359:
509:
children can often achieve the same level in two weeks. During this period, patients may remove the sling to practice passive pendulum range of motion exercises to reduce atrophy in the elbow and shoulder, but they are often minimized to 15–20° off vertical. Depending on the severity of fracture, a person can begin to use the arm if comfortable with movement and no pain results. The final goal is to be able to have full range of motion with no pain; therefore, if any pain occurs, allowing for more recovery time is best. Depending on severity of the fracture, athletes involved in contact sports may need a longer period of rest to heal to avoid refracturing bone.
48:
496:
type of fixation plate called hook plate. With anatomical plates plate removal is considered an elective procedure that is rarely necessary. An alternative to plate fixation is elastic TEN intramedullary nailing. These devices are implanted within the clavicle's canal to support the bone from the inside. Typical surgical complications are infection, neurological symptoms distal the incision (sometimes to the extremity), and
456:
543:
If thou examinest a man having a break in his collar bone and shouldst thou find his collar bone short and separated from its fellow, thou shouldst say concerning him: "One having a break in his collar-bone. An ailment which I will treat." Place him prostrate on his back with something folded between
495:
where an anatomically shaped titanium or steel plate is affixed along the superior aspect of the bone by several screws. In some cases, the plate is removed after healing due to discomfort, to avoid tissue aggravation, osteolysis or subacromial impingement. This is especially important with a special
517:
Clavicle fractures occur at 30–64 cases per 100,000 a year and are responsible for 2.6–5.0% of all fractures. This type of fracture occurs more often in males. About half of all clavicle fractures occur in children under the age of seven and is the most common pediatric fracture. Clavicle fractures
439:
The arm is usually supported by an external immobilizer to keep the joint stable and decrease the risk of further damage. The two most common types of fixation are the figure-of-eight splint that wraps the shoulders to keep them forced back and a simple broad arm sling (which supports the weight of
402:
The basic method to check for a clavicle fracture is by an X-ray of the clavicle to determine the fracture type and extent of injury. In former times, X-rays were taken of both clavicle bones for comparison purposes. Due to the curved shape in a tilted plane X-rays are typically oriented with ~15°
285:
Clavicle fractures are commonly known as a breaking of the collarbone, and they are usually a result of injury or trauma. The most common type of fracture occurs when a person falls vertically onto the shoulder or with an outstretched hand. A direct hit to the collarbone can also cause a break. In
440:
the arm). The primary indication is pain relief. Type of sling used does not seem to affect the results as far as healing is concerned but patient satisfaction is lower with the figure-of-eight bandage. No difference in functional outcome has been reported between the two types of immobilization.
508:
Healing time varies based on age, health, complexity, and location of the break, as well as the bone displacement. For adults, one to several weeks of sling immobilization is normally employed to allow for pain relief, initial bone and soft tissue healing; teenagers require slightly less, while
443:
Current practice for simple fractures without great displacement is generally to provide a sling, and pain relief, and to allow the bone to heal itself, monitoring progress with X-rays every week or few weeks if necessary. Surgery is employed in 5–10% of cases. However, a meta-analysis of 2 144
530:
When, then, a fracture has recently taken place, the patients attach much importance to it, as supposing the mischief greater than it really is, and the physicians bestow great pains in order that it may be properly bandaged; but in a little time the patients, having no pain, nor finding any
333:
It is most often fractured in the middle third of its length which is its weakest point. The lateral fragment of the clavicle during a fracture is depressed by the weight of the arm and is pulled downward by the strong abductor muscles of the shoulder joint, especially the
231:
Clavicle fractures most commonly occur in people under the age of 25 and those over the age of 70. Among the younger group males are more often affected than females. In adults they make up about 5% of all fractures while in children they represent about 13% of fractures.
349:
is unable to hold up the distal fragment owing to the weight of the upper limb, thus the shoulder droops. The adductor muscles of the arm, such as the pectoralis major, may pull the distal fragment medially, causing the bone fragments to override.
531:
impediment to their walking or eating, become negligent; and the physicians finding they cannot make the parts look well, take themselves off, and are not sorry at the neglect of the patient, and in the meantime the callus is quickly formed.
463:
In children, breaks in the middle of the clavicle treated with surgery resulted in faster recoveries but more complications. The evidence for different types of surgery for breaks of the middle part of the clavicle is poor as of 2015.
