British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War

1812: 1547:, asking for the regulations to be amended. Churchill wanted the police, ARP wardens and firemen to remain until the last troops withdrew from an area and suggested that such organisations might automatically become part of the military in case of invasion. The War Cabinet discussed the matter and on 12 August Churchill wrote again to the home secretary stating that the police and ARP wardens should be divided into two arms, combatant and non-combatant. The combatant portion would be armed and expected to fight alongside the Home Guard and regular forces and would withdraw with them as necessary. The non-combatant portion would remain in place under enemy occupation, but under orders not to assist the enemy in any way even to maintain order. These instructions were issued to the police by a memorandum from Anderson on 7 September, which stipulated that the non-combatant portion should be a minority and, where possible, made up of older men and those with families. 1770:

approval for the organisation had been given in June 1940, recruiting only began in early July. Each patrol was a self-contained cell, expected to be self-sufficient. There was, however, no means of communicating with them once they had gone to ground, which greatly reduced their strategic value. Each patrol was well-equipped and was provided with a concealed underground operational base, usually built in woodland and camouflaged. Auxiliary Units were only expected to operate during an organised military campaign, with an expected lifespan of 14 days. They were not, therefore, intended to operate as a long term resistance organisation. The latter was the responsibility of the Secret Intelligence Service Section VII, which would have only begun to expand its operations once the country had actually been occupied, thus confining knowledge of its existence only to those men and women who would have been available at the time.

271: 1187: 2057:... I considered the invasion a very real and probable threat and one for which the land forces at my disposal fell far short of what I felt was required to provide any degree of real confidence in our power to defend these shores. It should not be construed that I considered our position a helpless one in the case of an invasion. Far from it. We should certainly have a desperate struggle and the future might well have hung in the balance, but I certainly felt that given a fair share of the fortunes of war we should certainly succeed in finally defending these shores. It must be remembered that if my diary occasionally gave vent to some of the doubts which the heavy responsibility generated, this diary was the one and only outlet for such doubts. 1642:

technique was developed. Rather than attempting to ignite oil floating on water, nozzles were placed above high-water mark with pumps producing sufficient pressure to spray fuel, which produced a roaring wall of flame over, rather than on, the water. Such installations consumed considerable resources and although this weapon was impressive, its network of pipes was vulnerable to pre-landing bombardment; General Brooke did not consider it effective. Initially ambitious plans were cut back to cover just a few miles of beaches. The tests of some of these installations were observed by German aircraft; the British capitalised on this by dropping propaganda leaflets into occupied Europe referring to the effects of the petroleum weapons.

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imitation bomb to them, an impression which could be augmented by running a length of cable from it to a position out of sight of a tank commander. These positions could be made even more authentic by breaking up the surface immediately in front of the obstacle and burying an old soup plate, or similar object. For occasions where time did not permit the passing of cables and chains we had concrete cylinders the size of a 45 gallon oil or tar barrel ready to roll into a roadway or other gap. These generally had a large metal loop cemented into one end through which a cable could be passed to link several together. Again, suspicious looking parcels could be attached to strengthen the illusion.

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check that an officer giving orders really was British. Further: Britons were advised to keep calm and report anything suspicious quickly and accurately; deny useful things to the enemy such as food, fuel, maps or transport; be ready to block roads – when ordered to do so – "by felling trees, wiring them together or blocking the roads with cars"; to organise resistance at shops and factories; and, finally: "Think before you act. But think always of your country before you think of yourself".

1196: 39: 1508:, although few remain. Detailed inventories of anything useful were kept: vehicles, animals and basic tools, and lists were made of contact details for key personnel. Plans were made for a wide range of emergencies, including improvised mortuaries and places to bury the dead. Instructions to the invasion committees stated: "... every citizen will regard it as his duty to hinder and frustrate the enemy and help our own forces by every means that ingenuity can devise and common sense suggest." 1117: 1336: 2155: 761: 19: 1167: 1368: 9441: 2120:

been essential to German success – even if, by then, the Germans had captured a port essential for bringing in significant heavy equipment. In this scenario, British land forces would have faced the Germans on more equal terms than otherwise and it was only necessary to delay the German advance, preventing a collapse until the German land forces were, at least temporarily, isolated by the Royal Navy and then mounting a counterattack.

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surfaces; deployed irregularly in five rows with bricks or kerbstones scattered nearby to stop the cylinders moving more than 2 ft (0.61 m). Cylinders were often placed in front of socket roadblocks as an additional obstacle. One common type of removable anti-tank roadblock comprised a pair of massive concrete buttresses permanently installed at the roadside; these buttresses had holes and/or slots to accept horizontal railway lines or

2834: 195:. This operation preempted Britain's own plans to invade Norway. Denmark surrendered immediately, and, after a short-lived attempt by the British to make a stand in the northern part of the country, Norway also fell. The invasion of Norway was a combined forces operation in which the German war machine projected its power across the sea; this German success would come to be seen by the British as a dire portent. On 7 and 8 May 1940, the 2005:, the phase of the moon and, most of all, the weather were considerations. The weather usually deteriorates significantly after September, but an October landing was not out of the question. On 3 October, General Brooke wrote in his diary: "Still no invasion! I am beginning to think that the Germans may after all not attempt it. And yet! I have the horrid thought that he may still bring off some surprise on us." 779:, had many commitments, including against Japan and guarding Scotland and Northern England. The Royal Navy could overwhelm any force that the German Navy could muster but would require time to get its forces in position since they were dispersed, partly because of these commitments and partly to reduce the risk of air attack. On 1 July 1940, one cruiser and 23 destroyers were committed to escort duties in the 1582: 973: 1004: 2016:, on 22 June 1941, it came to be seen as unlikely that there would be any attempted landing as long as that conflict was undecided – from the British point of view at the time, the matter hung in the balance. In July 1941, construction of field fortifications was greatly reduced and concentration given to the possibility of a raid in force rather than a full-scale invasion. 1259:. Similar blocks were placed across railway tracks because tanks can move along railway lines almost as easily as they can along roads. These blocks would be placed strategically where it was difficult for a vehicle to go around – anti-tank obstacles and mines being positioned as required – and they could be opened or closed within a matter of minutes. 6394: 1232:, were pyramid-shaped concrete blocks designed specifically to counter tanks which, attempting to pass them, would climb up exposing vulnerable parts of the vehicle and possibly slip down with the tracks between the points. They ranged in size somewhat, but were typically 2 feet (61 cm) high and about 3 feet (91 cm) square at the base. There was also a conical form. 880:, also specifically in case of invasion. In addition to these major units, by the beginning of September the Royal Navy had stationed along the south coast of England between Plymouth and Harwich, 4 light cruisers and 57 destroyers tasked with repelling any invasion attempt, a force many times larger than the ships that the Germans had available as naval escorts. 1327:

forts housed anti-aircraft and observer positions. About 28,000 pillboxes and other hardened field fortifications were constructed in the United Kingdom of which about 6,500 still survive. Some defences were disguised and examples are known of pillboxes constructed to resemble haystacks, logpiles and innocuous buildings such as churches and railway stations.

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were available, which mainly came from naval vessels scrapped since the end of the First World War. These included 6 inch (152 mm), 5.5 inch (140 mm), 4.7 inch (120 mm) and 4 inch (102 mm) guns. Some had little ammunition, sometimes as few as ten rounds apiece. At Dover, two 14 inch (356 mm) guns known as

298:. Most of the personnel were brought back to Britain, but many of the army's vehicles, tanks, guns, ammunition and heavy equipment and the RAF's ground equipment and stores were left behind in France. Some soldiers even returned without their rifles. A further 215,000 were evacuated from ports south of the Channel in the more organised 1400:. It was purchased by the army in World War II to rip up aerodrome runways and railway lines, making them useless to the occupying forces, if an invasion took place. It was used at the old Eglinton Estate, which had been commandeered by the army, to provide its army operators with the necessary experience. It was hauled by a powerful 1535:

supplementary secret memorandum of 29 May also required the police to carry out armed motorised patrols of 2–4 men, if invasion happened, though it noted the police were a non-combatant force and should primarily be carrying out law enforcement duties. These arrangements led to high level political discussions; on 1 August 1940

5574: 2795: 1738:. Inspired by a demonstration of petroleum warfare, one false rumour stated that the British had a new bomb: dropped from an aircraft, it caused a thin film of volatile liquid to spread over the surface of the water which it then ignited. Such rumours were credible and rapidly spread. American broadcaster 5381: 2142:

While Britain may have been militarily secure in 1940, both sides were aware of the possibility of a political collapse. If the Germans had won the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe would have been able to strike anywhere in southern England and with the prospect of an invasion, the British government

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10–11 October: Operation Medium, the bombardment of invasion transports in Cherbourg. A concentrated RAF bombing raid during the night occupied the attention of German defences, allowing a Navy task force to approach to within gun range without detection. During the 18-minute bombardment, 120 15-inch

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Early experiments with floating petroleum on the sea and igniting it were not entirely successful: the fuel was difficult to ignite, large quantities were required to cover even modest areas and the weapon was easily disrupted by waves. However, the potential was clear. By early 1941, a flame barrage

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One of the few resources not in short supply was petroleum oil; supplies intended for Europe were filling British storage facilities. Considerable effort and enthusiasm was put into making use of petroleum products as a weapon of war. The Army had not had flame-throwers since the First World War, but

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in wartime. This detailed the planned training for all officers in the use of pistols and revolvers, as it was decided that even though the police were non-combatant, they would provide armed guards at sites deemed a risk from enemy sabotage, and defend their own police stations from enemy attack. A

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Open areas were considered vulnerable to invasion from the air: a landing by paratroops, glider-borne troops or powered aircraft which could land and take off again. Open areas with a straight length of 500 yards (460 m) or more within five miles (8 km) of the coast or an airfield were

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Another removable roadblocking system used mines. The extant remains of such systems superficially resemble those of hedgehog or hairpin, but the pits are shallow: just deep enough to take an anti-tank mine. When not in use the sockets were filled with wooden plugs, allowing traffic to pass normally.

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Roads offered the enemy fast routes to their objectives and consequently they were blocked at strategic points. Many of the road-blocks formed by Ironside were semi-permanent. In many cases, Brooke had these removed altogether, as experience had shown they could be as much of an impediment to friends

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Military thinking shifted rapidly. Given the lack of equipment and properly trained men, Ironside had little choice but to adopt a strategy of static warfare, but it was soon perceived that this would not be sufficient. Ironside has been criticised for having a siege mentality, but some consider this

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If the German air force had prevailed and attempted a landing, a much-reduced Royal Air Force would have been obliged to operate from airfields well away from the southeast of England. Any airfield that was in danger of being captured would have been made inoperable and there were plans to remove all

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In the event of invasion, the Royal Navy would have sailed to the landing places, possibly taking several days. The German Kriegsmarine had, however, been severely depleted by the Norwegian campaign. It lost a heavy cruiser, a light cruiser, and almost a quarter of its destroyers; two heavy units, a

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The question of whether the defences would have been effective in invasion is vexed. In mid-1940, the preparations relied heavily upon field fortifications. The First World War made it clear that assaulting prepared defences with infantry was deadly and difficult, but similar preparations in Belgium

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Crossing points in the defence network – bridges, tunnels and other weak spots – were called nodes or points of resistance. These were fortified with removable road blocks, barbed wire entanglements and land mines. These passive defences were overlooked by trench works,

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Bridges and other key points were prepared for demolition at short notice by preparing chambers filled with explosives. A Depth Charge Crater was a site in a road (usually at a junction) prepared with buried explosives that could be detonated to instantly form a deep crater as an anti-tank obstacle.

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Elsewhere, anti-tank barriers were made of massive reinforced concrete obstacles, either cubic, pyramidal or cylindrical. The cubes generally came in two sizes: 5 or 3.5 feet (1.5 or 1.1 m) high. In a few places, anti-tank walls were constructed – essentially continuously abutted

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The primary purpose of the stop lines and the anti-tank islands that followed was to hold up the enemy, slowing progress and restricting the route of an attack. The need to prevent tanks from breaking through was of key importance. Consequently, the defences generally ran along pre-existing barriers

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The areas most vulnerable to an invasion were the south and east coasts of England. In all, a total of 153 Emergency Coastal Batteries were constructed in 1940 in addition to the existing coastal artillery installations, to protect ports and likely landing places. They were fitted with whatever guns

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bases and completely destroy anything that could not be moved. Whatever was left of the RAF would have been committed to intercepting the invasion fleet in concert with the Royal Navy – to fly in the presence of an enemy that enjoys air superiority is very dangerous. However, the RAF

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Churchill stated "in the last half of September we were able to bring into action on the south coast front sixteen divisions of high quality of which three were armoured divisions or their equivalent in brigades". It is significant that the British Government felt sufficiently confident in Britain's

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and thus prevent the Royal Navy from defending against an invasion. While German naval forces and the Luftwaffe could have extracted a high price from a defending Royal Navy, they could not have hoped to prevent interference with attempts to land a second wave of troops and supplies that would have

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and ignited. A static flame trap was prepared with perforated pipes running down the side of a road connected to a 600-imperial-gallon (2,730 L; 720 US gal) elevated tank; some 200 of these traps were installed. Usually, gravity sufficed but in a few cases a pump assisted in spraying

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More than passive resistance was expected – or at least hoped for – from the population. Churchill considered the formation of a Home Guard Reserve, given only an armband and basic training on the use of simple weapons, such as Molotov cocktails. The reserve would only

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Nodes were designated 'A', 'B' or 'C' depending upon how long they were expected to hold out. Home Guard troops were largely responsible for the defence of nodal points and other centres of resistance, such as towns and defended villages. Category 'A' nodal points and anti-tank islands were usually

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and given an adhesive coating allowing it to be glued to a passing vehicle. In theory, it could be thrown, but in practice it would most likely need to be placed – thumped against the target with sufficient force to stick – requiring courage and good fortune to be used

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had, however, been making plans for this eventuality since February 1940, creating the core of a secret resistance network across the country. This remained in existence until at least 1943 and comprised both intelligence and sabotage units. In May 1940, SIS also began to distribute arms dumps and

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recorded large numbers of burns victims in Berlin; though it is not clear what he personally saw, it seems likely his reports were influenced by rumours. The interrogation of a Luftwaffe pilot revealed the existence of such weapons was common knowledge, and documents found after the war showed the

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The first instruction given quite emphatically is that, unless ordered to evacuate, "the order ...... to 'stay put'". The roads were not to be blocked by refugees. Further warnings were given not to believe rumours and not to spread them, to be distrustful of orders that might be faked and even to

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pipe packed with explosives – once in place this could be used to instantly ruin a road or runway. Prepared demolitions had the advantage of being undetectable from the air – the enemy could not take any precautions against them, or plot a route of attack around them.

