1837:
1470:, who fought in the battle and was later a field marshal and historian, concurred with the health assessment. He also noted that while Cunningham was "an imaginative choice", it was later clear his "appointment was a mistake" due to his lack of experience and confidence in the mobile requirements of the fighting in North Africa. Neillands highlighted that Ritchie was thrust into a position where he, a major-general, was now charged with overseeing those who outranked him. This was compounded by a lack of experience in controlling formations or desert fighting and that for the ten-day period after his appointment, Auchinleck remained at Eighth Army headquarters and was effectively in command.
1775:
1682:. They emphasised the need to defeat the Axis forces in Egypt and Libya, as this would allow troops to be transferred elsewhere in the Middle East if German or Japanese forces prevailed on the other fronts. In a private meeting between Auchinleck, Dorman-Smith and Churchill, Auchinleck stated a new offensive was not possible until at least September and overruled suggestions of immediate small-scale attacks. After visits to several Eighth Army divisions and meetings with various high-ranking officers, Churchill decided to make changes on 6 August. This included replacing Auchinleck with General
1497:, the commander XIII Corps, tendered his resignation as he believed Ritchie had ignored his advice during the retreat. At Gazala, Ritchie planned a new offensive while supply bases were established and work was conducted to lengthen the supporting railroads into Libya. Auchinleck informed his superiors in the UK, that there was no timetable for such an attack, it would have to wait until sufficient tank strength had been established. A policy was also adopted that if forced to retreat, there would be no repeat of the siege of Tobruk. The same month, due to the
1895:
1702:
1698:. On the following day, Gott was killed after his aircraft was shot down while travelling to Cairo. Barr and Playfair both argue that Gott was worn out from the prolonged campaign and would not have been the person to rejuvenate the Eighth Army. Montgomery arrived and assumed command on 15 August. Alexander and Montgomery made sweeping changes to commands, reversed Auchinleck's changes to the divisions, and took action to rebuild the morale of the troops. The various changes were dubbed the "fortnight of confusion" by Dorman-Smith.
1535:
asserting his own authority and consulted with
Auchinleck before taking action. This position is echoed by David French, who noted that Richie's subordinates believed Auchinleck held sway, that their orders came directly from Auchinleck without Richie making changes based on local conditions; Ritchie held lengthy conferences that did not deliver precise instructions. The Eighth Army retreated into Egypt with the intent to rebuild. Barr noted that this could have worked, had the Italian-German forces maintained their strategy of
1354:
1571:, Auchinleck's Middle East Command chief of staff. While Auchinleck and Dorman-Smith had a close working relationship and understood one another, the latter held an unofficial position within the Eighth Army. He produced battle plans that Auchinleck used but was under no responsibility to inform other members of the headquarters of these ideas. Auchinleck froze out members of the army's headquarters in favour of Dorman-Smith, resulting in confusion and animosity within the headquarters and with other officers.
1635:
88:
70:
46:
1237:
1949:. They arrived before British forces and were very active in trying to prevent the establishment of military government in the manner that had applied to most of the rest of Italy. They even went as far as to restrict supplies through to the British zone of occupation in Austria and tried to take over part of that country as well. On 2 May 1945, the 2nd New Zealand Division of the Eighth Army liberated
1559:
1429:
1304:, which started on 15 June, was a determined two-day effort to advance from Egypt and lift the siege of Tobruk. Italian-German forces repulsed the assault and no terrain was gained. Geopolitical considerations followed, as pressure built on the British commanders to launch a new offensive to break the siege. These took account of the majority of the German military being involved in
1453:
a 160 mi (260 km) pipeline to provide water. On 18 November, the battle commenced. It saw the 118,000 men and 738 tanks of the Eighth Army, the main force coming from Egypt and also including the Tobruk garrison, engage the
Italian-German force of 119,000 men and 552 tanks. The fighting started on 18 November and Crusader achieved its objectives by the end of the year.
1726:, where they could rest for short periods. Churchill returned to Egypt in late August, following the Moscow conference and spent two days with the Eighth Army culminating with his report that there had been "a complete change of atmosphere" within the army. At the end of August and stretching into September, the Eighth Army defeated the next Axis offensive, the
1530:) and the Eighth Army was forced to retreat. Carver argued that Ritchie was not responsible for the loss of the battle, that was shouldered by his subordinates "for the dilatory fashion in which they exercised command". Niall Barr, who wrote about the desert fighting in 1942, stated that Richie was too slow to react at key moments and that his "passivity doomed
1575:
enough to allow independent operations back and forth across the desert, while the rear element would contain the remainder of the infantry that could not be motorised and would take up static positions. This was initially intended to be along the Libyan–Egyptian frontier, before they were directed to El
Alamein to dig-in.
1626:
during which the Axis attacks were halted but
Auchinleck's counter-attacks were also stopped. The campaign official history noted that following the final failed counter-attack, "Auchinleck then decided that he must make a long pause to rest, reorganize, and re-train his sadly battered army". In late
1452:
and
British Troops in Egypt took over responsibility. From his appointment, Cunningham closely worked with Auchinleck to formulate the Crusader plan, which was to retake Cyrenaica and lift the siege of Tobruk. The Eighth Army established forward supply bases, field maintenance centres and constructed
1574:
Auchinleck decided that a final battle would not take place at Mersa Matruh and ordered the reorganisation of the Eighth Army's divisions. He wanted them split between forward and rear elements. The former would contain one infantry brigade and all of the divisional artillery. They were to be mobile
1709:
Barr highlighted that the "fortnight of confusion" has generally been overstated and the Eighth Army was rather unscathed by the command changes. While it was a political necessity for
Montgomery to distance himself from his predecessors, planning that Auchinleck, Dorman-Smith, Gott and de Guingand
1598:
began. While there were some tactical successes, by the evening of the next day, the Eighth Army started to withdraw. Due to communication breakdowns and tactical changes, the New
Zealand Division was surrounded and had to fight its way out. X Corps was out of radio contact and were not informed of
1534:
to slow strangulation and capture", which contributed to the defeat. The official history explained this was the result of
Auchinleck's influence over the Eighth Army and Ritchie. The latter, with no experience in desert warfare or command, retained the mentality of his prior positions rather than
1465:
of the campaign recorded that the decision was made due to
Auchinleck perceiving Cunningham as being too defensive minded. This resulted in a loss of confidence over his "ability to press to the bitter end the offensive he had been ordered to continue". Evan McGilvray and Philip Warner, historians
1216:
followed, before tensions simmered with a joint declaration, on 2 January 1937, by Italy and
Britain to maintain the status quo around the Mediterranean. Relations quickly deteriorated and British reinforcements were dispatched to Egypt. Troops were moved from near Cairo and from the canal zone to
1312:
and the need to show that British forces were doing their part in bringing about the defeat of the Axis powers. Closer to the front and after months of political debate, it was decided that the Australian garrison in Tobruk had to be relieved. This took place between September and October, as the
1612:
impassable salt marshes 40 mi (64 km) inland. While preliminary defensive work had taken place, which included the creation of a water pipeline and the laying of minefields, it was not until the arrival of the bulk of the Eighth Army that major improvements were made. While Auchinleck
1204:, the Middle East and the canal gained further importance as oil production expanded and as aerial links between Britain and British India were developed. In 1935, British policy shifted to view Italy as the principal threat towards British interests in the Middle East, due to their
1910:. The Eighth Army returned to the Adriatic coast and succeeded in forcing the Gothic line defences, but ultimately the Allied forces could not break into the Po valley before the onset of winter forced an end to serious offensive operations. During October, Leese was reassigned to
1550:, made the decision to pursue the Eighth Army, which turned the retreat into a rout and made any attempt to fight a delaying battle on the frontier impossible. As the army retreated further, Ritchie was determined to fight the final battle of the campaign at Mersa Matruh.
