29:
1891:
585:
518:
383:
503:
Typically during a Bruce
Protocol, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion are taken every minute and blood pressure is taken at the end of each stage (every three minutes). There are Bruce protocol tables available for maximal (competitive athletes) and sub-maximal (non-athletic people) efforts.
908:
Fletcher, Gerald F.; Ades, Philip A.; Kligfield, Paul; Arena, Ross; Balady, Gary J.; Bittner, Vera A.; Coke, Lola A.; Fleg, Jerome L.; Forman, Daniel E.; Gerber, Thomas C.; Gulati, Martha; Madan, Kushal; Rhodes, Jonathan; Thompson, Paul D.; Williams, Mark A. (20 August 2013). "Exercise
Standards for
471:
were also monitored before, during and after exercise. Because the treadmill speed and inclination could be adjusted, this physical activity was tolerated by most patients. Initial experiments involved a single-stage test, in which subjects walked for 10 minutes on the treadmill at a fixed workload.
641:
score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise test equations, there have been many regression equations developed that may
487:
heart disease. Later he developed a multistage test, consisting of several stages of progressively greater workloads. It was this multistage test — a description of which was first published in 1963 — that became known as the Bruce
Protocol. In the initial paper, Bruce reported that the test could
81:
According to the original Bruce protocol the patient walks on an uphill treadmill in a graded exercise test with electrodes on the chest to monitor. Every 3 min the speed & incline of the treadmill are increased. There are 7 such stages and only very fit athletes can complete all 7 stages. The
570:
The
Modified Bruce protocol starts at a lower workload than the standard test and is typically used for elderly or sedentary patients. The first two stages of the Modified Bruce Test are performed at a 1.7 mph and 0% grade and 1.7 mph and 5% grade, and the third stage corresponds to the
98:
Exercise is performed on a treadmill. The leads of the ECG are placed on the chest wall. The treadmill is started at 2.74 km/h (1.7mph) & at an inclined gradient of 10%. After 3 min incline of the treadmill is increased by 2%, and the speed increases. Indications to terminate the test
89:
using a formula and the performance of the subject on a treadmill as the workload is increased. The test is easy to perform in a medical office setting, does not require extensive training or expensive equipment, and it has been validated as a strong predictor of clinical outcomes.
435:
Before the development of the Bruce protocol there was no safe, standardized protocol that could be used to monitor cardiac function in exercising patients. Master's two-step test was often used, but it was too strenuous for many patients, and inadequate for the assessment of
676:
A more accurate formula, offered in a study published in the journal, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, is 206.9 - (0.67 x age) which can also be used to more accurately determine VO2 Max, but may produce significantly different results.
680:
A diagnostician (e.g., physical therapist, personal trainer, doctor, athletic trainer, nurse, medical professional, dietitian, etc.) may be best served to conduct the test twice using both parameters and formulas.
472:
Bruce's first reports on treadmill exercise tests, published in 1949, analyzed minute-by-minute changes in respiratory and circulatory function of normal adults and patients with heart or lung disease.
82:
modified Bruce
Protocol is an alteration in the protocol so that the treadmill is initially horizontal rather than uphill, with the 1st few intervals increasing the treadmill slope only.
856:
Kelly, Jacob P.; Andonian, Brian J.; Patel, Mahesh J.; Huang, Zhen; Shaw, Linda K.; McGarrah, Robert W.; Borges-Neto, Salvador; Velazquez, Eric J.; Kraus, William E. (April 2019).
673:(MHR) is often calculated with the formula 220-age, which is quite inaccurate. The heart rate formula most often used for the Bruce is the Karvonen formula (below).
500:. Bruce and his colleagues also demonstrated that exercise testing was useful in screening apparently healthy people for early signs of coronary artery disease.
1130:
858:"Trends in Cardiorespiratory Fitness: The Evolution of Exercise Treadmill Testing at a Single Academic Medical Center from 1970 to 2012"
1839:
1165:
794:
Bruce, RA (December 1971). "Exercise testing of patients with coronary heart disease. Principles and normal standards for evaluation".
