138:
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22:
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267:. He did not object to it, although the final version of the speech contained some significant changes. Howe did praise one passage in the draft that remained unchanged in the final version: "let me say bluntly on behalf of Britain: we have not embarked on the business of throwing back the frontiers of state at home only to see a European superstate getting ready to exercise a new dominance from Brussels". This passage would become one of the most controversial of the speech.
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but because of the venue's layout, with most of the audience sat to her sides, she chose to speak from her paper notes. She deviated slightly from the text but not in any politically meaningful manner. A copy was sent in advance to Delors and, having read it, he refused to attend the event. The
487:(CAP) and called for continued reform of the CAP, which she described as "unwieldy, inefficient and grossly expensive". She suggested that by doing so, the agriculture budget could be redirected towards training and aid. Thatcher urged the EEC to learn the lessons of history that "
77:
Thatcher had been invited to speak to the
College of Europe in Bruges and decided to make her text a response to Delors' speech of 8 September. Thatcher's speech recounted Britain's history within and close connection to Europe and called for the EEC to resist a move towards
2509:
217:
On 6 July 1988, Delors spoke to the
European Parliament and predicted that "10 years hence, 80 per cent of our economic legislation, and perhaps even our fiscal and social legislation, will be of Community origin". Thatcher perceived this as a provocation, a deliberate
69:
and clashed with him publicly. Earlier in 1988, Delors had reaffirmed his commitment for the EEC to take a greater role in establishing
European economic, fiscal and social legislation, which Thatcher considered provocative. On 8 September, Delors spoke to Britain's
499:. She stated, "of course, we want to make it easier for goods to pass through frontiers. Of course, we must make it easier for people to travel throughout the Community" but some frontier controls were essential for security purposes. Thatcher argued against
2219:
455:
on the fringes of the
European Community" but to remain within it. To ensure this, she asked the EEC not to become "ossified by endless regulation" and that it must respect each nation's customs and traditions and not try to mould them into a single
576:
and had intended the speech to be anti-federalist, not anti-Europe. Delors admitted that "technically it was a good speech, well written, beautiful phrases. She was very direct, very comprehensible" but considered it to be an attack on the EEC.
2795:
660:. The political decision ultimately led to Thatcher's resignation and replacement by Major, who came to prominence for his role in the ERM decision. Thatcher became increasingly sceptical of the EEC after her resignation.
248:, to respond to Delors' speech to the TUC. The year marked a dramatic change in Thatcher's position on Europe from pragmatic acceptance to distinct opposition to further integration, which she would reflect in the speech.
714:. The drafts showed that the final speech had been considerably toned down. Direct references to Delors were removed, and those to the European Commission were replaced with "European community". The use of the term "Euro
375:
did not begin when the Treaty of Rome was signed but was instead the product of thousands of years of shared history. She noted that
Britain had long been associated with Europe and that its ancestors were
3154:
2468:
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420:. Had it not been for that willingness to fight and to die, Europe would have been united long before nowâbut not in liberty, not in justice". She afterwards noted that Britain had supported the
585:
and was disappointed that the speech was perceived as being anti-Europe. The speech was seen as a warning against expanding the remit of the EEC beyond the limits of the Treaty of Rome into the
2848:
2431:
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Thatcher then stated that "the
European Community belongs to all its members. It must reflect the traditions and aspirations of all its members" and that Britain did not desire "some cosy,
2139:
526:
and the Treaty of Rome. Her closing remarks were: "Let Europe be a family of nations, understanding each other better, appreciating each other more, doing more together but relishing our
3159:
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measure, against
Thatcher's wishes. Howe and Lawson continued to lobby Thatcher on the matter; however, Lawson resigned when Thatcher refused to sack her chief economic adviser Sir
