119:"With the entire apparatus of cultural and artistic practice under centralized control, and production across all media generated by one officially endorsed methodology, the Soviet leadership was in an ideal position to saturate the marketplace with its product. The nature of this product was complex and all-encompassing, and was marketed as a new form of civilization. In order for fundamental changes in behavior and massive transformation of the landscape to occur, the population had to be engaged and mobilized to adopt the ideology (and goals and vision) of the leadership as their own" Broadcasting owned by the governing body ensured the right information and propaganda would be distributed in order to keep that vision intact.
1426:
390:
172:
408:
Socialist
Republic or by a State Committee on Radio and Television Broadcasting. However, in the First Programme (TV) and in the All-Union First Programme (radio), the Company/Committee was allowed to broadcast regional programming alongside the official First Programme/All-Union First Programme schedule. Depending on the political status of an administrative division, the Company/Committee would broadcast the regional programming in either
165:
133:
488:
There were two types of timeshifting in the Soviet Union. The first was used by both the All-Union First
Programme and the First Programme (TV). For simplicity, this system is denoted as the "Radio/TV Orbita" system (named after the editions of these 1st programmes when they are time-shifted). All
380:
With the initial release of filming worldwide, exciting
American movies had almost no competition, which citizens of all classes in the Soviet State flocked into. In this period, external influences began to shape the union. from its initial introduction, the Soviet take on films opposed western. In
650:
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the broadcasting landscape also changed. Instead of one uniform system for radio and television broadcasting, there are now multiple systems, one for each country. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the republics themselves. Below is an incomplete
372:
During this period, the state used programs, films, and animations to redraw its citizens to the Soviet culture and away from the western ideas that were brought home during the war. Short animations were introduced that negatively portrayed western culture and reiterated the ideas of old Russia,
377:, which aired in 1949. Specifically, this segment targeted American Jazz, comparing it to a magpie's call. Comparing jazz and a magpie's lack of musical ability meant there was no true art as there was in Soviet music, and that this American music was all for show with no actual talent required.
523:
The "double program" system was the other system used for time-shifting programmes. Like the "Radio/TV Orbita" system, identical content would be broadcast on the time-shifted versions, and, in the case of the Third
Programme (radio), followed the same type of editions as the All-Union First
407:
Like other areas of the Soviet Union, the four national television channels, Radio Mayak, the All-Union First and Third
Programmes, and (if equipped with appropriate transmitters) Radio Moscow would be broadcast by either a Television and Radio Company of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet
36:, controlled broadcasting was initialized as the main frequency for distributing information and entertainment. Under the control of the Soviet Union, censorship and limitation on information was filtered for the citizens to ensure the common culture and socialist ideals were maintained.
597:
there was constant maintenance of satellites as well as revision, censorship, and management performed through this main facility. At its peak, the Soviet Space program, in competition with the United States, pushed for newer advancements and technologies, leading to the Space race.
423:
The
Company/Committee would also broadcast additional channels for their coverage area only. Such cases were usually a second programme, known by a special name, in the main language of the SSR/ASSR. Other districts had their own local programming, and cities such as
524:
Programme. However, it was different in that, especially on TV, it was a composite time-shifting system. This means that multiple services could be broadcast on the same edition and thus reduce the cost of broadcasting several different editions of the channels.
399:
In addition to the national radio and television channels, each SSR and ASSR had its own state radio and television company or state broadcasting committees, although other regions were allowed regional state broadcasting companies/committees. Taking the
381:
its creation, its prime focus was to maintain the socialist ideals and culture. In most of these cases the films encompassed these socialists values through fact-based films and documentary footage montage with exciting story lines and stunts.
155:
wavebands, though the majority of stations were on medium and long wave. Neither the transmission sites nor the frequencies of domestic FM, MW, LW or SW stations were ever disclosed, thus leaving listeners having to memorize the frequencies.
641:
sculpture above the main entrance. However, much like its counterparts in cinema and the press, it has suffered since the break-up of Soviet Union. ITAR now broadcasts domestic news, while TASS reports the world news and events abroad.
