Peerages in the United Kingdom

1456: 410: 3211: 1369: 3219: 3227: 932: 3235: 3203: 3148: 45: 1620:, do not receive a salary for their role. However, peers who serve in the House of Lords are entitled to claim £342 allowance for each day they attend to help cover expenses. In an effort to ensure peers from outside the capital were not disadvantaged, peers whose registered home address is outside Greater London can also claim travel expenses and up to £100 towards the cost of a hotel or similar accommodation. Peers who serve in government as ministers are not entitled to claim these allowances, however, and thus their roles are often jointly given with 106: 2527:—are based on their respective ranks. Thus, if the Lord Steward were a duke, he would precede all dukes, if a marquess, he would precede all marquesses, and so on. If two such officers are of the same rank, the precedence of the offices (reflected by the order in which they are mentioned above) is taken into account: if the Lord Great Chamberlain and Earl Marshal were both marquesses, for example, then the Great Chamberlain would precede the Earl Marshal, as the former office precedes the latter. 354: 2469:

that individual's younger sons. Therefore, daughters of peers rank immediately after wives of eldest sons of peers; daughters of eldest sons of peers rank immediately after wives of eldest sons of eldest sons of peers; daughters of younger sons of peers rank after wives of eldest sons of younger sons of peers. Such a daughter keeps her precedence if marrying a commoner (unless that marriage somehow confers a higher precedence), but rank as their husband if marrying a peer.

1485:. The House of Lords thus lost its judicial functions. At the time of creation, the 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (the Law Lords) became the first wave of justices to the Supreme Court but were simultaneously disqualified from sitting or voting in the House of Lords until they retired from the court. Judges appointed to the new Supreme Court are not automatically made peers, but those who have not previously been independently granted a peerage, are entitled to use a 342: 3432: 2005:, which replaced male-preference primogeniture with absolute primogeniture in the line of succession to the throne, there were calls from some hereditary peers' daughters to change the rules for hereditary peerages to match. In 2018 five daughters of hereditary peers took the government to the European Court of Human Rights to challenge the laws that stop them from inheriting their fathers titles and thereby being elected to the House of Lords. 3420: 3287:

worn after the Reformation, and the wearing of hats in Parliament ceased, for the most part, when wigs came into fashion. They survive today only as part of the dress of Lords Commissioners, when they are worn with the parliamentary robe: a bicorn hat for men (of black beaver, edged with silk grosgrain ribbon) and a tricorne-like hat for women. (The use of these hats at introductions of peers to the House was discontinued in 1998.)

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their heirs. The UK now has a presumption against the creation of new hereditary peerages, on the understanding that honours should be reserved for the meritorious service of individuals. This has in turn led to calls from some segments of British government and society to change the inheritance rules for existing hereditary peerages, and in some instances for the abolition/revocation of existing hereditary peerages altogether.

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strawberry leaves alternating with eight silver balls (called "pearls" even though they are not) raised on spikes, of which five silver balls and four leaves are displayed. Coronets for viscounts have 16 silver balls, of which seven are displayed. Finally, baronial coronets have six silver balls, of which four are displayed. Peeresses use equivalent designs, but in the form of a

3111:). Her forename is used primarily to differentiate her from any new wife of her former husband. However, should the former husband remain unmarried, the former wife may continue to use the title without her forename attached. Should a former wife of a peer remarry, she would lose the style of a divorced peeress and take on a style relating to her new husband. Examples include 4450: 2149:. They remained peers for life, but ceased to receive judicial salaries at the age of 75. Under the terms of the Act, there may be no more than 12 Lords of Appeal in Ordinary under the age of 75 at one time. However, after the transfer of the judicial functions of the Lords to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Act ceased to have meaningful effect. 3136: 4268: 4446: 992:, regardless of wealth or other social factors. Thus, all members of a peer's family, with the exception of their wife or unmarried widow, are (technically) commoners too; the British system therefore differs fundamentally from continental European versions, where entire families, rather than individuals, were 3286:

provides a contemporary illustration of the 1523 State Opening of Parliament: the two dukes present are shown wearing coronets with their parliament robes, but the other Lords Temporal are all wearing black hats. The Lords Spiritual are wearing mitres with their distinctive robes. Mitres ceased to be

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Children of the eldest son of a peer also obtain a special precedence. Generally, the eldest son of the eldest son of a peer comes immediately before his uncles, while the younger sons of the eldest son of a peer come after them. Therefore, eldest sons of eldest sons of dukes come before younger sons

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Within the members of each rank of the peerage, peers of England precede peers of Scotland. English and Scottish peers together precede peers of Great Britain. All of the aforementioned precede peers of Ireland created before 1801. Last come peers of Ireland created after 1801 and peers of the United

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to lift up, meaning a "re-elevation" to a former position of honour. By the beginning of the 14th century, the hereditary characteristics of the Peerage were well developed. Since the Crown was itself a hereditary dignity, it seemed natural for seats in the upper House of Parliament to be so as well.

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Eldest sons of dukes rank after marquesses; eldest sons of marquesses and then younger sons of dukes rank after earls; eldest sons of earls and then younger sons of marquesses rank after viscounts. Eldest sons of viscounts, younger sons of earls, and then eldest sons of barons, in that order, follow

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The modern peerage system is a vestige of the custom of English kings in the 12th and 13th centuries to grant a right to Barons to attend parliament; in the late 14th century, this right (or "title") began to be granted by decree, and titles also became inherited with the rest of an estate under the

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It is unclear in the present day whether the monarch would move to directly block a recommendation or a conventional ascension to the peerage, though they are constitutionally entitled to do so. It was reported in 2023 that members of the British security services had contacted Queen Elizabeth II to

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Since the early Middle Ages, robes have been worn as a sign of nobility. At first, these seem to have been bestowed on individuals by the monarch or feudal lord as a sign of special recognition; but in the fifteenth century the use of robes became formalised with peers all wearing robes of the same

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Wives of all of the aforementioned have precedence corresponding to their husbands', unless otherwise entitled to a higher precedence, for instance by virtue of holding a certain office. An individual's daughter takes precedence after the wife of that individual's eldest son and before the wives of

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The robes and coronets used at Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 cost about £1,250 (roughly £44,100 in present-day terms). (Peers under the rank of an Earl, however, were allowed in 1953 to wear a cheaper "cap of estate" in place of a coronet, as were peeresses of the same rank, for whom a simpler

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These days as most peerages are for life and not hereditary, addition for one's heirs into the 'titled' British nobility is no longer guaranteed with the granting of a peerage. Instead the granting of a peerage forms part of the honour system because it brings with it an honorific, title and style

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Once created, a peerage dignity continues to exist as long as there are surviving legitimate descendants (or legitimate agnatic descendants) of the first holder, unless a contrary method of descent is specified in the letters patent. Once the heirs of the original peer die out, the peerage dignity

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of Summons from 1265. This body of greater barons evolved into the House of Lords. Magna Carta, first issued in 1215, declared that "No free man shall be seized, imprisoned, dispossessed, outlawed, exiled or ruined in any way, nor in any way proceeded against, except by the lawful judgement of his

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to be granted a hereditary Viscountcy; however, the last to receive the honour was in 1983, and the convention is now accepted to have changed to a life peerage at the rank of Baron instead. British Prime Ministers are also offered a peerage by convention when leaving office. This was previously a

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in a formal ceremony, and presented it by another noble. It was the primary symbol of lordship and effectively reserved only for the three tiers of kings (provincial, regional, local) and for those princely and comital families descending from them in control of significant territories. The total

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This is in contrast to those who inherit hereditary peerages, which are not inherited in recognition of the merits of the heir to the title, but according to the rules laid out in the original letters patent. The 'honour' is in recognition of the actions of the initial grantee, remembered through

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has the responsibility of reminding the House of these rules and facilitating the Lords' self-regulation, though any member may draw attention to breaches of order or failure to observe customs. The Leader is often called upon to advise on procedures and points of order. However, neither the Lord

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of the House — would remain in the House of Lords in the interim, pending any reform of the membership to the House. Standing Order 9 provides that those exempted are 75 hereditary peers elected by other peers from and by respective party groups in the House in proportion to their numbers, and

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Ducal coronets include eight strawberry leaves atop the chaplet, five of which are displayed in heraldic representations. Marquesses have coronets with four strawberry leaves alternating with four silver balls, of which three leaves and two balls are displayed. Coronets for earls have eight

1349:– served as the presiding officer of the peers in the House of Lords. Were a person not a peer to be appointed to the office of Lord Chancellor, they would traditionally be raised to the peerage upon appointment, though a scarcely used provision was made in 1539 for non-peers who are 3106:

Divorced peeresses "cannot claim the privileges or status of Peeresses which they derived from their husbands". While a divorced former wife of a duke is no longer a duchess, she may still use the title, styled with her forename prefixed to the title (without the definite article,

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Kingdom. Among peers of the same rank and Peerage, precedence is based on the creation of the title: those whose titles were created earlier precede those whose titles were created later. But in no case would a peer of a lower rank precede one of a higher rank. For example, the

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of dukes, and younger sons of eldest sons of dukes come after them, and so forth for all the ranks. Below the younger sons of barons are baronets, knights, circuit judges and companions of the various orders of Chivalry, followed by the eldest sons of younger sons of peers.