1710:(who retained his position) had developed for defensive and offensive operations were retained and laid the groundwork for the following two battles at el Alamein. To address morale, Montgomery made a determined and deliberate effort to appeal to the troops. He delivered
1385:. On 29 August 1941, due to the success he had achieved, he was ordered to Egypt to take command of the forming Eighth Army, which he did on 24 September. The Eighth Army was responsible for operations in the Western Desert and was supported by the existing command,
1579:, the author of the official history, highlighted that British doctrine stated that during a retreat, a running battle was to be avoided and thus Auchinleck's changes – in the midst of a retreat and fighting – went against establish practice. Lieutenant-General
1501:
in December 1941, the 70th Infantry Division was withdrawn from the Eighth Army and sent to Asia. A warning that additional troops could be removed loomed over the army. Political pressure mounted for the Eighth Army to launch an offensive, which would
1485:). In late January 1942, the Axis forces counterattacked. Ritchie initially dismissed the seriousness of the Axis move and Auchinleck deemed it wiser to yield some territory while the Eighth Army continued to build its logistical base for Acrobat. The
1617:
policy was considered and dismissed but a list of targets to be destroyed in the event of a retreat was established. These included communication, power, transport and storage facilities, as well as oil installations and supplies. Flooding of the
1953:, and that same day, the Yugoslav Fourth Army, together with Slovene 9th Corpus NOV entered the town. During the fighting on the Italian Front the Eighth Army had, from 3 September 1943 until 2 May 1945, suffered 123,254 casualties.
3730:
1607:
By 30 June, the vanguard of the Axis forces made contact with the Eighth Army at El Alamein. This new position offered a stronger defensive position, with its northern flank protected by the Mediterranean coast and by the
4361:
1416:, in his work on the Eighth Army, wrote "It is worth pointing out here that the term 'Desert Rat', though often used to describe any soldier of the Desert Army or the men who fought in Tobruk – the Australians have a '
1566:
On 25 June, Auchinleck decided to take direct control of the Eighth Army; a move that was supported by Churchill, who had called for such a change before Gazala. This also saw the rise in prominence of Major-General
1517:
In May, an Axis attack on the Eighth Army was expected although an optimistic attitude was held that it would be repulsed, and the Italian-German defeat would allow for the capture of the remainder of Cyrenaica. The
1412:, a historian who has written about the division, commented that the fame of the 7th Armoured Division resulted in its nickname being "loosely attached to any member of the forces who served in the Western Desert".
1456:
On 25 November, after a German counterattack into Egypt during Crusader had been repulsed, Cunningham was dismissed by Auchinleck. His replacement was Auchinleck's deputy chief of the general staff, Major-General
4147:
3723:
1836:
1466:
who have written about Auchinleck, added additional factors such as Auchinleck's concern that Cunningham was stressed, exhausted and had problems with his sight that would require time away from command.
4507:
1334:(this corps would not become active until October 1941), had also started. Due to the increased size of the British forces in Egypt and the forming second corps, it was decided in September 1941, that a
3716:
2187:. Then, in the late 1970s, the Eighth Army Veterans Association was formed. At the height of its membership, there were over 35 branches, with a particular strength in the North West of the UK.
1498:
1599:
the withdrawal until 28 June, when they were able to escape although due to the loss of equipment and unit cohesion its divisions were in need of rest and refitting following the battle.
1506:
and defeat the Axis powers in Africa prior to development of any potential Japanese threat to the Middle East and the army's supply lines; supply convoys ran from the UK, around the
4356:
1686:
as commander-in-chief of Middle East Command, Dorman-Smith being sent back to Britain and the decision to appoint a new Eighth Army commander. Brooke suggested Lieutenant-General
1296:
was launched as British troops, from inside Egypt, attacked towards the Egyptian–Libyan border area. This minor effort failed to meet its objectives and ended the following day.
1821:
on the west coast of Italy south of Naples, the Eighth Army continued fighting its way up Italy on the eastern flank of the Allied forces. Together these two armies made up the
2329:. This allowed two brigades to be moved to the front, after the division's transfer from Syria. The third brigade, as the result of a lack of transport, was left at El Alamein.
4482:
2236:
1898:
Lieutenant-General Sir Oliver Leese, GOC Eighth Army, and other officers ride on a captured German PzKpfw V Panther tank during a display of enemy equipment, 2 June 1944.
4502:
4351:
4477:
2316:
replace him as commander-in-chief of Middle East Command. This suggestion was rejected to avoid further political turmoil stemming from the defeat of the Eighth Army.
4154:
1966:
1276:
the dispatch of Axis reinforcements to Africa, Italo-German forces riposted in March 1941, which drove the main British body into Egypt and destroyed part of the
521:
1330:
During 1941, XIII Corps was the primary British formation in Egypt. The process of forming a second, initially known as the Armoured Corps before being renamed
4492:
1587:, was able to resist Auchinleck's desired changes as his division was politically protected; any change required the consent of the New Zealand government.