278:, officially called the "Voice of Soviet Public Opinion". Most republics also had an external service, relayed by Radio Moscow's transmitters. Radio Moscow also relayed other radio stations from their satellite states, such as Radio
467:"Schedule. The national television channels were only on the air for part of the day. This would make it easy for transmitting the channels throughout the country. For instance, the Fourth Programme aired from 1300-1740
103:
states. Each population was then characterized by different economic and cultural elements. There were exclusively agricultural regions or industrial regions, needing their own satellite systems from broadcasting services.
59:. During this time of political propaganda and war, controlling the large and spread out population meant censorship and lock downs on the freedom of public speaking. Soviet Russia did not tolerate "a slip of the tongue."
75:; the European area of the Soviet Union was typical East European. At its peak, almost 8,650,000 square miles (22,400,000 km) of land mass belonged to the U.S.S.R. Then there were the mountains such as the
474:
Time-shifting. This is the heart of the programming aspect of the Soviet television system. By time-shifting programmes, this allowed the Soviet Union and countries that relayed Soviet television (such as
489:
other national television channels (the All-Union, Moscow, Fourth, Leningrad and Sixth
Programmes), including Radio Mayak and the Third Programme, used the "Double program" composite time-shifting format.
589:
satellites utilized by the
Russian Space Television system. New satellites are released into orbit as older versions deteriorate and new technology becomes available. Operated by the State Enterprise
566:
The Soviet Union set up the great space race that would lead to international technological, political, cultural, and scientific exploration. The Soviet domestic satellite system was also known as
1579:
40:
831:
99:. The population too was unevenly spread out, the overwhelming majority being west of the Urals. In addition, the Soviet Union also relayed their programming to other
570:- in 1990 there were 90 Orbita satellites, supplying programming to 900 main transmitters and over 4,000 relay stations. The most famous Soviet satellites were the
374:
1669:
2239:
622:, commonly known as TASS until 1991. Under the rule of Emperor Nikolai II, the first broadcasting system began in 1904, and evolved into TASS in 1925.
1237:
107:
As a result, Soviet television and Soviet radio required ingenuity to overcome the aforementioned problems as well as to transmit programming to the
303:) was the main channel. It was also the most adaptable for the republics to utilize (see "Regional services" below). Other channels were the
1537:
463:
programmes in order to cover its 11 time zones. This involved several solutions to the Soviet Union's geography and time zone problems:
295:
Generally there were five channels (called "programmes" in the typical
European fashion then) under the banner of the unified brand of
51:; abbreviated as Gosteleradio SSSR or simply Gosteleradio ), the Soviet Union's governing body of broadcasting, was in charge both of
228:. It broadcast items of national interest along with local opt-out programmes in each of the Republics. The second channel was called
194:). The Soviet Union also used the OIRT VHF band (the "R" channels ranging from chs. R1 to R12) and the pan-European/African UHF band.
761:
Main broadcaster: Nacyjanalnaja
Dzjarzaúnaja Teleradyjokampanija Respubliki Belarus (State Television and Radio Company of Belarus)
2468:
2414:
592:
1138:
2659:
2631:
1042:
993:
1623:
1604:
872:
626:
1066:
670:
2384:
674:
619:
2584:
2404:
1365:
1341:
236:
in Russian) and was a music and speech entertainment channel intended to be the "beacon" of Soviet culture, similar to
1597:
1555:
1546:
1469:
1447:
733:
Main broadcaster: Azärbaycan Dövlät Teleradio Verilisläri Sirkäti (State Radio and Television Company of Azerbaijan)
96:
1440:
67:
Size, geography, time, and censorship attributed many issues to the development of broadcasting. The Soviet Union's
2664:
1530:
412:
or the local language. In the Chechen-Ingush ASSR's case, the regional programmes would be broadcast in Russian,
1697:
1590:
1489:
882:
877:
867:
52:
29:
2319:
404:
as an example, one would see that there was a lot of flexibility in the Soviet radio and television system.
274:, the main Soviet shortwave radio station. However, that's only part of the picture. Soviet radio also had
2606:
1523:
332:
2537:
2159:
578:, Ekran, and Stasionar satellites. With the right equipment, people outside the Soviet Union who used
2626:
2450:
2355:
2255:
1820:
1585:
1569:
1493:
862:
296:
224:
56:
514:
All-Union First Programme/First Programme (UTC +2, +3, and +4 time zones or MSK -1, MSK, and MSK +1)
2555:
2480:
2376:
2279:
1655:
1434:
698:
2578:
2532:
2487:
2325:
2039:
1510:
1485:
1389:
315:(the fourth channel) and the "Leningrad Programme" (the 5th channel aimed at Leningrad viewers).