486:
Although shortening (as a result of overlap of fracture ends) has often been suggested as an indication for surgery, a review found that people treated without surgery for shortening of mid shaft clavicle fractures did not affect
1037:
Gao, B; Dwivedi, S; Patel, S; Nwizu, C; Cruz AI, Jr (15 July 2019). "Operative Vs. Non-operative
Management of Displaced Midshaft Clavicle Fractures in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".
1307:
950:
Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (August 2005). "Treatment of acute midshaft clavicle fractures: systematic review of 2144 fractures: on behalf of the
Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group".
857:
Zlowodzki M, Zelle BA, Cole PA, Jeray K, McKee MD (August 2005). "Treatment of acute midshaft clavicle fractures: systematic review of 2144 fractures: on behalf of the
Evidence-Based Orthopaedic Trauma Working Group".
1413:
1398:
314:. Incidents that may lead to a clavicle fracture include automobile accidents, biking accidents (especially common in mountain biking), vertical falls on the shoulder joint, or contact sports such as
394:. The clavicle forms a slight S-shaped curve where it curves from the sternal end laterally and anteriorly for near half its length, then forming a posterior curve to the acromion of the scapula.
370:. A clavicle is located on each side of the front, upper part of the chest. The clavicle consists of a medial end, a shaft, and a lateral end. The medial end connects with the
278:
491:
A discontinuity in the bone shape often results from a clavicular fracture, visible through the skin, if not treated with surgery. Surgical procedures often call for
182:. Symptoms typically include pain at the site of the break and a decreased ability to move the affected arm. Complications can include a collection of air in the
1324:
431:
may be used if the bone breaks through the skin; however, this is uncommon. Often, they are treated without surgery. In severe cases, surgery may be done.
1122:"Is shortening of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures associated with inferior clinical outcomes following nonoperative management? A systematic review"
224:(acetaminophen) may be useful. It can take up to five months for the strength of the bone to return to normal. Reasons for surgical repair include an
286:
most cases, the direct hit occurs from the joint side towards the body side of the bone. The muscles involved in clavicle fractures include the
444:
midshaft clavicle fractures supports primary plate fixation of completely displaced midshaft clavicular fractures in active adult patients.
518:
involve roughly 5% of all fractures seen in hospital emergency admissions. Clavicles are the most commonly broken bone in the human body.
2109:
544:
his shoulder blades; thou shouldst spread out with his two shoulders to stretch apart his collar bone until the break falls in its place.
1344:
The Edwin Smith surgical papyrus, published in facsimile and hieroglyphic transliteration with translation and commentary in two volumes
1284:
342:. Children and infants are particularly prone to it. Newborns often present clavicle fractures following a difficult delivery.
201:
It is often caused by a fall onto a shoulder, outstretched arm, or direct trauma. The fracture can also occur in a baby during
598:
1355:
1260:
1586:
1216:
Malik S, Chiampas G, Leonard H (November 2010). "Emergent evaluation of injuries to the shoulder, clavicle, and humerus".
1491:
228:, involvement of the nerves or blood vessels, or shortening of the clavicle by more than 1.5 cm in a young person.
1979:
1164:"Hook plate fixation of acute displaced lateral clavicle fractures: mid-term results and a brief literature overview"
17:
1342:
1735:
1654:
366:
The clavicle is the bone that connects the trunk of the body to the arm, and it is located directly above the
548:
All the cases in this text describe examination, prognosis, and (where applicable) treatment, in that order.
447:
If the fracture is at the lateral end, the risk of nonunion is greater than if the fracture is of the shaft.
358:
345:
After fracture of the clavicle, the sternocleidomastoid muscle elevates the medial fragment of the bone. The
1362:, fulltext of translation with commentary. (capitalization altered and interleaved glosses removed in quote)
1740:
423:
Medication may be prescribed for pain. It is unclear if surgery or conservative management is superior.
1629:
1504:
810:"Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating fractures of the middle third of the clavicle"
408:
339:
1071:"Surgical interventions for treating acute fractures or non-union of the middle third of the clavicle"
1964:
1730:
1634:
1581:
1120:
Malik, Shahbaz S.; Tahir, Muaaz; Jordan, Robert W.; Malik, Sheraz S.; Saithna, Adnan (August 2019).