1058:
and then the Eighth Army on 26 September. It was created to better control the growing Allied forces based in Egypt and to direct their efforts to lift the
3935:
1622:
was also considered, as a last resort and after a position beyond the Suez Canal had been established. Over the course of July, the Eighth Army fought the
149:
3990:
4487:
3035:
1867:
Following three unsuccessful attempts in early 1944 by the U.S. Fifth Army to break through the German defensive positions known to the Allies as the
1590:
On 14 June, X Corps was ordered from Syria to reinforce the Eighth Army. It assembled near Mersa Matruh on 22 June and handed over the tanks of the
1432:
Neil Ritchie (center with pipe) who replaced Cunningham during Operation Crusader, pictured during the Battle of Gazala flanked by corps commanders.
1845:
4121:
1642:
The fighting in North Africa had caused concern with the British public and in the United States where Churchill had just visited to conduct the
2524:
2313:
1841:
1683:
4111:
4497:
4314:
2211:
658:
514:
4346:
3795:
459:
4425:
4101:
1292:
and required the bulk of the German and Italian troops to maintain and hindered further large Axis offensive operations. On 15 May,
4454:
3951:
3746:
2955:
2268:
2231:
142:
4319:
4140:
2206:
1314:
1613:
intended to stop the Axis offensive here, contingency plans were drawn up to conduct a fighting withdrawal to the Suez Canal. A
4409:
4401:
4324:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3786:
3708:
3384:
2283:
1486:
1401:
1277:
507:
3492:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944
3105:
1781:
rides with General Montgomery in a staff car between lines of cheering troops during his first visit to Tripoli, 21 June 1943.
4417:
3841:
3674:
3598:
3579:
3560:
3534:
3499:
3480:
3461:
3418:
3396:
3374:
3348:
3329:
3310:
3288:
3266:
1591:
1441:
310:
300:
4309:
3617:
2278:
1675:
1580:
1382:
1347:
3855:
2256:
2246:
2216:
2157:
2129:
2101:
2044:
2016:
1671:
1527:
135:
17:
3694:
3132:
4341:
3970:
3636:
3142:
2196:
1193:
1489:
bore the brunt of the attack and was pushed back, while it covered the retreat of the remainder of the Eighth Army to
1342:. The name was subsequently changed to the Army of the Nile, before being changed to the Eighth Army on 26 September.
1338:
headquarters was needed to direct these formations. On 10 September, the Western Army headquarters was established in
4075:
4040:
3655:
3593:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III. London: Naval & Military Press.
3083:
894:
3612:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. London: Naval & Military Press.
3574:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. London: Naval & Military Press.
3391:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. VI. London: Naval & Military Press.
1818:
4446:
4441:
4085:
4000:
3830:
3555:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. London: Naval & Military Press.
3494:. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. V. London: Naval & Military Press.
2241:
1240:
A map of the Western Desert, detailing battles and movements between 13 September 1940 – 30 May 1941 (enlargeable).
1929:, on its left flank, it cut off and destroyed, (during April), large parts of the opposing Army Group C defending
1902:
After the Allied capture of Rome, the Eighth Army continued the fight northwards through central Italy to capture
1562:
Auchinleck, commander-in-chief Middle East Command, who eventually took over direct command of Eighth Army in 1942
2226:
1786:
1078:
668:
651:
117:
4020:
1922:
1670:
influenced Auchinleck's thinking on the disposition of his theatre-wide forces, including the Eighth Army. The
1667:
1482:
958:
592:
1526:
and 32,000 men (following a last-minute change in plans and the establishment of a garrison that included the
3825:
3591:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)
2326:
2221:
1503:
1213:
358:
3805:
1643:
616:
3527:
Eighth Army: The Triumphant Desert Army that held the Axis at bay from North Africa to the Alps, 1939-1945
3910:
3885:
3820:
3815:
3800:
3548:
2251:
1755:
1731:
1269:
1157:
852:
400:
4116:
3915:
3905:
3880:
3865:
1978:
1623:
1331:
1209:
1161:
847:
644:
353:
4070:
1925:
saw the Eighth Army back in action. Working in conjunction with the U.S. Fifth Army, now commanded by
1594:
to the 1st Armoured Division; the brigade was sent to the canal area to rebuild. Four days later, the
1148:, as well as the United Kingdom. Significant formations that the army controlled included the British
4178:
4106:
3980:
3900:
3890:
3870:
3860:
1790:
1743:
1249:
999:
680:
577:
214:
176:
3235:
2978:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4010:
3895:
3875:
3850:
3544:
2073:
1876:
1830:
1810:
1794:
1679:
1584:
1437:
1281:
1153:
1149:
947:
760:
555:
474:
419:
1420:' Association – should strictly be applied only to the men of the British 7th Armoured Division".
1300:
a small German counterattack, at the end of the month, recaptured the ground lost during Brevity.
4329:
4224:
4065:
4055:
4005:
1962:
1911:
1884:
1754:. The army outflanked the Mareth defences in March 1943 and after further fighting alongside the
1727:
1695:
1386:
1070:
932:
872:
365:
159:
3738:
1444:) that had recently arrived in Egypt, was to conduct preliminary work on defensive positions at
4205:
3775:
3389:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: Victory in the Mediterranean, Part II – June to October 1944
3062:"The Commander of the 8th Army in Italy, Lieutenant-General Oliver Leese, Italy, 30 April 1944"
1822:
1774:
1723:
1647:
1595:
1523:
1390:
1226:
1090:
901:
867:
813:
789:
550:
348:
341:
193:
113:
1722:. In August, the Eighth Army established its first medical center for soldiers suffering from
3975:
2081:
1946:
1449:
1362:
1273:
744:
587:
486:
439:
241:
1887:
was successful with the Eighth Army breaking into central Italy and the Fifth Army entering
1856:
At the end of 1943, General Montgomery was transferred to Britain to begin preparations for
4378:
3940:
3061:
3010:
1711:
1531:
1478:
1305:
1265:
1011:
952:
937:
582:
565:
426:
336:
2509:
2201:
8:
4383:
4245:
4080:
4045:
4035:
3995:
3960:
3369:. History of the Second World War. Vol. I. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
2403:
1894:
1883:
alongside the U.S. Fifth Army in order to mount a major offensive with them. This fourth
1806:
1655:
1628:
1494:
1373:
who oversaw all British-led forces in the region. Auchinleck selected Lieutenant-General
1370:
1301:
1101:
857:
801:
782:
775:
754:
723:
695:
688:
560:
370:
305:
279:
224:
2946:
4274:
4253:
3511:
3436:
2966:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2109:
1965:. On 29 July 1945, the army was disbanded and its forces were used to form the command
1880:
1857:
1687:
1609:
1547:
1536:
1297:
1257:
1141:
1133:
1063:
882:
737:
716:
597:
572:
444:
412:
286:
272:
2622:
2559:
1646:. This meeting finalized Allied policy for the following two years, there would be no
4237:
4229:
4194:
4050:
3965:
3670:
3651:
3632:
3613:
3594:
3575:
3556:
3530:
3495:
3476:
3457:
3440:
3428:
3414:
3392:
3370:
3344:
3325:
3306:
3284:
3262:
3138:
2890:
2694:
2184:
1798:
1759:
1701:
1576:
1568:
1507:
1474:
1394:
1366:
1343:
1293:
1253:
1169:
1137:
1074:
1023:
1004:
994:
973:
942:
768:
730:
709:
702:
531:
405:
384:
324:
293:
265:
258:
234:
219:
188:
181:
3572:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)
2796:
1365:
for command of the army but the final decision was left in the hands of General Sir
4060:
3473:
Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II
3109:
2813:
2165:
1915:
1519:
1462:
1353:
1245:
1201:
1165:
1129:
1047:
1016:
980:
966:
918:
913:
887:
862:
828:
749:
623:
602:
391:
377:
331:
229:
209:
3553:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)
3363:
2730:
2325:
The division had its transport deficiencies made up by removing vehicles from the
1969:. The new command maintained the gold crusader cross insignia of the Eighth Army.