841:
1990 Broadcaster: State Committee for Broadcasting and Television of the Republic of Tajikistan
822:
Main broadcaster: Saqartvelos Teleradio Korporacia (Georgian National Broadcasting Corporation)
2119:
1451:
197:
SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory) was initiated in 1956. Soviets involvement began with the
2079:
2337:
2331:
1515:
2175:
2087:
1642:
448:
187:
1836:
8:
571:
401:
352:). However, in the later years quite a few of soap operas were brought in from the West (
152:
1964:
1762:
1212:
1187:
2567:
2409:
2247:
2231:
2223:
2207:
2127:
2111:
1932:
1908:
1788:
1690:
1674:
1649:
1293:
927:
919:
567:
456:
79:. There were also the taiga and steppes of the east and the north. Another problem was
1988:
1714:
651:
list of the changes to the television system in the republics, in alphabetical order:
2637:
2561:
2517:
2512:
2399:
2295:
2143:
1900:
1852:
1844:
1772:
1746:
1245:
931:
361:
2506:
2371:
2349:
2343:
1948:
1892:
1780:
1730:
911:
445:
429:
413:
409:
44:
1972:
1017:
389:
191:
2444:
2287:
2263:
2023:
2015:
1916:
1722:
702:
615:
417:
270:
969:
945:
2550:
2462:
2191:
2151:
2135:
2063:
1663:
349:
241:
1868:
1804:
1166:
1140:Ради "Семнадцати мгновений весны" Лиознова стала тираном на съемочной площадке
1114:
198:
2653:
2498:
2492:
2366:
2361:
1796:
1249:
1090:
915:
630:
471:. This would make it easy for the Fourth Programme to be aired by satellite.
460:
452:
353:
1484:
NB: Some of the information in this article is from the 1990 edition of the
2573:
2474:
2456:
2167:
1956:
1754:
607:
345:
250:
108:
24:
20:
1317:
812:
Broadcasters: Radio Tbilisi (radio), Tbiliskaja studija televidenija (TV)
2620:
2527:
2522:
2199:
2183:
2055:
547:
Composite editions of the All-Union, Moscow, and Fourth Programmes (TV):
476:
279:
256:
237:
144:
100:
1924:
923:
1828:
1812:
638:
611:
330:
of original cast were rare until the last decade; a notable example is
323:
2031:
201:
which was covered by the Nautchno-Issledovatelski research institute.
171:
2419:
2394:
2095:
1940:
1860:
1738:
1067:"- The Personality Cult of Stalin in Soviet Posters, 1929–1953 - ANU"
341:
337:
327:
140:
132:
84:
1269:
2425:
Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)
1884:
1635:
575:
148:
28:
was owned by the Soviet state, and was under its tight control and
2071:
582:
satellite television could receive Soviet television programming.
505:
Radio/TV Orbita-2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones or MSK +6 and MSK +7)
432:
had special programs, broadcasting only in the evening and on FM.
2424:
2215:
1980:
1876:
1682:
511:
Radio/TV Orbita-4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones or MSK +2 and MSK +3)
508:
Radio/TV Orbita-3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones or MSK +4 and MSK +5)
164:
92:
2271:
2103:
2047:
1628:
634:
441:
425:
357:
209:
that omits this process were the standards utilized initially.
88:
1706:
1545:
268:
Most people who have listened to shortwave are familiar with
205:
in which a process analogous to gamma correction is used and
179:
76:
33:
16:
Radio and television in the Marxist-Leninist Eurasian country
2612:
2600:
2544:
2389:
2313:
2007:
776:
Broadcasters: Eesti Raadio (radio), Eesti Televisioon (TV)
720:
579:
502:+11, +12, and +13 time zones or MSK +7, MSK +8, and MSK +9)
222:
There were four national radio channels. The first was the
1397:
1390:"Музей телевидения и радио в интернете - Главная страница"
751:: Radio Minsk (radio), Minskaja studija televidenija (TV)
695:
49:Государственный комитет СССР по телевидению и радиовещанию
1238:"F.C.C. Authorizes Domestic Satellites For Western Union"
1018:"Stalin's Satellites in Europe – International Socialism"
499:
479:
states) to broadcast programming in their own time zone."