209:
of the clavicle is most often involved. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and confirmed with
903:"Conservative interventions for treating middle third clavicle fractures in adolescents and adults"
379:
2104:
1810:
1795:
1484:
404:
391:
82:
1780:
1624:
1561:
375:
1446:
1988:
1923:
1844:
1639:
535:
From an ancient
Egyptian text of approximately the 30th century B.C., in a copy known as the
1121:
1993:
1959:
1805:
765:"Bedside ultrasound diagnosis of clavicle fractures in the pediatric emergency department"
8:
1849:
1800:
1790:
1644:
1571:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1417:
994:
Khan LA, Bradnock TJ, Scott C, Robinson CM (February 2009). "Fractures of the clavicle".
805:
536:
428:
299:
1097:
1070:
2078:
2068:
1998:
1764:
1649:
1477:
1276:
1190:
1163:
1019:
976:
964:
927:
902:
883:
871:
834:
809:
699:
682:
311:
247:
72:
65:
1457:
1969:
1918:
1877:
1834:
1785:
1702:
1689:
1609:
1518:
1351:
1318:
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1233:
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1144:
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1051:
1011:
968:
932:
875:
839:
786:
781:
764:
745:
704:
642:
459:
X-ray of the above comminuted fracture treated with an intramedullary fixation device
119:
60:
1422:
1023:
980:
887:
2027:
2017:
1950:
1940:
1933:
1839:
1750:
1721:
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1225:
1185:
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1136:
1092:
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914:
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829:
825:
821:
776:
735:
694:
590:
346:
217:
139:
477:
Associated nervous and vascular trauma (brachial plexus or supraclavicular nerves)
265:: dull to extreme ache in and around clavicle area, including surrounding muscles
2058:
1913:
1908:
1882:
1869:
1776:
1619:
1601:
1591:
1543:
1469:
1047:
307:
135:
338:. The part of the clavicle near the center of the body is tilted upwards by the
2073:
2063:
1928:
1899:
1854:
1614:
1576:
740:
723:
335:
319:
287:
1407:
1350:. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago, Oriental Institute. pp. 350–354.
1229:
1140:
2098:
2050:
2008:
1859:
1826:
1769:
1759:
1533:
1500:
415:
imaging performed in the emergency room may be equally accurate in children.
262:
252:
Often, after the swelling has subsided, the fracture can be felt through the
225:
175:
2036:
1712:
1674:
1237:
1199:
1148:
1106:
1055:
1015:
972:
936:
879:
843:
808:; Johnston, Renea V; Ferrari, Bruno AS; Faloppa, Flávio (22 January 2019).
790:
749:
708:
681:
Paladini P, Pellegrini A, Merolla G, Campi F, Porcellini G (January 2012).
646:
195:
187:
87:
1180:
90:, injury to the nerves or blood vessels in the area, unpleasant appearance
1441:
1007:
303:
221:
210:
125:
47:
1390:
467:
Surgery may be considered when one or more of the following is presents
2083:
1553:
424:
412:
411:(MRI) scan is taken. However, the standard method of diagnosis through
295:
202:
1452:
1277:"The Internet Classics Archive | On the Articulations by Hippocrates"
371:
367:
327:
291:
206:
147:
1162:
Tiren D, van Bemmel AJ, Swank DJ, van der Linden FM (January 2012).
268:
Possible nausea, dizziness, and/or spotty vision due to extreme pain
244:, particularly with arm movement or on the front part of upper chest
497:
455:
383:
374:
of the sternum and gives attachments to the fibrous capsule of the
315:
179:
106:
Type I (middle 3rd), Type II (lateral 3rd), Type III (medial third)
1161:
763:
Cross KP, Warkentine FH, Kim IK, Gracely E, Paul RI (July 2010).
471:
Comminution with separation (bone is broken into multiple pieces)
387:
323:
216:
Clavicle fractures are typically treated by putting the arm in a
1255:(8th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 433.
1402:
183:
803:
680:
500:
of the bone (failure of the bone to properly fuse together).
191:
403:
upwards facing tilt from the front. In more severe cases, a
492:
277:
253:
241:
1666:
993:
762:
633:
Pecci M, Kreher JB (January 2008). "Clavicle fractures".