1522:
started on 26 May and resulted in a defeat for the Eighth Army. This included the
27:
Army of the British Army during World War II, engaged in the North Africa Campaign
4186:
4132:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3698:
3522:
3239:
2849:
2718:
2024:
1942:
1926:
1826:
1751:
1651:
1540:
1413:
1374:
1289:
1097:
1086:
1082:
1059:
987:
877:
806:
794:
248:
3341:
Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945
2439:
2391:
1096:
Throughout its campaigns, it was a multi-national force and its units came from
4025:
3298:
3276:
2759:
2757:
2273:
1705:
Posed action photo of British soldiers, portraying an attack during the battle.
1614:
1467:
1417:
1205:
1185:
1109:
908:
842:
609:
253:
75:
3703:
2183:
After the war, veterans from the Eighth Army organized Annual Reunions at the
1864:, previously the commander of XXX Corps, which was being returned to England.
1634:
4471:
4030:
3985:
3691:
3648:
Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa
3406:
3166:
2288:
1814:
1715:
1230:
1189:
1188:
connecting Britain with its colonial possessions in the Far East, especially
1121:
1105:
818:
545:
454:
3739:
British army groups, armies, commands, and corps during the Second World War
3444:
2861:
2825:
2754:
2610:
2451:
1906:. The end of the summer campaign found Allied forces butting up against the
4433:
3610:
The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of Axis Forces in Africa
2774:
2772:
2576:
2574:
2475:
2427:
2137:
2053:
1872:
1861:
1691:
1543:
1511:
1458:
1409:
1378:
1309:
1229:, to be in a position to protect Egypt from an Italian invasion from their
1218:
1197:
1125:
1043:
823:
464:
449:
93:
3178:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2634:
2463:
1961:
At the end of the war, the army moved into Austria and became part of the
127:
45:
3358:
2549:
2547:
2415:
1907:
1868:
1763:
1719:
1404:, which formed part of the army, was nicknamed the Desert Rats after the
1117:
1069:
It later directed Allied forces through the remaining engagements of the
925:
835:
479:
3190:
2926:
2837:
2769:
2571:
1734:
that resulted in the Axis defeat and a pursuit across Libya to Tunisia.
2873:
2367:
2355:
1938:
1619:
1493:
where it established a defensive line. In February, Lieutenant-General
1445:
1335:
1222:
1181:
1039:
469:
103:
3202:
2544:
1730:. This was followed, in November, by the Eighth Army's offensive, the
1248:. Later in the year, between 13 and 16 September, Italy conducted the
1192:. It also held economic and prestigious importance. To maintain this,
4015:
1778:
1758:, the other 18th Army Group component, which had been conducting the
1659:
1261:
1145:
1461:, who was chosen due to his familiarity with the Crusader plan. The
499:
4508:
Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II
2312:
On assuming control of the army, Auchinleck suggested that General
1903:
1849:
1663:
636:
1852:
near Catania in Sicily, with local children on board, August 1943.
4357:
89th (Cinque Ports) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
3608:
Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
3589:
Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
3570:
Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).
1950:
1934:
1930:
1802:
1750:
border in February 1943, where it then came under the control of
1747:
1357:
Alan Cunningham, after his appointment to command the Eighth Army
2948:
Historical Battle Analysis, El Alamein and the Principles of War
4163:
1933:
and then made a rapid advance through northeast Italy and into
1490:
1405:
1285:
1236:
1113:
3629:
Early Battles of the Eighth Army: Crusader to the Alamein Line
1797:, elements of the Eighth Army landed in the 'toe' of Italy in
1350:, sometimes referred to the army as the Western Desert Force.
3134:
The British Army 1939–45 (2): Middle East & Mediterranean
1860:. Command of the Eighth Army was given to Lieutenant-General
1742:
After the chase across Libya, the Eighth Army engaged in the
1558:
1428:
1339:
3214:
2706:
2658:
4352:
51st (London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
3108:. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives. Archived from
1888:
1793:, code-named Operation Husky. When the Allies subsequently
1714:
to groups of soldiers, was open to discuss policy with the
1436:
One of the first tasks undertaken by the Eighth Army, with
1990:
1875:
coast in April 1944 to concentrate all forces, except the
1448:. This lasted until late October, when the corps moved to
3607:
3588:
3569:
3543:
3322:
Desert Rats at War: North Africa, Italy, Northwest Europe
3303:
Dilemmas of the Desert War: The Libyan Campaign 1940–1942
3196:
3184:
3172:
2932:
2896:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2784:
2778:
2736:
2724:
2700:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2580:
2565:
2553:
2534:
2530:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2373:
2361:
2152:
2124:
2096:
2068:
2039:
2011:
1945:'s forces were intent on securing control of the area of
1658:, was authorized to be conducted before the end of 1942.
1054:
on 10 September 1941, in Egypt, before being renamed the
3232:
2078:
3489:
3208:
3158:"The Eighth Army Disbanded: From Alamein to the Alps".
2682:
2598:
2379:
1477:, an attack to capture the remainder of Italian Libya,
1918:, who had previously commanded X Corps, replaced him.