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Most peerage nominations are 'political peers' or 'working peers', nominated by the Prime Minister of the governing party, or by other party leaders to ‘top up’ each of the party groups’ strengths and on the expectation that they will attend parliament regularly and take on

1216:. The Secretary of State for Justice in their role as Lord Chancellor is the keeper of the Peerage Roll, and their duties in that regard are daily discharged by a Registrar of the Peerage and a Deputy Registrar, who work within the Crown Office under the supervision of the 3485:

while those of viscounts were plain. After 1661, however, viscomital coronets became engraved, while baronial coronets were plain. Coronets may not bear any precious or semi-precious stones. Generally, only peers may use the coronets corresponding to their ranks. The

1333:, which includes those who can add value in specific areas of expertise in parliamentary debates, as well as former MPs and other political appointees from respective political parties. Those who do not sit with a political party, may sit in the house as a so called 3519:

in their achievements of arms. Hereditary supporters are normally limited to hereditary peers, certain members of the Royal Family, chiefs of Scottish Clans, Scottish feudal barons whose baronies predate 1587. Non-hereditary supporters are granted to life peers,

3481:. Dukes were the first individuals authorised to wear coronets. Marquesses acquired coronets in the 15th century, earls in the 16th and viscounts and barons in the 17th. Until the barons received coronets in 1661, the coronets of earls, marquesses and dukes were 3588:

for same-sex couples in 2013, spouses of ennobled civil partners have not been allowed the extension of title and privilege from their spouses' ennoblements as those accorded to married opposite-sex spouses of ennobled persons. In July 2012, Conservative MP

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and refrained from recommending any others to be elevated to a hereditary peerage, although there is nothing preventing future governments from doing so. Since 2009 almost all life peerages are created at the rank of Baron, the sole exception being the

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became the new head of the judiciary, while the Lord Chancellor's ministry was merged under the newly created Ministry of Justice in May 2007. Since then all Lord Chancellors have also held the office of minister of justice, in much the same way all

1152:. The Writ of Summons calls the member to the House. A new writ is issued for every member at the beginning of each Parliament (after a general election). A writ accompanies the letters patent for new members. The honour will also be recorded in 1489:

of "Lord" or "Lady", with a territorial designation, for their remainder of their lives. In addition to serving as Presiding Officer of the Peers in the Lords, the Lord Chancellor also served as the head of the English and Welsh judiciary and a

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Lords Temporal assume precedence similar to precedence outside Parliament. One difference in the precedence of peers relates to the positions of the Great Officers of State and the officers of the sovereign's Household. Some Great Officers—the

2130:. Normally life peerages are granted to individuals nominated by political parties or by the House of Lords Appointments Commission, and in order to honour retiring politicians, current senior judges, and senior members of the armed forces. 1709:

Certain personal privileges are afforded to all peers and peeresses, but the main distinction of a peerage nowadays, apart from access to the House of Lords for life peers and some hereditary peers, is the title and style thereby accorded.

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Automatic expulsion through failing to attend a single sitting of the House throughout a whole session of more than six months' duration without leave of absence, being suspended for that session or being exempted by the House for special

1561:, peers may resign from the House of Lords, whilst keeping their title and style. Though there is no mechanism for life peers to fully disclaim their peerage, hereditary peers may fully disclaim their peerage for their lifetime under the 1080:(though functionally and mostly on the advice of the government); there is, therefore, no entitlement to be granted a peerage. However, historic precedent means some individuals are granted peerages by convention. For example, since the 2940:

in these areas, these titles afford rights encompassing the whole territorial designation of the holder, donated by the holder now to registered charities. Separate estates, smaller than counties, form the bulk of the two duchies.

3707:, was granted to allied princely families (and various minor ones), as well as to Princes of the Church (parallel to the Lords Spiritual) and in some cases was restricted to a collective 'curiate' vote in a 'bench', such as the 2037:

All hereditary peers in the Peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, subject only to qualifications such as age and citizenship, but under section 1 of the

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regardless of whether they sit in the House of Lords. This is a council summoned for nobles to discuss the affairs of the country with the monarch; however, it has not been convened since 1640. Peers can also be appointed as

1758:– that is to say people who held land by feudal tenure directly from the king as their sole overlord and were granted by him a legal jurisdiction (court baron) over said territory. The nation had been divided into many " 1181:

announcements and "Special Honours", issued at random points throughout the year at the pleasure of the monarch. This might be done to allow someone to serve in cabinet, or as an immediate reward for exemplary service.

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for example wrote "I was put in as an honour, not as a working peer. Not as lobby fodder. I’m fed-up with the fact that I keep being asked now to go in and vote for things about which I don’t have knowledge." Since the

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where they may be called upon periodically to represent the sovereign; for example, one of their number is regularly called upon to greet visiting heads of state on arrival at the start of a state visit. Prior to the

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The correct style and description of divorced ladies who have not remarried nor have taken steps to resume their maiden name with the prefix of Mrs, is as follows: The former wife of a Peer or courtesy Peer,——Mary,

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The place of a peer in the order for gentlemen is taken by his wife in the order for ladies, except that a dowager peeress of a particular title precedes the present holder of the same title. Children of peers (and

943:. The monarch, as the fount of honour, cannot hold a British peerage themselves. However, the monarch, in addition to their title of 'King' or 'Queen', whether male or female, is informally accorded the style of ' 1105:(this was the last non-royal hereditary honour of any variety created in the UK to date). Thatcher was later given a life peerage in her own right in 1992. The most recent prime minister to receive a peerage was 3555:

atop their arms. Helms of peers are depicted in silver and facing the viewer's left. The helm is garnished in gold and the closed visor has gold bars, normally numbering five. Along with the helm, peers use a

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the House of Lords' purpose is now that of a revising legislative chamber, scrutinising and potentially changing proposed Parliamentary Bills before their enactment. Its membership for the most part comprises

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If a marriage between a duke and a duchess has been dissolved, the former wife (although no longer a peeress) may continue to use her title as a duke's wife, preceded by her forename (unless she remarries)

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peerage titles have also evolved. A single individual can accumulate, by achievements or by inheritance, more than one peerage (of the same rank) and be known by a 'compound' of these titles (e.g. "The

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life peeress, was referred to as either "Baroness Thatcher" or "Lady Thatcher". "Baroness" is incorrect for female holders of Scottish Lordships of Parliament, who are not Baronesses; for example, the

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and Secretaries of State being interpolated between them and the barons. Younger sons of viscounts, and then younger sons of barons, come after the aforesaid eldest sons of barons, with Knights of the

2483:. Precedence as provided by the Act is similar to, but not the same as, the order outside Parliament. The sovereign, however, does not have the authority to change the precedence assigned by the Act. 4626: 2563:'s Court and in the House of Lords (abolished in 1948); the personal right of access to the sovereign at any time, but this privilege has long been obsolete; and the right to be exempt from civil 2117:

authorise the regular creation of life peerages, with the right to sit in the House of Lords. Life peers created under both acts are of baronial rank and are always created under letters patent.

2503:—provided they are peers, rank before all other peers except those who are of the Blood Royal (no precedence is accorded if they are not peers). The positions of the other Great Officers—the 1516:

would be the first non-lawyer to have served as Lord Chancellor for at least 440 years. As the Head of the judiciary in England and Wales, the Lord Chancellor also served as a member of the

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In the Kingdom of Sicily a peerage was instituted in 1812 in connection with the abolition of feudalism: peers were nominated based on the taxable incomes of their formerly feudal estates.

1931:, many remaining baronies by tenure who had not got an established inherited writ of summons were converted into baronies by writ, thereby bringing them into line with the other peerages. 3674:(peerage) existed in two different versions: the exclusive 'old' in the French kingdom, in many respects an inspiration for the English and later British practice, and the very prolific 3172:

Peerage robes are currently worn in the United Kingdom on ceremonial occasions. They are of two varieties: parliament robes, worn in the House of Lords on occasions such as at a peer's

1762:", the owners of the manors came to be known as barons; those who held many manors were known as "greater barons", while those with fewer manors were the "lesser barons". Certain other 799:

and is notionally the only person who can grant peerages, though there are many conventions about how this power is used, especially at the request of the British government. The term

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but not peers to sit in between the benches in the House, meaning commoners could execute the role without the need for elevation to the peerage. Since 2006, however, in an effort to

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equally held a similar system, grouping high nobility of different rank titles under one term, with common privileges and/or in an assembly, sometimes legislative and/or judicial.

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While these provide for non-membership of the House of Lords, they do not allow a life peer to disclaim their peerage in the same way that a hereditary peer can disclaim theirs.

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A hereditary peer is a peer of the realm whose dignity may be inherited; those able to inherit it are said to be "in remainder". Hereditary peerage dignities may be created with

2234:') between England, Scotland, and Wales, a relationship more evident in the feminine form, Marchioness. The first marquess in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1385. 3576:, few hereditary titles have been created (the last being created in 1990), while life peerages have proliferated, allowing for more openly LGBT persons to be appointed to the 3937: 1189:. Formerly, new peers were presented with an investiture ceremony, but this has not taken place since 1621 (investiture ceremonies for other honours are mostly managed by the 299: 3573: 1849:

peers", and thus this body of greater Barons were deemed to be 'peers' of one another, and it became the norm to refer to these magnates as a 'peerage' during the reign of

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were traditionally holders of feudal dignities, not peers, but they are considered minor barons and are recognised by the crown as noble. The feminine form is Baroness.

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While non-heritable "peerages for life" were often created in the early days of the peerage, their regular creation was not provided for by Act of Parliament until the

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In England in 1254, the lesser barons ceased to be summoned, and this right, entitlement or "title" to attend parliament began to be granted by decree in the form of a

1121:. Some media outlets have reported personal interventions with other honours: For example, former Prime Ministers are also by convention knighted, being raised to the 3504:

fur. The coronet varies with the rank of the peer. A member of the Royal Family uses a royal coronet instead of the coronet he or she would use as a peer or peeress.