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There were two types of socket roadblocks. The first comprised vertical lengths of railway line placed in sockets in the road and was known as hedgehogs. The second type comprised railway lines or RSJs bent or welded at around a 60° angle, known as hairpins. In both cases, prepared sockets about 6

1065:(also known as beach scaffolding or obstacle Z.1) was constructed. Essentially, this was a fence of scaffolding tubes 9 feet (2.7 m) high and was placed at low water so that tanks could not get a good run at it. Admiralty scaffolding was deployed along hundreds of miles of vulnerable beaches. 2138:

Following the failure to gain even local air superiority in the Battle of Britain, Operation Sea Lion was postponed indefinitely. Hitler and his generals were aware of the problems of an invasion. Hitler was not ideologically committed to a long war with Britain and many commentators suggest that

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In the villages use was made of any existing walls or buildings, loopholes for firing or passing heavy chains and cables through to form barriers strong enough to slow down or stop soft skinned vehicles. The chains and cables could also be made into psychological barriers to tanks by attaching an

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Variants of the flame fougasse included the demigasse, a barrel on its side and left in the open with explosive buried underneath; and the hedge hopper: a barrel on end with explosive buried underneath a few inches deep and slightly off centre. On firing, the hedge hopper barrel was projected ten

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The rate of construction was frenetic: by the end of September 1940, 18,000 pillboxes and numerous other preparations had been completed. Some existing defences such as mediaeval castles and Napoleonic forts were augmented with modern additions such as dragon's teeth and pillboxes; some Iron Age

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A measure of mobility was provided by bicycles, motorcycles, private vehicles and horses. A few units were equipped with armoured cars, some of which were of standard design, but many were improvised locally from commercially available vehicles by the attachment of steel plates. By 1941 the Home

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announced the creation of the Local Defence Volunteers (LDV) – later to become known as the Home Guard. Far more men volunteered than the government expected and by the end of June, there were nearly 1.5 million volunteers. There were plenty of personnel for the defence of the

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and a battlecruiser, were out of action due to torpedo damage. In late 1940, the Kriegsmarine was thus virtually bereft of heavy units to either provide gunfire support to a landing or to counter any intervention by the Royal Navy. It is now known that the Germans planned to land on the southern

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The Battle of Britain had been won, and on 12 October 1940, unknown to the British, Hitler rescheduled Sea Lion for early 1941. By then, the state of Britain's defences had much improved, with many more trained and equipped men becoming available and field fortifications reaching a high state of

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The simplest of the removable roadblocks consisted of concrete anti-tank cylinders of various sizes but typically about 3 feet (0.91 m) high and 2 feet (61 cm) in diameter; these could be manhandled into position as required. Anti-tank cylinders were to be used on roads, and other hard

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and millions of rounds of ammunition were bought from the reserve stock of the U.S. armed forces, and rushed by special trains directly to Home Guard units. New weapons were developed that could be produced cheaply without consuming materials that were needed to produce armaments for the regular

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provided the propellant charge, it was placed behind the barrel and, when triggered, caused the barrel to rupture and shoot a jet of flame 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 30 yards (27 m) long. They were usually deployed in batteries of four barrels and would be placed at a location such as a

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were issued, together with tens of thousands of .22 rounds for small bore rifle and pistol training. By 1941 an additional 2,000 automatic pistols and 21,000 American lend-lease revolvers had been issued to the Metropolitan Police; from March 1942 all officers above the rank of inspector were

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Auxiliary Units were a specially trained and secret organisation that would act as uniformed commandos to attack the flanks and rear of an enemy advance. They were organised around a core of regular army 'scout sections', supported by patrols of 6–8 men recruited from the Home Guard. Although

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In 1940, weapons were critically short; there was a particular scarcity of anti-tank weapons, many of which had been left in France. Ironside had only 170 2-pounder anti-tank guns but these were supplemented by 100 Hotchkiss 6-pounder guns dating from the First World War, improvised into the

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and defensive designs were unique to airfields – these would not be expected to face heavy weapons so the degree of protection was less and there was more emphasis on all-round visibility and sweeping fields of fire. It was difficult to defend large open areas without creating

929:. This was a line of pill boxes and anti-tank trenches that ran from Bristol to the south of London before passing to the east of the capital and running northwards to York. The GHQ line was intended to protect the capital and the industrial heartland of England. Another major line was the 1235:

Cubes, cylinders and pimples were deployed in long rows, often several rows deep, to form anti-tank barriers at beaches and inland. They were also used in smaller numbers to block roads. They frequently sported loops at the top for the attachment of barbed wire. There was also a

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Brooke's appointment saw a change in focus away from Ironside's stop lines, with cement supplies limited Brooke ordered that its use be prioritised for beach defences and "nodal points". The nodal points, also called anti-tank islands or fortress towns, were focal points of the

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13 September: Three destroyers sent to bombard Ostend but the operation was cancelled due to bad weather. A further twelve destroyers swept parts of the French coast between Roches Douvres, Cherbourg, Boulogne and Cape Griz Nez. while an RAF bombing raid destroyed 80 barges at

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and, from 1941, relayed by civilian radio operators from secret locations. The wireless network only become operational from 1941 and was unlikely to survive more than a few days following invasion. Intelligence gathering after this period would be by the mobile patrols of the

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Large cylinders were made from a section of sewer pipe 3 to 4 feet (91 to 122 cm) in diameter filled with concrete typically to a height of 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 m), frequently with a dome at the top. Smaller cylinders cast from concrete are also frequently found.

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ability to repel an invasion (and in its tank production factories) that it sent 154 tanks (52 light, 52 cruiser and 50 infantry) to Egypt in mid-August. At this time, Britain's factories were almost matching Germany's output in tanks and, by 1941, they would surpass them.

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Securing an airstrip would be an important objective for the invader. Airfields, considered extremely vulnerable, were protected by trench works and pillboxes that faced inwards towards the runway, rather than outwards. Many of these fortifications were specified by the

2066:, so were the German invasion plans: a fleet of 2,000 converted barges and other vessels had been hurriedly made available and their fitness was debatable; in any case, the Germans could not land troops with all their heavy equipment. Until the Germans captured a port, 1539:, a former cabinet minister, telephoned Churchill to advise that current police regulations would require officers to prevent British civilians resisting the German forces in occupied areas. Churchill considered this unacceptable and he wrote to the home secretary, 2062:

had been overrun by well-equipped German Panzer divisions in the early weeks of 1940 and with so many armaments left at Dunkirk, British forces were woefully ill-equipped to take on German armour. On the other hand, while British preparations for defence were

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that he expected them each to kill one or two Germans. When Pamela protested that she did not know how to use a gun, Churchill told her to use a kitchen butcher knife as "You can always take a Hun with you". He later recorded how he intended to use the slogan

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required all available aircraft to be committed to the defence. In the event of invasion almost anything that was not a fighter would be converted to a bomber – student pilots, some in the very earliest stages of training, would use around 350

141:(BEF) was sent to the Franco-Belgian border, but Britain and France did not take any direct action in support of the Poles. By 1 October, Poland had been completely overrun. There was little fighting over the months that followed. In a period known as the 1495:

In 1941, in towns and villages, invasion committees were formed to cooperate with the military and plan for the worst should their communities be isolated or occupied. The members of committees typically included representatives of the local council, the

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were dug, usually by mechanical excavators, but occasionally by hand. They were typically 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and 11 feet (3.4 m) deep and could be either trapezoidal or triangular in section with the defended side being especially steep and

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anti-tank role by the provision of solid shot. By the end of July 1940, an additional nine hundred 75 mm field guns had been received from the US – the British were desperate for any means of stopping armoured vehicles. The

1665:. Poison gases were stored at key points for use by Bomber Command and in smaller quantities at many more airfields for use against the beaches. Bombers and crop sprayers would spray landing craft and beaches with mustard gas and Paris Green. 2143:

would have come under pressure to come to terms: the extensive anti-invasion preparations demonstrated to Germany and to the people of Britain that whatever happened in the air, the United Kingdom was both able and willing to defend itself.

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showed that, under the right conditions, a defender could exact a terrible price from assaulting forces, significantly depleting and delaying enemy forces until reinforcements could be deployed to appropriate places via the sea and inland.

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In addition, the Auxiliary Units included a network of civilian Special Duties personnel, recruited to provide a short-term intelligence gathering service, spying on enemy formations and troop movements. Reports were to be collected from

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to tanks, such as rivers and canals; railway embankments and cuttings; thick woods; and other natural obstacles. Where possible, usually well-drained land was allowed to flood, making the ground too soft to support even tracked vehicles.

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In addition to hiding real weapons and fortifications, steps were taken to create the impression of the existence of defences that were not real. Drain pipes stood in place of real guns, dummy pillboxes were constructed, and uniformed

180:"Julius" which would be used for a likely invasion and "Caesar" for an imminent invasion. Kirke, whose main responsibility was to reinforce the BEF in France, had very limited resources available, with six poorly trained and equipped 1470:

On 13 June 1940, the ringing of church bells was banned; henceforth, they would only be rung by the military or the police to warn that an invasion – generally meaning by parachutists – was in progress.

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detection and evaluation flights had proved inconclusive. As a result, the Germans underestimated the effectiveness of the expanding Chain Home radar system, which became a vital piece of Britain's defensive capabilities during the

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near the coast and there were careful preparations for the destruction of those that were left. Detailed plans were made for destroying anything that might prove useful to the invader such as port facilities, key roads and

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country, but there were no uniforms (a simple armband had to suffice) and equipment was in critically short supply. At first, the Home Guard was armed with guns in private ownership, knives or bayonets fastened to poles,

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feet (3.0 m) into the air and over a hedge or wall behind which it had been hidden. 50,000 flame fougasse barrels were installed at 7,000 sites mostly in southern England and at a further 2,000 sites in Scotland.

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The Germans threaten to invade Great Britain. If they do so they will be driven out by our Navy, our Army and our Air Force. Yet the ordinary men and women of the civilian population will also have their part to play.

945:(later Viscount Alanbrooke). On 17 July 1940 Churchill spent an afternoon with Brooke during which the general raised concerns about the defence of the country. Two days later Brooke was appointed to replace Ironside. 711:

would have kept several advantages, such as being able to operate largely over friendly territory, as well as having the ability to fly for longer as, until the Germans were able to operate from airfields in England,

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German high command were deceived. The rumour seemed to take on a life of its own on both sides leading to persistent stories of a thwarted German invasion, in spite of official British denials. On 15 December 1940,

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effectively. An order for one million sticky bombs was placed in June 1940, but various problems delayed their distribution in large numbers until early 1941, and it is likely that fewer than 250,000 were produced.

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detachment of around 500 aircraft. The BEF and the best French forces were pinned by the German attack into Belgium and the Netherlands, but were then outflanked by the main attack that came behind them through the

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Piers, ideal for landing troops, and situated in large numbers along the south coast of England, were disassembled, blocked or otherwise destroyed. Many piers were not repaired until the late 1940s or early 1950s.

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This leaflet tells you what general line you should take. More detailed instructions will be given you when the danger comes nearer. Meanwhile, read these instructions carefully and be prepared to carry them out.

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radar system began to be installed in the south of England, with three radar stations being operational by 1937. Although the German High Command suspected that the British may have been developing these systems,

2040:

In 1944, the British Army retained an "abnormally large force of over 100,000 men for defence of the United Kingdom and other contingencies which could have been used in Normandy" according to American historian

93:, into a prepared battlefield. Sea Lion was never taken beyond the preliminary assembly of forces. Today, little remains of Britain's anti-invasion preparations, although reinforced concrete structures such as 1766:

recruit for a larger civilian guerrilla organisation called the Home Defence Scheme. This was deeply resented by the War Office who created the Auxiliary Units as a more respectable military alternative.

940:

Churchill was not satisfied with Ironside's progress, especially with the creation of a mobile reserve. Anthony Eden, the Secretary of State for War, suggested that Ironside should be replaced by General

251:. With the Germans now on the coast of France, it became evident that an urgent reassessment needed to be given to the possibility of having to resist an attempted invasion of Britain by German forces. 1845:

were not content to sit and wait for the Germans to make the first move; considerable efforts were made to attack, by air and sea, the enemy shipping which had been assembled in occupied ports between

917:, Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces, to organise the defence of Britain. At first defence arrangements were largely static and focused on the coastline (the coastal crust) and, in a classic example of 309:

had 22 infantry divisions and one armoured division. The infantry divisions were, on average, at half strength, and had only one-sixth of their normal artillery. Over 600 medium guns, both 18/25 and

1047:, with both anti-tank and anti-personnel mines on and behind the beaches. On many of the more remote beaches this combination of wire and mines represented the full extent of the passive defences. 247:, overrunning any defences that could be improvised in their path. In fierce fighting, most of the BEF were able to avoid being surrounded by withdrawing to a small area around the French port of 1621:

comprised a 40-gallon light steel drum filled with petroleum mixture and a small, electrically detonated explosive. This was dug into the roadside with a substantial overburden and camouflaged.

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were designated command, corps and divisional according to their status and the unit assigned to man them. The longest and most heavily fortified was the General Headquarters anti-tank line,

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and by recalling retired officers. As well as their usual duties the police, who are a generally unarmed force in Britain, took on roles checking for enemy agents and arresting deserters.

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on 12 June 1940 that "ou and I will be dead in three months' time". In mid-1940, an invasion attempt could have occurred at any time, but some times were more likely than others: The

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Although the standard capacity is 44 imperial gallons (55 US gallons), historical records generally refer to 40-gallon drums and sometimes 50-gallon drums apparently interchangeably.

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The number of tanks in Britain increased rapidly between June and September 1940 (mid-September being the theoretical planned date for the launch of Operation Sea Lion) as follows:

1989:

Between 15 July and 21 September, German sources stated that 21 transport vessels and 214 barges had been damaged by British air raids. These figures may have been under-reported.

1076:, whereas others were placed high up making them much harder to capture. Searchlights were installed at the coast to illuminate the sea surface and the beaches for artillery fire. 1396:

and consisted of a lorry with a concrete armoured cabin and a small concrete pillbox on the flat bed. Constructed in Canada, a 'runway plough', assembled in Scotland, survives at

1811: 5010: 1457:

invasions of Poland, Holland and Belgium were greatly helped by the fact that the civilian population was taken by surprise. They did not know what to do when the moment came.