412:
and her later fights "to prevent Europe from falling under the dominance of a single power". In a passage that had not been in the original draft seen by Howe she referred to the
1434:
2840:
2369:
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90:. One of the most famous and controversial passages was her remark that "we have not embarked on the business of throwing back the frontiers of state at home only to see a
710:
think tank was founded in 1990 and named after the speech. The original drafts of the Bruges speech were released by the
Margaret Thatcher Archive Trust in 2018 under the
636:
to deliver a rebuttal personally. The Bruges speech greatly affected Howe, who considered
Thatcher's position to be at odds with his own, and on 4 May 1989 he met with the
3025:
360:. She thanked the College for having the courage to invite her to speak on the topic of Europe and noted that some federalists would regard it as "rather like inviting
2354:
675:(EU), under which increased powers were granted to the European institutions. An agreement was eventually reached, and Britain passed the treaty, though it retained an
173:
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no less than our common
European endeavour. Let us have a Europe which plays its full part in the wider world, which looks outward not inward, and which preserves that
3117:
1568:
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688:
413:
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232:(TUC) on 8 September, calling for their support for the Commission's attempts to strengthen the powers of unions. Thatcher had previously clashed with the
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1235:
1898:
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137:
352:, and the institution's role in the EEC. She went on to reference Bruges' long history and the city's association with English literary figures such as
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as great European cities". Thatcher said that European values had led the United States of America to become a "valiant defender of freedom".
3383:
3128:
2199:
625:
628:, broke the precedent against criticising a sitting Government while the Prime Minister is engaged in foreign negotiations by travelling to
549:. Afterwards, she had dinner with Prime Minister Martens and his cabinet members, during which a row erupted after Belgian foreign minister
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1586:
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656:, who opposed British membership of the ERM. Britain eventually joined the ERM on 5 October, under Lawson's replacement as chancellor
292:
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considered the speech the most important of Thatcher's prime-ministerial career. He regarded it as marking British resistance to the
252:
3393:
3373:
1710:
795:
616:
speech, it quickly became a symbol of hostility to Europe, behind which Eurosceptics rallied. The address exposed a divide in the
3123:
2779:
2769:
2024:
256:
3398:
3010:
2333:
1944:
1903:
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of member states. Though it did not mention socialism by name, the speech was seen as implying that the EEC was turning into a
801:"Margaret Thatcher biography: How the Bruges speech was deemed a declaration of war that caused 'absolute horror' in Brussels"
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66:
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460:. She argued that the EEC should not look to model itself upon the US and that it seemed to be moving towards greater
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114:
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ascended the English throne. Thatcher afterwards noted Britain's history as a home for those fleeing tyranny on
2977:
2754:
2161:
421:
210:. Thatcher and Delors became involved in several public clashes, which dismayed Thatcher's foreign secretary
3005:
2885:
2774:
2587:
2426:
2410:
1919:
1808:
1390:
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707:
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for review. Howe noted that there were "some plain and fundamental errors" and did not like references to a
189:
118:
1040:
Startin, Nicholas (2015). "Have we reached a tipping point? The mainstreaming of Euroscepticism in the UK".
1699:
344:
Thatcher began her speech by noting that her last appearance before the College had been shortly after the
3098:
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2880:
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2863:
2068:
2017:
1380:
637:
598:
157:
50:
534:âthat Europe on both sides of the Atlanticâwhich is our noblest inheritance and our greatest strength".