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Some peers, particularly life peers who were well known before their ennoblement, do not use their peerage titles. Others use a combination: for example, the author

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the existence or creation of an hereditary peerage dignity, which is automatically inherited, presumably according to the traditional medieval rules (male-preference

4190: 3761: 2259:, thus giving rise to the modern sense. Since there was no feminine Old English or Old Norse equivalent for the term, 'Countess' is used (Earls are analogous to the 1069:

work. However, since 2001 anyone can make a nomination to the House of Lords Appointment Commission, for a non-party political "cross bench" peer - sometimes called

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does not have the power to cancel or revoke a peerage once it has been created. A peerage can only be removed from an individual by an act of parliament under the

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if she remarries, she would take the style of her subsequent husband...if Tessa, Viscountess Tilney, marries Mr George Robinson she becomes Mrs George Robinson

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Although life peerages do not guarantee the entry of one's heirs into the 'titled' British nobility, the legitimate children of life peers appointed under the

4242: 4092: 2556:, and applies to all peers, not just members of the House of Lords. It still exists, although "occasions of its exercise have now diminished into obscurity." 1255:

Any peer who receives a writ of summons (which is in practice all life Peers bar Royal Peers, and some hereditary peers) may sit in the House of Lords as the

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Given the political powers that come with a peerage title, some commentators have suggested the peerage should be separated from the Honours system. In 2016

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In practice, however, the Act is obsolete, as the Lords do not actually sit according to strict precedence; instead, peers sit with their political parties.

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The peerage has a role as a system of honour or award, with the granting of a peerage title forming the highest rung of the modern British honours system.

3773: 3749: 2017:. Often, however, the felonious peer's descendants successfully petitioned the sovereign to restore the dignity to the family. Some dignities, such as the 1675:. Until 2015 peers in the House of Lords could join the parliamentary rifle club which was located in a rifle range in the basement of the House of Lords. 1137:

other living Prime Ministers would not be raised either. Tony Blair was later knighted by Queen Elizabeth II as a Knight Companion of the Garter in 2022.

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in the House of Lords for manslaughter. The right to be tried by other peers in the House of Lords was abolished at the request of the Lords in 1948 by

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as well as for "husbands and civil partners" of honours recipients "to use equivalent honorary titles to those available to wives", was introduced by

2298:, meaning 'freeman'. The rank was created in 1066. In the Peerage of Scotland alone, a holder of the fifth rank is not called a 'Baron' but rather a ' 2105:

Apart from hereditary peerages, there exist peerages that may be held for life and whose title cannot be passed onto someone else by inheritance. The

1652:. The salaries of the Leader of the Opposition and Opposition Chief Whip in the House of Lords are paid for with public funds alongside the so called 1486: 3266:

The coronet of a baron or baroness, or lord or lady of parliament in the Scots peerage, has six "pearls", and a plain circlet lacking the gem-shaped

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Although the extent of the privilege has been ill-defined, three features survived to the 20th century: the right to be tried by fellow peers in the

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When Kings summoned their barons to Royal Councils, the greater barons were summoned individually by the sovereign, lesser barons through sheriffs.

4939: 4566: 1384: 1085: 1987:, like the succession of the British crown until 2011). Letters patent explicitly create a dignity and specify its course of inheritance (usually 1070: 4713: 4308: 3493:

Peers wear their coronets at coronations. Otherwise, coronets are seen only in heraldic representations, atop a peer's arms. Coronets include a

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elected by the peers from amongst their own number. The Lord Chancellor retained their role as a government minister, however, and in June 2007

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were also deemed "Barons". The baronage was the collectively inclusive term denoting all members of the feudal nobility. As the baronage were '

1567:. The peerage remains extant until the death of the peer who had made the disclaimer, when it descends to his or her heir in the usual manner. 2936:, held by the sovereign whose government owns the capital and all capital gains on disposals. In both cases due to the particular function of 2567:(a privilege that has been used only twice since 1945). All privileges of a peerage are lost if a peer disclaims his or her peerage under the 2126:, the majority of the House of Lords is made up of life peers. There is no limit on the number of peerages the sovereign may create under the 1597:

would be appointed to preside over the trial – functionally this was usually done by temporarily elevating the Lord Chancellor to this role.

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following her divorce, a style which she eventually lost after her subsequent marriage upon which she became known as Mrs. Robert Timpson.

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was elevated from Lord Chancellor to Lord High Steward to preside over the last ever trial of a peer ‘by his peers’, with the trial of the

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in 1963, who disclaimed his peerage within a few days of being appointed as prime minister to fight a by-election to sit in the Commons.

3626: 2362:, precedence immediately following her; otherwise, he would have ranked along with the other dukes of the peerage of the United Kingdom. 751: 3932: 3843: 3490:, however, may use a duke's coronet atop the arms as a reference to the historical temporal authority of the Prince-Bishops of Durham. 2338: 1547:

in England and Wales, though if not a professional lawyer, he normally appoints a professional lawyer as his lieutenant or surrogate.

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for those peers who will be sitting in the House of Lords (which is now by convention almost all new creations, with the exception of

3622: 3618: 3116: 2669:). The precise usage depends on the rank of the peerage and on certain other general considerations. For instance, Dukes always use " 3581: 2142: 1350: 1342: 848: 2873:. Any designation after the comma does not form a part of the main title. Territorial designations in titles are not updated with 2091:

became a separate country, no Irish representative peers have been elected, though sitting members retained their seats for life.

5086: 3585: 2645:, peers may resign from the House of Lords, and thereby surrender their legislative power, whilst keeping their title and style. 2146: 1517: 1504: 1447:; however, this is now reserved to the monarch's spouse and the members of the Royal Family in the immediate line of succession. 1170: 371: 4601: 4395: 4371: 3848: 2950: 2893: 2874: 2750: 1625: 1616:

There is no automatic right to a salary for being a peer - this includes peers who serve in parliament, who unlike MP's in the

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as a product of their office. Those who hold feudal titles are, however, never accorded the honorific "Lord". The holder of a

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The titles of peers are in the form of "(Rank) (TitleName)" or "(Rank) of (TitleName)". The name of the title can either be a

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to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1963, they have had the same rights as Peers of the United Kingdom. From 1801 until 1922,

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Under the old system of feudalism some Lords had the authority to effectively create titles of their own (through powers like

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It was once the case that a peer administered the place associated with his title (such as an earl administering a county as

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Speaker nor the Leader of the House has the power to rule on points of order or to intervene during an inappropriate speech.

1177:. Monarchs may also make new peers upon their coronation, jubilee or upon the demise of the previous monarch. There are also 295: 1443:, peers serving as Lord Chancellor, or in other senior political roles, could also be delegated royal functions to serve as 4700:, has long held that such persons cannot claim the privileges or status of Peeresses which they derived from their husbands 4288:

2 — Section 1 shall not apply in relation to anyone excepted from it by or in accordance with Standing Orders of the House.

2758: 1494: 1477:– judges meeting specific criteria made peers for life – who formed the main body of the committee. On 1 October 2009, the 1409: 1221: 1209: 1058: 4194: 3560:, one side of which is red and the other a representation of the heraldic fur ermine. The mantling of peers is emblazoned 4339: 4276: 2179:

Automatic expulsion through conviction of a criminal offence where the punishment is imprisonment for more than one year;

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for example can be styled as Charles S, Lord/Lady of the Manor of , but would not be referred to as Lord Charles S of .

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because of their ranks. Wives and children of peers are also entitled to a special precedence because of their station.

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of 1290 these powers were stripped back, and the authority to create titles was entrenched as exclusive to the monarch.

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in the House of Lords on 13 May 2013, but did not progress past Committee stage. Similar legislation was introduced in

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have been commonly used for peerage titles, it is also possible to create other forms of title. For instance, existing

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The peerage forms part of the British honours system, as the highest tier. This role dates back to the days when being

2479: 2214:, meaning 'leader'. The first duke in a peerage of the British Isles was created in 1337. The feminine form is Duchess. 2084: 1296: 1286: 1053:

makes recommendations to the sovereign concerning who should be elevated to the peerage, after external vetting by the

996:. This idea that status as a 'Commoner' is based on title rather than bloodline correspondingly means for example that 780: 4692:

When a lady is divorced she loses any precedence which she gained by marriage. With regard to divorced Peeresses, the

2705:. However, there are several exceptions to the rule. For instance, Scottish vicecomital titles theoretically include " 1667:

at the Palace of Westminster for weddings and christenings for themselves and their families at the discretion of the

1593:, felonies or for high treason by other peers in the House of Lords (instead of commoners on juries). In such cases a 4753: 4685: 3700: 3660: 3533: 3247: 3181: 2446: 2321:

since baronetcies have never conferred noble status, although socially they are regarded as part of the aristocracy.

1948:

times. The ranks of duke and marquess were introduced in the 14th century, and that of viscount in the 15th century.

1590: 1338: 88: 66: 4893: 820:

The peerage's fundamental roles are ones of law making and governance, with peers being eligible (although formerly

59: 4304: 4085: 2816: 2742: 2359: 2001: 1050: 1035: 1031: 833: 4660: 4061:

Information Rights: A Practitioner's Guide to Data Protection, Freedom of Information and Other Information Rights

1909:

Baronies and other titles of nobility became unconditionally hereditable on the abolition of feudal tenure by the

4580: 4476: 3704: 3283: 3044: 2812: 2195: 2107: 1469: 1419:

Peers in the House of Lords are often appointed by the sovereign, on the advice of the government, to serve as a

1346: 813:-style using an initial capital in the latter case but not the former). British peerage title holders are termed 776: 744: 409: 17: 3072:

of a duke, a marquess, or an earl generally uses his father's highest lesser peerage dignity as his own. Hence,

2603:

for life as a reward in overt recognition of the recipient's contributions to society, or some segment thereof.

4627:"Tory peer Andrew Lloyd-Webber complains about being asked to vote 'about things which I don't have knowledge'" 3614: 2861: 2508: 2154: 1719: 1557: 1499: 1420: 1217: 1097:, as the first female prime minister, was not offered a hereditary Earldom or any other peerage, but instead a 940: 280: 4498: 3257:

The coronet of a marquess or marchioness has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls");

2329:

and holders of other British non-hereditary chivalric orders, decorations, and medals are likewise not peers.