3513: 1475:

have been expected to report for duty in an invasion. Later, Churchill wrote how he envisaged the use of the sticky bomb, "We had the picture in mind that devoted soldiers

1606:

a significant number were improvised from pressure greasing equipment acquired from automotive repair garages. Although limited in range, they were reasonably effective.

845:. By the end of July, a dozen additional destroyers were transferred from escort duties to the defence of the homeland, and more would join the Home Fleet shortly after. 648:

Guard had been issued with a series of "sub-artillery", a term used to describe hastily produced and unconventional anti-tank or infantry support weapons, including the

188:. With France still a powerful ally, Kirke believed that the eastern coasts of England and Scotland were the most vulnerable, with ports and airfields given priority. 54: 2975:

James, 2006, p. 39. Brian James notes that while the Germans had four minelayers in their western fleet, the British had 52 minesweepers and 16 minesweeping trawlers.

1887:

10 September: Three destroyers found a convoy of invasion transports off Ostend and sank an escort vessel, two trawlers that were towing barges and one large barge.

1838: 1550:

Because of the additional armed duties the number of firearms allocated to the police was increased. On 1 June 1940 the Metropolitan Police received 3,500 Canadian

1479:

would run close up to the tank and even thrust the bomb upon it, though its explosion cost them their lives ." The prime minister practised shooting, and told wife

4445: 2009:

readiness. With national confidence rising, Prime Minister Churchill was able to say: "We are waiting for the long promised invasion. So are the fishes ..."

336:

In contrast, records show that the British possessed over 290 million rounds of .303 ammunition of various types on 7 June, rising to over 400 million in August.

176:, should prepare a plan to repel a large-scale invasion. Kirke presented his plan on 15 November 1939, known as "Plan Julius Caesar" or "Plan J-C" because of the 5102: 2131:, intervention of the Royal Navy would have been decisive and, even with the most optimistic assumptions, the German army would not have penetrated further than 1645:

It seems likely the British would have used poison gas against troops on beaches. General Brooke, in an annotation to his published war diaries, stated that he "

1426: 903:

Engineers of the 1st Rifle Brigade (1st Polish Corps) constructing beach defences at Tentsmuir in Scotland. The concrete blocks were used as anti-tank obstacles.

9506: 1054:, which was the planned invasion site of Operation Sea Lion, were flooded and there were plans to flood more of the Marsh if the invasion were to materialise. 393: 4287: 3987: 1087:

was heavily fortified with several gun emplacements, which can still be seen. This provided invaluable defence from seaborne attacks on the Forth Bridge and

558:

were delivered in May 1940 for trials and 109 had been built by the end of September. In the immediate aftermath of Dunkirk some tank regiments, such as the

2584:

Appendix 7 to 13 of David Newbold`s "British planning and preparations to resist an invasion on land Sept 1939 to Sept 1940" British Library EThOS ID 241932

2219:

Churchill's account suggests that the afternoon meeting and Brooke's promotion occurred on the same day, but Brooke's diary entry indicates a two-day delay.

2028: 3441: 3399: 7454: 1826: 294:) began on 26 May with air cover provided by the Royal Air Force at heavy cost. Over the following ten days, 338,226 French and British soldiers were 5515: 4017: 3691: 2939: 333:

were available, rising to over 3,000 by the end of July). There was a critical shortage of ammunition such that little could be spared for training.

933:, which defended against an advance from England's south-west peninsula. London and other major cities were ringed with inner and outer stop lines. 4317: 2053:

General Brooke frequently confided his concerns to his private diary. When published, he included additional annotations written many years later:

748:. By the start of the war, around 20 Chain Home stations had been built in the UK; to supplement these and detect aircraft at lower altitudes, the 3661: 3561: 1931: 1921: 1069: 908: 6969:. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs. 2656: 562:, were expected to go into action as infantry armed with little more than rifles and light machine guns. In June 1940 the regiment received the 3887: 2872: 344:. In a reorganisation in July, the divisions with some degree of mobility were placed behind the "coastal crust" of defended beach areas from 270: 9491: 4895: 3957: 3607: 922: 6776: 1531: 1217:. Bottom right: Home Guard soldiers in York prepare a roadblock by inserting metal girders into pre-dug holes in the road, 2 November 1941. 2545:"Operation Sea Lion, the Luftwaffe, the Kanalkampf and the Battle of Britain - the Defence of Britain in1940 and Air Power in World War 2" 6017: 3819: 138: 78: 5809: 4174: 1095:, 1.6 miles (2.6 km) north of Edinburgh, was similarly fortified. The remnants of gun emplacements on the coast to the north, in 325:

howitzer were recovered from reserve after the loss of current models in France. These were augmented with several hundred additional

145:, soldiers on both sides trained for war and the French and British constructed and manned defences on the eastern borders of France. 3757: 7475: 5994: 5133: 5060: 4852: 3922:

Photograph number H 15191, Home Guard soldiers prepare a roadblock by inserting metal girders into pre-dug holes in the road (image)

3330: 1412:

Other basic defensive measures included the removal of signposts, milestones (some had the carved details obscured with cement) and

9496: 7548: 5569: 1441: 377: 306: 5663: 5963: 3745: 1783:('Phantom'), which were staffed by skilled linguists and equipped with powerful wireless sets for direct communication with GHQ. 1043:

fixed by metal posts, or a simple fence of straight wires supported on waist-high posts. The wire would also demarcate extensive

3249: 619:

By July 1940 the situation had improved radically as all volunteers received uniforms and a modicum of training. 500,000 modern

8651: 2746: 1489: 1311:

gun and mortar emplacements, and pillboxes. In places, entire villages were fortified using barriers of Admiralty scaffolding,

913:

The British engaged upon an extensive program of field fortification. On 27 May 1940 a Home Defence Executive was formed under

573:, and former holiday coaches for use as personnel carriers. It did not receive tanks until April 1941 and then the problematic 373: 361: 341: 1346:

considered vulnerable. These were blocked by trenches or, more usually, by wooden or concrete obstacles, as well as old cars.

7381: 7359: 7337: 7308: 7290: 7097: 7049: 7021: 7000: 6931: 6872: 6851: 6759: 6622: 6582: 6541: 6498: 6421: 6307: 6288: 6198: 6176: 6135: 5586: 5538: 5525: 4585: 2844: 2805: 1511:

At the outbreak of the war there were around 60,000 police officers in the United Kingdom, including some 20,000 in London's

1504:

and the Home Guard, as well as officers for medicine, sanitation and food. The plans of these committees were kept in secret

1274:

inches (152.40 mm) square were placed in the road, closed by covers when not in use, allowing traffic to pass normally.

5419: 2738: 1853:, starting in July 1940. These attacks became known as the "Battle of the Barges". Some notable operations are shown below: 937:

unfair, as he is believed to have understood the limits of the stop lines and never expected them to hold out indefinitely.

6104: 1978: 1822: 1726:

where it joined a subversion team from MI6, known as Section D, and by July these teams became a part of the newly created

1540: 942: 5746:

Reynolds, David (1993). "Churchill in 1940: The Worst and Finest Hour". In Blake, Robert B.; Louis, William Roger (eds.).

2914: 2686: 1747:

ran a story claiming that tens of thousands of German troops had been 'consumed by fire' in two failed invasion attempts.

9481: 9476: 9245: 8940: 1186: 914: 385: 4449: 1701:

Volunteers were encouraged to use anything that would delay the enemy. A young member of the Home Guard (LDV) recalled:

1684: 313:, and 280 howitzers were available, with a further one hundred 25-pounders manufactured in June. In addition, over 300 265: 5110: 829: – five battleships, three cruisers and nine destroyers – was based far to the north at 9471: 9466: 9060: 8845: 7432: 7418: 7400: 7322: 7255: 7129: 7087: 7068: 6953: 6910: 6891: 6832: 6740: 6721: 6702: 6601: 6563: 6520: 6479: 6440: 6383: 6357: 6267: 6245: 6116: 5755: 5548: 5502: 2394: 1229: 629: 329:

and their ammunition from the US. Some sources also state the British army was lacking in transport (just over 2,000

181: 6318: 5239:"The Major Developments In Political Warfare Through The War, 1938–1945 (typeset from National Archive CAB 101/131)" 1909:

17 September: A major attack by Bomber Command on ports along the occupied coast. 84 barges were damaged at Dunkirk.

384:

divisions. VII Corps also included a brigade, which had been diverted to England when on its way to Egypt, from the

4295: 1515:. Many younger officers joined the armed forces and numbers were maintained by recruiting "war reserve" officers, 842: 388:. Two infantry brigades and corps troops including artillery, engineers and medical personnel from the Australian 9270: 3721: 2020: 682:

Chain Home radar coverage. High-level coverage in September 1939 (dashed lines) and September 1940 (solid lines).

567: 381: 169: 6775:. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939-45. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, 2595: 1609:

A mobile flame trap comprised surplus bulk storage tanks on trucks, the contents of which could be hosed into a

5926: 624: 352:. The General Headquarters Reserve was expanded to two corps of the most capable units. VII Corps was based at 6800: 3449: 3407: 3030:"Service Histories of Royal Warships in World War 2 – HMS Revenge – Royal Sovereign-class 15in gun Battleship" 5290: 4625: 1393: 1339: 5864: 4938:"Memoirs of William Leslie Frost, a member of the Home Guard who recalled the hedge hopper weapon in action" 2037:

strategic policy, resources flooded into the UK, effectively ending the danger of invasion after two years.

1761:

The War Office did not treat the threat of invasion seriously until the collapse of France in May 1940. The

526:

light reconnaissance cars manned by members of the Home Guard in the Highlands of Scotland, 14 February 1941

203:

revealed intense dissatisfaction with, and some outright hostility toward, the government of Prime Minister

8493: 8031: 7541: 7218: – an online archive of wartime memories contributed by members of the public and gathered by the BBC. 6680:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. I. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6054:

Evans, 2004, the outcome is a major theme of this work, Evans gives emphasis to German logistical problems.

2124: 1727: 1576: 1303: 559: 314: 5771: 5540:

The Other Few: The Contribution Made by Bomber and Coastal Aircrew to the Winning of the Battle of Britain

4266: 4025: 3988:"Land off Morton Way, Axminster, Devon – A Limited Archaeological Excavation and Recording Programme" 3699: 1392:

Another innovation was a mobile pillbox that could be driven out onto the airfield. This was known as the

8830: 7911: 7261: 1762: 1731: 1678: 1175: 888: 590: 165: 134: 82: 4325: 1589:

demonstration somewhere in Britain. A car is surrounded in flames and a huge cloud of smoke. circa 1940.

9486: 8426: 1674: 1079:

Many small islands and peninsulas were fortified to protect inlets and other strategic targets. In the

337: 7444: 3669: 3569: 1359: – a light pillbox that could be lowered to ground level when the airfield was in use. 8875: 4347: 3471: 2664: 2099: 1950: 1842: 1023: 962: 855:

was sent south to Rosyth for anti-invasion duties. She was joined on 13 September by her sister ship

365: 177: 126: 106: 8500: 4937: 899: 9372: 8450: 3895: 2880: 2194: 1869:. The waterway was blocked for ten days, impeding the movement of barges towards the Channel ports. 1013: 698:

was an essential prerequisite to any invasion and might even break British morale, forcing them to

389: 200: 149: 4903: 3965: 3615: 3361: 9419: 9194: 8900: 8895: 8815: 8612: 8559: 8529: 8286: 8216: 8160: 7737: 7534: 7283:

In Search of the Real Dad's Army; The Home Guard and the Defence of the United Kingdom, 1940–1944

4229: 3794: 3492: 1599: 1440:

Perhaps most importantly, the population was told what was expected from them. In June 1940, the

1247:

Where natural anti-tank barriers needed only to be augmented, concrete or wooden posts sufficed.

724: 632:, a glass bottle filled with highly flammable material of which more than six million were made. 7248:

Silent Sentinels – A study of the fixed defences constructed in Norfolk during WWI and WWII

5212: 5141: 4860: 3493:"Overview of Inchgarvie from Edinburgh University Geography Department's Gazetteer for Scotland" 3338: 1355:

impediments to the movement of friendly aircraft. Solutions to this problem included the pop-up

9444: 9260: 8850: 8747: 8632: 7816: 6551: 6450: 2024: 1791: 1598:

submachine gun was developed following the fall of France, to supplement the limited number of

1559: 1017: 982: 310: 6209: 6025: 9397: 9235: 9017: 8770: 8507: 8330: 7659: 2420: 2160: 1735: 1397: 1356: 1210: 1073: 1062: 869:, three anti-aircraft cruisers and a destroyer flotilla. On 14 September, the old battleship 357: 349: 6964: 6770: 6166: 5238: 4086: 1416:, making it more likely that an enemy would become confused. Petrol pumps were removed from 9382: 8910: 8536: 8335: 8301: 7701: 7583: 7117: 5840:"Operation Barbarossa | History, Summary, Combatants, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica" 5817: 4182: 4059: 3029: 2013: 1997:

Churchill was at times personally pessimistic about Britain's chances for victory, telling

1858: 1780: 1497: 1480: 1291: 322: 192: 6472:

Beaches, Fields, Streets, and Hills ... the Anti-invasion Landscapes of England, 1940

5175: 4559: 4381: 4204: 3917: 3862: 1379: 519: 274:

Captured British and French soldiers help one another on the staircase up to the cliff at

8: 9199: 8935: 8291: 7669: 7472: 6041: 6002: 5068: 1960: 1956:

4 October: Second attempt at Operation Lucid, this time cancelled because of bad weather.

1877: 1800: 1555: 1512: 1206: 784: 686:

In mid-1940, the principal concern of the Royal Air Force, together with elements of the

657: 620: 523: 204: 86: 5839: 5709: 5599: 1920:

into the harbours at Calais and Boulogne to destroy invasion barges, was abandoned when

1872:

8 September: Two cruisers and ten destroyers swept along the French coast and bombarded

1128: 611: 66: 9321: 8930: 8905: 8890: 8885: 8735: 8715: 8512: 8073: 7940: 7684: 6651: 6556:

The Bodies On The Beach – Sealion, Shingle Street and the Burning Sea Myth of 1940

6372: 5671: 4853:"Recollections of Fred Lord Hilton MM – witness to a flame fougasse demonstration" 3000: 2560: 2173: 1866: 1283: 838: 780: 295: 110: 97:

and anti-tank cubes can still be commonly found, particularly in the coastal counties.

94: 62: 7462: 5971: 4474: 715:

pilots would still have to fly significant distances to reach their operational area.