348:, in which Belgians had saved many British lives. Thatcher also praised the College's rector, Professor
97:
Despite its commitment that Britain would work within the EEC to reform it, the speech was perceived as
3388:
3020:
2810:
2517:
1991:
1728:
1538:
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1417:
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1342:
1144:
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884:"Margaret Thatcher's famous Bruges speech was to have been much more critical before it was toned down"
484:
83:
753:
620:
between the minority of European federalists and the majority who were opposed. Former prime minister
220:
105:
between those favouring federalisation and the majority who opposed it. Thatcher's foreign secretary
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2074:
1792:
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1457:
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and detailed control do not work and that personal endeavour and initiative do" and to move towards
416:
dead: "Only miles from here, in Belgium, lie the bodies of 120,000 British soldiers who died in the
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3273:
3253:
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2174:
1875:
1752:
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1407:
1364:
1315:
1310:
511:. Thatcher stressed the importance of NATO and the US to the defence of Europe and argued that the
397:
345:
1009:
842:
125:
think tank, was named after the speech. Some have described it as "setting the UK on the path to
3316:
3300:
3199:
2749:
2570:
2258:
1824:
1490:
1327:
617:
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The speech was perceived as an attack on the "European project". However, Thatcher supported the
461:
392:. Thatcher stated that her "nation wasâin that favourite Community wordâ'restructured' under the
264:
102:
79:
3378:
3194:
2897:
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2010:
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1462:
1422:
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in the Conservative Party. This created difficulties during Major's negotiations to pass the
3226:
2523:
1451:
703:
have stated that this was not the case and was instead "a call to battle" to reform the EEC.
606:
594:
519:
229:
176:
the organisation in 1973; by 1986, it included most non-Communist European states. The 1987
71:
2113:
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
1095:
Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown
971:
192:) greater roles in managing policies on the environment, health, education and other areas.
2655:
1816:
1800:
1784:
1428:
691:
on the matter. The Bruges speech is sometimes described as "setting the UK on the path to
633:
602:
508:
433:
365:
225:
349:
8:
2858:
2853:
2189:
2179:
2063:
1832:
1510:
401:
185:
181:
177:
141:
122:
91:
58:
109:
was greatly affected by the speech; his later support, with Chancellor of the Exchequer
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2097:
1848:
1840:
1760:
1073:
1065:
649:
518:
Thatcher concluded by arguing that Europe did not require any more treaties beyond the
452:
432:. Thatcher stated that Britain's commitment to Europe remained, as seen in the 70,000
409:
49:, Belgium, on 20 September 1988. Thatcher was opposed to any moves to transition the
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2484:
2399:
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2092:
1673:
1167:
1110:
1100:
1077:
1057:
1004:
979:
700:
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668:
541:
press office. After finishing her speech, Thatcher left the event with her husband,
538:
527:
504:
457:
393:
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42:
38:
26:
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715:
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46:
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1969:
1469:
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service members deployed on the continent. She urged the audience not to forget
417:
245:
237:
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2800:
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1219:
967:
837:
672:
542:
531:
357:
260:
207:
203:
169:
145:
62:
54:
3357:
3258:
3248:
3155:
UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018
3062:
1680:
1374:
1230:
1114:
1061:
1053:
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586:
573:
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110:
21:
3323:
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1939:
1270:
1260:
469:
98:
1069:
3292:
2539:
1976:
1867:
1357:
684:
657:
561:
202:, resented the power being granted to the Commission and its president
3134:
UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020
3189:
2374:
582:
537:
The text of the speech was released to the media at 17:30 GMT by the
2140:
European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016
1136:
251:
Much of Thatcher's speech was drafted by her foreign-policy adviser
2545:
1543:
1305:
629:
445:
1010:"Why Thatcher's Bruges speech was not a first step towards Brexit"
2550:
333:
843:"How Thatcher's Bruges speech put Britain on the road to Brexit"
2033:
692:
663:
After the Bruges speech, there was an increasing trend towards
441:
385:
126:
3160:
European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017â19
57:
that would take powers away from its members. She considered
389:
381:
3026:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
400:
in the eleventh and twelfth centuries" and referred to the
87:
94:
getting ready to exercise a new dominance from Brussels".
2002:
2145:
The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016
687:
in 1997. Britain left the EU on 31 January 2020, after
941:"Speech to the College of Europe ('The Bruges Speech')"
1236:
Vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry (1979)
321:(Speech) – via the Margaret Thatcher Foundation.