63:
1261:
1659:
1249:
459:. The Bruce exercise test involved walking on a treadmill while the heart was monitored by an electrocardiograph with various
1534:
1069:
Karvonen J, Vuorimaa T (May 1988). "Heart rate and exercise intensity during sports activities. Practical application".
1784:
1460:
1365:
1665:
624:
557:
452:
422:
1123:
971:
Robert A. Bruce; Frank W. Lovejoy Jr.; Raymond
Pearson; Paul N. G. Yu; George B. Brothers; Tulio Velasquez (1949).
642:
give varying results. If possible, use the one derived from a similar population and which best suits your needs.
479:, where he continued research on the single-stage test, particularly as a predictor of the success of surgery for
1672:
1479:
602:
535:
400:
1913:
1772:
1469:
606:
539:
404:
1794:
1918:
1779:
1767:
1648:
1295:
1894:
1116:
1726:
1616:
1419:
1370:
1160:
637:
The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated
1805:
1789:
1256:
1239:
476:
1020:
Robert A. Bruce; Raymond
Pearson; Frank W. Lovejoy Jr.; Paul N. G. Yu; George B. Brothers (1949).
1801:
1743:
1643:
1608:
1454:
595:
528:
484:
393:
1847:
1019:
970:
480:
1878:
1682:
1603:
493:
1852:
1409:
1222:
1217:
1108:
154:
28:
8:
1731:
1709:
1395:
1234:
1207:
448:
146:
50:
135:
1714:
1627:
1623:
1569:
1564:
1505:
1426:
1334:
1283:
1197:
1094:
882:
857:
771:
754:
670:
441:
437:
1046:
1021:
997:
972:
957:
1757:
1703:
1633:
1541:
1529:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1278:
1229:
1140:
1086:
1082:
1051:
1022:"Variability of respiratory and circulatory performance during standardized exercise"
1002:
926:
887:
838:
834:
803:
776:
698:
100:
1098:
1857:
1762:
1500:
1430:
1413:
1345:
1318:
1313:
1078:
1041:
1033:
992:
984:
953:
918:
909:
Testing and
Training: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association".
877:
869:
830:
766:
71:
1829:
1751:
1598:
1588:
1574:
1465:
1435:
1341:
1170:
1155:
922:
113:
any impairment in walking or pain, discomfort, numbness, or tiredness in the legs
75:
1721:
1517:
1494:
1325:
1309:
1244:
821:
Sheffield, L.Thomas; Roitman, David (July 1976). "Stress testing methodology".
873:
451:. The test made extensive use of relatively new technological developments in
1907:
1873:
1593:
1212:
944:
Master, Arthur M. (April 1935). "The two-step test of myocardial function".
1638:
1055:
1006:
930:
891:
780:
468:
112:
1090:
807:
1815:
1558:
1522:
1202:
1187:
842:
1810:
1677:
1582:
1350:
973:"Normal respiratory and circulatory pathways of adaptation in exercise"
609: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
542: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
447:
To address these problems, Bruce and his colleagues began to develop a
407: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
104:
1037:
988:
646:
VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 14.76 - (1.379 × T) + (0.451 × T²) - (0.012 × T³)
464:
460:
456:
584:
517:
382:
33:
Treadmill for functional diagnostics for competitive athletes (1980)
497:
638:
571:
first stage of the
Standard Bruce Test protocol as listed above.
86:
1474:
489:
108:
662:
ref: ACSM's Health-Related
Physical Fitness Assessment Manual
1823:
1653:
1484:
1329:
1144:
67:
1138:
907:
855:
123:
Stages of the standard Bruce protocol are as follows:
735:85% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.85) + 70 = 163 bpm
732:50% intensity: ((180 − 70) × 0.50) + 70 = 125 bpm
903:
901:
752:
665:
1905:
1068:
820:
652:Young Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 4.38 × T - 3.9
658:Young Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 3.62 x T + 3.91
898:
753:Kennedy JW, Cobb LA, Samson WE (10 May 2005).
1124:
444:function during varying amounts of exercise.