9377: 9336: 9311: 9184: 8865: 8705: 8552: 8138: 8016: 7694: 7637: 7428: 7414: 7396: 7377: 7355: 7333: 7318: 7304: 7286: 7269: 7251: 7167: 7149: 7125: 7105: 7083: 7064: 7045: 7017: 6996: 6970: 6949: 6927: 6906: 6887: 6868: 6847: 6828: 6811: 6780: 6755: 6736: 6717: 6698: 6681: 6659: 6618: 6597: 6578: 6559: 6537: 6516: 6494: 6475: 6458: 6436: 6417: 6400: 6379: 6353: 6336: 6303: 6284: 6263: 6255: 6241: 6224: 6194: 6172: 6153: 6131: 6112: 5751: 5582: 5544: 5521: 5498: 3257: 2840: 2801: 2564: 2179: 2127:, agree that while German forces would have been able to land and gain a significant 2082: 1982: 1940: 1815: 1523: 1516: 1287: 1267: 1262: 1214: 1096: 1036: 930: 745: 719: 673: 330: 318: 317:

howitzers – 900 were modified in 1940 alone – and some

161: 74: 6575:

Hitler's Armada: The Royal Navy and the Defence of Great Britain, April–October 1940

2291: 1633: 392:

were also deployed to the country between June 1940 and January 1941 as part of the

321:

howitzers and their modified 4.5-inch version as well as antiquated examples of the

9351: 9326: 9255: 9179: 8780: 8775: 8710: 8261: 8065: 7644: 2552: 2249: 1971: 1943: 1895: 1796: 1484: 1413: 1298: 1146: 990: 950: 918: 893: 870: 788: 601: 570: 531: 299: 291: 275: 211: 185: 118: 90: 27: 6675: 4589: 2895: 1966:, the destroyer carrying the force commander, hit a mine and had to be towed home. 775:

Although much larger in size and with many more ships, the Royal Navy, unlike the

9240: 9092: 9065: 9005: 8975: 8860: 8825: 8805: 8790: 8345: 8340: 8308: 8069: 8011: 7999: 7981: 7848: 7829: 7755: 7732: 7479: 7448: 7393:

Defending Britain ... Twentieth Century Military Structures in the Landscape

7369: 7347: 7039: 7011: 6990: 6921: 6862: 6612: 6531: 6367: 6278: 5578: 5427: 2184: 2104: 2090: 2086: 2042: 1913: 1756: 1715: 1417: 1088: 1040: 856: 849: 791: 765: 699: 695: 649: 574: 326: 227: 157: 7223: 1195: 9409: 9404: 9070: 9055: 8990: 8980: 8855: 8840: 8740: 8730: 8695: 8569: 8362: 8059: 8026: 7990: 7806: 7664: 7628: 6941: 6633: 5449: 1998: 1899: 1739: 1618: 1586: 1544: 1536: 1080: 1028: 749: 728: 555: 153: 6992:

Beating the Nazi Invader Hitler's Spies, Saboteurs and Secrets in Britain 1940

6784: 6157: 5894: 3836: 2309: 1722:

and was dubbed Department EH. On 25 September 1939, the unit was mobilised to

1335: 9460: 9414: 9367: 9275: 9265: 9219: 9189: 9174: 9143: 9124: 8985: 8925: 8880: 8795: 8754: 8564: 8197: 8192: 7925: 7888: 7873: 7824: 7769: 7748: 7557: 7502: 7488: 7109: 6974: 6663: 6638: 6508: 6462: 6414:

Britain's War Machine: Weapons, Resources and Experts in the Second World War

6404: 6340: 6228: 6186: 4979: 3820:

Image of removable railblock buttresses on the Taunton Stop Line near Donyatt

2421:"Operation Aerial, the evacuation from north western France, 15–25 June 1940" 2189: 2168: 2033: 1927: 1884:; two of the MTBs then entered the harbour and torpedoed two transport ships. 1719: 1527: 1422: 1209:. Top right: Sockets for a hedgehog removable roadblock on a bridge over the 797:. More immediately available were ten destroyers at the south coast ports of 760: 731:

trainers to drop 20 lb (9.1 kg) bombs from rudimentary bomb racks.

687: 653: 640: 547: 543: 539: 369: 353: 196: 18: 7171: 6815: 6685: 5320: 3514:"Satellite link to gun emplacements on the south bank of the Firth of Forth" 2556: 1626:

corner, steep incline or roadblock where vehicles would be obliged to slow.

9392: 9250: 9214: 9169: 9153: 9081: 9034: 9010: 9000: 8995: 8810: 8627: 8488: 8455: 8320: 8256: 8231: 8143: 8117: 8085: 8079: 8021: 7960: 7930: 7778: 7153: 6752:

The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill / Defender of the Realm: 1940–1965

6145: 5964:"Operation Sealion – summary of an exercise held at the Staff College" 5790: 2544: 2116: 2103:

coast of England; one reason for this site was that the narrow seas of the

1723: 1563: 1454: 1401: 1351: 1116: 1051: 810: 776: 605: 596: 535: 283: 173: 114: 70: 58: 38: 7374:

Invasion: Alternative History of the German Invasion of England, July 1940

2375: 81:

in France, and 1.5 million men were enrolled as part-time soldiers in the

9291: 9148: 9117: 9099: 9087: 9029: 9024: 8965: 8960: 8920: 8820: 8785: 8681: 8584: 8355: 8325: 8315: 8221: 8110: 7727: 7674: 5040: 4386:

Photograph number HU 49250, A signpost in Surrey being dismantled (image)

2197:, regular infantry divisions raised for static and coastal defence duties 2078: 2074: 1662: 1648: 1610: 1434: 1237: 1092: 636: 340:

was formed to control the Home Forces' general reserve, and included the

287: 152:

became concerned about exaggerated intelligence reports, aided by German

7918: 5600:"Naval Events, September 1940 (Part 1 of 2): Sunday 1st – Saturday 14th" 3158: 1367: 9316: 9136: 9108: 9039: 8915: 8870: 8800: 8720: 8617: 8522: 8462: 8421: 8399: 8350: 8296: 8246: 8241: 8226: 8185: 8133: 8091: 8036: 7878: 7794: 7273: 7205: 7163: 6671: 2108: 1691: 1551: 1166: 1084: 1031:. It is carved with graffiti, including the words "HITLER'S GRAVEYARD." 978: 830: 826: 802: 735: 563: 551: 142: 9296: 7841: 6513:

Waiting for Hitler – Voices from Britain on the Brink of Invasion

1695: 678: 207:. Two days later Chamberlain resigned and was succeeded by Churchill. 8725: 8656: 8483: 8478: 8411: 8052: 7965: 7895: 7853: 7679: 7649: 7610: 7576: 7186: 7146:

Consolidated Instructions to Invasion Committees in England and Wales

5467: 4475:"If the Invader Comes, what to do – and how to do it. Full text" 2687:"Colour movie of Home Guard training including a Harvey flamethrower" 2128: 2123:

Scholarly consideration of the likely outcome of invasion, including

2112: 2002: 1917: 1862: 1850: 1846: 1830: 1775: 1151: 1091:, approximately a mile upstream from the bridge. Further out to sea, 1072:. These were sometimes placed low down to get maximum advantage from 1044: 806: 691: 661: 243: 43: 6491:

At the Water's Edge: Defending Against the Modern Amphibious Assault

4564:

Photograph number D 4847, Village Invasion Committee meeting (image)

1567:

routinely armed with .45 revolvers and twelve rounds of ammunition.

9209: 9204: 9129: 8970: 8688: 8663: 8646: 8576: 8517: 8445: 8438: 8281: 8169: 8043: 7863: 7858: 7834: 7762: 7742: 7722: 7689: 5479: 5400: 4630:

International Centre for the History of Crime, Policing and Justice

4018:"Basingstoke Canal Anti-Tank Cylinder & Mine Socket Excavation" 2132: 1873: 1658: 1654: 1020:

were employed. There were also a few land-based torpedo batteries.

926: 877: 863: 834: 740: 664:(a small artillery gun that could be towed by a private motorcar). 516:

These figures do not include training tanks or tanks under repair.

345: 232: 215: 122: 1803:

was lost with its crew during a raid on German invasion barges at

1446:

If the Invader Comes, what to do – and how to do it

1003: 9341: 9306: 9301: 8639: 8622: 8607: 8591: 8543: 8471: 8416: 8406: 8374: 8276: 8251: 8236: 8006: 7950: 7868: 7715: 7708: 7654: 7526: 5298: 5291:"Whispers of War – The British World War II rumour campaign" 3291: 2254:

A PICTORIAL POSTCARD HISTORY OF HARWICH, DOVERCOURT AND PARKESTON

2073:

The later experiences of the Canadian Army during the disastrous

1903: 1622: 1312: 1241: 1100: 953:

and expected to hold out for up to seven days or until relieved.

818: 690:, was to contest the control of British airspace with the German 248: 7467: 6069: 5622: 5620: 4671: 2139:

German invasion plans were a feint never to be put into action.

1213:. Bottom left: Sockets for anti-tank mines on a bridge over the 356:

in Surrey to the south of London and comprised 1st Armoured and

9346: 8700: 8266: 8204: 8148: 8126: 8103: 8096: 7972: 7955: 7787: 7619: 7601: 7571: 5497:

The British Bombing Survey Unit (1998) Frank Cass Publishers,

4727: 4725: 4649: 4647: 1881: 1804: 1581: 1256: 822: 814: 237: 4610:

Consolidated Instructions to Invasion Committees, 1942, p. 19.

2737:

Anti-tank measures Sticky Bomb adoption and production –

160:

which could be launched against Britain. At the insistence of

9387: 9331: 9075: 8600: 8431: 8271: 7592: 6081: 5617: 5180:

Photograph number F 4022, Dummy pillbox constructed in France

3867:

Photograph number H 7330, Home Guards erecting a road barrier

2836:

Fortress Britain: All the Invasions and Incursions since 1066

2797:

Fortress Britain: All the Invasions and Incursions since 1066

972: 798: 707: 219: 130: 23: 7330:

The Last Ditch: Britain's Resistance Plans Against the Nazis

6210:"Work of the Essex County Council Archaeology Section, 1997" 4826: 4824: 4737: 4722: 4659: 4644: 3170: 1734:

in 1941. Their task was to spread false rumours and conduct

1554:

of First World War vintage. A further 50 were issued to the

8369: 8211: 8178: 8153: 7945: 7935: 7904: 7883: 6903:

Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion

6392: 5362: 5271: 5193: 4967: 4140: 2957: 2901: 2661:

The History of Wolverhampton – The City and its People

1985:

replied for 30 minutes without hitting any of the warships.

1595: 1501: 1430: 223: 31: 9502:

Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II

3250:"Froward Point Team, Kingswear, Devon – site history" 2915:"How Radar Gave Britain The Edge In The Battle Of Britain" 1730:(SOE). These SOE elements went on to form the core of the 51:

British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War

6923:

Aftermath: readings in the archaeology of recent conflict

6057: 5906: 5686: 5644: 5338: 5259: 4991: 4821: 4761: 4710: 4683: 4540: 4516: 4504: 4414: 2025:

surprise air attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor

1711: 892:

British coastal artillery in September 1940, painting by

7315:

Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II

7301:

The Battlefields That Nearly Were. Defended England 1940

5995:"Why Sealion is not an option for Hitler to win the war" 4157: 4155: 3194: 3146: 2625: 734:

Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War the

184:

divisions in England, two in Scotland and three more in

5944: 5750:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 249, 252, 254–255. 4040: 2719: 2613: 2524: 2476: 2395:"1940: Dunkirk rescue is over – Churchill defiant" 1936:

was suffering so many leaks that she was unfit for sea.

1930:

that were to be used, had engine failure and the other

566:, an improvised armoured car developed by order of the 6733:

The Home Guard – A Military and Political History

6168:

If Hitler Comes: Preparing for Invasion: Scotland 1940

6128:

Fighting Nazi Occupation: British Resistance 1939–1945

5882: 5632: 5028: 4918: 4809: 4700: 4698: 4492: 4209:

Photograph number D 4282. Obstacles in a field (image)

3940: 3938: 3590: 3588: 3544: 3542: 3098: 3086: 3076: 3074: 2637: 2315: 2070:

armies would have been short of tanks and heavy guns.

1637:

Chemical warfare bulk contamination vehicle circa 1940

394:

Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom

5727: 5703: 5701: 4773: 4152: 3182: 3134: 3122: 2814: 2763: 1786: 1244:-shaped obstacle, although it seems these were rare. 6396:

Air Force Manual 51-3: Electronic Warfare Principles

5350: 5156: 4955: 4875: 4797: 4785: 4586:"The History of WWII Invasion Committee "War Books"" 3206: 2995: 2993: 2363: 2310:

War crimes trial judgement on the invasion of Norway

2150: 921:, on a series of inland anti-tank 'stop' lines. The 100: 7266:

Grand Strategy Volume II September 1939 – June 1941

6984:– via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 6794:– via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. 5810:"Dieu Protege la France, Broadcast 21 October 1940" 5083: 4695: 4247: 4116: 4104: 3935: 3775: 3763: 3758:

Image of wooden anti-vehicle post at Crookham Wharf

3642: 3585: 3539: 3527: 3422: 3380: 3272: 3230: 3071: 2978: 2438: 2312:, via the Avalon Project – accessed 14 January 2008 2279: 2267: 1902:during a raid by RAF bombers on invasion barges at 89:transformed much of the United Kingdom, especially 6371: 5772:"Next Week May See Nazis Attempt British Invasion" 5714:British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day 5698: 5604:British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day 4128: 3630: 3472:"Restored Coastal Artillery Searchlight, Weymouth" 3110: 3059: 2853: 2751: 2125:the 1974 Royal Military Academy Sandhurst war game 1959:7 October: Third attempt at Lucid, cancelled when 5424:The Museum of the British Resistance Organisation 5236: 4845: 3746:Image of concrete anti-vehicle posts near Donyatt 2990: 2775: 1404:tractor, possibly via a pulley and cable system. 9458: 6277:Churchill, Randolph S.; Gilbert, Martin (1983). 6276: 5764: 4677: 3997:. Context One Archaeological Services 2010. 2010 2351: 2339: 2327: 1685:Petroleum Warfare Department § Burning seas 7798: 6864:Don't Panic: Britain Prepares for Invasion 1940 6262:. The Second World War. Vol. II. Penguin. 5745: 1981:were fired by her escorting destroyers. German 1668: 909:British hardened field defences of World War II 8360: 8306: 8124: 7970: 7445:The German Threat to Britain in World War Two. 6749: 6530:Gould, Robert W.; Waldren, Michael J. (1986). 4534: 1647:... had every intention of using sprayed 1251:as to foes. Brooke favoured removable blocks. 550:but the rest were almost all the very capable 9507:United Kingdom home front during World War II 9015: 8745: 8574: 8550: 8167: 8158: 8115: 7839: 7635: 7626: 7542: 7162:. Military Training Pamphlet No. 53. Part 1. 6591: 6374:Invasion – Defending Britain from Attack 5739: 5626: 5061:"Rowlands Gill and the North-East, 1939–1945" 4528: 4404: 4402: 2963: 1570: 813:, three cruisers and seven destroyers at the 9134: 9115: 9106: 9097: 8686: 8661: 8637: 8598: 8589: 8541: 8527: 8498: 8469: 8460: 8436: 8397: 8202: 8183: 8101: 8050: 8041: 7997: 7988: 7979: 7916: 7902: 7893: 7776: 7753: 7425:World War II Britain. History from Buildings 6995:. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books Limited. 6777:Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand) 6650: 6529: 6280:Winston S. Churchill: Finest hour, 1939-1941 6075: 4743: 4731: 4665: 4653: 4175:"A Review of the Defence of Britain Project" 3830: 3828: 3566:South Somerset Museums and Heritage Services 1306: – later filled with concrete 1302:Demolition chambers under a bridge over the 783:, plus 12 destroyers and one cruiser on the 694:. For the Germans, achieving at least local 7785: 7767: 7713: 7699: 7617: 7608: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7221: 6366: 5924: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 4893: 4469: 4467: 4167: 4146: 1653:". Mustard gas was manufactured as well as 1500:service, the fire service, the police, the 1407: 1330: 771:that bombarded Boulogne on 8 September 1940 595:On 14 May 1940, Secretary of State for War 7549: 7535: 6825:The Battle of Britain: July – October 1940 6533:London's Armed Police: 1829 to the Present 6103: 5900: 5796: 5450:"The British Resistance Movement, 1940–44" 5131: 5046: 4985: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4399: 3834: 3164: 3023: 3021: 2709: 2707: 1714:was created for propaganda, headed by Sir 1433:, 40% of the population was relocated; in 1286:(later known as the McNaughton Tube after 1068:The beaches themselves were overlooked by 546:. The infantry tanks included 27 obsolete 6919: 6844:The Second World War: A Narrative History 6768: 6730: 6614:Kent and Sussex 1940: Britain's frontline 6592:Hough, Richard; Richards, Denis (1990) . 6297: 6254: 6087: 5992: 5912: 5344: 4767: 4716: 4689: 4546: 4522: 4510: 4420: 3825: 3362:"Arson fear as Brighton pier burns again" 3200: 3176: 3152: 2725: 2631: 2542: 2518: 2482: 2463:British Equipment of the Second World War 2321: 7346: 7224:"The Times and The Sunday Times Archive" 7009: 6884:British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945 6750:Manchester, William; Reid, Paul (2012). 6411: 6320:Arming the British Home Guard, 1940-1944 6039: 5707: 5597: 5553: 4464: 4365: 4230:"Fear of Invasion – Beach Defences" 4084: 2643: 2619: 2425:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 1876:harbour. In a separate operation, three 1810: 1790: 1632: 1580: 1334: 1297: 1261: 1039:, usually in the form of three coils of 1027:Anti-tank concrete cube on the beach at 1022: 1002: 898: 887: 759: 677: 610: 518: 269: 214:. By that time, the BEF consisted of 10 37: 17: 7390: 7368: 6962: 6550: 6507: 6488: 6449: 6330: 6235: 6207: 6164: 6063: 5382:"Nazi Invaders Held 'Consumed by Fire'" 5368: 5356: 5265: 5176:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 5058: 5011:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 4997: 4973: 4924: 4830: 4613: 4583: 4560:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 4498: 4382:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 4205:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 4046: 3918:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 3863:"Imperial War Museum Collection Search" 3359: 3328: 3104: 3092: 3018: 2704: 2593: 2506: 2494: 2456: 2381: 2297: 1880:attacked a convoy of small vessels off 1061:Where a barrier to tanks was required, 883: 254: 61:in response to the threat of invasion ( 9459: 8835: 7280: 7260: 7077: 7037: 6988: 6900: 6822: 6798: 6610: 6572: 6316: 6185: 5888: 5638: 5034: 4942:South Staffordshire Home Guard website 4815: 4779: 4161: 4015: 3404:Pillbox UK, Photograph by Anne Burgess 3224: 3212: 3188: 3128: 3053: 2832: 2820: 2793: 2769: 1154:with whatever material was available. 7530: 7327: 7313:Kauffmann, J.E. and Jurga, Robert M. 7139: 7116: 7096: 7041:Britain's war. Into battle, 1937-1941 6940: 6881: 6692: 6631: 6430: 6326:(PhD thesis), Cranfield University of 6144: 6125: 6097: 6018:"Why Operation Sealion Wouldn't Work" 5950: 5733: 5692: 5650: 5485: 5473: 5406: 5277: 5162: 4961: 4881: 4803: 4791: 4432: 4408: 3944: 3781: 3769: 3648: 3594: 3548: 3533: 3428: 3400:"Beach scaffolding, Lunan bay, Angus" 3386: 3278: 3236: 3080: 3065: 3027: 2984: 2713: 2459:"British Equipment Losses at Dunkirk" 2444: 2300:, Chapter 2 Complacency: to May 1940. 2176:, home of the Combined Service Museum 1992: 1750: 1427:non-essential citizens were evacuated 848:At the end of August, the battleship 372:to the north of London and comprised 109:; two days later, Britain and France 9492:British World War II defensive lines 7058: 6860: 6711: 6670: 6469: 6393:Department of the Air Force (1962). 5089: 4896:"Flame Fougasse (surviving remains)" 4755: 4704: 4626:"Police during the Second World War" 4253: 4134: 4122: 4110: 3636: 3140: 3116: 2757: 2543:Forrester, Rochelle (28 June 2021). 2530: 1970:shells were fired by the battleship 1906:; four transport ships were damaged. 1266:Removable roadblock buttress on the 1106: 805:, a cruiser and three destroyers at 67:German armed forces in 1940 and 1941 8941:Weapons Storage and Security System 7268:. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 7191:Repository of UK government records 7044:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6841: 6474:. Council for British Archaeology. 6347: 5664:"Battle of Britain, September 1940" 5217:WW2 People's War (article a2504530) 5199: 3795:"Site Type Guide: Anti Tank Blocks" 3028:Mason, Geoffrey B (10 April 2012). 3001:"Naval Events, 1–14 September 1940" 2859: 2781: 2369: 2357: 2345: 2333: 2285: 2273: 706:portable equipment from vulnerable 386:2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force 53:entailed a large-scale division of 13: 7556: 7240: 4085:Hambling, David (30 August 2007). 4060:"Large bomb found at ex-Navy base" 2596:"Infantry Tank Mk III – Valentine" 2031:on Britain's side. With America's 1787:Offensive anti-invasion operations 1530:issued a memorandum detailing the 1459:You must not be taken by surprise. 667: 266:Operation Sea Lion order of battle 193:Germany invaded Denmark and Norway 14: 9518: 7523:Landmarks centre of Great Britain 7438: 7413:(Stroud: Tempus Publishing 2003) 7303:(Stroud: Tempus Publishing 2006) 7160:Barrel Flame Traps, Flame Warfare 7122:Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences 6905:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 6536:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 6333:The Defence of the United Kingdom 5925:Granatstein, Jack (29 May 2014). 1602:obtained from the United States. 1490:You can always take one with you. 660:(a black-powder mortar), and the 630:No. 76 Special Incendiary Grenade 101:Political and military background 9440: 9439: 7411:20th Century Defences in Britain 7250:(Dereham: The Larks Press 1999) 7222:Sylvester, Rachel; Coates, Sam. 6810:. No. 220. pp. 25–43. 6433:Invasion! Operation Sealion 1940 5986: 5956: 5918: 5857: 5832: 5802: 5656: 5591: 5571:Churchill's Channel War: 1939–45 5531: 5508: 5491: 5442: 5412: 5374: 5313: 5283: 5230: 5205: 5168: 5125: 5095: 5052: 5003: 4930: 4887: 4836: 4749: 4604: 4577: 4552: 4438: 4426: 4374: 4340: 4310: 4280: 4259: 4222: 4197: 4078: 4052: 4009: 3980: 3034:Royal Navy and Naval History.net 2902:Department of the Air Force 1962 2222: 2153: 2048: 2014:Germany invaded the Soviet Union 1378: 1366: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1165: 1127: 1115: 989: 971: 956: 833:. There were, in addition, many 628:units. An early example was the 9497:Invasions of the United Kingdom 6632:James, Brian (September 2006). 6317:Clarke, D. M. (December 2010), 6300:Memoirs of The Second World War 6152:. Sampson Low, Marston and Co. 4446:"If the Invader Comes, leaflet" 4087:"Robodigger Vs Canadian Threat" 3950: 3910: 3880: 3855: 3813: 3787: 3751: 3739: 3714: 3684: 3662:"Images of Anti-tank cylinders" 3654: 3600: 3554: 3506: 3485: 3464: 3434: 3392: 3360:Vasagar, Jeevan (12 May 2003). 3353: 3322: 3309: 3284: 3242: 3218: 3047: 2969: 2932: 2907: 2865: 2826: 2787: 2731: 2679: 2649: 2587: 2578: 2536: 2512: 2500: 2488: 2450: 2413: 2387: 2213: 1718:. It was allocated premises at 1614:the mixture of oil and petrol. 1560:Port of London Authority Police 996:Coastal searchlight emplacement 625:M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles 568:Minister of Aircraft Production 259: 170:Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces 7427:(London: Franklin Watts 2006) 7179: 6191:D-Day: The Battle for Normandy 6105:Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord 5321:"Deception and Disinformation" 4371:Eglinton Country Park archive. 3888:"Images of Hedgehog obstacles" 2303: 2242: 2135:and would have been defeated. 1323:garrisoned by regular troops. 1103:, of Inchmickery also remain. 639:was a glass flask filled with 168:, a request was made that the 1: 8836:British "hedgehog" road block 7236: – subscription required 6867:. Stroud: The History Press. 6799:Parker, A. (September 1967). 6754:. Little, Brown and Company. 6695:British Home Defences 1940–45 6489:Gatchel, Theodore L. (1996). 6217:Essex Archaeology and History 5814:The Churchill Society, London 3958:"Images of Hairpin obstacles" 3692:"Images of Anti-tank pimples" 3562:"Location of anti-tank ditch" 2873:"Swingate Chain Home Station" 2833:Hernon, Ian (1 August 2013). 2794:Hernon, Ian (1 August 2013). 2201: 2029:United States entered the war 1710:In 1938, a section funded by 1340:Bison concrete armoured lorry 755: 615:Home Guard improvised weapons 584: 6846:. London: Cassell & Co. 6577:. Pen & Sword Maritime. 6431:Evans, Martin Marix (2004). 6283:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 5927:"Dieppe: A Colossal Blunder" 5710:"Naval Events, October 1940" 5103:"de Havilland Tiger Moth II" 4678:Churchill & Gilbert 1983 3799:UK Second World War Heritage 2940:"RADAR – The Battle Winner?" 2594:Rickard, John (7 May 2015). 2206: 2077:of 1942, American forces on 1728:Special Operations Executive 1669:Deception and disinformation 1577:Petroleum Warfare Department 1373:The Canadian runway 'plough' 1304:Bridgwater and Taunton Canal 1228:Pimples, popularly known as 1037:entanglements of barbed wire 752:was also being constructed. 560:4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards 530:The light tanks were mostly 133:in fulfilment of the secret 85:. The rapid construction of 7: 9246:Cities with defensive walls 8831:Defensive fighting position 8746: 8551: 8361: 8307: 8168: 8159: 8125: 8116: 7971: 7473:Defence of Britain database 7148:(July 1942) HM Government. 7016:. New York: Pan Macmillan. 7013:Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory 6886:. Historic Military Press. 6735:. Oxford University Press. 6716:. Historic Military Press. 6298:Churchill, Winston (1978). 6130:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 5015:Images of petroleum warfare 3608:"Images of anti-tank cubes" 2146: 1763:Secret Intelligence Service 1732:Political Warfare Executive 1679:Political Warfare Executive 915:General Sir Edmund Ironside 591:Home Guard (United Kingdom) 534:and the cruiser tanks were 166:First Lord of the Admiralty 139:British Expeditionary Force 79:British Expeditionary Force 73:needed to recover from the 22:A British soldier guards a 10: 9523: 9482:1941 in the United Kingdom 9477:1940 in the United Kingdom 7463:Churchill's mysterious map 7061:Resisting the Nazi Invader 6948:. London: William Kimber. 6714:Vehicles of the Home Guard 6712:Mace, Martin (July 2001). 6515:. Hodder & Stoughton. 5903:, Entry 15 September 1940. 5778:. 3 August 1940. p. 1 5237:Y. M. Streatfield (1949). 5134:"Drain Pipes For Defences" 4535:Manchester & Reid 2012 3726:Defence of Britain Archive 2384:, Chapter 3 The May Panic. 1754: 1682: 1675:London Controlling Section 1672: 1574: 1571:Guns, petroleum and poison 1257:rolled steel joists (RSJs) 1083:in east central Scotland, 1070:pillboxes of various types 1035:Beaches were blocked with 960: 906: 718:A contingency plan called 671: 588: 263: 121:. Within three weeks, the 9430: 9360: 9284: 9228: 9162: 9048: 8953: 8876:Hardened aircraft shelter 8851:Entry control point (ECP) 8763: 8674: 8390: 8383: 7815: 7564: 7010:Thompson, Julian (2009). 6920:Schofield, A. J. (2009). 6769:McClymont, W. G. (1959). 6731:MacKenzie, S. P. (1995). 6493:. Naval Institute Press. 6238:Under Sand, Ice & Sea 6236:Cameron, A Bryce (2006). 5869:www.digitalhistory.uh.edu 5627:Hough & Richards 1990 4988:, Entry 24 February 1941. 4842:Barrel Flame Traps, 1942. 2964:Hough & Richards 1990 1843:Chiefs of Staff Committee 1562:. Some 73,000 rounds of 1502:Women's Voluntary Service 1288:General Andrew McNaughton 1205:Top left: 'Hair pins' at 963:Dover Strait coastal guns 524:Standard Mk II Beaverette 131:eastern regions of Poland 9472:1941 in military history 9467:1940 in military history 9373:Continuity of government 7281:Cullen, Stephen (2011). 6989:Storey, Neil R. (2020). 6823:Parker, Matthew (2000). 6656:The German Generals Talk 6617:. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. 6412:Edgerton, David (2012). 6165:Barclay, Gordon (2013). 