332:
on 20 September 1988. Thatcher had planned to use an
228:
and towards federation. Delors made a speech to the
644:, who had been planning for the country to join the
240:. Thatcher decided to use an upcoming speech to the
624:, who had handled the original negotiations on the
86:and for the EEC to continue to support the work of
1092:
1008:
882:
841:
799:
943:. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. 20 September 1988
545:, and travelled to Brussels for an audience with
475:Thatcher hailed the success of the February 1988
236:during her successful campaign to strengthen the
3355:
3244:Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
1215:Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act (1960)
214:, who was more sympathetic to Delors' policies.
206:, who she considered a leading campaigner for a
328:The speech was to be in a hall at the historic
168:for Western European states, was formed by the
117:eventually led to Thatcher's resignation. The
3150:Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills
515:should not be seen as an alternative to NATO.
2018:
1152:
626:British accession to the European Communities
2287:European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills
2932:EUâUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)
2920:Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU
2210:United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
1650:Statecraft: Strategies for a Changing World
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
371:Thatcher stated that she believed that the
180:gave the Community's governing bodies (the
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2011:
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1145:
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915:
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828:
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824:
822:
438:those parts of Europe under communist rule
291:
2963:2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation
1035:
1033:
1031:
978:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 103.
962:
960:
958:
601:and setting out an alternative model for
259:. Drafts of the speech were sent to the
2292:European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013â14
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20:
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772:
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768:
766:
632:while Thatcher was there to attend the
481:storing and disposing of food surpluses
257:Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton
3356:
1042:International Political Science Review
1028:
955:
101:. The speech exposed a divide in the
2006:
1166:
1140:
1003:
880:
794:
3384:Euroscepticism in the United Kingdom
1180:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
992:
861:
763:
440:, stating, "we shall always look on
244:, an academic organisation based in
200:prime minister of the United Kingdom
37:was given by British prime minister
3084:Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017
2566:Campaign for an Independent Britain
1348:"The lady's not for turning" (1980)
13:
2128:European Union Referendum Act 2015
1084:
479:meeting in cutting expenditure on
14:
3410:
2308:2014 European Parliament election
1132:Video of the Speech, Bruges Group
1125:
82:. She called for reforms to the
3338:
3337:
3068:Brexit withdrawal agreement plan
2479:Unlawful campaigning allegations
1986:
1985:
1740:(1984â1996 & 2020 TV series)
1506:Broadcasting restrictions (1988)
1244:
1188:Leader of the Conservative Party
1099:. London: Vintage. p. 338.
646:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
310:
115:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
18:1988 speech by Margaret Thatcher
3394:September 1988 events in Europe
3374:1988 in international relations
3269:Voting pencil conspiracy theory
2821:Independent Alliance for Reform
2760:2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham
2266:European Economic Area Act 1993
2088:Trade and Cooperation Agreement
1391:"White flags over Port Stanley"
759:Retrieved 13 December 2020.
699:), though some writers such as
671:, the founding document of the
881:Dixon, Hayley (21 July 2018).
742:
1:
3399:Speeches by Margaret Thatcher
3114:Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020
2676:Petition to revoke Article 50
2427:Balance of Competences Review
2411:The European Union: In or Out
2370:1975 EC membership referendum
2228:European Communities Act 1972
735:
677:opt-out on the Social Chapter
565:Thatcher's foreign secretary
422:European resistance movements
132:
74:, calling for their support.
3129:Future Relationship Act 2020
1899:Palace of Westminster (2007)
1700:We have become a grandmother
1511:"Sermon on the Mound" (1988)
7:
3099:Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018
2968:Brexit and the Irish border
2780:2019 Brecon and Radnorshire
2770:2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central
2282:European Union Bill 2004â05
2069:Brexit withdrawal agreement
1458:Local Government Act (1985)
721:
679:until this was given up by
638:Chancellor of the Exchequer
599:Economic and Monetary Union
553:made a federalist comment.