649:Women: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 3.74
16:Test of physical fitness and cardiac health
1166:Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
1131:
1117:
746:
701:(THR), using a range of 50–85% intensity:
27:
1262:Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement
1045:
996:
937:
881:
770:
655:Men: VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 2.94 x T + 7.65
625:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:Learn how and when to remove this message
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:
1305:shunt from heart chamber to blood vessel
1405:shunt from blood vessel to blood vessel
1906:
943:
1535:Valve-sparing aortic root replacement
1274:enlargement of existing septal defect
1112:
793:
74:, developed by American cardiologist
1269:production of septal defect in heart
755:"Robert Arthur Bruce, MD: 1916–2004"
607:adding citations to reliable sources
578:
540:adding citations to reliable sources
511:
405:adding citations to reliable sources
376:
823:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases
488:detect signs of such conditions as
85:The Bruce treadmill test estimates
13:
1366:transposition of the great vessels
1291:creation of septal defect in heart
772:10.1161/01.CIR.0000164274.41137.75
684:
14:
1930:
1666:Cardiac resynchronization therapy
693:factors in resting heart rate (HR
1890:
1889:
1083:10.2165/00007256-198805050-00002
583:
516:
507:
381:
107:, fatigue, shortness of breath,
101:impaired blood flow to the heart
1673:Left atrial appendage occlusion
594:needs additional citations for
527:needs additional citations for
392:needs additional citations for
1062:
1013:
964:
849:
814:
787:
666:Underlying Heart Rate Formulas
1:
1795:Radionuclide ventriculography
958:10.1016/S0002-8703(35)90218-6
739:
720:Example for someone with a HR
99:include signs or symptoms of
1780:Myocardial perfusion imaging
923:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44
835:10.1016/0033-0620(76)90007-4
369:Total Duration = 21 minutes
93:
7:
796:Annals of Clinical Research
453:electrocardiograph machines
10:
1935:
1387:for univentricular defect
574:
372:
66:used in the evaluation of
1887:
1866:
1838:
1727:Implantable loop recorder
1695:
1550:
1446:
1371:Arterial switch operation
1186:
1179:
1161:Interventional cardiology
1151:
874:10.1016/j.ahj.2019.01.001
475:In 1950 Bruce joined the
118:
46:
42:evaluate cardiac function
38:
26:
21:
1806:Coronary catheterization
1296:Blalock–Hanlon procedure
1257:Mitral valve replacement
1240:Aortic valve replacement
477:University of Washington
467:volumes and respiratory
1802:Cardiac catheterization
1744:Electrophysiology study
1644:Radiofrequency ablation
1609:Alcohol septal ablation
1848:Impedance cardiography
1470:Coronary artery bypass
946:American Heart Journal
862:American Heart Journal
463:attached to the body.
105:irregular heart rhythm
1914:Diagnostic cardiology
1879:Transcutaneous pacing
1683:Heart transplantation
1604:Ventricular reduction
1420:Blalock–Taussig shunt
639:maximal oxygen uptake
87:maximum oxygen uptake
1853:Ballistocardiography
1410:systemic circulation
713:) × %Intensity) + HR
603:improve this article
536:improve this article
401:improve this article
1919:Exercise physiology
1732:Cardiac stress test
1710:Electrocardiography
1649:Pacemaker insertion
1396:Kawashima procedure
1360:compound procedures
1235:Aortic valve repair
1208:Mitral valve repair
983:(6 Pt 2): 1423–30.
496:, or a ventricular
449:cardiac stress test
51:Cardiac stress test
1785:Cardiovascular MRI
1715:Vectorcardiography
1570:Pericardial window
1565:Pericardiocentesis
1506:Drug-eluting stent
1335:Rastelli procedure
1284:Balloon septostomy
1032:(6 Pt 2): 1431–8.
671:Maximum heart rate
62:is a standardized
1901:
1900:
1758:Angiocardiography
1704:Electrophysiology
1691:
1690:
1634:Catheter ablation
1617:Conduction system
1542:LeCompte maneuver
1530:Bentall procedure
1391:Norwood procedure
1381:Senning procedure
1376:Mustard procedure
1279:Atrial septostomy
1230:Valve replacement
1038:10.1172/JCI102208
989:10.1172/JCI102207
765:(18): 2410–2411.