1481:(potentially in conjunction with an Allied landing in
1256:, took place in December, which destroyed the Italian
2914:
2902:
2742:
2670:
2646:
2343:
2106:
4483:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
2487:
1678:
and Churchill arrived in Egypt in July, en route to
4336:
Artillery: (some original units, some replacements)
3513:
The March to Tunis: The North African War 1940–1943
3106:"McCreery, Sir Richard Loudon (1898-1967), General"
2586:
2162:
1473:Following Crusader, Ritchie and Auchinleck planned
1313:Australians were gradually replaced by the British
4503:Field armies of the United Kingdom in World War II
4362:13th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery
4162:
3510:
3411:The British Army and the Crisis of Empire, 1918-22
3362:
3036:"Quei bambini sul carro armato – la Repubblica.it"
2161:
2133:
2105:
2077:
2049:
2021:
2020:
4478:Military units and formations established in 1941
3433:Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence
1871:, the Eighth Army was covertly switched from the
1638:Montgomery during the Second Battle of El Alamein
4469:
3259:Pendulum of War: The Three Battles of El Alamein
4122:Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force
2134:
2050:
1694:, who had been in action from the start of the
1073:, oversaw part of the Allied effort during the
4148:
3724:
3383:
3220:
1972:
1718:and used these opportunities to disperse the
1690:, but Churchill preferred Lieutenant-General
1272:after the conclusion of the operation. After
652:
515:
143:
4493:1945 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1602:
484:
4315:Polish Independent Carpathian Rifle Brigade
3413:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1208:as well as their military build-up and the
157:
4347:4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (United Kingdom)
4155:
4141:
3731:
3717:
1393:, the Egyptian anti-aircraft defences and
1184:in Egypt, was seen as a vital link of the
659:
645:
522:
508:
150:
136:
4488:1941 establishments in the United Kingdom
3521:
3508:
3451:
3427:
3305:. Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount Limited.
3233:Eighth Army Veterans (City of Manchester)
3084:"1944: Celebrations as Rome is liberated"
3011:"THE BRITISH ARMY IN SICILY, AUGUST 1943"
2712:
2688:
2664:
2604:
1785:The Eighth Army then participated in the
1766:in North Africa surrendered in May 1943.
1200:was subsequently established. During the
4455:90th Light Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
2269:British military history of World War II
1893:
1835:
1809:. After linking its left flank with the
1773:
1700:
1650:a landing in German-occupied France and
1633:
1557:
1427:
1352:
1235:
4320:70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)
3626:
3405:
3130:
2810:, Chapter 2: The Swing of the Pendulum.
2537:, pp. 97, 104, 162, 170–173, 365;
2349:
1848:, of the Eighth Army in the village of
1791:Allied invasion of the island of Sicily
1408:, their choice of mascot and insignia.
14:
4470:
4325:16th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)
3669:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military.
3664:
3645:
3631:. Barnsley, England: Pen & Sword.
3338:
3297:
3275:
2920:
2908:
2822:, Chapter 3: The Armies at El Alamein.
2790:
2748:
2676:
2652:
2538:
2504:
2502:
2493:
1937:. Problems occurred where British and
1377:, who had led the British effort from
1081:. During 1943, it made up part of the
1077:and finally led troops throughout the
4136:
3712:
3490:Molony, C.J.C.; et al. (2004) .
3357:
3319:
2961:from the original on 23 October 2021.
2944:
2592:
2385:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1627:July, Auchinleck appointed Brigadier
1553:
1423:
1284:was surrounded in the Libyan port of
640:
529:
503:
131:
4310:Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion
3470:
3256:
2884:
2819:
2807:
2763:
2002:
1260:and captured the Libyan province of
1221:, 170 mi (270 km) west of
666:
50:The Eighth Army's formation insignia
3343:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2499:
1672:Chief of the Imperial General Staff
1528:2nd South African Infantry Division
1264:. The attack was undertaken by the
1244:On 10 June 1940, Italy entered the
24:
4498:Field armies of the United Kingdom
4426:101st Motorized Division "Trieste"
4342:1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery
3971:Allied Land Forces South East Asia
3692:A personal account of the 8th Army
2190:
25:
4519:
3685:
3529:. Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press.
3324:. Not identified: Air Sea Media.
2412:, pp. 362–366, 371–376, 289.
1317:which was shipped into the port.
4447:21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
4442:15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
86:
68:
59:10 September 1941 – 29 July 1945
44:
4410:55th Infantry Division "Savona"
4402:132nd Armored Division "Ariete"
3454:Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck
3226:
3162:. No. 50207. 30 July 1945.
3151:
3124:
3098:
3076:
3054:
3028:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2945:Green, Major Dennis C. (1984).
2938:
2766:, Chapter 1: War in the Desert.
2319:
2306:
4418:61st Infantry Division "Sirte"
3667:Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier
2237:Second Battle of Monte Cassino
13:
1:
4450:Originally 5th Light Division
4233:(December 1940-February 1941)
4218:Allied campaigns and offences
3456:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
3283:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
3249:
2631:, pp. 29–30, 33, 38, 97.
2568:, pp. 303–304, 316, 365.
2327:10th Indian Infantry Division
1879:, on the western side of the
1214:Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936
1175:
1085:before being assigned to the
4374:Eighth Army (United Kingdom)
2899:, pp. 361–365, 367–370.
2703:, pp. 140–147, 151–152.
2510:"Badge, Formation, 8th Army"
2172:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2015:
2010:
1956:
1846:British 4th Armoured Brigade
1644:Second Washington Conference
1631:as the army chief of staff.
1361:Churchill suggested General
1325:
7:
3796:British Expeditionary Force
3517:. New York: Harper and Row.
3475:. Stroud (UK): Spellmount.
3040:Archivio – la Repubblica.it
2262:
2212:Second Battle of El Alamein
2178:
2000:General officer commanding
1732:Second Battle of El Alamein
1499:Japanese entry into the war
10:
4524:
4117:First Allied Airborne Army
3042:(in Italian). 11 June 2017
2887:, Chapter 11: Interregnum.
1985:General officer commanding
1979:General officer commanding
1976:
1973:General officer commanding
1737:
1624:First Battle of El Alamein
1320:
1210:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1194:Egypt was occupied in 1882
4394:
4267:
4217:
4179:British capture of Tobruk
4171:
4107:Allied Force Headquarters
4094:
3981:British Army of the Rhine
3949:
3839:
3784:
3744:
3261:. London: Jonathan Cape.
3221:Jackson & Gleave 2004
2739:, pp. 216, 223, 274.
1914:, and Lieutenant-General
1842:County of London Yeomanry
1762:since November 1942, the
1744:Battle of the Mareth Line
1603:The battles of El Alamein
1250:Italian invasion of Egypt
678:
541:
169:
109:
99:
81:
63:
55:
43:
34:
4298:3rd Indian Motor Brigade
4293:7th Division (Australia)
4287:9th Division (Australia)
4257:(November-December 1941)
3665:Warner, Philip (2006) .