963:(which are not strictly part of the United Kingdom, but possessions of the British Crown) the informal titles 4544: 3446: 3173: 3027:

baroness (that is, one holding the dignity in her own right, usually a life peeress), who may also be called

2808: 2496: 1663:

in the House of Lords dining halls, which also permit them to bring up to six guests. Peers may also use the

1405: 1194: 1174: 976: 914: 597: 416: 248: 4777: 2034:

When the holder of a peerage succeeds to the throne, the dignity "merges in the Crown" and ceases to exist.

3167: 2999: 2442: 2416:

peeresses) also obtain a special precedence. The following algorithm may be used to determine their ranks:

1664: 1629: 1392: 290: 3605:

and for civil partners of recipients to receive honours by their relationship statuses. Another bill, the

2406:, though the latter's title was created earlier and is in a more senior peerage (the peerage of England). 1823:

The requirement of attending Parliament was both a liability and a privilege for those who held land as a

935:

Wax impression of the Great Seal of the Realm which is affixed to all letters patent creating new peerages

4086:"House of Lords briefing paper on Membership:Types of Member, Routes to membership, Parties & groups" 3959: 3541: 3177: 2976:. Peeresses (whether they hold peerages in their own right or are wives of peers) use equivalent styles. 2629:

As noted above, despite forming part of the honours system, nominations for peerages do not come from an

1474: 2845:

is often added to the main peerage title, especially in the case of barons and viscounts: for instance,

2433:

Over time, however, various offices were inserted at different points in the order, thereby varying it.

1751:

in 1124 when, after having lived in England as Earl of Huntingdon, he succeeded to the Scottish throne.

4140: 3809: 2516: 2438: 1936: 1911: 1509: 1081: 737: 3572:

Since the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted a series of reforms (from the 1960s onward) to the

2709:, though in practice it is usually dropped (e.g. "The Viscount of Falkland" is commonly known as the " 105: 4800: 3986: 3891: 2820: 1975:; the former method is now obsolete. Writs of summons summon an individual to Parliament, in the old 1672: 1610: 844: 5064: 3996: 3917: 3594: 3260:

The coronet of an earl or countess has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks;

2824: 2549: 2477:

The order of precedence used to determine seating in the House of Lords chamber is governed by the

2371: 2169: 1649: 1540: 892: 888: 275: 238: 53: 33: 4961: 4300: 2595:, and alongside it, political power and a theoretically raised status within the hierarchy of the 2141:

were known as "Lords of Appeal in Ordinary" or in common parlance "Law Lords". They performed the

1968: 3897: 3652: 3140: 2842: 2804: 2698: 2553: 2122: 2040: 1273: 1145: 315: 3267: 2552:

that belongs to peers, their wives and their unremarried widows. The privilege is distinct from

2120:

Since the loss of the right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords as a result of the

1754:

A Barony was a form of feudal landholding, where individuals were appointed by the king, as his

1656:, the annual payment to opposition parties in the House of Lords to help them with their costs. 964: 4426: 4059: 3964: 3868: 3828: 3606: 3385: 3310: 3077: 2855: 2666: 2504: 2403: 2370:

In England and Wales, the sovereign ranks first, followed by the Royal Family. Then follow the

2113: 2045: 2028: 1601:

was the last person to be tried in the House of Lords on impeachment in 1806. In December 1935

1536: 1329: 1304: 70: 2807:(created in 1830). The last hereditary compound titles to be created (for each rank) were the 1387:, proceedings in the Lords are controlled by peers themselves, under the rules set out in the 1368: 931: 4743: 4675: 4165: 3885: 3537: 3329: 2730: 2622:, from the heraldic authorities of the United Kingdom. A coat of arms can be inherited, with 1988: 1887: 1744: 1695: 1524:(in office 1997–2003). This function was also removed from the Lord Chancellor following the 968: 829: 612: 358: 1535:

is the only peer to retain a judicial function by right of office, as the sole judge of the

5038: 3853: 3525: 3095:

to their first names as courtesy titles while daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls use

3085: 2933: 2897: 2883: 2738: 2545: 2539: 2454: 1850: 1691: 1679: 1586: 1404:

Peers in the House of Lords can serve in the British government, when invited to do so, as

1354: 1126: 1027: 997: 551: 507: 401: 285: 3147: 1867:, meaning the official political importance of ownership of manors declined, resulting in 986:

All British subjects who were neither Royal nor Peers of the Realm were previously termed

8: 3907: 3814: 3610: 3521: 3058: 2925: 2800: 2781: 2754: 2746: 2637: 2633:

but from the sovereign directly (though functionally on the advice of their government).

2492: 2450: 2344: 2072: 2066: 1945: 1748: 1645: 1444: 1318: 1312: 1201: 1186: 1122: 952: 877: 497: 442: 233: 206: 2745:). In a similar way, some peerage titles have been invented by combining surnames (e.g. 1220:. Succession claims to existing hereditary peerages are regulated by the House of Lords 1022:

For the majority of its history, hereditary peerages were the norm. Today, the only new

1004:, opted for her children to, technically, be Commoners (though functionally part of the 4860: 4390: 4366: 3922: 3902: 3858: 3073: 2929: 2694: 2375: 2303: 2299: 2288:, meaning 'vice-count'. The rank was created in 1440. The feminine form is Viscountess. 2260: 2164:

a life peer may lose membership of the House of Lords permanently in one of four ways:

2080: 1995:). Some hereditary titles can pass through and vest in female heirs in a system called 1924: 1864: 1699: 1690:

since 1672 - peerages don't automatically grant specific rights or privileges like the

1154: 1019:), when Anne and her then husband, Mark Philips, declined the offer of peerage titles. 948: 907: 903: 899: 870: 862: 662: 502: 243: 228: 173: 4828:

Formerly, new peers were invested with their coronation robe by the monarch, but this

3099:. Younger sons of earls and children of viscounts, barons and lords of Parliament use 2912:

or main landowner), but lordships by tenure have not been commonplace since the early

2741:) and other double-barrelled surnames have been created for peerages themselves (e.g. 1423:. This is a formal body of advisers to the monarch, on matters such as the issuing of 5042: 5011: 4806: 4749: 4719: 4681: 4560: 4065: 3942: 3696: 3675: 3671: 3638: 3529: 3501: 3405: 3392: 3371: 3299: 3054:

is "Lord Owen" not "Lord David Owen", though such erroneous forms are commonly used.

3050:

A peer is referred to by his peerage even if it is the same as his surname, thus the

3036: 3007: 2921: 2847: 2777: 2710: 2686: 2630: 2560: 2318: 1759: 1703: 1594: 1413: 1290: 1264: 1094: 1076:

All honours, including peerages, are granted at the discretion of the monarch as the

1044: 944: 814: 537: 512: 4301:"House Of Lords – Standing Orders Of The House Of Lords Relating To Public Business" 1668: 4531:

Companion to the standing orders and guide to the proceedings of the House of Lords

4503:

Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords

3991: 3954: 3833: 3778: 3487: 3378: 3350: 3336: 3263:

The coronet of a viscount or viscountess has sixteen "pearls" touching one another;

2879: 2869: 2682: 2592: 2569: 2524: 2314: 2088: 2023: 1927:

even if this had not been the intention of the original issuer of the writ. By the

1786: 1617: 1563: 1429: 1166: 1162: 1090: 806: 768: 692: 270: 115: 4141:"Parliament Has A Secret Underground Shooting Range And They're About To Close It" 2378:, the Great Officers of State and other important state functionaries such as the 809:(or a subdivision thereof), and individually to refer to a specific title (modern 4986: 4866: 4697: 4693: 4433: 3863: 3545: 3436: 3276: 3275:

robe was also permitted (a one-piece gown with wrap-around fur cape, designed by

2753:

by combining his and his wife's surname of Hulme) or combining other names (e.g.

2662: 2500: 2488: 2351: 2018: 1962: 1824: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1755: 1687: 1671:. There are formal and social clubs organised exclusively for peers, such as the 1653: 1633: 1464: 1435: 1260: 1235:

throughout history for various different reasons. Winston Churchill declined the

1213: 1149: 1148:. In addition to letters patent, peers who are to sit in Parliament are issued a 1077: 1023: 956: 810: 796: 792: 622: 492: 423: 346: 196: 4117: 3644: 3399: 3226: 3210: 1838:

was responsible for raising knights and troops for the royal military service.

1427:. In theory all peers, life and hereditary, are also prospective members of the 1089:

hereditary Earldom. However, the last Prime Minister to receive this honour was

5026: 4871: 4867:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3715: 3656: 3590: 3577: 3112: 3065: 3003: 2954: 2615: 2379: 2053: 1972: 1879: 1878:

were used to create new lordships, with people being summoned to parliament by

1875: 1871:

becoming a 'personal' title rather than one linked to ownership of territory.

1782: 1513: 1463:

Until 2009 the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords served as the highest

1383:, in contrast to the House of Commons, where proceedings are controlled by the 1268: 1256: 1141: 1114: 1102: 1012: 825: 784: 652: 627: 542: 477: 452: 327: 4997:. Manchester University Press, 1984. Concise comparative historical treatment. 4331: 3699:, instead of an exclusive aristocratic assembly, the legislative body was the 3512:, which encircles the head, rather than a coronet, which rests atop the head. 1644:, and the Government deputy chief whip is appointed jointly as Captain of the 5080: 4980: 4940:"Tory MP's bill calls for partners of gay knights to receive honorary titles" 4921: 4473:"Standing Orders Of The House Of Lords Relating To Public Business: Appendix" 4028: 3873: 3474: 3234: 3069: 2937: 2913: 2836: 2461:

and senior judges being intercalated between them and eldest sons of barons.