468:
183:
518:
791:
691:
455:'s satellite system, the Soviet Union had the largest
41:
State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting
795:
787:
690:: Hayastani Azgain Radio (Armenian National Radio),
970:"Soviet Union | History, Leaders, Map, & Facts"
946:"Soviet Union | History, Leaders, Map, & Facts"
71:caused several problems to overcome. The first was
585:Since the 1970s, Russia has implemented the newer
1043:"Soviet Satellite States | Schoolshistory.org.uk"
994:"Soviet Satellite States | Schoolshistory.org.uk"
645:
311:(the third channel aimed mostly at Moscow), the
2651:
625:TASS still exists today, transformed into the
543:Third Programme (UTC +2, +3, and +4 time zones)
290:
1531:
1164:
492:
574:satellites; other satellite groups were the
83:; the Soviet Union encompassed 11 different
32:. Through the development of satellites and
902:Lovell, Stephen (2013). "ASURITE Sign-In".
531:Third Double-1 (UTC +11 and +12 time zones)
87:, and thus what would be shown at 18:00 in
1538:
1524:
534:Third Double-2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones)
1547:National media in the former Eastern Bloc
1470:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:
540:Third Double-4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones)
537:Third Double-3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones)
527:Editions of the Third Programme (radio):
318:
1433:This article includes a list of general
388:
170:
163:
131:
62:
2652:
1605:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
1556:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
1511:Russian Museum of Radio and TV website
1168:"Stranger's Voice" 1949 Soviet Cartoon
901:
873:Eastern Bloc information dissemination
627:Information Telegraph Agency of Russia
285:
139:Soviet domestic stations broadcast on
2395:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR)
1519:
483:
435:
2415:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR)
1419:
1370:academic-eb-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu
1346:academic-eb-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu
1294:"Telesputnik. Russian TV Satellites"
675:Public Television company of Armenia
620:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
618:was provided almost entirely by the
551:Double 2 (UTC +9 and +10 time zones)
384:
263:
2377:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR)
1217:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1192:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
853:2005 Main broadcaster: Tajik Radio
557:Double 4 (UTC +5 and +6 time zones)
554:Double 3 (UTC +7 and +8 time zones)
122:
13:
1439:it lacks sufficient corresponding
719:Broadcasters: Radio Baku (radio),
367:
127:
14:
2676:
1501:
1488:). Other information is from the
786:Main broadcasters: Eesti Raadio,
561:
212:
91:would be different from 18:00 in
2488:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR
1424:
276:Radio Station Peace and Progress
217:
1382:
1358:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1262:
1230:
1205:
1180:
1158:
1147:(in Russian). 30 September 2011
1131:
904:Journal of Contemporary History
459:in the world. The Soviet Union
348:, who inspired many jokes (see
2660:Mass media in the Soviet Union
2410:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR)
1490:Television in the Soviet Union
1107:
1083:
1059:
1035:
1010:
986:
962:
938:
895:
883:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
878:Censorship in the Soviet Union
868:Television in the Soviet Union
646:Broadcasting post-Soviet Union
587:geostationary orbit "Horizont"
340:. It involved the exploits of
248:carried the programme strands
1:
2320:Bulgarian National Television
888:
836:
707:
159:
2405:First Channel (Georgian SSR)
1165:KristophShmit (2017-03-21),
692:Armenian National Television
291:National television channels
7:
856:
629:(ITAR-TASS). It occupies a
519:The "Double Program" system
333:Seventeen Moments of Spring
114:
10:
2681:
2538:Radio Berlin International
2160:Neue Berliner Illustrierte
1415:
1244:. Associated Press. 1973.
829:
800:
764:
736:
654:
493:The Radio/TV Orbita system
364:series were cast locally.