3627:Stewart, Adrian (2002).
3509:Moorehead, Alan (1967).
3452:McGilvray, Evan (2020).
3242:, accessed October 2012.
3131:Brayley, Martin (2002).
2858:, pp. 281, 288–295.
2727:, pp. 197–204, 215.
2448:, pp. 163, 167–173.
2400:, pp. 100, 208–211.
2294:
1923:final offensive in Italy
1769:
1662:the German advance into
1585:2nd New Zealand Division
1539:, the capture of Malta.
475:3rd Indian Motor Brigade
161:Western Desert Campaign
4330:4th Royal Tank Regiment
4225:Western Desert campaign
4166:in the Second World War
3547:; et al. (2004) .
3435:. Vol. I. London:
3387:; et al. (2004) .
3339:French, David (2001) .
1963:Allied-occupation force
1916:Sir Richard L. McCreery
1912:South East Asia Command
1885:Battle of Monte Cassino
1728:Battle of Alam el Halfa
1696:Western Desert campaign
1510:, and then through the
1387:British Troops in Egypt
1071:Western Desert campaign
1050:. It was formed as the
4206:Axis capture of Tobruk
4172:Fighting around Tobruk
3776:Allied Armies in Italy
3697:7 October 2011 at the
3471:Mead, Richard (2007).
3320:Forty, George (2014).
1967:British Troops Austria
1899:
1853:
1833:Sir Harold Alexander.
1823:Allied Armies in Italy
1795:invaded mainland Italy
1782:
1706:
1648:Operation Sledgehammer
1639:
1596:Battle of Mersa Matruh
1563:
1524:Axis capture of Tobruk
1433:
1391:lines of communication
1389:, that controlled the
1358:
1348:British Prime Minister
1315:70th Infantry Division
1241:
1091:Allied Armies in Italy
485:
114:North African campaign
4268:Allied units involved
4190:(April-November 1941)
3650:. Ramsbury: Crowood.
3064:. Imperial War Museum
2512:. Imperial War Museum
2257:1945 Spring offensive
2082:Sir Claude Auchinleck
1897:
1839:
1815:General Mark W. Clark
1789:which began with the
1777:
1704:
1637:
1561:
1487:1st Armoured Division
1431:
1402:7th Armoured Division
1383:East African campaign
1363:Henry Maitland Wilson
1356:
1278:2nd Armoured Division
1274:Operation Sonnenblume
1239:
960:1945 Spring Offensive
487:Sonderkommando Blaich
4379:Tobruk Ferry Service
3941:Western Desert Force
3646:Walker, Ian (2006).
3257:Barr, Niall (2004).
3238:21 June 2006 at the
3197:Playfair et al. 2004
3185:Playfair et al. 2004
3175:, pp. 316, 365.
3173:Playfair et al. 2004
3015:Imperial War Museums
2933:Playfair et al. 2004
2897:Playfair et al. 2004
2868:Playfair et al. 2004
2856:Playfair et al. 2004
2844:Playfair et al. 2004
2832:Playfair et al. 2004
2779:Playfair et al. 2004
2737:Playfair et al. 2004
2725:Playfair et al. 2004
2701:Playfair et al. 2004
2641:Playfair et al. 2004
2629:Playfair et al. 2004
2617:Playfair et al. 2004
2581:Playfair et al. 2004
2566:Playfair et al. 2004
2554:Playfair et al. 2004
2535:Playfair et al. 2004
2533:, pp. 97, 104;
2531:Playfair et al. 2004
2482:Playfair et al. 2004
2470:Playfair et al. 2004
2458:Playfair et al. 2004
2446:Playfair et al. 2004
2434:Playfair et al. 2004
2422:Playfair et al. 2004
2410:Playfair et al. 2004
2398:Playfair et al. 2004
2374:Playfair et al. 2004
2362:Playfair et al. 2004
1592:8th Armoured Brigade
1514:to the Middle East.
1440:(Lieutenant-General
1308:the invasion of the
1306:Operation Barbarossa
1268:, which was renamed
1266:Western Desert Force
790:Armistice with Italy
4395:Axis units involved
4384:Scrap Iron Flotilla
4304:Replacement units:
4246:Operation Battleaxe
3437:Chatto & Windus
2991:Walker 2006, p. 193
2870:, pp. 333–335.
2834:, pp. 285–287.
2793:, pp. 229–230.
2715:, pp. 554–555.
2667:, pp. 101–102.
2619:, pp. 5–6, 10.
2460:, pp. 253–254.
2436:, pp. 159–162.
2388:, pp. 484–486.
2247:Moro River Campaign
1987:
1807:Operation Slapstick
1656:French North Africa
1629:Freddie de Guingand
1583:, commander of the
1546:, commander of the
1495:Reade Godwin-Austen
1371:Middle East Command
1302:Operation Battleaxe
1252:. A counterattack,
434:Associated articles
18:British Eighth Army
4275:The Rats of Tobruk
4254:Operation Crusader
3545:Playfair, I. S. O.
3429:Mackenzie, Compton
3209:Molony et al. 2004
3086:. BBC. 5 June 1944
2484:, pp. 1, 403.
2227:Invasion of Sicily
2158:Lieutenant-General
2130:Lieutenant-General
2110:Bernard Montgomery
2102:Lieutenant-General
2045:Lieutenant-General
2017:Lieutenant-General
1983:
1927:Lucian K. Truscott
1900:
1881:Apennine Mountains
1858:Operation Overlord
1854:
1825:(later redesigned
1783:
1707:
1688:Bernard Montgomery
1640:
1610:Qattara Depression
1564:
1554:Retreat into Egypt
1548:Panzer Army Africa
1537:Operation Herkules
1434:
1424:Crusader to Gazala
1397:behind the front.
1359:
1298:Operation Skorpion
1288:. This led to the
1242:
1206:colonial ambitions
1118:Free French Forces
1064:Operation Crusader
682:Invasion of Sicily
4465:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4430:
4422:
4414:
4406:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4238:Operation Brevity
4234:
4230:Operation Compass
4210:
4200:
4195:Twin Pimples raid
4191:
4183:
4130:
4129:
3931:3rd Anti-Aircraft
3926:2nd Anti-Aircraft
3921:1st Anti-Aircraft
3704:Eighth Army Deeds
3676:978-1-844-15384-8
3600:978-1-84574-067-2
3581:978-1-84574-066-5
3562:978-1-84574-065-8
3536:978-1-58567-689-7
3501:978-1-84574-069-6
3482:978-1-86227-431-0
3463:978-1-52671-610-1
3420:978-0-71901-717-9
3398:978-1-84574-071-9
3376:978-0-116-30181-9
3350:978-0-199-24630-4
3331:978-0-95769-155-1
3312:978-1-86227-153-1
3290:978-1-47380-042-7
3268:978-0-22406-195-7
3187:, pp. 60–61.