2458: 2429:

Daughters of peers of rank X go after wives of eldest sons of peers of rank X

1984: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1817: 1803: 1702:, not because of the peerage, but because he also owns the separate historic 1660: 1648:: This allows them to take a salary from the Royal Household as heads of the 1424: 1118: 1106: 1005: 682: 667: 4385: 4361: 3218: 3202: 3184:. The details of the fur on these robes differs according to a peer's rank. 1520:; however, the last lord chancellor to preside as a judge of this court was 951:, which became the private estate of the British sovereign when the holder, 3648: 3602: 3413: 3318: 2998:

are not necessarily peers. There are judicial, ecclesiastic and holders of

2909: 2626:

forming part of the 'untitled' British nobility according to some sources.

2619: 2520: 2512: 2399: 2355: 2049: 2031:

his peerage dignity for his own lifetime within one year of inheriting it.

1771: 1683: 1659:

Peers who have served in the House of Lords (including those retired) have

1532: 1358: 1334: 1300: 1225: 1205: 1130: 1066: 1016: 1001: 972: 712: 617: 3013:

In speech, any peer or peeress except a Duke or Duchess is referred to as

2591:

by the monarch meant secure addition for someone and their heirs into the

1459:

Courtroom of the Earl Marshall, Court of Chivalry, College of Arms, London

5003:

Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third

4830: 4033: 4013: 3981: 3084:, but is a commoner until such time as he inherits (unless summoned by a 2887: 2423:

Younger sons of peers of rank X go after eldest sons of peers of rank X−1

2241: 1996: 1640:

in the House of Lords is appointed jointly to the role of Captain of the

1380: 960: 607: 587: 547: 527: 310: 5027:

Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.

3552: 2985: 2776:

even though these peerages were originally created separately (i.e. the

2354:, vary the precedence of the peers or of any other people. For example, 341: 4652: 4216: 3719: 3051: 2248:, meaning a military leader. The meaning may have been affected by the 1637: 1362: 1278: 1251:

The House of Lords showing government, opposition and the cross benches

1134: 1101:(a hereditary knighthood and not a peerage) was awarded to her husband 980: 707: 447: 3564:. Peeresses and other female armigers do not bear helms or mantlings. 2044:

they lost this right. The Act provided that 92 hereditary peers — the

1365:

was the first commoner to be appointed as Lord Chancellor since 1587.

1129:. However it was alleged in 2020 that due to a personal reluctance by 4018: 3516: 3482: 3343: 3002:

who are often accorded the appellation "Lord" or "Lady" as a form of

2901: 2249: 2100: 2057:

fifteen chosen by the whole House to serve as officers of the House.

1992: 1740: 1570: 1412:, though this is no longer convention, and the last to do so was the 1324: 1267:, elected to power in 1997, sought to remove all of the seats in the 1039: 772: 727: 657: 642: 467: 201: 3601:", to amend the honours system to both allow husbands of those made 2877:

reforms, but new creations do take them into account. Thus there is

1735:

The modern-day parliamentary peerage is a successor of the medieval

1497:. The judicial function of the Lord Chancellor was removed with the 5049:. 2v. Blackwood & Sons, 1865 (Books for Libraries Press, 1972). 4023: 4008: 3557: 3364: 3307: 3023: 2917: 2865: 2851: 2726: 2701:). Viscounts, Barons and Lords of Parliament generally do not use " 2674: 2654: 2588: 2412: 2394:, who precede bishops, who precede barons and lords of Parliament. 2391: 2383: 2281: 2222: 2217: 1775: 1763: 1736: 1730: 1621: 1544: 1373: 993: 987: 881: 647: 632: 567: 472: 457: 169: 160: 150: 3682: 3509: 3497: 3478: 3243: 3197: 3188:

basic design, though varied according to the rank of the wearer.

2722: 2690: 2658: 2623: 2402:, the last non-royal to be created a duke, would come before the 2310: 2256: 2231: 2014: 1247: 1098: 866: 801: 717: 702: 637: 582: 577: 557: 482: 5071: 3419: 3282:

With the Parliament robe, a black hat was customarily worn. The

2426:

Wives have a precedence corresponding to those of their husbands

857:

In the UK, five peerages or peerage divisions co-exist, namely:

5059: 3686: 3494: 2564: 2322: 2264: 2013:

by Acts of Parliament, usually when peers were found guilty of

2009:

becomes extinct. In former times, peerage dignities were often

1976: 1767: 1030:; the last non-royal awardees of hereditary titles were in the 697: 517: 487: 462: 3938:

List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland

2786:

Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and 5th Duke of Queensberry

4602:"A Labour Peer is trying to abolish hereditary peers (again)" 4038: 3708: 3357: 3254:

The coronet of a duke or duchess has eight strawberry leaves;

3155: 2291: 2208: 1868: 1835: 1834:– that is to say, under the feudal contract wherein a King's 562: 165: 2928:, held by the eldest son and heir to the sovereign, and the 1632:

is usually appointed with the accompanying sinecure role of

1287:

elected to the House of Lords from within their own populace

3152:

Edward Douglas-Scott-Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Beaulieu

3135: 2387: 2326: 2237: 2204: 2200:

Peers are of five ranks, in descending order of hierarchy:

1857: 1845: 1828: 1263:, who are not peers, but bishops of the Church of England. 1185:

Recipients of new peerages are typically announced via the

843:

in 2009, the peerage also formed a constituent part of the

572: 437: 155: 145: 4581:"House of Commons - Public Administration - Second Report" 4533:(2007). House of Lords: The Stationery Office, p. 202-203. 3611:

female first-born descendants to inherit hereditary titles

3538:

Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order

2932:(place), which regular income (revenue) appertains to the 2021:, have been forfeit and restored several times. Under the 1624:

roles, or they are appointed to salaried positions in the

1357:, the role of presiding officer has been fulfilled by the 4243:"Ministers bar hereditary peerages from passing to women" 3534:

Knights and Dames Grand Cross of St Michael and St George

2420:

Eldest sons of peers of rank X go after peers of rank X−1

3681:

In Spain and Portugal, the closest equivalent title was

5014:

Founded on ... Sir Robert Douglas’s Peerage of Scotland

4217:"Daughters in legal bid for House of Lords seat rights" 1882:

from 1388. The first baron to be created by patent was

1874:

Eventually 'writs of summons' ceased to be issued, and

1743:

era. Feudalism was introduced to England after 1066 by

1231:

Peerages can be refused by prospective recipients, and

3599:

Honours (Equality of Titles for Partners) Bill 2012-13

2916:. The only remaining peerages with certain associated 2255:, meaning a free-born warrior or nobleman, during the 1073:. Since 2001 67 'people's peers' have been appointed. 1008:) despite their being grandchildren of the sovereign ( 3047:

was known as "Lady Saltoun", not "Baroness Saltoun".

2716: 2583:

Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom

2168:

Resignation or retirement effected by writing to the

1778:' the term 'Lord' came to be used as an appellation. 1239:

so he could continue to sit in the House of Commons.

4386:"House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015" 2087:

to sit in the House of Lords. Since 1922, when the

1161:

Honours, including Peerages, are usually awarded at

4526: 4524: 4499:"Chapter 1 The House and Its Membership §1.54–1.58" 3542:

Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the British Empire

1923:Thus over time baronies by writ effectively became 1686:has been consistently and hereditarily held by the 4475:. The House of Lords. 16 July 2007. Archived from 3567: 2614:are entitled to style themselves with the prefix " 2161:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015 971:prior to his ascension to the throne in 1066) and 4118:"Peers to get up to £100 a night for hotel stays" 2673:. Marquesses and Earls whose titles are based on 1900:, but on condition of payment of a fine, termed " 1636:, as the latter carries a salary. The Government 1589:, peers themselves had the right to be tried for 1193:). New peers serving in parliament do receive an 1140:Like all Crown honours, peerages are affirmed by 5078: 4995:The English Aristocracy: a Comparative Synthesis 4521: 3736:Peerages and baronetcies of Britain and Ireland 2137:on 1 October 2009, life peers created under the 1678:Though some peerages carry with them hereditary 955:, ascended the throne in 1399). Likewise in the 917:– most titles created since 1801 to the present. 4543:Lords/Commons, The Committee Office, House of. 3250:, when it is worn along with coronation robes. 3242:In the United Kingdom, a peer wears his or her 2784:(created in 1684) but unified in the person of 2472: 2230:or march. This is a reference to the borders (' 1113:request she intervene and block the peerage of 5023:, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press. 3970:Orders, decorations, and medals of New Zealand 3718:, Gaelic nobles were those presented with the 3703:, membership of which, expressed by the title 3659:, as a counterweight to the popularly elected 3061:was John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich. 2944: 1467:within the United Kingdom's legal system. The 1117:who had been nominated by then Prime Minister 1051:His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom 805:can be used both collectively to refer to the 4962:"Equality (Titles) Bill [HL] 2013-14" 4842: 4840: 3551:Peers, like most other armigers, may display 3454: 745: 379: 4853: 4565:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4447:"House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 (c. 10)" 3727:number was between 100 and 150 at any time. 3473:Peers are generally entitled to use certain 3317:External devices in addition to the central 3091:Younger sons of dukes and marquesses prefix 3064:Children of peers use special titles called 2799:as a compound of two or more names, such as 2576: 1918: 1285:to remain. 90 of these hereditary peers are 1191:Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood 880:– titles created by the kings and queens of 865:– titles created by the kings and queens of 5001:Farnborough, T. E. May, 1st Baron. (1896). 4920:For all this section see, for example, Sir 4427:"Order of Precedence in England and Wales." 3678:under the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1848). 1481:was repealed, owing to the creation of the 836:if invited to do so by the Prime Minister. 5005:, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 4978: 4837: 3933:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry 3844:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom 3461: 3447: 2618:". Peers are also entitled to apply for a 2339:Orders of precedence in the United Kingdom 752: 738: 386: 372: 4863:inflation figures are based on data from 4542: 3530:Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Bath 2830: 2689:), while those whose titles are based on 1713: 1109:, who was given a life peerage in 2023. 849:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords 89:Learn how and when to remove this message 5016:. 9v. Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1904–14. 4834:ceremony has not taken place since 1621. 4545:"Parliamentary Privilege – First Report" 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4269:"House of Lords Act 1999 (c. 34) (s. 2)" 4138: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3201: 3191: 3146: 3143:, whose designs are based on their rank. 3134: 2761:by combining his first and last names). 2143:judicial functions of the House of Lords 2052:, along with 90 others exempted through 1543:court with jurisdiction over matters of 1454: 1367: 1246: 1169:. They can also be awarded as part of a 930: 52:This article includes a list of general 5047:The Great Governing Families of England 4329: 4064:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 2252. 3580:. However, despite the legalization of 2533: 2519:—and the officers of the Household—the 2147:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 2060: 1694:titles they replaced. For example, the 1518:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 1505:Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales 1242: 1000:who enjoys Royal status as daughter of 14: 5079: 4741: 4673: 4555:from the original on 2 September 2017. 4330:Wallace, Laura A. (15 December 1997). 4057: 3849:Forms of address in the United Kingdom 3477:. Atop the arms, a peer may display a 2951:Forms of address in the United Kingdom 1271:reserved for hereditary peers via the 1084:it has been convention for a retiring 1055:House of Lords Appointments Commission 417:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci 4864: 4745:Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 4677:Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage 2019 4402: 3913:List of Scottish representative peers 3154:wearing the parliamentary robes of a 2365: 2182:Expulsion by resolution of the House. 1810: 1724: 1642:Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms 1399: 828:and having eligibility to serve in a 4937: 4798: 4711: 4663:from the original on 10 August 2015. 4509:from the original on 14 October 2010 4091:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 4058:Coppel, Philip (21 September 2023). 3180:, and coronation robes, worn at the 3080:. Such an heir apparent is called a 2990:Individuals who use the appellation 1739:system which emerged in the English 1450: 1372:The Lord Speaker presiding from the 1222:Committee for Privileges and Conduct 767:form a legal system comprising both 38: 4982:Commentaries on the Laws of England 4964:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 4505:. United Kingdom Parliament. 2010. 4277:Office of Public Sector Information 2774:Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry'" 2135:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1956: 1603:Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham 1599:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 1483:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 1093:in 1984. When she resigned in 1990 975:(the title acquired with the Crown 841:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom 24: 4894:"Ceremonial in the House of Lords" 3928:List of Irish representative peers 3894:(Appellate Jurisdiction Act, 1876) 3839:Social class in the United Kingdom 2862:The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein 2717:Multiple, compound and other names 2480:House of Lords Precedence Act 1539 1706:title which granted these rights. 1359:Lord Speaker of the House of Lords 998:The Princess Royal (Princess Anne) 947:' (a title linked to the historic 781:Constitution of the United Kingdom 779:, and within the framework of the 58:it lacks sufficient corresponding 27:Noble titles in the United Kingdom 25: 5098: 5053: 4453:from the original on 6 March 2008 4311:from the original on 18 June 2009 4139:Waterson, Jim (22 January 2015). 4098:from the original on 18 July 2011 3651:leaders deliberately modeled the 3584:for same-sex couples in 2004 and 3515:Peers are entitled to the use of 3123:The Duchess of Argyll but became 2924:(place), which appertains to the 2447:Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 1951: 1856:Meanwhile the holders of smaller 1704:Lordship of the Manor of Hatfield 1512:serve as prime minister. In 2012 1200:All peerages are recorded on the 1038:have instead exclusively created 983:in 1765) are used respectively. 5058: 4362:"House of Lords Reform Act 2014" 4342:from the original on 4 June 2009 4305:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3430: 3418: 2817:Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne 2733:have been used for titles (e.g. 2695:The Marquess Curzon of Kedleston 2648: 2360:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 2343:Peers are entitled to a special 2133:Until the formal opening of the 2002:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 939:All peerages are created by the 910:, and some titles created later. 408: 352: 340: 104: 43: 4972: 4954: 4931: 4914: 4886: 4822: 4792: 4766: 4735: 4705: 4667: 4645: 4619: 4594: 4573: 4536: 4491: 4465: 4449:. The UK Statute Law Database. 4439: 4378: 4354: 4323: 4293: 3705:Prince of the Holy Roman Empire 3632: 3568:Attempted primogeniture reforms 2813:Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair 2661:or a combination of both (e.g. 2196:Official Roll of the Baronetage 2108:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 1904:", derived from the Latin verb 1896:had always been hereditable by 1628:. For example, the position of 1479:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 1473:allowed for the appointment of 1470:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 1086:Speaker of the House of Commons 783:form a constituent part of the 5087:Peerages in the United Kingdom 4850:. London: A & C Black 1980 4696:, acting on an opinion of the 4261: 4235: 4209: 4183: 4158: 4132: 4110: 4078: 4051: 3246:on only one occasion: for the 2739:The Baroness Spencer-Churchill 2643:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 2155:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1720:History of the British peerage 1698:owns the mineral rights below 1558:House of Lords Reform Act 2014 1526:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 1500:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 1218:Clerk of the Crown in Chancery 1026:granted are to members of the 807:entire body of titled nobility 765:Peerages in the United Kingdom 673:Peerages in the United Kingdom 13: 1: 4938:Gray, Stephen (2 July 2012). 4044: 3880:Peerages in the British Isles 3609:, which would allow for both 3115:, who during her marriage to 3035:is also common usage. Hence, 2809:Duke of Clarence and Avondale 2497:Lord President of the Council 2332: 2272: 2094: 2077:Scottish representative peers 1580: 1550: 921: 915:Peerage of the United Kingdom 598:Feudal land tenure in England 5072:Burke's Peerage & Gentry 3949:Peerages in the Commonwealth 3168:Robes of the British peerage 3130: 2979: 2473:Precedence within Parliament 2443:Comptroller of the Household 2382:. Thereafter, dukes precede 2294:comes from the Old Germanic 1941:and in 1958 more generally. 1682:- for example the office of 1665:Chapel of St Mary Undercroft 1630:Leader of the House of Lords 1393:Leader of the House of Lords 1208:within the United Kingdom's 1171:Prime Minister's resignation 7: 5009:Paul, James Balfour (ed.). 4776:. Debrett's. Archived from 4606:www.electoral-reform.org.uk 4425:Velde, François R. (2007). 