591:"Clavicle Fracture (Broken Collarbone)-OrthoInfo - AAOS"
483:
Displaced distal third fractures (high risk of nonunion)
114:
Fall onto a shoulder, outstretched arm, or direct trauma
949:
856:
728:
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research
1308:"The management of skeletal injuries in ancient Egypt"
996:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1119:
480:
Nonunion after several months (3–6 months, typically)
1380:
1251:
Snell RS (2010-03-10). "Chapter 9: The upper Limb".
1215:
1036:
721:
1499:
1313:. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
160:5% of adult fractures, 13% of children's fractures
2096:
1323:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
722:Ropars M, Thomazeau H, Huten D (February 2017).
77:Pain, decreased ability to move the affected arm
220:for one or two weeks. Pain medication such as
1485:
1211:
1209:
1068:
987:
900:
1336:
1334:
1218:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
1168:Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
1075:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
907:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
632:
198:in the area, and an unpleasant appearance.
1492:
1478:
676:
46:
1206:
1189:
1179:
1096:
1086:
926:
833:
780:
739:
698:
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660:
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628:
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616:
585:
583:
581:
362:Illustration showing fracture of clavicle
1340:
1331:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
454:
357:
276:
814:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
797:
14:
2097:
653:
613:
152:Up to five months for complete healing
1473:
1287:from the original on 26 February 2017
1250:
1129:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
601:from the original on 4 September 2017
558:
306:. The ligaments involved include the
235:
1587:Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture
1305:
901:Lenza M, Faloppa F (December 2016).
539:, J. Breasted translation, case 35:
259:Sharp pain when any movement is made
24:
2110:Injuries of shoulder and upper arm
1980:Combined tibia and fibula fracture
965:10.1097/01.bot.0000172287.44278.ef
872:10.1097/01.bot.0000172287.44278.ef
382:. The lateral end connects at the
124:Based on symptoms, confirmed with
25:
2121:
1369:
683:"Treatment of clavicle fractures"
493:open reduction internal fixation
55:X-ray of a left clavicle fracture
782:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2010.00788.x
474:Skin penetration (open fracture)
1299:
1269:
1244:
1155:
1113:
1069:Lenza M, Faloppa F (May 2015).
1062:
1030:
512:
434:
1655:Vertebral compression fracture
1088:10.1002/14651858.CD007428.pub3
943:
919:10.1002/14651858.CD007121.pub4
894:
850:
826:10.1002/14651858.CD009363.pub3
756:
715:
687:Translational Medicine @ UniSa
13:
1:
1306:Said GZ (28 September 2007).
1040:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
953:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
860:Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma
551:
526:Hippocrates, 4th century BC:
281:The location of the clavicles
1048:10.1097/BOT.0000000000001580
503:
418:
397:
390:which is referred to as the
272:
7:
1253:Clinical Anatomy by Regions
769:Academic Emergency Medicine
450:
10:
2126:
1630:Craniocervical instability
741:10.1016/j.otsr.2016.11.007
521:
409:magnetic resonance imaging
353:
340:sternocleidomastoid muscle
2049:
2026:
2007:
1978:
1965:Le Fort fracture of ankle
1949:
1898:
1891:
1868:
1825:
1749:
1720:
1711:
1688:
1665:
1635:Flexion teardrop fracture
1600:
1582:Le Fort fracture of skull
1552:
1511:
1432:
1384:
1230:10.1016/j.emc.2010.06.006
1141:10.1016/j.jse.2018.12.017
635:American Family Physician
156:
146:
131:
118:
110:
102:
94:
81:
71:
59:
54:
45:
37:
32:
1341:Breasted, J. H. (1930).