364:to speak on the virtues of
158:European Economic Community
51:European Economic Community
10:
3415:
2811:Blue Collar Conservativism
2664:Proposed second referendum
2518:Britain Stronger in Europe
2334:2014 Heywood and Middleton
2032:
1555:Resignation Honours (1990)
1527:Community Charge (1989â90)
1365:Irish hunger strike (1981)
485:Common Agricultural Policy
464:at the same time that the
113:, for Britain to join the
84:Common Agricultural Policy
3333:
3282:
3172:
3142:
3076:
3045:
3038:
2998:
2973:Northern Ireland Protocol
2953:
2940:
2905:Prorogation of Parliament
2833:
2788:
2742:
2694:
2654:
2611:
2600:
2532:
2508:
2499:
2449:
2347:
2339:2014 Rochester and Strood
2321:
2300:
2274:
2218:
2160:
2153:
2120:
2106:
2040:
1963:
1932:
1912:
1886:
1859:
1793:The Long Walk to Finchley
1769:Jeffrey Archer: The Truth
1718:
1709:
1660:
1623:
1595:
1567:
1489:
1406:
1326:
1284:
1253:
1242:
1207:
1174:
974:Euro-skepticism: A Reader
579:Lord Thomas of Swynnerton
556:
468:was moving away from it (
404:of 1688, where the Dutch
309:
290:
282:
277:
270:
3369:1988 in British politics
3124:Internal Market Act 2020
2849:Invocation of Article 50
2722:2019 European Parliament
2437:Euroscepticism in the UK
1753:Thatcher: The Final Days
1634:The Downing Street Years
1442:Miners' strike (1984â85)
1054:10.1177/0192512115574126
346:Zeebrugge ferry disaster
337:Belgian prime minister,
3317:Brexit: The Uncivil War
3200:European Research Group
2956:the Republic of Ireland
2954:on Northern Ireland and
2796:International reactions
2571:The Freedom Association
1894:London Guildhall (1998)
1825:The Hunt for Tony Blair
1091:Campbell, John (2010).
754:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
689:a nationwide referendum
609:of independent states.
462:centralisation of power
414:British First World War
341:, was in the audience.
265:United States of Europe
221:crossing of the Rubicon
80:centralisation of power
3301:Postcards from the 48%
3254:Terminology (Glossary)
3195:Chaos with Ed Miliband
3016:Science and technology
2898:Operation Yellowhammer
2121:Referendum legislation
1920:Richard Stone portrait
1777:The Alan Clark Diaries
1463:rate-capping rebellion
1423:Brighton hotel bombing
1231:"Britain Awake" (1976)
612:Though, in essence, a
569:
513:Western European Union
255:and Conservative peer
219:
153:
30:
3227:Northern Future Forum
3206:Enemies of the People
2524:Labour In for Britain
2432:2015â16 renegotiation
2313:2015 general election
2200:European Constitution
2175:1972 Accession Treaty
1748:(1987â1991 TV series)
1452:Anglo-Irish Agreement
1007:(25 September 2018).
798:(28 September 2019).
695:" (Conservative peer
607:voluntary association
564:
520:North Atlantic Treaty
230:Trades Union Congress
174:United Kingdom joined
140:
72:Trades Union Congress
24:
2881:Withdrawal agreement
2656:Opposition to Brexit
2614:leadership elections
2422:Russian interference
1785:Pinochet in Suburbia
1637:(1993 autobiography)
1550:"No. No. No." (1990)
1429:GCHQ trade union ban
1386:Diana Gould exchange
1208:Member of Parliament
718:" was also removed.
603:European cooperation
509:developing countries
434:British Armed Forces
366:peaceful coexistence
226:national sovereignty
190:Council of Ministers
3089:Withdrawal Act 2018
2886:Parliamentary votes
2859:Brexit divorce bill
2542:(official campaign)
2520:(official campaign)
2360:1973 EC enlargement
2180:Single European Act
2107:Referendum question
2064:Brexit negotiations
1833:In Search of La Che
1711:Cultural depictions
402:Glorious Revolution
186:European Parliament
182:European Commission
178:Single European Act
142:European Commission
123:British Eurosceptic
92:European superstate
59:European Commission
3039:Brexit legislation
2911:Miller II / Cherry
2755:2016 Richmond Park
2686:Bollocks to Brexit
2634:Scottish, Feb 2020
1761:The Falklands Play
1005:Green, David Allen
840:(31 August 2018).