5776:The St. Petersburg Times 5568:Jackson, Robert (2013), 5537:Donnelly, Larry (2004), 5420:"Parham Airfield Museum" 4744:Gould & Waldren 1986 4732:Gould & Waldren 1986 4666:Gould & Waldren 1986 4654:Gould & Waldren 1986 3995:Archaeology Data Service 2235: 2195:British County Divisions 1600:Thompson submachine guns 1408:Other defensive measures 1331:Airfields and open areas 556:Valentine infantry tanks 235:Forest by highly mobile 201:British House of Commons 9195:Motte-and-bailey castle 8901:Missile launch facility 8896:Main line of resistance 7591: 7514:Centre of Great Britain 7317:, Da Capo Press, 2002. 7187:"The National Archives" 7078:Warner, Philip (1980). 7038:Todman, Daniel (2016). 6963:Stevens, W. G. (1958). 6808:Australian Army Journal 6693:Lowry, Bernard (2004). 6611:Hylton, Stuart (2004). 6399:. Washington, DC: GPO. 6331:Collier, Basil (1957). 6240:. Trafford Publishing. 6126:Atkin, Malcolm (2015). 6042:"Sea Lion vs. Overlord" 5799:, Entry 3 October 1940. 5514:Holland, James (2010), 4267:"Pickett-Hamilton Fort" 3841:Yeovil's Virtual Museum 3296:History of Romney Marsh 2657:"Nuttall Flame Thrower" 1894:15 September: Sergeant 1543:, and Lord Privy Seal, 1522:On the same day as the 1442:Ministry of Information 1319:in existing buildings. 135:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 9271:Military installations 9135: 9116: 9107: 9098: 9016: 8687: 8662: 8638: 8628:Scarp and Counterscarp 8599: 8590: 8575: 8542: 8528: 8499: 8470: 8461: 8437: 8398: 8203: 8184: 8102: 8051: 8042: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7917: 7903: 7894: 7840: 7799: 7786: 7777: 7768: 7754: 7714: 7700: 7636: 7627: 7618: 7609: 7600: 7582: 7459: – TV documentary 7391:Osborne, Mike (2004). 6926:. New York: Springer. 6901:Schenk, Peter (1990). 6882:Ruddy, Austin (2003). 6658:. Berkley Publishing. 6573:Hewitt, Geoff (2008). 6470:Foot, William (2006). 5476:, Chapters 6–8 and 11. 5213:"Leonard Thomas Piper" 5138:WW2 People's War (BBC) 4857:WW2 People's War (BBC) 4318:"Bison mobile pillbox" 4288:"Picket-Hamilton fort" 3852:A rare extant example. 3837:"Road and Rail blocks" 3582:A rare extant example. 3335:WW2 People's War (BBC) 3315:Gowdin & Ingrams, 2107:could be blocked with 2059: 2021:Japanese carrier fleet 2019:On 7 December 1941, a 1834: 1808: 1708: 1638: 1590: 1532:police use of firearms 1464: 1437:, the figure was 50%. 1342: 1307: 1270: 1145:Thousands of miles of 1032: 1008: 904: 896: 821:, and two cruisers at 772: 683: 616: 527: 358:1st Canadian Divisions 279: 212:Germany invaded France 107:Germany invaded Poland 47: 42:Detail from a pillbox 35: 9040:Floating water castle 8771:Admiralty scaffolding 8064:Fortified buildings ( 7395:. Tempus Publishing. 7352:If Britain Had Fallen 7328:Lampe, David (2007). 7059:Ward, Arthur (1997). 6697:. Osprey Publishing. 6594:The Battle of Britain 6457:. Rupert Hart-Davis. 6348:Cox, Richard (1974). 6109:War Diaries 1939–1945 5931:www.canadashistory.ca 5668:www.naval-history.net 5581:, Osprey Publishing, 5517:The Battle of Britain 5049:, Entry 22 July 1940. 4479:History Learning Site 3442:"Beach Defence Light" 3167:, Entry 17 July 1940. 2877:Undergroundkent.co.uk 2839:. The History Press. 2800:. The History Press. 2747:The National Archives 2557:10.31235/osf.io/fb7xw 2161:United Kingdom portal 2055: 1977:, and a total of 801 1859:Handley Page Hampdens 1829:, the bombardment of 1814: 1794: 1736:psychological warfare 1703: 1636: 1584: 1564:.303 rifle ammunition 1450: 1414:railway station signs 1398:Eglinton Country Park 1338: 1301: 1265: 1211:Kennet and Avon Canal 1063:Admiralty scaffolding 1026: 1006: 902: 891: 817:, nine destroyers at 763: 681: 614: 522: 362:1st Army Tank Brigade 342:1st Armoured Division 273: 105:On 1 September 1939, 41: 21: 9383:Subterranean warfare 8336:Viking ring fortress 7503:54.00361°N 2.54778°W 7063:. Constable and Co. 6827:. London: Headline. 6208:Bennett, A. (1998). 5488:, Chapters 9 and 10. 5409:, Chapters 4 and 11. 4537:, location 4263–4273 4452:on 27 September 2007 4348:"Thorneycroft Bison" 4328:on 28 September 2007 4298:on 28 September 2007 3672:on 28 September 2007 3618:on 28 September 2007 3452:on 28 September 2007 2919:Imperial War Museums 2600:www.historyofwar.org 1807:on 8 September 1940. 1498:Air Raid Precautions 1483:and daughter in law 1425:. In certain areas, 1357:Picket Hamilton fort 884:Field fortifications 862:, the battlecruiser 621:M1917 Enfield Rifles 296:evacuated to Britain 255:British armed forces 125:of the Soviet Union 87:field fortifications 9200:Quadrangular castle 8936:Weapon storage area 8292:Quadrangular castle 7498: / 7478:15 May 2011 at the 7456:The Real Dad's Army 7376:. Greenhill Books. 7354:. Greenhill Books. 7332:. Greenhill Books. 7082:. London: Cassell. 6861:Rowe, Mark (2011). 6652:Liddell Hart, Basil 6558:. CD41 Publishing. 6090:, pp. 180–184. 6078:, pp. 126–127. 5695:, pp. 106–107. 5653:, pp. 104–105. 5577:18 May 2016 at the 5371:, pp. 293–294. 5301:on 28 November 2020 5065:Chapter 5: Invasion 4976:, pp. 163–164. 4900:Pillbox Study Group 4185:on 23 November 2007 3835:Bob Osborn (2019). 3331:"Improvisation Sir" 3254:National Coastwatch 3179:, pp. 233–234. 2883:on 29 November 2006 2533:, pp. 306–307. 1878:Motor Torpedo Boats 1833:on 10 October 1940. 1801:No. 40 Squadron RAF 1694:kept an unblinking 1556:London Fire Brigade 1513:Metropolitan Police 1429:. In the county of 1385:Pillbox type FW3/22 1207:Narborough, Norfolk 658:Northover Projector 218:divisions in three 205:Neville Chamberlain 150:British War Cabinet 8931:Underground hangar 8716:Fire control tower 8513:Gunpowder magazine 7941:Butter-churn tower 7508:54.00361; -2.54778 7206:"WW2 People's War" 7140:Official documents 7104:. Evans Brothers. 6966:Problems of 2 NZEF 6842:Ray, John (2000). 6801:"Sub-Machine Guns" 6350:Operation Sea Lion 6256:Churchill, Winston 6193:. London: Viking. 6150:Flame Over Britain 6098:General references 5844:www.britannica.com 5388:. 15 December 1940 5386:The New York Times 5113:on 13 October 2008 5107:RAF Museum, London 4906:on 18 January 2008 3260:on 7 December 2006 2174:Eastbourne Redoubt 1993:The threat recedes 1953:onto Calais docks. 1939:30 September: The 1867:Dortmund-Ems Canal 1835: 1809: 1751:Planned resistance 1745:The New York Times 1639: 1591: 1517:special constables 1343: 1308: 1292:horizontally bored 1284:Canadian pipe mine 1271: 1134:Anti-tank cylinder 1033: 1009: 905: 897: 825:. The rest of the 781:Western Approaches 773: 764:The light cruiser 684: 617: 528: 350:Newhaven in Sussex 282:The evacuation of 280: 63:Operation Sea Lion 48: 36: 9487:Battle of Britain 9454: 9453: 9378:Military urbanism 9312:Fortified gateway 9185:Concentric castle 8949: 8948: 8866:Fire support base 8706:Coastal artillery 8581:(Spanish America) 8175: 8017:Concentric castle 7468:Pillboxesuk.co.uk 7383:978-1-85367-361-0 7361:978-1-85367-599-7 7339:978-1-85367-730-4 7309:978-0-7524-3849-8 7292:978-1-84884-269-4 7285:. Pen and Sword. 7098:White, John Baker 7051:978-0-19-062180-3 7023:978-0-330-50845-2 7002:978-1-5267-7297-8 6933:978-0-387-88521-6 6874:978-0-7524-7612-4 6853:978-0-304-35673-7 6761:978-0-316-22214-3 6624:978-1-84415-084-7 6584:978-1-84415-785-3 6543:978-0-85368-880-8 6500:978-1-55750-308-4 6423:978-0-14-102610-7 6309:978-0-51727-032-5 6302:. Bonanza Books. 6290:978-0-395-34402-6 6260:Their Finest Hour 6200:978-0-670-88703-3 6178:978-1-84341-062-1 6146:Banks, Sir Donald 6137:978-1-4738-3377-7 6111:. Phoenix Press. 6076:Liddell Hart 1958 6066:, pp. 35–38. 6028:on 4 January 2012 5968:Sandhurst in 1974 5953:, pp. 38–40. 5865:"Digital History" 5587:978-1-4728-0067-1 5526:978-0-552-15610-3 5454:Geoffrey Bradford 5268:, pp. 40–45. 5000:, pp. 19–25. 4894:Adrian Armishaw. 4833:, pp. 15–17. 4632:. Open University 4592:on 27 August 2006 4234:Historic Cornwall 4028:on 1 January 2010 3572:on 3 October 2006 3143:, pp. 12–13. 3005:Naval history net 2846:978-0-7524-9717-4 2807:978-0-7524-9717-4 2667:on 11 August 2014 2372:, pp. 64–67. 2288:, pp. 49–51. 2276:, pp. 46–48. 2180:Dymchurch Redoubt 1983:coastal artillery 1926:, one of the old 1916:, a plan to send 1776:dead letter drops 1524:Battle of Dunkirk 1268:Taunton Stop Line 1215:Basingstoke Canal 1147:anti-tank ditches 1107:Lines and islands 1097:North Queensferry 931:Taunton Stop Line 746:Battle of Britain 720:Operation Banquet 674:Battle of Britain 602:Molotov cocktails 514: 513: 305:In June 1940 the 241:divisions of the 191:On 9 April 1940, 162:Winston Churchill 9514: 9443: 9442: 9436: 9327:National redoubt 9256:Fortified estate 9180:Circular rampart 9140: 9121: 9112: 9103: 9021: 8781:Anti-tank trench 8776:Air raid shelter 8751: 8711:Disappearing gun 8692: 8667: 8643: 8604: 8595: 8580: 8556: 8547: 8533: 8504: 8475: 8466: 8442: 8403: 8388: 8387: 8366: 8346:Bailey (or ward) 8312: 8217:Motte-and-bailey 8208: 8189: 8173: 8165: 8164: 8130: 8121: 8107: 8056: 8047: 8003: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7922: 7908: 7899: 7845: 7802: 7791: 7782: 7773: 7759: 7719: 7705: 7645:Circular rampart 7641: 7632: 7623: 7614: 7605: 7596: 7587: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7406: 7387: 7370:Macksey, Kenneth 7365: 7348:Longmate, Norman 7343: 7296: 7277: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7175: 7135: 7113: 7093: 7074: 7055: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7006: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6959: 6937: 6916: 6897: 6878: 6857: 6838: 6819: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6765: 6746: 6727: 6708: 6689: 6667: 6647: 6634:"Pie in the Sky" 6628: 6607: 6588: 6569: 6547: 6526: 6504: 6485: 6466: 6446: 6427: 6408: 6389: 6377: 6368:Cruickshank, Dan 6363: 6352:. Thornton Cox. 6344: 6335:. London: HMSO. 6327: 6325: 6313: 6294: 6273: 6251: 6232: 6214: 6204: 6182: 6161: 6141: 6122: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6024:. Archived from 6014: 6012: 6010: 6001:. Archived from 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5970:. Archived from 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5816:. Archived from 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5705: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5670:. Archived from 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5566: 5551: 5535: 5529: 5512: 5506: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5426:. Archived from 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5297:. Archived from 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5140:. Archived from 5132:Mike Stapleton. 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5109:. Archived from 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5071:on 6 August 2006 5067:. Archived from 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4902:. Archived from 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859:. Archived from 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4622: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4588:. Archived from 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4471: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4448:. Archived from 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4324:. Archived from 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4294:. Archived from 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4181:. Archived from 4171: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4147:Cruickshank 2001 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4024:. Archived from 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3964:. Archived from 3954: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3898:on 27 April 2007 3894:. Archived from 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3859: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3832: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3698:. Archived from 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. Archived from 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3604: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3568:. Archived from 3558: 3552: 3546: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3448:. Archived from 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3406:. Archived from 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3337:. Archived from 3326: 3320: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3256:. Archived from 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2879:. Archived from 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2663:. Archived from 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2509:, pp. 27–28 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2246: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 1949:fired seventeen 1865:Aqueduct on the 1857:12 August: Five 1827:Operation Medium 1797:Blenheim Mark VI 1781:GHQ Liaison Unit 1418:service stations 1382: 1370: 1218: 1198: 1189: 1178: 1169: 1131: 1119: 1099:, and south, in 993: 975: 951:hedgehog defence 919:defence in depth 894:Barnett Freedman 789:aircraft carrier 571:Lord Beaverbrook 402: 401: 327:75-mm M1917 guns 300:Operation Aerial 292:Operation Dynamo 276:Veules-les-Roses 210:On 10 May 1940, 182:Territorial Army 137:with Germany. A 119:Second World War 117:, launching the 91:southern England 28:Southern England 9522: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9512: 9511: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9434: 9426: 9356: 9280: 9224: 9158: 9093:Imperial castle 9066:Coercion castle 9061:Coastal defence 9044: 9006:Promontory fort 8976:Hillside castle 8945: 8861:Fallout shelter 8826:Concertina wire 8806:Border security 8759: 8670: 8379: 8012:Coercion castle 8000:Cheval de frise 7982:Chemin de ronde 7830:Albarrana tower 7811: 7756:Schwedenschanze 7733:Promontory fort 7560: 7555: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7480:Wayback Machine 7449:Dan Cruickshank 7441: 7423:Ross, Stewart. 7409:Osborne, Mike. 7403: 7384: 7362: 7340: 7299:Foot, William. 7293: 7243: 7241:Further reading 7229: 7227: 7211: 7209: 7204: 7195: 7193: 7185: 7182: 7158: 7142: 7132: 7090: 7071: 7052: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7003: 6979: 6977: 6956: 6942:Smith, Peter C. 6934: 6913: 6894: 6875: 6854: 6835: 6803: 6789: 6787: 6762: 6743: 6724: 6705: 6625: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6544: 6523: 6501: 6482: 6443: 6424: 6386: 6360: 6323: 6310: 6291: 6270: 6248: 6212: 6201: 6179: 6171:. Birlinn Ltd. 6138: 6119: 6100: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6029: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6006: 6005:on 13 July 2012 5993:Alison Brooks. 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5974:on 13 June 2008 5962: 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5901:Alanbrooke 2001 5899: 5895: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5797:Alanbrooke 2001 5795: 5791: 5781: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5674:on 10 June 2016 5662: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5625: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5596: 5592: 5579:Wayback Machine 5567: 5554: 5536: 5532: 5520:, Corgi Books, 5513: 5509: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5430:on 25 June 2013 5418: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5219: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5144:on 22 July 2012 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5057: 5053: 5047:Alanbrooke 2001 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4986:Alanbrooke 2001 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4863:on 22 July 2012 4851: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4473: 4472: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4238: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4066:. 