380:interclavicular ligament
1811:Essex-Lopresti fracture
1741:Holstein–Lewis fracture
405:computerized tomography
392:acromioclavicular joint
1625:Clay-shoveler fracture
1562:Basilar skull fracture
546:
533:
460:
378:, articular disc, and
376:sternoclavicular joint
363:
282:
186:surrounding the lung (
1989:Trimalleolar fracture
1181:10.1186/1749-799X-7-2
541:
528:
458:
361:
280:
1994:Bimalleolar fracture
1960:Maisonneuve fracture
1008:10.2106/JBJS.H.00034
806:Buchbinder, Rachelle
724:"Clavicle fractures"
1645:Holdsworth fracture
1572:Mandibular fracture
1539:Pathologic fracture
1529:Greenstick fracture
1524:Chalkstick fracture
537:Edwin Smith papyrus
429:tetanus vaccination
300:sternocleidomastoid
1924:Toddler's fracture
1765:Monteggia fracture
1650:Jefferson fracture
1640:Hangman's fracture
1433:External resources
595:orthoinfo.aaos.org
461:
364:
312:trapezoid ligament
283:
236:Signs and symptoms
170:, also known as a
66:Emergency medicine
2092:
2091:
2045:
2044:
1970:Bosworth fracture
1919:Gosselin fracture
1878:Duverney fracture
1821:
1820:
1690:Shoulder fracture
1610:Cervical fracture
1519:Avulsion fracture
1467:
1466:
1376:Details from AAOS
1357:978-0-918986-73-3
1262:978-0-7817-6404-9
190:), injury to the
172:broken collarbone
168:clavicle fracture
164:
163:
120:Diagnostic method
41:Broken collarbone
33:Clavicle fracture
27:Medical condition
18:Broken collarbone
16:(Redirected from
2117:
2028:Femoral fracture
2018:Patella fracture
1951:Fibular fracture
1941:Tillaux fracture
1934:Plafond fracture
1896:
1895:
1751:Forearm fracture
1722:Humerus fracture
1718:
1717:
1680:Sternal fracture
1567:Blowout fracture
1505:cartilage damage
1494:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1281:classics.mit.edu
1273:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1135:(8): 1626–1638.
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1034:
1028:
1027:
991:
985:
984:
947:
941:
940:
930:
913:(12): CD007121.
898:
892:
891:
854:
848:
847:
837:
801:
795:
794:
784:
760:
754:
753:
743:
719:
713:
712:
702:
678:
651:
650:
630:
611:
610:
608:
606:
587:
347:trapezius muscle
50:
30:
29:
21:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2041:
2022:
2003:
1999:Pott's fracture
1974:
1945:
1914:Segond fracture
1909:Bumper fracture
1887:
1883:Pipkin fracture
1870:Pelvic fracture
1864:
1817:
1777:Radius fracture
1745:
1707:
1684:
1661:
1620:Chance fracture
1602:Spinal fracture
1596:
1592:Zygoma fracture
1548:
1544:Spiral fracture
1507:
1498:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1428:
1427:
1393:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1358:
1347:
1339:
1332:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1290:
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1275:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1249:
1245:
1214:
1207:
1160:
1156:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1081:(5): CD007428.
1067:
1063:
1035:
1031:
992:
988:
948:
944:
899:
895:
855:
851:
820:(1): CD009363.
802:
798:
761:
757:
734:(1S): S53–S59.
720:
716:
679:
654:
631:
614:
604:
602:
589:
588:
559:
554:
524:
515:
506:
453:
437:
421:
400:
356:
308:conoid ligament
275:
238:
136:Pain medication
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:Bone fractures
2090:
2089:
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2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
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2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:
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2001:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1929:Pilon fracture
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1900:Tibia fracture
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
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1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1615:Burst fracture
1606:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Nasal fracture
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:Classification
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:External links
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1330:
1298:
1268:
1261:
1243:
1205:
1154:
1112:
1061:
1029:
986:
942:
893:
849:
804:Lenza, Mário;
796:
755:
714:
652:
612:
556:
555:
553:
550:
523:
520:
514:
511:
505:
502:
489:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
452:
449:
436:
433:
420:
417:
399:
396:
355:
352:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
260:
257:
250:
245:
237:
234:
207:middle section
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
144:
143:
133:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
85:
79:
78:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2122:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2051:Foot fracture
2048:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:Crus fracture
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1860:Broken finger
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1827:Hand fracture
1824:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:Distal radius
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:Hume fracture
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1760:Ulna fracture
1758:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Supracondylar
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Open fracture
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1302:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1224:(4): 739–63.
1223:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:(2): 447–60.
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
853:
845:
841:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
792:
788:
783:
778:
775:(7): 687–93.