2643:, pp. 59–61.
2472:, pp. 24–25.
2424:, pp. 19–41.
2232:Invasion of Italy
2185:Royal Albert Hall
2176:
2175:
2012:24 September 1941
1994:Appointment date
1819:landed at Salerno
1799:Operation Baytown
1779:HM King George VI
1760:Tunisian campaign
1724:battle exhaustion
1569:Eric Dorman-Smith
1508:Cape of Good Hope
1475:Operation Acrobat
1395:internal security
1367:Claude Auchinleck
1344:Winston Churchill
1294:Operation Brevity
1254:Operation Compass
1164:, as well as the
1075:Tunisian campaign
1031:
1030:
1024:Italian Civil War
762:Invasion of Italy
634:
633:
533:Tunisian campaign
497:
496:
177:Invasion of Egypt
123:
122:
16:(Redirected from
4515:
4449:
4436:
4428:
4420:
4412:
4404:
4281:Original units:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4208:
4198:
4189:
4181:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4046:Northern Ireland
3733:
3726:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3680:
3661:
3642:
3623:
3619:978-184574-068-9
3604:
3585:
3566:
3549:Butler, J. R. M.
3540:
3523:Neillands, Robin
3518:
3516:
3505:
3486:
3467:
3448:
3424:
3402:
3385:Jackson, William
3380:
3368:
3354:
3335:
3316:
3294:
3272:
3243:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2960:
2953:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2314:Harold Alexander
2310:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:Richard McCreery
2154:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2126:
2125:30 December 1943
2114:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2070:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2040:26 November 1941
2029:
2028:
2027:
2013:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1787:Italian Campaign
1684:Harold Alexander
1581:Bernard Freyberg
1520:Battle of Gazala
1463:official history
1282:Australian force
1246:Second World War
1202:inter-war period
1166:I Canadian Corps
1079:Italian campaign
1056:Army of the Nile
1048:Second World War
848:Monte la Difensa
673:
671:
670:Italian Campaign
661:
654:
647:
638:
637:
536:
534:
524:
517:
510:
501:
500:
490:
164:
162:
152:
145:
138:
129:
128:
118:Italian campaign
92:
90:
89:
74:
72:
71:
48:
37:Army of the Nile
32:
31:
21:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4390:
4263:
4213:
4187:Siege of Tobruk
4167:
4161:
4131:
4126:
4090:
4066:South East Asia
4056:Persia and Iraq
3945:
3835:
3780:
3740:
3737:
3699:Wayback Machine
3688:
3683:
3677:
3658:
3639:
3620:
3601:
3582:
3563:
3537:
3502:
3483:
3464:
3421:
3399:
3377:
3351:
3332:
3313:
3299:Carver, Michael
3291:
3277:Carver, Michael
3269:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3240:Wayback Machine
3231:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3112:on 31 July 2007
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2883:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:, pp. 1–2.
2579:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2545:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:, pp. 6–8.
2372:
2368:
2364:, pp. 1–3.
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2333:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2297:
2284:William Ramsden
2265:
2193:
2191:Order of battle
2181:
2164:
2163:
2136:
2135:
2108:
2107:
2080:
2079:
2052:
2051:
2025:Alan Cunningham
2023:
2022:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1959:
1943:Josip Broz Tito
1891:in early June.
1827:15th Army Group
1811:U.S. Fifth Army
1772:
1752:18th Army Group
1740:
1668:Japanese threat
1666:as well as the
1654:, a landing in
1652:Operation Torch
1605:
1556:
1541:Generalleutnant
1426:
1414:Robin Neillands
1375:Alan Cunningham
1328:
1323:
1290:siege of Tobruk
1178:
1170:II Polish Corps
1087:15th Army Group
1083:18th Army Group
1060:siege of Tobruk
1032:
1027:
1021:
814:Vatican bombing
685:
674:
669:
667:
665:
635:
630:
537:
532:
530:
528:
498:
493:
445:Devil's gardens
431:
311:2nd Bir el Gubi
301:1st Bir el Gubi
165:
160:
158:
156:
126:
116:
87:
85:
69:
67:
51:
38:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4521:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4431:
4423:
4415:
4407:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4376:
4368:Outside units:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4278:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4184:
4182:(January 1941)
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3845:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3687:
3686:External links
3684:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3662:
3656:
3643:
3638:978-0850528510
3637:
3624:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3586:
3580:
3567:
3561:
3541:
3535:
3519:
3506:
3500:
3487:
3481:
3468:
3462:
3449:
3425:
3419:
3407:Jeffery, Keith
3403:
3397:
3381:
3375:
3365:Grand Strategy
3355:
3349:
3336:
3330:
3317:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3273:
3267:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3225:
3223:, p. 355.
3213:
3211:, p. 510.
3201:
3199:, p. 396.
3189:
3177:
3165:
3150:
3144:978-1841762371
3143:
3123:
3097:
3075:
3053:
3027:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:|website=
2954:. p. 20.
2937:
2935:, p. 370.
2925:
2923:, p. 140.
2913:
2911:, p. 150.
2901:
2889:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2846:, p. 287.
2836:
2824:
2812:
2795:
2783:
2781:, p. 285.
2768:
2753:
2751:, p. 104.
2741:
2729:
2717:
2713:Mackenzie 1951
2705:
2693:
2689:Neillands 2005
2681:
2679:, p. 271.
2669:
2665:McGilvray 2020
2657:
2655:, p. 109.
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2605:Neillands 2005
2597:
2585:
2570:
2558:
2543:
2523:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2352:, p. 110.