22 April 2006 4058: 4057: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4010: 4000: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3845: 3843: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3410:on 17 July 2010 3398: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3341:on 20 July 2012 3327: 3323: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3292:"World War Two" 3290: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3165:Alanbrooke 2001 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3026: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2921: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2185:Operation Lucid 2159: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2105:English Channel 2091:Pacific Islands 2051: 1995: 1979:4.7-inch shells 1914:Operation Lucid 1789: 1759: 1757:Auxiliary Units 1753: 1716:Campbell Stuart 1687: 1681: 1673:Main articles: 1671: 1579: 1573: 1558:and 100 to the 1410: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1333: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1171: 1170: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1122:Anti-tank cubes 1120: 1109: 1089:Rosyth Dockyard 1074:enfilading fire 1041:concertina wire 1007:Concertina wire 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 997: 994: 986: 985: 981:just below the 976: 965: 959: 911: 886: 758: 696:air superiority 676: 670: 668:Royal Air Force 650:Blacker Bombard 604:and improvised 593: 587: 467: 414:Infantry tanks 268: 262: 257: 228:Royal Air Force 158:airborne forces 103: 12: 11: 5: 9520: 9510: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9448: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9424: 9423: 9422: 9412: 9410:Trench warfare 9407: 9405:Tunnel warfare 9402: 9401: 9400: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9362: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9288: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9261:Fortifications 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9113: 9104: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9073: 9071:Counter-castle 9068: 9063: 9058: 9056:Border barrier 9052: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8991:Lowland castle 8988: 8983: 8981:Hilltop castle 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8856:Electric fence 8853: 8848: 8846:Dragon's teeth 8843: 8841:Czech hedgehog 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8757: 8755:Wire obstacles 8752: 8743: 8741:Polygonal fort 8738: 8733: 8731:Martello tower 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8696:Border outpost 8693: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8668: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8596: 8587: 8582: 8572: 8570:Polygonal fort 8567: 8562: 8557: 8548: 8539: 8534: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8394: 8392: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8181: 8176: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8122: 8113: 8108: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8082: 8077: 8062: 8060:Flanking tower 8057: 8048: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8027:Counter-castle 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7995: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7914: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7821: 7819: 7817:Post-classical 7813: 7812: 7810: 7809: 7807:Vitrified fort 7804: 7792: 7783: 7774: 7765: 7760: 7751: 7746: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7711: 7706: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7665:Defensive wall 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7633: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7597: 7588: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7561: 7558:Fortifications 7554: 7553: 7546: 7539: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7482: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7452: 7440: 7439:External links 7437: 7436: 7435: 7421: 7407: 7401: 7388: 7382: 7366: 7360: 7344: 7338: 7325: 7311: 7297: 7291: 7278: 7258: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7219: 7202: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7156: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7130: 7124:. Leo Cooper. 7114: 7094: 7088: 7075: 7069: 7056: 7050: 7035: 7022: 7007: 7001: 6986: 6960: 6954: 6938: 6932: 6917: 6911: 6898: 6892: 6879: 6873: 6858: 6852: 6839: 6833: 6820: 6796: 6766: 6760: 6747: 6741: 6728: 6722: 6709: 6703: 6690: 6668: 6648: 6629: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6589: 6583: 6570: 6564: 6552:Hayward, James 6548: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6509:Gillies, Midge 6505: 6499: 6486: 6480: 6467: 6451:Fleming, Peter 6447: 6441: 6428: 6422: 6409: 6390: 6384: 6364: 6358: 6345: 6328: 6314: 6308: 6295: 6289: 6274: 6268: 6252: 6246: 6233: 6205: 6199: 6187:Beevor, Antony 6183: 6177: 6162: 6142: 6136: 6123: 6117: 6099: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6088:MacKenzie 1995 6080: 6068: 6056: 6040:Larry Parker. 5985: 5955: 5943: 5917: 5915:, p. 180. 5913:MacKenzie 1995 5905: 5893: 5891:, p. 263. 5881: 5856: 5831: 5820:on 12 May 2021 5801: 5789: 5763: 5756: 5738: 5736:, p. 107. 5726: 5708:Kindell, Don. 5697: 5685: 5655: 5643: 5641:, p. 348. 5631: 5629:, p. 293. 5616: 5598:Kindell, Don. 5590: 5552: 5530: 5507: 5490: 5478: 5466: 5441: 5411: 5399: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5347:, p. 275. 5345:Churchill 1949 5337: 5312: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5229: 5204: 5202:, plate p. 94. 5192: 5167: 5155: 5124: 5094: 5082: 5051: 5039: 5037:, p. 164. 5027: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4966: 4954: 4929: 4917: 4886: 4874: 4844: 4835: 4820: 4818:, p. 163. 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4770:, p. 238. 4768:Churchill 1949 4760: 4748: 4746:, p. 107. 4736: 4734:, p. 105. 4721: 4719:, p. 422. 4717:Churchill 1949 4709: 4694: 4692:, p. 418. 4690:Churchill 1949 4682: 4680:, p. 711. 4670: 4668:, p. 104. 4658: 4656:, p. 103. 4643: 4612: 4603: 4576: 4551: 4549:, p. 246. 4547:Churchill 1949 4539: 4527: 4525:, p. 149. 4523:Churchill 1949 4515: 4513:, p. 582. 4511:Churchill 1949 4503: 4491: 4463: 4437: 4425: 4423:, p. 156. 4421:Churchill 1949 4413: 4398: 4373: 4364: 4352:War Wheels.net 4339: 4309: 4279: 4258: 4246: 4221: 4196: 4166: 4151: 4149:, p. 166. 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4077: 4051: 4049:, p. 156. 4039: 4008: 3979: 3949: 3934: 3909: 3879: 3854: 3824: 3812: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3713: 3683: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3599: 3584: 3553: 3538: 3526: 3505: 3484: 3463: 3433: 3421: 3391: 3379: 3352: 3321: 3308: 3283: 3271: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3203:, p. 144. 3201:Schofield 2009 3193: 3191:, p. 405. 3181: 3177:Churchill 1949 3169: 3157: 3155:, p. 155. 3153:Churchill 1949 3145: 3133: 3131:, p. 210. 3121: 3109: 3107:, p. 191. 3097: 3095:, p. 129. 3085: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3017: 2989: 2977: 2968: 2956: 2931: 2906: 2904:, Chapter 1–3. 2894: 2864: 2862:, p. 149. 2852: 2845: 2825: 2823:, p. 309. 2813: 2806: 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 157. 2762: 2750: 2730: 2726:MacKenzie 1995 2718: 2703: 2691:Britons at War 2678: 2648: 2636: 2634:, p. 344. 2632:Churchill 1978 2624: 2622:, p. 221. 2612: 2586: 2577: 2535: 2523: 2519:McClymont 1959 2511: 2499: 2487: 2483:MacKenzie 1995 2475: 2449: 2437: 2412: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2322:MacKenzie 1995 2314: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2221: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2148: 2145: 2085:and taking on 2050: 2047: 1999:Hastings Ismay 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1967: 1957: 1954: 1951:15-inch shells 1937: 1912:26 September: 1910: 1907: 1900:Victoria Cross 1892: 1888: 1885: 1870: 1788: 1785: 1755:Main article: 1752: 1749: 1740:William Shirer 1670: 1667: 1651:on the beaches 1619:flame fougasse 1587:flame fougasse 1572: 1569: 1545:Clement Attlee 1537:Lord Mottisone 1409: 1406: 1384: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1332: 1329: 1315:positions and 1230:Dragon's teeth 1203: 1202: 1193: 1192: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1173: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1081:Firth of Forth 1029:Newburgh, Fife 995: 988: 987: 977: 970: 969: 968: 967: 966: 958: 955: 907:Main article: 885: 882: 757: 754: 750:Chain Home Low 672:Main article: 669: 666: 652:(an anti-tank 589:Main article: 586: 583: 512: 511: 508: 505: 502: 498: 497: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 477: 474: 458: 457: 454: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 437: 434: 430: 429: 426: 423: 420: 416: 415: 412: 409: 406: 264:Main article: 261: 258: 256: 253: 226:brigade and a 172:, General Sir 154:disinformation 102: 99: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9519: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9447: 9446: 9433: 9432: 9429: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9415:Urban warfare 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9368:Civil defense 9366: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9236:Bastion forts 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9220:Z-plan castle 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:L-plan castle 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9175:Bridge castle 9173: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9144:Refuge castle 9142: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9125:Military base 9123: 9120: 9119: 9114: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9088:Hunting lodge 9086: 9084: 9083: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 9001:Moated castle 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8986:Island castle 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954:By topography 8952: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8926:Submarine pen 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8881:Hesco bastion 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8796:Blast shelter 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8762: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8673: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8565:Place-of-arms 8563: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8199: 8198:Machicolation 8196: 8194: 8193:L-plan castle 8191: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8087: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Bridge castle 7924: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7892: 7890: 7889:Bent entrance 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Battery tower 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825:Advanced work 7823: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7750: 7749:Refuge castle 7747: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7639: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7545: 7540: 7538: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7520: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7434: 7433:0-7496-6468-1 7430: 7426: 7422: 7420: 7419:0-9540378-1-2 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7402:0-7524-3134-X 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7323:0-306-81174-X 7320: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7262:Butler, J R M 7259: 7257: 7256:0-948400-81-1 7253: 7249: 7245: 7244: 7225: 7220: 7207: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7183: 7173: 7169: 7166:. July 1942. 7165: 7161: 7157: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7133: 7131:0-436-57360-1 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7089:0-304-30543-X 7085: 7081: 7080:Invasion Road 7076: 7072: 7070:0-09-476750-5 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6994: 6993: 6987: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6955:0-7183-0542-6 6951: 6947: 6946:HMS Wild Swan 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6912:0-85177-548-9 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6893:1-901313-20-4 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6834:0-7472-3452-3 6830: 6826: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6802: 6797: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6742:0-19-820577-5 6738: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6723:1-901313-08-5 6719: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6704:1-84176-767-0 6700: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6639:History Today 6635: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6603:0-340-53470-2 6599: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6565:0-9540549-0-3 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6522:0-340-83798-5 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6481:1-902771-53-2 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6455:Invasion 1940 6452: 6448: 6444: 6442:0-582-77294-X 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6385:0-7522-2029-2 6381: 6376: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6359:0-902726-17-X 6355: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6269:0-14-144173-9 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6247:1-55212-319-7 6243: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6120: 6118:1-84212-526-5 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6089: 6084: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6060: 6043: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5890: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5757:0-19-820626-7 5753: 5749: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5550: 5549:0-9546201-2-7 5546: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5503:0-7146-4722-5 5500: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5470: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5370: 5365: 5358: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5326: 5325:Herb Friedman 5322: 5316: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5165:, p. 63. 5164: 5159: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5092:, p. 83. 5091: 5086: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5059:Brian Pears. 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4964:, p. 38. 4963: 4958: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4927:, p. 19. 4926: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4884:, p. 62. 4883: 4878: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4806:, p. 16. 4805: 4800: 4794:, p. 27. 4793: 4788: 4782:, p. 26. 4781: 4776: 4769: 4764: 4757: 4752: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4713: 4707:, p. 99. 4706: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4584:Ian F Angus. 