774:
770:
766:
759:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
600:
596:
592:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
557:
549:
545:
540:
538:
532:
527:
519:
510:
501:
499:
494:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
457:
448:
445:
441:
432:
430:
426:
416:
414:
410:
406:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
360:
351:
348:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
279:
267:
264:
263:Referred pain
261:
258:
255:
251:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
233:
229:
227:
226:open fracture
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:blood vessels
193:
189:
185:
184:pleural space
181:
177:
176:bone fracture
173:
169:
159:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
84:
83:Complications
80:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2037:Hip fracture
1713:Arm fracture
1697:
1675:Rib fracture
1451:
1440:
1412:
1397:
1343:
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1252:
1246:
1221:
1217:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1132:
1128:
1115:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1039:
1032:
999:
995:
989:
959:(7): 504–7.
956:
952:
945:
910:
906:
896:
866:(7): 504–7.
863:
859:
852:
817:
813:
799:
772:
768:
758:
731:
727:
717:
690:
686:
641:(1): 65–70.
638:
634:
605:26 September
603:. Retrieved
597:. Dec 2016.
594:
547:
542:
534:
529:
525:
516:
513:Epidemiology
507:
490:
466:
462:
446:
442:
438:
435:Nonoperative
422:
401:
365:
344:
332:
284:
230:
215:
200:
188:pneumothorax
171:
167:
165:
88:Pneumothorax
1796:Chauffeur's
1458:orthoped/50
1442:MedlinePlus
425:Antibiotics
304:sternohyoid
222:paracetamol
95:Usual onset
38:Other names
2099:Categories
2084:Broken toe
1291:26 October
552:References
413:ultrasound
296:subclavius
203:childbirth
2079:Calcaneal
2069:Cuneiform
1845:Bennett's
1501:Fractures
1453:eMedicine
693:: 47–58.
504:Prognosis
487:outcomes.
419:Treatment
398:Diagnosis
372:manubrium
368:first rib
328:wrestling
292:trapezius
273:Mechanism
157:Frequency
148:Prognosis
142:, surgery
132:Treatment
61:Specialty
2059:Lisfranc
1835:Scaphoid
1806:Barton's
1786:Galeazzi
1731:Proximal
1703:Scapular
1698:Clavicle
1319:cite web
1285:Archived
1238:20971390
1200:22236647
1149:30929954
1107:25950424
1098:11162556
1056:31343597
1024:39095274
1016:19181992
981:41975051
973:16056089
937:27977849
888:41975051
880:16056089
844:30666620
791:20653581
750:28043849
709:23905044
647:18236824
599:Archived
498:nonunion
451:Surgical
407:(CT) or
384:acromion
316:football
248:Swelling
180:clavicle
73:Symptoms
1855:Busch's
1850:Boxer's
1840:Rolando
1801:Smith's
1791:Colles'
1512:General
1191:3313877
928:6463869
835:6373576
700:3728778
522:History
388:scapula
386:of the
354:Anatomy
336:deltoid
324:hurling
288:deltoid
178:of the
174:, is a
1447:001588
1354:
1259:
1236:
1198:
1188:
1147:
1105:
1095:
1054:
1022:
1014:
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935:
925:
886:
878:
842:
832:
789:
748:
707:
697:
645:
302:, and
211:X-rays
205:. The
192:nerves
126:X-rays
111:Causes
98:Sudden
2074:March
2064:Jones
1408:S42.0
1348:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1174:: 2.
1125:(PDF)
1020:S2CID
977:S2CID
884:S2CID
326:, or
320:rugby
218:sling
140:sling
103:Types
1667:Ribs
1554:Head
1503:and
1418:9-CM
1352:ISBN
1325:link
1293:2017
1257:ISBN
1234:PMID
1196:PMID
1145:PMID
1103:PMID
1052:PMID
1012:PMID
969:PMID
933:PMID
911:2016
876:PMID
840:PMID
818:2019
787:PMID
746:PMID
705:PMID
643:PMID
607:2017
427:and
310:and
254:skin
242:Pain
1892:Leg
1423:810
1414:ICD
1399:ICD
1226:doi
1186:PMC
1176:doi
1137:doi
1093:PMC
1083:doi
1044:doi
1004:doi
961:doi
923:PMC
915:doi
868:doi
830:PMC
822:doi
777:doi
736:doi
732:103
695:PMC
194:or
2101::
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1000:91
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785:.
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655:^
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166:A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