307:(the second channel), the
2627:Soviet Information Bureau
2593:
2579:Program 1 Polskiego Radia
2437:
2420:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR)
2306:
1999:
1821:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur
1613:
1570:Media of the Soviet Union
1562:
1553:
1494:Radio in the Soviet Union
863:Radio in the Soviet Union
825:
815:
805:
779:
769:
754:
741:
726:
712:
457:domestic satellite system
360:, etc.), and a number of
297:Soviet Central Television
246:All-Union Third Programme
225:All-Union First Programme
48:
2481:Radio Peace and Progress
2385:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR)
1318:"Broadcasting in Russia"
1139:
916:10.1177/0022009412461817
832:Category:Media in Russia
344:, a Soviet super-spy in
2665:Eastern Bloc mass media
1486:World Radio TV Handbook
1454:more precise citations.
974:Encyclopedia Britannica
950:Encyclopedia Britannica
680:
659:
336:which quickly became a
1747:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan
1071:press-files.anu.edu.au
602:ITAR-TASS broadcasting
396:
319:Television programming
299:. The first channel (
244:in Australia. And the
178:The Soviet Union used
175:
168:
136:
2390:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR)
2381:Republican stations:
1670:Republican newspapers
1047:Schoolshistory.org.uk
998:Schoolshistory.org.uk
637:, characterised by a
392:
174:
167:
135:
63:Broadcasting problems
2314:Televizioni Shqiptar
1734:(Karelo-Finnish SSR)
1643:Komsomolskaya Pravda
375:The Stranger's Voice
1755:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan
593:Kosmicheskaya Svyaz
498:Radio/TV Orbita-1 (
402:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
394:Chechen-Ingush ASSR
305:All Union Programme
286:Television services
53:television networks
2609:(Byelorussian SSR)
2495:(Byelorussian SSR)
2400:ETV (Estonian SSR)
2356:Central Television
2224:Politikin Zabavnik
2112:Jugend und Technik
1933:Slobodna Dalmacija
1909:Rabotnichesko Delo
1763:Moldova Socialistă
1691:Sovetskaya Latviya
1686:(Byelorussian SSR)
1675:Sovetskaya Rossiya
1650:Pionerskaya Pravda
1624:Central newspapers
1298:old.telesputnik.ru
1242:The New York Times
1213:"Socialist Cinema"
1188:"Socialist Cinema"
701:2020-09-22 at the
484:The timeshift grid
436:Satellite services
397:
176:
169:
137:
2647:
2646:
2638:Czech News Agency
2518:Deutschlandsender
2513:Berliner Rundfunk
1853:Neues Deutschland
1837:Mladá fronta DNES
1715:Czerwony Sztandar
1480:
1479:
1472:
1366:"ASURITE Sign-In"
1342:"ASURITE Sign-In"
788:Eesti Televisioon
688:Main broadcasters
633:-era building in
385:Regional services
264:External services
190:) (also known as
30:Soviet censorship
2672:
2640:(Czechoslovakia)
2615:(Lithuanian SSR)
2507:Rundfunk der DDR
2471:(Lithuanian SSR)
2469:Lietuvos radijas
2463:Latvijas Radio 1
2372:Moscow Programme
2328:(Czechoslovakia)
2299:(Czechoslovakia)
1965:Večernje novosti
1949:Sportske novosti
1920:(Czechoslovakia)
1904:(Czechoslovakia)
1893:Politika Ekspres
1840:(Czechoslovakia)
1731:Neuvosto-Karjala
1718:(Lithuanian SSR)
1710:(Lithuanian SSR)
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1450:this article by
1441:inline citations
1428:
1427:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1396:. Archived from
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1274:history.nasa.gov
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1029:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
966:
960:
959:
957:
956:
942:
936:
935:
899:
449:satellite system
313:Fourth Programme
309:Moscow Programme
123:Soviet standards
50:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2589:
2509:(East Germany)
2477:(Russian SFSR)
2451:First Programme
2445:All-Union Radio
2433:
2302:
2264:Svet kompjutera
1995:
1989:Zëri i Popullit
1766:(Moldavian SSR)
1609:
1580:State Committee
1558:
1549:
1544:
1507:
1504:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1446:Please help to
1445:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1401:
1394:www.tvmuseum.ru
1388:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1322:www.irkutsk.com
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1150:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
992:
991:
987:
978:
976:
968:
967:
963:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
900:
896:
891:
859:
839:
834:
828:
820:
810:
803:
784:
774:
767:
759:
746:
739:
731:
717:
710:
703:Wayback Machine
685:
664:
657:
648:
616:television news
604:
564:
521:
495:
486:
438:
387:
370:
368:Soviet Programs
321:
293:
288:
266:
220:
215:
162:
130:
128:Broadcast radio
125:
117:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2551:Radio Bulgaria
2548:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:(Georgian SSR)
2496:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2459:(Estonian SSR)
2454:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2334:(East Germany)
2329:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2251:(Soviet Union)
2244:
2236:
2235:(East Germany)
2228:
2220:
2212:
2211:(Soviet Union)
2204:
2203:(Soviet Union)
2196:
2188:
2187:(East Germany)
2180:
2179:(East Germany)
2172:
2171:(East Germany)
2164:
2163:(East Germany)
2156:
2148:
2140:
2139:(East Germany)
2136:Kultur im Heim
2132:
2124:
2116:
2115:(East Germany)
2108:
2100:
2099:(East Germany)
2092:
2084:
2083:(East Germany)
2076:
2075:(East Germany)
2068:
2067:(East Germany)
2064:Form und Zweck
2060:
2059:(East Germany)
2052:
2044:
2043:(East Germany)
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2011:(East Germany)
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1856:(East Germany)
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1816:(East Germany)
1809:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1742:(Georgian SSR)
1735:
1727:
1726:(Estonian SSR)
1719:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1678:(Russian SFSR)
1667:
1664:Sovetsky Sport
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:(Gosteleradio)
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1502:External links
1500:
1499:
1498:
1478:
1477:
1432:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1381:
1357:
1333:
1309:
1285:
1261:
1229:
1204:
1179:
1157:
1130:
1106:
1082:
1058:
1034:
1024:. 25 July 2005
1009:
985:
961:
937:
893:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
858:
855:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:Radio Dushanbe
838:
835:
827:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:
799:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:
763:
758:
753:
745:
740:
738:
735:
730:
725:
716:
711:
709:
706:
684:
679:
663:
658:
656:
653:
647:
644:
603:
600:
563:
562:The satellites
560:
559:
558:
555:
552:
545:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
494:
491:
485:
482:
481:
480:
472:
437:
434:
386:
383:
369:
366:
350:Russian humour
320:
317:
292:
289:
287:
284:
265:
262:
242:Radio National
219:
216:
214:
213:Radio services
211:
161:
158:
129:
126:
124:
121:
116:
113:
64:
61:
57:radio stations
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2585:Radio Romania
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Radio Polonia
2572:
2569:
2568:Kossuth Rádió
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2499:Radio Georgia
2497:
2494:
2493:Radio Belarus
2491:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2465:(Latvian SSR)
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2367:Programme Two
2365:
2363:
2362:Programme One
2360:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:Književna reč
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:Večernji list
1970:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1824:(Afghanistan)
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:Esti Budapest
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1758:(Kirghiz SSR)
1757:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:(Latvian SSR)
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:(Latvian SSR)
1693:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:Soviet Union
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:Printed media
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1400:on 2009-02-21
1399:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1120:
1119:www.drhdmi.eu
1116:
1110:
1096:
1095:www.drhdmi.eu
1092:
1086:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1023:
1019:
1013:
999:
995:
989:
975:
971:
965:
951:
947:
941:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
894:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
854:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
833:
823:
818:
813:
808:
798:
797:
793:
789:
782:
777:
772:
762:
757:
752:
750:
744:
734:
729:
724:
722:
715:
705:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
683:
678:
676:
672:
671:Radio Yerevan
668:
662:
652:
643:
640:
636:
632:
631:Joseph Stalin
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
599:
596:
594:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
556:
553:
550:
549:
548:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