3960:Canadian Peers and Baronets 3730: 3290: 3178:state opening of parliament 2945:Styles and forms of address 2735:The Baroness Burdett-Coutts 2699:The Earl Alexander of Tunis 2226:, which is a derivative of 1669:Lady Usher of the Black Rod 1575:Titles Deprivation Act 1917 1510:First Lords of the Treasury 1475:Lords of Appeal in Ordinary 1175:dissolution of a Parliament 1167:monarch's official birthday 977:purchase of the Isle of Man 926: 10: 5103: 4774:"Forms of Address Divorce" 4549:publications.parliament.uk 4128:– via www.bbc.co.uk. 3195: 3165: 2983: 2948: 2834: 2823:(created in 1822) and the 2795:peerage refers to a title 2780:(created in 1663) and the 2580: 2537: 2439:Treasurer of the Household 2336: 2193: 2139:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 2098: 2085:Irish representative peers 2064: 1960: 1944:The rank of earl dates to 1937:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1929:Tenures Abolition Act 1660 1912:Tenures Abolition Act 1660 1793:, or the Irish hereditary 1728: 1717: 1408:. Peers can even serve as 1289:, while the other two sit 1277:, but then Prime Minister 1082:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 839:Until the creation of the 31: 3987:Baronies created by error 3892:List of law life peerages 3888:(Life Peerages Act, 1958) 3670:In France, the system of 3125:Louise, Duchess of Argyll 3031:in normal speech, though 2902:Royal County of Berkshire 2821:Viscount Newry and Mourne 2731:double-barrelled surnames 2577:Within the honours system 2372:Archbishops of Canterbury 1919:Transition from feudalism 1863:ceased to be summoned to 1797:which was created by the 1789:which was created by the 1747:and taken to Scotland by 1673:House of Lords Yacht Club 1611:Criminal Justice Act 1948 1337:. Prior to July 2006 the 1259:. They sit alongside the 967:(a title associated with 902:– titles created for the 891:– titles created for the 359:United Kingdom portal 174:Lord / Lady of Parliament 4799:Wyse, Elizabeth (2016). 4712:Wyse, Elizabeth (2016). 4436:Retrieved on 2007-10-19. 3997:False titles of nobility 3918:Welsh peers and baronets 3661:House of Representatives 3161: 2986:Lord § Modern_usage 2959: 2894:The Baroness Pitkeathley 2825:Baron Dalling and Bulwer 2189: 2170:Clerk of the Parliaments 1886:of Holt in the reign of 1801:. Through acts like the 1224:and administered by the 1197:at the House of Lords. 893:Kingdom of Great Britain 889:Peerage of Great Britain 34:Peerage (disambiguation) 5035:. Michael Joseph, 1984. 5021:Encyclopædia Britannica 4979:Blackstone, W. (1765). 4865:Clark, Gregory (2017). 4273:House of Lords Act 1999 3898:List of spiritual peers 3653:Japanese House of Peers 3284:Wriothesley Garter Book 3182:coronations of monarchs 2891:(created in 1902), and 2843:territorial designation 2819:(created in 1937), the 2815:(created in 1916), the 2811:(created in 1890), the 2805:Baron Brougham and Vaux 2755:The Viscount Alanbrooke 2747:The Viscount Leverhulme 2554:parliamentary privilege 2271:. The rank was created 2123:House of Lords Act 1999 2041:House of Lords Act 1999 1487:judicial courtesy title 1351:great officers of state 1343:Great Officers of State 1295:holding the hereditary 1274:House of Lords Act 1999 1212:, and published by the 1146:Great Seal of the Realm 1133:to award the Garter to 845:British judicial system 316:Territorial designation 73:more precise citations. 4742:Morris, Susan (2019). 4674:Morris, Susan (2019). 3965:Canadian titles debate 3869:Court of the Lord Lyon 3829:British honours system 3607:Equality (Titles) Bill 3526:Knights of the Thistle 3500:chaplet and a base of 3270:of the other coronets. 3239: 3231: 3223: 3215: 3207: 3158: 3144: 3139:Peers wear ceremonial 3078:Marquess of Hartington 3074:The Duke of Devonshire 2856:County of Lincolnshire 2831:Geographic association 2803:(created in 1440) and 2791:On the other hand, a " 2788:and his descendants). 2782:Dukedom of Queensberry 2693:normally do not (e.g. 2612:Life Peerages Act 1958 2505:Lord Great Chamberlain 2404:Marquess of Winchester 2350:The sovereign may, as 2220:comes from the French 2114:Life Peerages Act 1958 2071:From 1707 until 1963, 2046:Lord Great Chamberlain 1979:tradition, and merely 1714:History of the Peerage 1607:26th Baron de Clifford 1537:High Court of Chivalry 1460: 1376: 1330:Life Peerages Act 1958 1305:Lord Great Chamberlain 1297:constitutional offices 1252: 936: 895:between 1707 and 1801. 789:British honours system 775:, composed of various 161:Viscount / Viscountess 151:Marquess / Marchioness 5067:at Wikimedia Commons 5039:Sanford, John Langton 4396:The National Archives 4372:The National Archives 4166:"The British Peerage" 3886:List of life peerages 3595:private member's bill 3562:gules, doubled ermine 3522:Knights of the Garter 3237: 3229: 3221: 3213: 3205: 3192:Coronets and headgear 3150: 3138: 3076:'s son is called the 3037:The Baroness Thatcher 3021:. The exception is a 3008:lordship of the manor 2848:The Baroness Thatcher 2757:which was created by 2743:The Lord George-Brown 2687:The Marquess of Ailsa 2358:granted her husband, 2284:comes from the Latin 1991:succession, like the 1745:William the Conqueror 1696:Marquess of Salisbury 1650:Sovereign's Bodyguard 1458: 1371: 1281:relented by allowing 1250: 1195:introduction ceremony 969:William the Conqueror 934: 908:Acts of Union in 1801 871:Acts of Union in 1707 613:English feudal barony 3854:Post-nominal letters 3248:monarch's coronation 3230:Viscount/Viscountess 3214:Marquess/Marchioness 3086:writ in acceleration 2974:The Right Honourable 2972:and other peers use 2934:Dukedom of Lancaster 2797:specifically created 2778:Dukedom of Buccleuch 2683:The Marquess of Bute 2597:British class system 2546:privilege of peerage 2540:Privilege of peerage 2534:Privilege of peerage 2455:Order of the Thistle 2061:Representative peers 1587:privilege of peerage 1522:Lord Irvine of Lairg 1445:Counsellors of State 1327:, created under the 1243:Legislative function 1127:Order of the Thistle 1045:Dukedom of Edinburgh 508:Feudal fragmentation 32:For other uses, see 5019:"Peerage." (1911). 4197:on 13 November 2015 3908:Peerage of Scotland 3737: 3437:Heraldry portal 3059:John Julius Norwich 3000:other crown offices 2970:The Most Honourable 2926:Dukedom of Cornwall 2905:(created in 1997). 2827:(created in 1871). 2801:Baron Saye and Sele 2663:The Duke of Norfolk 2593:British aristocracy 2509:Lord High Constable 2493:Lord High Treasurer 2451:Order of the Garter 2313:, while holders of 2267:'), from the Latin 2067:Representative peer 1925:hereditary peerages 1770:and Freemen of the 1646:Yeomen of the Guard 1441:Regency Act of 1937 1347:government minister 1319:Parliament Act 1949 1313:Parliament Act 1911 1210:Ministry of Justice 1202:Roll of the Peerage 1187:Crown Honours Lists 1123:Order of the Garter 1024:hereditary peerages 953:Henry IV of England 878:Peerage of Scotland 824:) to a seat in the 785:legislative process 443:Ecclesiastical fief 347:Politics portal 4861:Retail Price Index 4848:Ceremonial Costume 4802:Debrett's Handbook 4780:on 2 February 2019 4715:Debrett's Handbook 4432:2010-07-29 at the 4391:legislation.gov.uk 4367:legislation.gov.uk 4191:"www.debretts.com" 3923:Peerage of Ireland 3903:Peerage of England 3859:Nobiliary particle 3735: 3582:civil partnerships 3240: 3232: 3224: 3216: 3208: 3159: 3145: 3117:The Duke of Argyll 2930:Duchy of Lancaster 2638:Baron Lloyd-Webber 2366:General precedence 2304:Barons in Scotland 2300:Lord of Parliament 2145:and served on the 2027:an individual can 2019:Dukedom of Norfolk 1811:Parliamentary role 1725:Baronage evolution 1700:Welwyn Garden City 1495:'Justice Minister' 1461: 1400:Executive Function 1377: 1253: 1204:maintained by the 1155:The London Gazette 1131:Queen Elizabeth II 1002:Queen Elizabeth II 949:Duchy of Lancaster 937: 904:Kingdom of Ireland 900:Peerage of Ireland 863:Peerage of England 815:peers of the Realm 795:is considered the 663:Customary freehold 503:Feudal maintenance 5063:Media related to 5043:Meredith Townsend 5033:Lords of the Land 5031:Plowden. Alison. 5012:The Scots Peerage 4993:Bush, Michael L. 4928:(1884) pp. xv–xx. 4633:. 8 November 2016 4479:on 6 October 2008 4249:. 20 October 2011 4071:978-1-5099-6731-5 3943:Substantive title 3820: 3819: 3697:Holy Roman Empire 3676:Chambre des Pairs 3639:feudal monarchies 3471: 3470: 3045:21st Lady Saltoun 2968:, Marquesses use 2922:Duchy of Cornwall 2880:The Baron Knollys 2711:Viscount Falkland 2631:Honours Committee 2561:Lord High Steward 2517:Lord High Admiral 2459:Privy councillors 2437:barons, with the 2315:hereditary titles 2128:Life Peerages Act 1595:Lord High Steward 1451:Judicial Function 1414:14th Earl of Home 1237:Dukedom of London 1144:affixed with the 1095:Margaret Thatcher 1034:era. Since then, 1006:untitled nobility 945:Duke of Lancaster 762: 761: 538:Lord of the manor 513:Bastard feudalism 402:English feudalism 396: 395: 99: 98: 91: 16:(Redirected from 5094: 5062: 4990: 4966: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4942:. PinkNews.co.uk 4935: 4929: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4898: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4857: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4564: 4556: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4443: 4437: 4423: 4400: 4399: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4332:"Peerage Basics" 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4193:. Archived from 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4055: 3992:Cash for Honours 3955:Australian peers 3834:British nobility 3738: 3734: 3714:In the medieval 3546:knights banneret 3488:Bishop of Durham 3475:heraldic devices 3463: 3456: 3449: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3422: 3295: 3294: 2918:rights over land 2888:County of Oxford 2875:local government 2870:County of Surrey 2749:was invented by 2667:The Earl Spencer 2570:Peerage Act 1963 2525:Lord Chamberlain 2277: 2274: 2089:Irish Free State 2024:Peerage Act 1963 1999:. Following the 1969:writs of summons 1957:Hereditary peers 1787:Barony of Halton 1756:tenants-in-chief 1688:dukes of Norfolk 1618:House of Commons 1564:Peerage Act 1963 1436:Lords-in-waiting 1430:Magnum Concilium 1421:Privy Counsellor 1091:Harold Macmillan 1071:'people's peers' 965:Duke of Normandy 811:English language 754: 747: 740: 693:Avera and inward 427: 412: 398: 397: 388: 381: 374: 357: 356: 355: 345: 344: 330: 306:Forms of address 166:Baron / Baroness 129: 108: 101: 100: 94: 87: 83: 80: 74: 69:this article by 60:inline citations 47: 46: 39: 21: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5077: 5076: 5056: 4987:Clarendon Press 4975: 4970: 4969: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4936: 4932: 4926:General Armoury 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4858: 4854: 4846:Mansfield, A., 4845: 4838: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4756: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4710: 4706: 4698:Lord Chancellor 4694:College of Arms 4688: 4672: 4668: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4631:The Independent 4625: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4558: 4557: 4541: 4537: 4529: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4434:Wayback Machine 4424: 4403: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4281: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4120:. 