749:European Community
650:economic stability
618:Conservative Party
570:
532:Atlantic community
453:isolated existence
410:Continental Europe
154:
103:Conservative Party
31:
3389:History of Bruges
3351:
3350:
3212:Leave Means Leave
3168:
3167:
3104:CooperâLetwin Act
3034:
3033:
2990:Windsor Framework
2946:potential effects
2829:
2828:
2775:2019 Peterborough
2596:
2595:
2485:Brexit: The Movie
2445:
2444:
2400:Maastricht Rebels
2093:Windsor Framework
2083:Trade negotiation
2077:
2058:
2000:
1999:
1945:Death and funeral
1928:
1927:
1745:The New Statesman
1729:Anyone for Denis?
1642:The Path to Power
1597:General elections
1563:
1562:
1168:Margaret Thatcher
1106:978-1-84595-091-0
985:978-0-7425-1054-8
701:David Allen Green
669:Maastricht Treaty
528:national identity
505:international aid
503:and in favour of
483:generated by the
458:European identity
406:William of Orange
373:culture of Europe
350:Jerzy Ĺukaszewski
326:
325:
285:College of Europe
242:College of Europe
196:Margaret Thatcher
65:a campaigner for
43:College of Europe
39:Margaret Thatcher
27:Margaret Thatcher
3406:
3341:
3340:
3284:Media depictions
3233:The New European
3058:Repeal Bill plan
3043:
3042:
3021:Economic effects
2985:Irish Sea border
2978:proposed changes
2951:
2950:
2942:Impact of Brexit
2925:Fish for finance
2609:
2608:
2506:
2505:
2417:Bloomberg speech
2158:
2157:
2073:
2054:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1844:(2020 TV series)
1812:(2009 TV serial)
1788:(2006 docudrama)
1780:(2004 TV series)
1716:
1715:
1324:
1323:
1248:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1161:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1001:
990:
989:
977:
964:
953:
952:
950:
948:
937:
900:
899:
897:
895:
886:
878:
859:
858:
856:
854:
845:
834:
817:
816:
814:
812:
803:
792:
761:
760:
746:
712:thirty-year rule
706:The Eurosceptic
634:1988 NATO summit
489:central planning
477:European Council
430:Second World War
354:Geoffrey Chaucer
339:Wilfried Martens
330:Belfry of Bruges
322:
314:
313:
298:Belfry of Bruges
295:
275:
274:
47:Belfry of Bruges
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3364:1988 in Belgium
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3329:
3278:
3274:Retained EU law
3180:Brexit 50p coin
3164:
3138:
3072:
3030:
2994:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2825:
2806:Brexit Alliance
2784:
2738:
2690:
2650:
2613:
2612:Political party
2603:
2592:
2583:Get Britain Out
2528:
2501:
2495:
2464:Opinion polling
2441:
2390:Black Wednesday
2343:
2317:
2296:
2270:
2214:
2149:
2116:
2102:
2036:
2031:
2001:
1996:
1970:James Callaghan
1959:
1924:
1908:
1904:Grantham (2022)
1882:
1855:
1720:
1705:
1656:
1619:
1591:
1569:Party elections
1559:
1492:
1485:
1470:Westland affair
1409:
1402:
1329:
1322:
1280:
1276:Union democracy
1249:
1240:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1107:
1089:
1085:
1038:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1015:Financial Times
1002:
993:
986:
968:Tiersky, Ronald
965:
956:
946:
944:
939:
938:
903:
893:
891:
879:
862:
852:
850:
848:Financial Times
838:Willetts, David
835:
820:
810:
808:
793:
764:
758:
747:
743:
738:
724:
683:prime minister
591:socialist state
581:was at heart a
559:
524:Brussels Treaty
493:free enterprise
418:First World War
315:
311:
305:
278:External videos
273:
246:Bruges, Belgium
238:British economy
135:
25:Prime Minister
19:
12:
11:
5:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:United Ireland
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3217:Led By Donkeys
3214:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Change Britain
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3146:
3144:
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3131:
3126:
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3106:
3101:
3096:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
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3040:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
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2980:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2893:No-deal Brexit
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2851:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2834:Brexit process
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2801:March to Leave
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
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2737:
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2731:
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2729:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2681:Led By Donkeys
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2617:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:Better Off Out
2568:
2563:
2558:
2556:Grassroots Out
2553:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2491:Pro-EU leaflet
2488:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2443:
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2414:
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2397:
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2331:
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2323:
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2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2275:Proposed bills
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
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1923:
1922:
1916:
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1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1828:(2011 episode)
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1772:(2002 TV film)
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1737:Spitting Image
1733:
1732:(1982 TV play)
1724:
1722:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1693:Alfred Roberts
1690:
1687:Carol Thatcher
1684:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1668:Denis Thatcher
1664:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1638:
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1621:
1620:
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1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:Poll tax riots
1524:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:wets and dries
1290:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1226:Shadow Cabinet
1223:
1220:Circular 10/70
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1126:External links
1124:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1083:
1027:
991:
984:
954:
901:
860:
818:
796:Moore, Charles
762:
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
723:
720:
673:European Union
665:Euroscepticism
648:(ERM), an EEC
593:. The author
558:
555:
539:Downing Street
358:William Caxton
324:
323:
318:[Film]
307:
306:
296:
288:
287:
283:Speech to the
280:
279:
272:
269:
261:Foreign Office
253:Charles Powell
208:federal Europe
204:Jacques Delors
172:in 1957. The
170:Treaty of Rome
146:Jacques Delors
134:
131:
67:federalisation
63:Jacques Delors
55:federal Europe
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3411:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:1988 speeches
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3332:
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3322:
3319:
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3314:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Tufton Street
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Rue du Brexit
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
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3181:
3178:
3177:
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3148:
3147:
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3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3063:Chequers plan
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
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2899:
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2891:
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2857:
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2852:
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2836:
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2822:
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2809:
2807:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:2017 Copeland
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2728:
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2710:
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2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2669:People's Vote
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:Conservative
2619:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:organisations
2498:
2492:
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2486:
2482:
2480:
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2470:
2467:
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2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Bruges speech
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:UK membership
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
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2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
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2129:
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2125:
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2048:
2046:
2045:Renegotiation
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
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1900:
1897:
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1843:
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1822:
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1817:The Iron Lady
1814:
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1803:
1802:
1798:
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1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1681:Mark Thatcher
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
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28:
23:
16:
3324:@BorderIrish
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3046:White papers
3006:on Gibraltar
2910:
2854:Negotiations
2841:
2816:Brexit Party
2743:By-elections
2734:2019 general
2727:Brexit Party
2707:2017 general
2602:Aftermath of
2588:Bruges Group
2561:Labour Leave
2483:
2474:Project Fear
2469:Endorsements
2409:
2379:
2355:UK accession
2329:2014 Clacton
2322:By-elections
2232:Amendments:
1975:
1968:
1955:Thatchergate
1876:The Audience
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1871:(2010, 2013)
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1408:2nd ministry
1328:1st ministry
1316:2ndâ3rd term
1266:Conservatism
1094:
1086:
1045:
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1018:. Retrieved
1014:
973:
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892:. Retrieved
888:
851:. Retrieved
847:
809:. Retrieved
805:
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744:
708:Bruges Group
705:
662:
654:Alan Walters
642:Nigel Lawson
622:Edward Heath
614:pro-European
611:
595:Robin Harris
571:
536:
517:
474:
466:Soviet Union
450:
426:Nazi Germany
398:Angevin rule
370:
362:Genghis Khan
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317:
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250:
234:trade unions
216:
194:
155:
149:
119:Bruges Group
111:Nigel Lawson
96:
76:
34:
32:
15:
3326:(2018â2020)
3309:Not Tonight
3222:More United
3053:Brexit plan
2750:2016 Witney
2405:UK Opt-outs
2385:No. No. No.