490:
478:
473:
470:
466:
465:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
405:
403:
395:
391:
382:
378:
376:
365:
363:
359:
355:
354:United States
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:1st Programme
298:
283:
281:
277:
273:
272:
261:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
243:
240:in the UK or
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
218:Home services
210:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
166:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
120:
112:
110:
105:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
58:
54:
46:
42:
37:
35:
31:
27:
26:
22:
2562:Magyar Rádió
2545:Radio Tirana
2475:Radio Moscow
2457:Eesti Raadio
2294:
2291:(Yugoslavia)
2286:
2283:(Yugoslavia)
2278:
2275:(Yugoslavia)
2270:
2267:(Yugoslavia)
2262:
2259:(Yugoslavia)
2254:
2246:
2243:(Yugoslavia)
2238:
2230:
2227:(Yugoslavia)
2222:
2219:(Yugoslavia)
2214:
2206:
2198:
2195:(Yugoslavia)
2190:
2182:
2174:
2168:Neue Werbung
2166:
2158:
2155:(Yugoslavia)
2150:
2144:Lakáskultúra
2142:
2134:
2131:(Yugoslavia)
2126:
2123:(Yugoslavia)
2118:
2110:
2107:(Yugoslavia)
2102:
2094:
2091:(Yugoslavia)
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2040:Eulenspiegel
2038:
2035:(Yugoslavia)
2030:
2027:(Yugoslavia)
2022:
2014:
2006:
1987:
1984:(Yugoslavia)
1979:
1976:(Yugoslavia)
1971:
1968:(Yugoslavia)
1963:
1957:Trybuna Ludu
1955:
1952:(Yugoslavia)
1947:
1944:(Yugoslavia)
1939:
1936:(Yugoslavia)
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1896:(Yugoslavia)
1891:
1888:(Yugoslavia)
1883:
1880:(Yugoslavia)
1875:
1872:(Yugoslavia)
1867:
1864:(Yugoslavia)
1859:
1851:
1845:Népszabadság
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1792:(Yugoslavia)
1787:
1784:(Yugoslavia)
1779:
1776:(Yugoslavia)
1771:
1761:
1753:
1750:(Kazakh SSR)
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1575:Broadcasting
1574:
1508:(in Russian)
1483:
1466:
1457:
1438:
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1393:
1384:
1373:. Retrieved
1369:
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1325:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1277:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1253:. Retrieved
1241:
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1219:. 2015-06-17
1216:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1194:. 2015-06-17
1191:
1182:
1172:, retrieved
1167:
1160:
1149:. Retrieved
1144:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1098:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1026:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:
964:
953:. Retrieved
949:
940:
910:(1): 78–97.
907:
903:
897:
852:
840:
821:
816:
811:
806:
785:
780:
775:
770:
760:
755:
749:Broadcasters
748:
747:
742:
732:
727:
718:
713:
687:
686:
681:
667:Broadcasters
666:
665:
660:
649:
624:
608:Soviet Union
605:
590:
586:
584:
565:
546:
526:
522:
487:
461:time-shifted
439:
422:
406:
398:
393:
379:
371:
346:Nazi Germany
331:
322:
312:
308:
304:
300:
294:
275:
271:Radio Moscow
269:
267:
255:
251:Radio Yunost
249:
245:
234:Radio Beacon
233:
229:
223:
221:
206:
202:
196:
177:
138:
118:
109:Eastern bloc
106:
80:
72:
68:
66:
38:
25:Soviet Union
21:Broadcasting
19:
18:
2528:Radio DDR 2
2523:Radio DDR 1
2200:Novy Vostok
2184:Neues Leben
2120:Jugoslavija
2056:Filmspiegel
1869:Oslobođenje
1805:Esti Hírlap
1452:introducing
477:Warsaw Pact
440:Aside from
324:Soap operas
280:Afghanistan
257:Radio Orfey
238:BBC Radio 2
230:Radio Mayak
101:Warsaw Pact
2654:Categories
2558:(Bulgaria)
2322:(Bulgaria)
2307:Television
2016:Dolgozó nő
1917:Rudé právo
1912:(Bulgaria)
1829:Laiko Vima
1813:Freie Erde
1723:Rahva Hääl
1614:Newspapers
1591:Television
1435:references
1404:2018-04-25
1375:2018-04-06
1351:2018-04-06
1327:2018-04-25
1303:2018-04-25
1279:2018-04-25
1255:2018-04-25
1223:2018-04-24
1198:2018-04-24
1174:2018-04-24
1151:2018-04-24
1124:2018-04-26
1100:2018-04-26
1076:2018-04-24
1052:2018-04-25
1028:2018-04-25
1022:isj.org.uk
1003:2018-04-25
979:2018-04-25
955:2018-04-25
889:References
837:Tajikistan
830:See also:
796:TV3 ViaSat
708:Azerbaijan
696:Armenia TV
639:bas-relief
612:radio news
203:Non-linear
160:Television
85:time zones
2570:(Hungary)
2564:(Hungary)
2547:(Albania)
2352:(Romania)
2340:(Hungary)
2316:(Albania)
2176:Neuer Weg
2152:Naša žena
2147:(Hungary)
2096:Guter Rat
2088:Galaksija
2051:(Romania)
2019:(Romania)
2000:Magazines
1992:(Albania)
1928:(Romania)
1861:Novi list
1848:(Hungary)
1832:(Albania)
1808:(Hungary)
1800:(Hungary)
1739:Komunisti
1496:articles.