27 March 2024 4116: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4047: 3864:College of Arms 3733: 3635: 3570: 3467: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3347: 3340: 3333: 3293: 3277:Norman Hartnell 3200: 3194: 3170: 3164: 3133: 3066:courtesy titles 2988: 2982: 2962: 2957: 2949:Main articles: 2947: 2839: 2833: 2719: 2651: 2585: 2579: 2548:is the body of 2542: 2536: 2501:Lord Privy Seal 2489:Lord Chancellor 2475: 2368: 2352:fount of honour 2341: 2335: 2275: 2244:or Anglo-Saxon 2240:comes from the 2207:comes from the 2198: 2192: 2103: 2097: 2069: 2063: 2054:standing orders 1965: 1963:Hereditary peer 1959: 1954: 1921: 1894:Feudal baronies 1869:baronial status 1825:tenant-in-chief 1813: 1799:Earl of Desmond 1795:Knight of Kerry 1791:Earl of Chester 1785:), such as the 1766:such as senior 1733: 1727: 1722: 1716: 1654:Cranborne Money 1634:Lord Privy Seal 1626:Royal Household 1583: 1553: 1465:appellate court 1453: 1402: 1389:Standing Orders 1355:separate powers 1339:Lord Chancellor 1261:Lords Spiritual 1245: 1233:often have been 1214:College of Arms 1150:Writ of summons 1078:fount of honour 957:Channel Islands 941:British monarch 929: 924: 797:fount of honour 793:British monarch 773:lifetime titles 758: 722: 677: 592: 522: 429: 428: 424:Bayeux Tapestry 421: 420: 392: 363: 353: 351: 339: 328: 322: 321: 320: 296:Courtesy titles 265: 264: 255: 254: 253: 223: 222: 213: 212: 211: 191: 190: 181: 180: 179: 156:Earl / Countess 140: 139: 127: 126:Peerages in the 125: 95: 84: 78: 75: 65:Please help to 64: 48: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:British peerage 15: 12: 11: 5: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5055: 5054:External links 5052: 5051: 5050: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5007: 4998: 4991: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4953: 4930: 4913: 4885: 4872:MeasuringWorth 4852: 4836: 4821: 4812:978-0992934866 4811: 4791: 4765: 4754: 4734: 4725:978-0992934866 4724: 4704: 4686: 4666: 4644: 4618: 4593: 4572: 4535: 4520: 4490: 4464: 4438: 4401: 4377: 4353: 4322: 4292: 4260: 4234: 4223:. 16 July 2018 4208: 4182: 4157: 4131: 4109: 4077: 4070: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3742: 3732: 3729: 3716:Irish nobility 3685:; in Hungary, 3657:House of Lords 3647:and the other 3634: 3631: 3591:Oliver Colvile 3578:House of Lords 3574:honours system 3569: 3566: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3426: 3425: 3411: 3397: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3314: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3292: 3289: 3272: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3238:Baron/Baroness 3196:Main article: 3193: 3190: 3166:Main article: 3163: 3160: 3132: 3129: 3113:Louise Timpson 3101:The Honourable 3004:courtesy title 2981: 2978: 2961: 2958: 2955:Courtesy title 2946: 2943: 2832: 2829: 2718: 2715: 2677:normally use " 2650: 2647: 2616:The Honourable 2581:Main article: 2578: 2575: 2538:Main article: 2535: 2532: 2474: 2471: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2390:, who precede 2386:, who precede 2380:prime minister 2367: 2364: 2337:Main article: 2334: 2331: 2308: 2307: 2289: 2279: 2235: 2215: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176:circumstances; 2173: 2099:Main article: 2096: 2093: 2073:Scottish peers 2065:Main article: 2062: 2059: 1973:letters patent 1961:Main article: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1952:Types of peers 1950: 1920: 1917: 1884:Lord Beauchamp 1880:Letters Patent 1876:Letters patent 1812: 1809: 1783:Subinfeudation 1764:office-holders 1729:Main article: 1726: 1723: 1718:Main article: 1715: 1712: 1582: 1579: 1552: 1549: 1514:Chris Grayling 1452: 1449: 1425:royal charters 1410:prime minister 1401: 1398: 1269:House of Lords 1257:Lords Temporal 1244: 1241: 1173:, or upon the 1142:letters patent 1115:Evgeny Lebedev 1103:Denis Thatcher 1059:Royal peerages 1036:ruling parties 1013:Peter Phillips 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 918: 911: 896: 885: 874: 826:House of Lords 760: 759: 757: 756: 749: 742: 734: 731: 730: 724: 723: 721: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 689: 686: 685: 679: 678: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 628:Knight-service 625: 620: 615: 610: 604: 601: 600: 594: 593: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 545: 543:Manorial court 540: 534: 531: 530: 524: 523: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 478:Subinfeudation 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 453:Allodial title 450: 445: 440: 434: 431: 430: 414: 413: 405: 404: 394: 393: 391: 390: 383: 376: 368: 365: 364: 362: 361: 349: 336: 333: 332: 329:House of Lords 324: 323: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 267: 266: 262: 261: 260: 257: 256: 252: 251: 249:United Kingdom 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 224: 220: 219: 218: 215: 214: 210: 209: 207:Representative 204: 199: 193: 192: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177: 172:, replaced by 163: 158: 153: 148: 146:Duke / Duchess 142: 141: 137: 136: 135: 132: 131: 128:United Kingdom 121: 120: 110: 109: 97: 96: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5099: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5061: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4963: 4957: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4923: 4922:Bernard Burke 4917: 4902: 4901:Parliament.uk 4895: 4889: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4833: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4805:. Debrett's. 4804: 4803: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4761:Viscountess—— 4757: 4755:9781999767006 4751: 4748:. Debrett's. 4747: 4746: 4738: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4718:. Debrett's. 4717: 4716: 4708: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4687:9781999767006 4683: 4680:. Debrett's. 4679: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4568: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4289: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4248: 4247:The Telegraph 4244: 4238: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4119: 4113: 4094: 4087: 4081: 4073: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:Landed gentry 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3874:Scottish clan 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701:Imperial Diet 3698: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3452: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3441: 3438: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3339: 3338: 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279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 259: 258: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 239:Great Britain 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 217: 216: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 194: 185: 184: 175: 171: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 134: 133: 130: 123: 122: 119: 117: 112: 111: 107: 103: 102: 93: 90: 82: 79:February 2022 72: 68: 62: 61: 55: 50: 41: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5057: 5046: 5032: 5020: 5010: 5002: 4994: 4981: 4973:Bibliography 4956: 4944:. Retrieved 4933: 4925: 4916: 4904:. Retrieved 4900: 4888: 4876:. Retrieved 4870: 4855: 4847: 4829: 4824: 4816: 4801: 4794: 4782:. Retrieved 4778:the original 4768: 4759: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4676: 4669: 4656: 4647: 4635:. Retrieved 4630: 4621: 4609:. Retrieved 4605: 4596: 4584:. Retrieved 4575: 4548: 4538: 4530: 4511:. Retrieved 4502: 4493: 4481:. Retrieved 4477:the original 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4441: 4398:, 2015 c. 14 4389: 4380: 4374:, 2014 c. 24 4365: 4356: 4344:. Retrieved 4335: 4325: 4313:. Retrieved 4295: 4287: 4280:. Retrieved 4272: 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4246: 4237: 4225:. Retrieved 4220: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4195:the original 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4169: 4160: 4148:. Retrieved 4144: 4134: 4122:. Retrieved 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4080: 4060: 4053: 4002: 4001: 3975: 3974: 3948: 3947: 3879: 3878: 3822: 3821: 3791:Viscountcies 3767:Marquessates 3723: 3713: 3694: 3691: 3680: 3669: 3664: 3645:Itō Hirobumi 3643: 3636: 3633:Counterparts 3593:announced a 3571: 3561: 3550: 3514: 3506: 3492: 3472: 3414:Coat of arms 3412: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3319:coat of arms 3281: 3273: 3241: 3206:Duke/Duchess 3186: 3174:introduction 3171: 3124: 3120: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3012: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2910:high sheriff 2907: 2892: 2878: 2860: 2846: 2840: 2796: 2792: 2790: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2720: 2706: 2702: 2678: 2670: 2652: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2620:coat of arms 2611: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2586: 2568: 2558: 2543: 2529: 2521:Lord Steward 2513:Earl Marshal 2485: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2463: 2435: 2432: 2411: 2408: 2400:Duke of Fife 2396: 2369: 2356:Elizabeth II 2349: 2342: 2309: 2295: 2285: 2268: 2252: 2245: 2227: 2221: 2211: 2199: 2185: 2159: 2153: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2119: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2070: 2050:Earl Marshal 2039: 2036: 2033: 2022: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1980: 1966: 1943: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1922: 1910: 1905: 1892: 1873: 1861:per baroniam 1860: 1855: 1843: 1840: 1832:per baroniam 1831: 1822: 1814: 1802: 1780: 1772:Cinque Ports 1753: 1734: 1708: 1684:Earl Marshal 1677: 1658: 1615: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1533:Earl Marshal 1530: 1525: 1498: 1491: 1478: 1468: 1462: 1440: 1428: 1418: 1403: 1378: 1335:Crossbencher 1328: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1301:Earl Marshal 1291: 1272: 1254: 1230: 1226:Crown Office 1206:Crown Office 1199: 1184: 1178: 1160: 1153: 1139: 1111: 1075: 1063: 1049: 1028:royal family 1021: 1017:Zara Tindall 1009: 988: 985: 973:Lord of Mann 938: 884:before 1707. 856: 853: 838: 832:role in the 821: 819: 800: 764: 763: 713:Scot and lot 672: 623:Knight's fee 618:Feudal baron 415: 124: 113: 85: 76: 57: 29: 4831:Investiture 4784:17 December 4637:28 November 4611:28 November 4253:28 November 4227:28 November 4170:Historic UK 4034:Upper class 4014:Aristocracy 3982:Peerage law 3815:Baronetcies 3386:Compartment 3330:Escutcheon 3311:achievement 2759:Alan Brooke 2727:place names 2675:place names 2261:Continental 2242:Old English 2083:elected 28 2081:Irish peers 2075:elected 16 1997:coparcenary 1946:Anglo-Saxon 1591:impeachment 1165:and on the 961:Isle of Man 906:before the 869:before the 830:ministerial 608:Land tenure 588:Free tenant 548:Manor house 528:Manorialism 311:Family seat 71:introducing 4985:. 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