699:target heart rate
635:
634:
627:
568:
567:
560:
433:
432:
425:
367:
366:
111:, leg cramps, or
56:
55:
1926:
1893:
1892:
1858:Cardiotocography
1826:
1790:Ventriculography
1763:Echocardiography
1754:
1706:
1622:Maze procedure (
1619:
1585:
1561:
1514:
1513:Obstacle removal
1501:Bare-metal stent
1497:
1457:
1414:pulmonary artery
1406:
1361:
1346:pulmonary artery
1319:Fontan procedure
1314:pulmonary artery
1306:
1270:
1184:
1183:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1000:
968:
962:
961:
941:
935:
934:
905:
896:
895:
885:
853:
847:
846:
818:
812:
811:
791:
785:
784:
774:
750:
630:
623:
619:
616:
610:
587:
579:
563:
556:
552:
549:
543:
520:
512:
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
385:
377:
126:
125:
72:physical fitness
31:
19:
18:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1883:
1862:
1834:
1830:Phonocardiogram
1822:
1752:Cardiac imaging
1750:
1702:
1687:
1615:
1599:Septal myectomy
1589:Cardiomyoplasty
1581:
1575:Pericardiectomy
1557:
1546:
1512:
1493:
1453:
1447:Cardiac vessels
1442:
1436:Glenn procedure
1404:
1359:
1342:right ventricle
1304:
1268:
1190:
1175:
1171:Cardiac imaging
1156:Cardiac surgery
1147:
1137:
1107:
1106:
1071:Sports Medicine
1067:
1063:
1018:
1014:
969:
965:
942:
938:
906:
899:
854:
850:
819:
815:
792:
788:
751:
747:
742:
727:
724:of 180 and a HR
723:
716:
712:
708:
697:) to calculate
696:
691:Karvonen method
687:
685:Karvonen method
668:
631:
620:
614:
611:
600:
588:
577:
564:
553:
547:
544:
533:
521:
510:
490:angina pectoris
429:
418:
412:
409:
398:
386:
375:
121:
96:
76:Robert A. Bruce
64:diagnostic test
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1899:
1898:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1840:Function tests
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1737:Bruce protocol
1729:
1724:
1722:Holter monitor
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:Endarterectomy
1515:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1495:Coronary stent
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1326:left ventricle
1323:
1322:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:Ross procedure
1237:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:involving the
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1061:
1012:
963:
952:(4): 495–510.
936:
917:(8): 873–934.
897:
848:
813:
786:
744:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
725:
721:
718:
717:
714:
710:
706:
694:
686:
683:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
633:
632:
591:
589:
582:
576:
573:
566:
565:
524:
522:
515:
509:
506:
455:and motorized
431:
430:
389:
387:
380:
374:
371:
365:
364:
361:
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355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
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336:
335:
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329:
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297:
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210:
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172:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
152:
149:
144:
141:
138:
133:
130:
120:
117:
95:
92:
60:Bruce protocol
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
22:Bruce protocol
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1931:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1874:Cardioversion
1872:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:Dor procedure
1592:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:to the right
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:Transcatheter
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:Valvuloplasty
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(5): 303–11.
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:J Clin Invest
1023:
1016:
1008:
1004:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:J Clin Invest
974:
967:
959:
955:
951:
947:
940:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
904:
902:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
817:
809:
805:
802:(6): 323–32.
801:
797:
790:
782:
778:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
749:
745:
734:
731:
730:
729:
704:
703:
702:
700:
692:
682:
678:
674:
672:
663:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
643:
640:
629:
626:
618:
608:
604:
598:
597:
592:This section
590:
586:
581:
580:
572:
562:
559:
551:
541:
537:
531:
530:
525:This section
523:
519:
514:
513:
508:Modifications
505:
501:
499:
495:
492:, a previous
491:
486:
482:
478:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
427:
424:
416:
406:
402:
396:
395:
390:This section
388:
384:
379:
378:
370:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
250:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
159:
156:
153:
150:
148:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
128:
127:
124:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
91:
88:
83:
79:
77:
73:
70:function and
69:
65:
61:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1736:
1662:implantation
1656:implantation
1639:Cryoablation
1480:Off-pump CAB
1290:
1273:
1198:Valve repair
1188:Heart valves
1074:
1070:
1064:
1029:
1025:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
949:
945:
939:
914:
910:
865:
861:
851:
829:(1): 33–49.
