin Books
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1103:3-458-32097-0
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1013:, p. 47.
1012:
1007:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
967:
959:
957:
953:
952:Joachim Murat
949:
945:
940:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:, who became
887:
883:
882:
876:
871:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
804:
799:
791:
786:
776:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:In 758, king
686:
681:
671:
665:
660:
651:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
532:
530:
529:Monte Cassino
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Duchy of Rome
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:duchy in the
409:
405:
401:
392:
389:
387:Today part of
385:
369:
367:
364:
363:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:
340:
337:
330:
329:
326:
323:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
263:
257:
253:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:(last prince)
225:
222:
216:
210:
207:
201:
195:
192:
186:
182:
178:
176:
175:Duke / Prince
172:
169:
166:
162:
156:
149:
146:
142:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
83:
78:
72:
68:
61:
54:
49:
43:
36:
27:
22:
2744:Coat of arms
2724:Demographics
2693:Politics and
2652:
2638:Samnite Wars
2628:Two Sicilies
2589:
2550:Amalfi Coast
2409:(1861–1946)
2387:Papal States
2230:
2215:Transpadania
1950:
1788:Stato da Màr
1470:Papal States
1386:
1381:Lombard rule
1345:Early Modern
1333:(395–476 AD)
1325:Roman Empire
1305:Ancient Rome
1176:(in Italian)
1168:(in Italian)
1145:
1129:
1113:
1094:
1091:Cooper, Duff
1074:
1056:
1032:. Cambridge.
1029:
1006:
994:
982:
970:
941:
934:
914:
879:
872:
861:
857:
838:
807:
769:
745:Grimoald III
734:
730:Saint Sophia
721:
717:
711:
703:
689:
685:Grimoald III
637:
538:
493:
474:
460:
455:
446:
418:, a city in
403:
402:(after 774,
399:
397:
307:Succeeded by
306:
301:
197:(first duke)
130:Vulgar Latin
98:Vassal state
67:cross potent
2435:(1947–1954)
2429:(1943–1945)
2423:(1920–1924)
2415:(1882–1960)
2399:unification
2389:(1814–1870)
2383:(1815–1866)
2377:(1816–1861)
2371:(1814–1860)
2365:(1859–1860)
2359:(1849–1850)
2353:(1848–1849)
2335:(1815–1859)
2329:(1814–1859)
2323:(1814–1859)
2317:(1814–1829)
2311:(1815–1847)
2305:(1815–1848)
2195:Parthenopea
2156:(1792–1815)
2114:(1647–1648)
2080:(1282–1816)
2062:(1324–1861)
2023:Agugliastra
1888:Longobardia
1525:independent
1375:Vandal rule
894:archdiocese
801:Solidus of
765:Carolingian
753:Grimoald IV
706:: a second
696:Charlemagne
683:Solidus of
664:Charlemagne
617:Constans II
609:Catholicism
547:, captured
302:Preceded by
2768:Categories
2755:Categories
2695:government
2266:Pontecorvo
2224:Monarchies
2210:Subalpinia
2175:Cispadania
2170:Cisalpinia
2152:Napoleonic
1859:(774–1139)
1771:(697–1797)
1473:(754–1870)
1435:(584–751)
1383:(568–774)
1095:Talleyrand
1021:References
906:Pandulf II
902:Landulf IV
832:) and the
783:See also:
772:seal rings
700:Arechis II
692:Desiderius
631:, between
593:Grimoald I
471:Foundation
443:rump state
224:Landulf VI
209:Arechis II
164:Government
151:(official)
2779:Benevento
2729:Geography
2508:Benevento
2495:Provinces
2241:Guastalla
2231:Benevento
2163:Republics
2018:Judicates
1866:Byzantine
1523:and other
1461:(585–698)
1453:(554–752)
1447:(554–752)
1441:(533–751)
1426:(584–751)
1377:(435–534)
1371:(493–553)
1365:(476–493)
1356:(476–774)
1290:Iapygians
1038:cite book
962:Citations
942:In 1806,
863:strategoi
818:Radelchis
726:acropolis
640:Liutprand
625:Romuald I
613:Aripert I
607:over the
601:Perctarit
535:Expansion
477:Po Valley
453:in 1053.
435:Liutprand
416:Benevento
144:Religion
125:Lombardic
112:Benevento
2794:Lombards
2623:Viceroys
2618:Monarchs
2503:Avellino
2487:Campania
2200:Piedmont
2050:Oristano
2043:Logudoro
2033:Cagliari
2008:Sardinia
1741:Piedmont
1490:Holy See
1341:Medieval
1295:Picentes
1238:Samnites
1144:(1914).
1128:(1970).
1054:(1895).
944:Napoleon
873:In 899,
814:Siconulf
737:Adelchis
713:princeps
633:Avellino
605:Arianism
597:Godepert
585:Brindisi
573:Calabria
569:Sorrento
485:Campania
447:de facto
431:Grimoald
287:Currency
168:Monarchy
158:(former)
155:Arianism
65:Calvary
51:577–1053
2717:Culture
2606:History
2570:Samnium
2565:Islands
2560:Irpinia
2555:Cilento
2523:Salerno
2513:Caserta
2281:Corsica
2271:Tuscany
2236:Etruria
2185:Liguria
2038:Gallura
2028:Arborea
1944:Lombard
1644:Tuscany
1634:Trieste
1270:Ligures
1231:Etruria
930:Atenulf
926:Normans
910:Pandulf
866:into a
830:Taranto
724:of the
644:Ratchis
621:Taranto
589:Otranto
553:Crotone
501:Ravenna
489:Arechis
465:Samnium
408:Lombard
237:History
108:Capital
100:of the
2542:Places
2518:Naples
2347:(1848)
2341:(1831)
2296:states
2261:Naples
1971:Norman
1778:Dogado
1649:Verona
1614:Mantua
1609:Istria
1589:Finale
1579:Ancona
1527:states
1347:states
1265:Veneti
1243:Latins
1150:London
1101:
924:. The
898:Otto I
860:under
858:themes
841:Muslim
826:Molise
810:Sicard
803:Sicard
749:Chieti
629:Forino
577:Apulia
561:Naples
557:Amalfi
545:Friuli
499:or to
240:
179:
94:Status
38:
2734:Music
2397:Post-
2246:Italy
2190:Lucca
2180:Italy
1731:Savoy
1639:Turin
1619:Milan
1604:Ivrea
1280:Umbri
1253:Celts
922:Troia
846:Lazio
708:Pavia
565:Gaeta
549:Capua
521:Latin
505:Pavia
481:Zotto
424:papal
391:Italy
194:Zotto
71:coins
42:Latin
2739:Flag
2276:Elba
2205:Rome
2154:eras
2150:and
2123:Gozo
1922:Arab
1905:and
1584:Ceva
1248:Osci
1099:ISBN
1044:link
854:Bari
761:Sico
581:Bari
551:and
497:Rome
398:The
278:1053
1343:and
264:774
254:577
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