2220:Legislation
2075:NI protocol
1940:Blatcherism
1852:(2024 film)
1836:(2011 film)
1820:(2011 film)
1804:(2009 film)
1796:(2008 film)
1764:(2002 play)
1756:(1991 film)
1493:(1987â1990)
1410:(1983â1987)
1330:(1979â1983)
1286:Premiership
1271:Free market
1261:Thatcherism
1199:(1959â1992)
1190:(1975â1990)
1182:(1979â1990)
1020:13 December
947:13 December
894:13 December
853:13 December
811:13 December
729:No. No. No.
470:perestroika
99:anti-Europe
3358:Categories
3293:Remainiacs
2717:2019 local
2712:2018 local
2702:2017 local
2604:referendum
2540:Vote Leave
2185:Maastricht
2154:Background
2050:Referendum
1977:John Major
1868:Handbagged
1721:television
1689:(daughter)
1670:(husband)
1358:Gang of 25
1048:(3): 314.
736:References
685:Tony Blair
658:John Major
224:away from
144:president
133:Background
61:president
3190:Change UK
3118:Gibraltar
3093:Gibraltar
3011:on the EU
2695:Elections
2375:UK rebate
2301:Elections
2190:Amsterdam
2133:Gibraltar
1913:Paintings
1841:The Crown
1809:The Queen
1674:baronetcy
1435:CCSU case
1381:"Rejoice"
1294:Ministers
1115:489636152
1078:142792443
1062:0192-5121
583:Europhile
160:(EEC), a
3343:Category
3143:Proposed
3109:Benn Act
2842:Miller I
2546:Leave.EU
2500:Campaign
2451:Campaign
2162:Treaties
2098:Timeline
1992:Category
1801:Margaret
1719:Film and
1702:" (1989)
1695:(father)
1544:Gulf War
1311:1st term
1306:Cold War
1254:Ideology
1197:Finchley
1070:24573394
970:(2001).
722:See also
630:Brussels
605:under a
446:Budapest
424:against
304:in 2008)
302:pictured
152:in 1988)
150:pictured
3173:Related
3077:Enacted
2551:BeLeave
2056:results
1980: â
1967:â
1950:Honours
1933:Related
1887:Statues
1431:(1984)
1377:(1982)
1195:MP for
751:at the
428:in the
334:autocue
45:at the
41:to the
29:in 1987
3320:(2019)
3312:(2018)
3304:(2018)
3296:(2017)
2641:Labour
2510:Remain
2459:Issues
2205:Lisbon
2034:Brexit
1990:
1879:(2013)
1849:Reagan
1661:Family
1653:(2003)
1546:(1990)
1518:(1988)
1472:(1986)
1454:(1985)
1425:(1984)
1222:(1970)
1113:
1103:
1076:
1068:
1060:
982:
716:waffle
693:Brexit
681:Labour
557:Impact
522:, the
442:Warsaw
394:Norman
386:Saxons
378:Romans
271:Speech
198:, the
127:Brexit
2999:Other
2789:Other
2533:Leave
2348:Other
1860:Plays
1683:(son)
1625:Books
1074:S2CID
1066:JSTOR
543:Denis
495:in a
390:Danes
382:Celts
2913:case
2874:2019
2869:2018
2864:2017
2844:case
2646:UKIP
2629:2019
2624:2016
2259:2011
2254:2008
2249:2002
2244:1998
2239:1993
2234:1986
2195:Nice
2170:Rome
1615:1987
1610:1983
1605:1979
1587:1990
1582:1989
1577:1975
1111:OCLC
1101:ISBN
1058:ISSN
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980:ISBN
949:2020
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855:2020
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388:and
356:and
188:and
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156:The
121:, a
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