826:
822:
816:
799:
795:
789:
762:
758:
748:
719:
690:
688:
679:
675:
669:
661:
636:
621:
612:
601:Please help
596:verification
593:
569:
554:
545:
534:Please help
529:verification
526:
502:
494:heart attack
474:
469:gas exchange
446:
434:
419:
410:
399:Please help
394:verification
391:
368:
122:
97:
84:
80:
59:
57:
47:Test of
1816:Cardiac PET
1559:Pericardium
1523:Atherectomy
1461:Angioplasty
1203:Valvulotomy
911:Circulation
759:Circulation
615:August 2023
548:August 2023
442:circulatory
438:respiratory
413:August 2023
1908:Categories
1811:Cardiac CT
1678:Cardiotomy
1583:Myocardium
1351:Sano shunt
1141:procedures
1139:Tests and
740:References
705:THR = ((HR
485:congenital
461:electrodes
457:treadmills
1191:and septa
868:: 88–97.
465:Breathing
143:min/mile
94:Procedure
1895:Category
1628:minimaze
1624:Cox maze
1099:42982362
1056:15395945
1007:15407661
931:23877260
892:30743212
781:16389672
498:aneurysm
481:valvular
132:Minutes
109:wheezing
1180:Surgery
1091:3387734
883:6441626
808:5156892
728:of 70:
575:Results
373:History
151:min/km
136:% grade
68:cardiac
39:Purpose
1867:Pacing
1475:MIDCAB
1466:Bypass
1416:shunt
1310:atrium
1223:mitral
1218:aortic
1097:
1089:
1054:
1047:439699
1044:
1005:
998:439698
995:
929:
890:
880:
843:785541
841:
806:
779:
129:Stage
119:Stages
1824:sound
1696:Tests
1654:S-ICD
1551:Other
1485:TECAB
1330:aorta
1145:heart
1095:S2CID
363:2.69
351:10:00
334:2.47
322:10:55
305:2.22
293:12:00
276:1.89
264:14:17
247:1.52
241:10:55
235:17:39
218:1.11
212:15:00
206:24:00
189:0.75
183:22:13
177:35:18
1626:and
1364:for
1087:PMID
1052:PMID
1003:PMID
927:PMID
888:PMID
839:PMID
804:PMID
777:PMID
726:rest
715:rest
711:rest
709:− HR
695:rest
689:The
440:and
357:6:11
354:9.7
348:6.0
328:6:44
325:8.9
319:5.5
299:7:30
296:8.0
290:5.0
270:8:49
267:6.8
261:4.2
238:5.5
232:3.4
215:4-5
209:4.0
203:2.5
180:2.7
174:1.7
160:m/s
147:km/h
140:MPH
58:The
1773:TEE
1768:TTE
1660:ICD
1455:CHD
1427:SVC
1412:to
1344:to
1328:to
1312:to
1079:doi
1042:PMC
1034:doi
993:PMC
985:doi
954:doi
919:doi
915:128
878:PMC
870:doi
866:210
831:doi
767:doi
763:111
722:max
707:max
605:by
538:by
483:or
403:by
360:21
331:17
302:14
273:10
155:MET
1910::
1431:PA
1093:.
1085:.
1073:.
1050:.
1040:.
1030:28
1028:.
1024:.
1001:.
991:.
981:28
979:.
975:.
950:10
948:.
925:.
913:.
900:^
886:.
876:.
864:.
860:.
837:.
827:19
825:.
798:.
775:.
761:.
757:.
345:22
316:20
287:18
258:16
244:7
229:14
200:12
186:3
171:10
157:S
115:.
103:,
78:.
1804:/
1630:)
1468:/
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
1101:.
1081::
1075:5
1058:.
1036::
1009:.
987::
960:.
956::
933:.
921::
894:.
872::
845:.
833::
810:.
800:3
783:.
769::
628:)
622:(
617:)
613:(
599:.
561:)
555:(
550:)
546:(
532:.
426:)
420:(
415:)
411:(
397:.
342:3
339:7
313:3
310:6
284:3
281:5
255:3
252:4
226:3
223:3
197:3
194:2
168:3
165:1
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