1270:"Sputnik"
1250:0362-4331
932:145265046
673:(radio),
430:Leningrad
362:detective
342:Stierlitz
338:cult film
328:TV series
192:CIS-SECAM
186:) and K (
141:shortwave
97:Kirghizia
73:geography
39:The USSR
2594:Agencies
2581:(Poland)
2556:Horizont
2346:(Poland)
2080:Für Dich
1960:(Poland)
1925:Scînteia
1885:Politika
1636:Izvestia
1563:Overview
1460:May 2016
924:23488337
857:See also
699:Archived
576:Gorizont
451:and the
373:such as
207:SECAM IV
115:Overview
2603:(USSR)
2447:(USSR)
2358:(USSR)
2248:Sputnik
2232:Sibylle
2216:Pogledi
2208:Oktyabr
2032:Džuboks
1981:Vjesnik
1877:Pobjeda
1789:Dnevnik
1683:Zvyazda
1448:improve
1416:Sources
1145:delo.ua
1115:"SECAM"
1091:"SECAM"
801:Georgia
792:Kanal 2
765:Estonia
737:Belarus
655:Armenia
572:Molniya
414:Chechen
410:Russian
45:Russian
23:in the
2623:(USSR)
2453:(USSR)
2296:Vlasta
2272:Svijet
2240:Signal
2104:Izgled
2048:Femeia
1901:Pravda
1629:Pravda
1437:, but
1248:
930:
922:
826:Russia
635:Moscow
568:Orbita
442:Canada
426:Moscow
418:Ingush
358:Brazil
93:Frunze
89:Moscow
2634:(GDR)
2607:BelTA
2438:Radio
2280:Tempo
2256:Start
2072:FRÖSI
1941:Sport
1773:Borba
1707:Tiesa
1586:Radio
928:S2CID
920:JSTOR
723:(TV)
677:(TV)
416:, or
180:SECAM
77:Urals
34:SECAM
2613:ELTA
2601:TASS
2533:DT64
2288:Tina
2024:Duga
2008:Atze
1781:Delo
1699:Cīņa
1657:Trud
1492:and
1246:ISSN
817:2005
807:1990
781:2005
771:1990
756:2005
743:1990
728:2005
721:AzTV
714:1990
682:2005
661:1990
614:and
606:The
580:TVRO
453:U.S.
446:ANIK
428:and
326:and
254:and
151:and
81:time
69:size
55:and
2632:ADN
2621:APN
2350:TVR
2344:TVP
2338:MTV
2332:DFF
2326:ČST
2192:NIN
912:doi
610:'s
500:UTC
469:GMT
444:'s
199:NIR
188:UHF
184:VHF
182:D (
153:VHF
2656::
1672::
1626::
1392:.
1368:.
1344:.
1320:.
1296:.
1272:.
1240:.
1215:.
1190:.
1143:.
1117:.
1093:.
1069:.
1045:.
1020:.
996:.
972:.
948:.
926:.
918:.
908:48
906:.
794:,
790:,
694:,
669::
420:.
356:,
282:.
260:.
149:LW
147:,
145:MW
143:,
111:.
95:,
47::
1539:e
1532:t
1525:v
1473:)
1467:(
1462:)
1458:(
1444:.
1407:.
1378:.
1354:.
1330:.
1306:.
1282:.
1258:.
1226:.
1201:.
1154:.
1127:.
1103:.
1079:.
1055:.
1031:.
1006:.
982:.
958:.
934:.
914::
595:"
591:"
232:(
43:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