4580: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4501:, p. 96. 4500: 4495: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4468: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4405: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4368: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4268: 4262: 4256:, p. 65. 4255: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4164:, p. 89. 4163: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4125:, p. 10. 4124: 4119: 4113:, p. 11. 4112: 4107: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4043: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3968:on 1 May 2007 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3947:, p. 20. 3946: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3784:, p. 25. 3783: 3778: 3772:, p. 27. 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3702:on 1 May 2007 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3651:, p. 28. 3650: 3645: 3639:, p. 45. 3638: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3597:, p. 26. 3596: 3591: 3589: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3551:, p. 29. 3550: 3545: 3543: 3536:, p. 57. 3535: 3530: 3515: 3509: 3494: 3488: 3473: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3431:, p. 22. 3430: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3389:, p. 25. 3388: 3383: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3329:Phil Sealey. 3325: 3318: 3312: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3281:, p. 24. 3280: 3275: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3239:, p. 59. 3238: 3233: 3227:, p. 347 3226: 3221: 3215:, p. 78. 3214: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3130: 3125: 3119:, p. 13. 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3083:, p. 31. 3082: 3077: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3056:, p. 163 3055: 3050: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2994: 2987:, p. 69. 2986: 2981: 2972: 2966:, p. 51. 2965: 2960: 2945: 2941: 2935: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2903: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2861: 2856: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2798: 2790: 2784:, p. 83. 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2760:, p. 92. 2759: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2743:The Catalogue 2740: 2734: 2728:, p. 92. 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2646:, p. 64. 2645: 2644:Edgerton 2012 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2620:Thompson 2009 2616: 2601: 2597: 2590: 2581: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2497:, p. 220 2496: 2491: 2485:, p. 52. 2484: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2457:Boyd, David. 2453: 2447:, p. 11. 2446: 2441: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2401:. 4 June 1940 2400: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2360:, p. 63. 2359: 2354: 2348:, p. 53. 2347: 2342: 2336:, p. 61. 2335: 2330: 2324:, p. 20. 2323: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2294: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2255: 2251: 2250:"World War 2" 2245: 2241: 2225: 2216: 2212: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2190:Atlantic Wall 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2169:Coats Mission 2167: 2166: 2162: 2151: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2117:torpedo boats 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2089:defenders on 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2049:Effectiveness 2046: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2034:Germany first 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2010: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1861:attacked the 1860: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:4.7-inch guns 1820: 1819: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Electra House 1717: 1713: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1541:John Anderson 1538: 1533: 1529: 1528:Scotland Yard 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:rolling stock 1419: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1381: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1197: 1188: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1130: 1118: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1005: 992: 984: 980: 974: 964: 957:Coastal crust 954: 952: 946: 944: 938: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 910: 901: 895: 890: 881: 879: 876:was moved to 875: 874: 868: 867: 861: 860: 854: 853: 846: 844: 843:small vessels 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 770: 769: 762: 753: 751: 747: 742: 737: 732: 730: 726: 721: 716: 714: 709: 703: 701: 700:sue for peace 697: 693: 689: 688:Fleet Air Arm 680: 675: 665: 663: 659: 655: 654:spigot mortar 651: 645: 642: 641:nitroglycerin 638: 633: 631: 626: 622: 613: 609: 607: 606:flamethrowers 603: 598: 592: 582: 578: 576: 572: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 525: 521: 517: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 495: 492: 489: 486: 485: 481: 478: 475: 472: 471: 466: 465: 460: 459: 455: 452: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 435: 432: 431: 427: 424: 421: 418: 417: 413: 410: 407: 404: 403: 400: 397: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:43rd Infantry 379: 375: 371: 370:Latimer House 368:was based at 367: 363: 359: 355: 354:Headley Court 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 302:during June. 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 277: 272: 267: 252: 250: 246: 245: 240: 239: 234: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 208: 206: 202: 198: 197:Norway Debate 194: 189: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 148:However, the 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 57:and civilian 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 29: 25: 20: 16: 9438: 9393:Siege engine 9361:Other topics 9285:Related word 9251:Defense line 9215:Tower castle 9170:Bastion fort 9154:Urban castle 9082:Ganerbenburg 9080: 9035:Water castle 9011:Ridge castle 8996:Marsh castle 8811:Bomb shelter 8791:Belgian gate 8764:20th century 8675:19th century 8613:Retrenchment 8585:Punji sticks 8494:Entrenchment 8489:Device Forts 8456:Counterguard 8391:Early modern 8321:Tower castle 8257:Powder tower 8232:Outer bailey 8144:Inner bailey 8118:Gulyay-gorod 8086:Ganerbenburg 8084: 8080:Fujian tulou 8022:Corner tower 7961:Chamber gate 7931:Bridge tower 7779:Trou de loup 7455: 7424: 7410: 7392: 7373: 7351: 7329: 7314: 7300: 7282: 7265: 7247: 7228:. Retrieved 7210:. Retrieved 7194:. Retrieved 7190: 7159: 7145: 7121: 7118:Wills, Henry 7101: 7079: 7060: 7040: 7027:. Retrieved 7012: 6991: 6978:. Retrieved 6965: 6945: 6922: 6902: 6883: 6863: 6843: 6824: 6807: 6788:. Retrieved 6771: 6751: 6732: 6713: 6694: 6676: 6655: 6643: 6637: 6613: 6593: 6574: 6555: 6532: 6512: 6490: 6471: 6454: 6432: 6413: 6395: 6373: 6349: 6332: 6319: 6299: 6279: 6259: 6237: 6220: 6216: 6190: 6167: 6149: 6127: 6108: 6083: 6071: 6064:Gatchel 1996 6059: 6045:. Retrieved 6030:. Retrieved 6026:the original 6021: 6007:. Retrieved 6003:the original 5998: 5988: 5976:. Retrieved 5972:the original 5967: 5958: 5946: 5934:. Retrieved 5930: 5920: 5908: 5896: 5884: 5872:. Retrieved 5868: 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5843: 5834: 5822:. Retrieved 5818:the original 5813: 5804: 5792: 5780:. Retrieved 5775: 5766: 5747: 5741: 5729: 5717:. Retrieved 5713: 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5672:the original 5667: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5607:. 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Retrieved 4629: 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4579: 4567:. Retrieved 4563: 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4499:Fleming 1957 4494: 4482:. Retrieved 4478: 4454:. Retrieved 4450:the original 4440: 4435:, p. 43 4428: 4416: 4411:, p. 64 4389:. Retrieved 4385: 4376: 4367: 4355:. Retrieved 4351: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4322:Pillboxes UK 4321: 4312: 4300:. Retrieved 4296:the original 4292:Pillboxes UK 4291: 4282: 4270:. Retrieved 4261: 4249: 4237:. Retrieved 4233: 4224: 4212:. Retrieved 4208: 4199: 4187:. Retrieved 4183:the original 4178: 4169: 4142: 4137:, p. 4. 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4090: 4080: 4068:. Retrieved 4063: 4054: 4047:Cameron 2006 4042: 4030:. Retrieved 4026:the original 4022:Pillboxes UK 4021: 4016:Tim Denton. 4011: 3999:. Retrieved 3994: 3982: 3970:. Retrieved 3966:the original 3962:Pillboxes UK 3961: 3952: 3925:. Retrieved 3921: 3912: 3900:. Retrieved 3896:the original 3892:Pillboxes UK 3891: 3882: 3870:. Retrieved 3866: 3857: 3844:. 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Retrieved 2253: 2244: 2224: 2215: 2141: 2137: 2122: 2100:Panzerschiff 2096: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2043:Carlo d'Este 2039: 2032: 2018: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1988: 1973: 1962: 1945: 1932: 1922: 1836: 1817: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1744: 1724:Woburn Abbey 1709: 1704: 1700: 1688: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1592: 1549: 1521: 1510: 1505: 1494: 1477:or civilians 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1448:. It began: 1445: 1439: 1411: 1402:Foden Trucks 1391: 1352:Air Ministry 1348: 1344: 1325: 1321: 1309: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1156: 1144: 1140: 1078: 1067: 1060: 1056: 1052:Romney Marsh 1050:Portions of 1049: 1034: 1010: 983:Forth Bridge 947: 939: 935: 912: 872: 865: 858: 851: 847: 841:, and other 839:minesweepers 811:River Thames 792: 777:Kriegsmarine 774: 767: 733: 717: 712: 704: 685: 646: 634: 618: 597:Anthony Eden 594: 579: 554:. The first 548:Matilda MkIs 529: 515: 501:15 Sept 1940 469: 468: 463: 462: 398: 390:6th Division 374:2nd Armoured 335: 307:British Army 304: 281: 260:British Army 242: 236: 209: 190: 174:Walter Kirke 147: 111:declared war 104: 71:British Army 59:mobilisation 50: 49: 30:, 7 October 15: 9292:Castle town 9149:Toll castle 9118:Lustschloss 9100:Kaiserpfalz 9030:Spur castle 9025:Rock castle 8966:Hill castle 8961:Cave castle 8921:Spider hole 8821:Bremer wall 8786:Barbed tape 8682:Barbed wire 8356:Witch tower 8326:Tower house 8316:Toll castle 8302:Shield wall 8222:Murder hole 8111:Guard tower 7728:Pincer gate 7675:Faussebraye 7506: / 7180:Collections 7102:The Big Lie 6677:To Benghazi 6672:Long, Gavin 6596:. Coronet. 6435:. Longman. 6416:. Penguin. 6378:. Boxtree. 6223:: 183–193. 5889:Beevor 2009 5782:26 November 5639:Schenk 1990 5035:Warner 1980 4816:Warner 1980 4780:Parker 1967 4758:, p. 7 4162:Warner 1980 3576:22 February 3264:19 February 3225:Schenk 1990 3213:Hylton 2004 3189:Todman 2016 3129:Storey 2020 3054:Hewitt 2008 2821:Parker 2000 2770:Clarke 2010 2430:21 December 2079:Omaha Beach 2075:Dieppe Raid 2023:launched a 1898:gained the 1896:John Hannah 1839:War Cabinet 1663:Paris Green 1649:mustard gas 1611:sunken road 1552:Ross Rifles 1435:East Anglia 1238:tetrahedral 1093:Inchmickery 943:Alan Brooke 795: (I49) 637:sticky bomb 487:27 Aug 1940 419:10 Jun 1940 408:Light tanks 311:25 pounders 278:, June 1940 164:, then the 156:, of large 9461:Categories 9317:Gatekeeper 9137:Ordensburg 9109:Landesburg 8916:Sentry gun 8871:Flak tower 8801:Blast wall 8721:Gun turret 8618:Sally port 8523:Kotta mara 8463:Couvreface 8427:Breastwork 8422:Blockhouse 8400:Abwurfdach 8351:Watchtower 8341:Wall tower 8297:Shell keep 8247:Portcullis 8242:Peel tower 8227:Neck ditch 8186:Landesburg 8134:Half tower 8092:Gate tower 8037:Drawbridge 7879:Battlement 7795:Wagon fort 7638:Chengqiang 7512: ( 7274:B0043KQ3W2 7164:War Office 7154:1114844015 6785:1047868106 6158:1043980996 5951:James 2006 5936:12 January 5874:12 January 5849:12 January 5734:Smith 1985 5693:Smith 1985 5678:13 October 5651:Smith 1985 5543:Red Kite, 5486:Atkin 2015 5474:Atkin 2015 5407:Atkin 2015 5278:White 1955 5246:PsyWar.org 5163:Wills 1985 5148:3 November 4962:Banks 1946 4910:15 January 4882:Evans 2004 4867:3 November 4804:White 1955 4792:Banks 1946 4433:Lowry 2004 4409:Evans 2004 4096:12 January 4070:12 January 3945:Lowry 2004 3805:30 January 3801:. May 2020 3782:Lowry 2004 3770:Ruddy 2003 3649:Ruddy 2003 3595:Ruddy 2003 3549:Ruddy 2003 3534:Wills 1985 3429:Ruddy 2003 3387:Ruddy 2003 3345:3 November 3301:12 January 3279:Ruddy 2003 3237:Evans 2004 3081:Atkin 2015 3066:Wills 1985 3039:26 January 2985:Evans 2004 2944:RAF Museum 2714:Evans 2004 2570:12 January 2445:Lowry 2004 2259:12 January 2202:References 2113:submarines 1918:fire ships 1821:fires her 1799:bomber of 1692:mannequins 1683:See also: 1575:See also: 1481:Clementine 1444:published 1313:sandbagged 1085:Inchgarvie 1045:minefields 979:Inchgarvie 961:See also: 923:stop lines 831:Scapa Flow 827:Home Fleet 803:Portsmouth 756:Royal Navy 736:Chain Home 725:Tiger Moth 585:Home Guard 575:Covenanter 564:Beaverette 552:Matilda II 447:4 Aug 1940 433:1 Jul 1940 319:60-pounder 143:Phoney War 83:Home Guard 9420:Guerrilla 9163:By design 8911:Revetment 8726:Land mine 8657:Star fort 8484:Crownwork 8479:Covertway 8412:Barricade 8053:Embrasure 7966:Chartaque 7896:Bergfried 7854:Arrowslit 7680:Gatehouse 7650:City gate 7611:Castellum 7577:Acropolis 7493:2°32′52″W 7490:54°0′13″N 7372:(1999) . 7350:(2004) . 7264:(1957) . 7246:Bird, C. 7110:874233110 6975:846901610 6772:To Greece 6664:855386423 6654:(1958) . 6463:249944008 6405:985120608 6341:491400913 6258:(2005) . 6229:0308-3462 5748:Churchill 5090:Ward 1997 4756:Foot 2006 4705:Rowe 2011 4254:Ward 1997 4135:Foot 2006 4123:Foot 2006 4111:Foot 2006 3846:9 January 3731:3 January 3722:"Caltrop" 3637:Foot 2006 3319:, p. 107. 3141:Foot 2006 3117:Foot 2006 2758:Mace 2001 2565:240943296 2531:Long 1952 2207:Footnotes 2129:beachhead 2003:high tide 1963:Hambledon 1961:HMS 1944:HMS 1933:War Nawab 1923:War Nizam 1863:Ladbergen 1851:Cherbourg 1847:The Hague 1831:Cherbourg 1816:HMS 1506:War Books 1317:loopholes 871:HMS 864:HMS 857:HMS 850:HMS 835:corvettes 807:Sheerness 713:Luftwaffe 692:Luftwaffe 662:Smith Gun 623:, 25,000 360:with the 338:VII Corps 244:Wehrmacht 178:code word 95:pillboxes 44:embrasure 9445:Category 9435:See also 9322:Loophole 9210:Ringwork 9205:Ringfort 9130:Obstacle 8971:Hillfort 8891:Loophole 8689:Barbette 8664:Tenaille 8647:Sea fort 8577:Presidio 8537:Magazine 8518:Hornwork 8451:Cavalier 8446:Casemate 8439:Caponier 8282:Ringwork 8170:Detinets 8139:Hoarding 8044:Enceinte 7919:Bretèche 7864:Bartizan 7859:Barbican 7835:Alcazaba 7763:Stockade 7743:Ringfort 7723:Palisade 7695:Landwehr 7690:Hillfort 7476:Archived 7230:3 August 7226:. London 7212:3 August 7196:3 August 7172:67270997 7120:(1985). 7100:(1955). 7029:29 March 6980:24 March 6944:(1985). 6816:85448187 6790:24 March 6686:18400892 6674:(1952). 6554:(2001). 6511:(2006). 6453:(1957). 6370:(2001). 6189:(2009). 6148:(1946). 6107:(2001). 5824:7 August 5575:Archived 5528:(p. 775) 5200:Cox 1974 4484:16 April 4357:14 March 4332:14 March 4302:14 March 4239:4 August 4064:BBC News 3519:13 April 3498:13 April 3372:16 April 3368:. 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British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War

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