2341:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2318:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2274:Jewish Brigade
2271:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2155:
2153:1 October 1944
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2104:
2099:
2097:15 August 1942
2094:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1974:
1971:
1958:
1955:
1947:Venezia Giulia
1844:, part of the
1771:
1768:
1739:
1736:
1615:scorched earth
1604:
1601:
1555:
1552:
1483:French Morocco
1468:Michael Carver
1442:William Holmes
1425:
1422:
1418:Rats of Tobruk
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1227:Western Desert
1186:British Empire
1177:
1174:
1110:Czechoslovakia
1029:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1002:
997:
992:
985:
978:
971:
956:
955:
950:
948:Monte Castello
945:
940:
935:
922:
921:
916:
911:
909:Trasimene Line
906:
899:
892:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Bernhardt Line
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
773:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
679:
676:
675:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
632:
631:
629:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
563:
558:
556:Kasserine Pass
553:
548:
542:
539:
538:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
495:
494:
492:
491:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
430:
429:
424:
423:
422:
417:
410:
398:
397:
396:
389:
382:
368:
363:
362:
361:
351:
346:
345:
344:
339:
329:
316:
315:
314:
313:
308:
303:
298:
284:
277:
270:
263:
262:
261:
256:
246:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
179:
170:
167:
166:
155:
154:
147:
140:
132:
124:
121:
120:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
79:
78:
76:United Kingdom
65:
61:
60:
57:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4520:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4456:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4424:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4207:
4204:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4151:
4146:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4071:South Eastern
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3976:Anti-Aircraft
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:Army Groups (
3743:
3734:
3729:
3727:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3657:1-86126-839-4
3653:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3085:
3079:
3063:
3057:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2980:
2968:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2750:
2745:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2691:, p. 86.
2690:
2685:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2607:, p. 13.
2606:
2601:
2595:, p. 15.
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2541:, p. 99.
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2496:, p. 99.
2495:
2490:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2289:The Third Man
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:John Whiteley
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Alam el Halfa
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2167:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2007:
2006:
1989:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:Tanks of the
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:rank and file
1713:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:support Malta
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:. A sizeable
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:Libyan colony
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:British India
1187:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:British India
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:
986:
984:
983:
979:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
929:
928:
927:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
904:
900:
898:
897:
893:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
873:Monte Cassino
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
839:
838:
837:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Volturno Line
817:
815:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
798:
797:
793:
791:
788:
786:
785:
781:
779:
778:
774:
772:
771:
767:
766:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
713:
712:
708:
706:
705:
701:
699:
698:
694:
692:
691:
687:
686:
684:
683:
677:
672:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
627:
626:
622:
620:
619:
615:
613:
612:
608:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:Longstop Hill
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
568:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Run for Tunis
544:
543:
540:
535:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
505:
502:
489:
488:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Maletti Group
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
440:Frontier Wire
438:
437:
436:
435:
428:
425:
421:
420:Outpost Snipe
418:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:
404:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
390:
388:
387:
383:
381:
380:
376:
375:
374:
373:
369:
367:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
328:
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
296:
292:
291:
290:
289:
285:
283:
282:
278:
276:
275:
271:
269:
268:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
244:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
153:
148:
146:
141:
139:
134:
133:
130:
125:Military unit
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
84:
80:
77:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
4434:Afrika Korps
4373:
4367:
4366:
4335:
4334:
4303:
4302:
4280:
4279:
3936:Commonwealth
3810:
3666:
3647:
3628:
3609:
3590:
3571:
3552:
3526:
3512:
3491:
3472:
3453:
3432:
3410:
3388:
3364:
3359:Gibbs, N. H.
3340:
3321:
3302:
3281:The Warlords
3280:
3258:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3159:
3153:
3133:
3126:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3066:. Retrieved
3056:
3046:13 September
3044:. Retrieved
3039:
3030:
3020:13 September
3018:. Retrieved
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2947:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2863:
2851:
2839:
2827:
2815:
2786:
2744:
2732:
2720:
2708:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2561:
2556:, p. 1.
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2489:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2350:Jeffery 1984
2345:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2182:
2138:Oliver Leese
2069:25 June 1942
2054:Neil Ritchie
1960:
1941:forces met.
1920:
1901:
1866:
1862:Oliver Leese
1855:
1817:, which had
1784:
1741:
1708:
1692:William Gott
1641:
1606:
1589:
1577:Ian Playfair
1573:
1565:
1544:Erwin Rommel
1516:
1512:Indian Ocean
1479:Tripolitania
1472:
1459:Neil Ritchie
1455:
1435:
1410:George Forty
1399:
1360:
1329:
1310:Soviet Union
1243:
1219:Mersa Matruh
1198:protectorate
1179:
1142:South Africa
1126:Newfoundland
1095:
1089:(later, the
1068:
1055:
1052:Western Army
1051:
1044:British Army
1035:
1033:
1022:
1005:
988:
981:
974:
967:
959:
957:
924:
923:
903:Chesterfield
902:
895:
888:
834:
833:
824:Barbara Line
807:
795:
783:
776:
769:
761:
759:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
681:
624:
617:
610:
603:
566:
551:Sidi Bou Zid
465:Babini Group
450:Fort Capuzzo
433:
432:
413:
406:
392:
385:
378:
371:
359:Sidi Haneish
349:Mersa Matruh
325:
318:
317:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:Twin Pimples
249:Tobruk siege
242:
201:
200:
194:Sidi Barrani
182:
171:
94:British Army
35:Western Army
29:
4289:(main unit)
4249:(June 1941)
4209:(June 1942)
4199:(July 1941)
4081:West Africa
4036:Middle East
3996:East Africa
2921:French 2001
2909:French 2001
2791:French 2001
2749:Carver 2002
2677:Carver 2005
2653:Warner 2006
2539:Warner 2006
2516:13 February
2494:Warner 2006
2252:Gothic Line
2222:Wadi Akarit
2217:Mareth Line
1939:Yugoslavian
1908:Gothic Line
1869:Winter Line
1764:Axis forces
1720:Rommel myth
1676:Alan Brooke
1381:during the
1130:New Zealand
1046:during the
1036:Eighth Army
1000:Argenta Gap
926:Gothic Line
836:Winter Line
618:Retribution
588:Wadi Akarit
578:Mareth Line
480:Baggush Box
401:2nd Alamein
354:1st Alamein
342:Tobruk 1942
243:Sonnenblume
215:Tobruk 1941
110:Engagements
39:Eighth Army
4472:Categories
4241:(May 1941)
3950:Commands (
3856:I Airborne
3831:Fourteenth
3250:References
3137:. Osprey.
3000:Mead p. 44
2593:Forty 2014
2386:Gibbs 1976
2003:Source(s)
1977:See also:
1756:First Army
1674:, General
1620:Nile delta
1532:Bir Hakeim
1446:El Alamein
1336:field army
1270:XIII Corps
1223:Alexandria
1182:Suez Canal
1176:Background
1040:field army
1012:Collecchio
953:Garfagnana
938:San Marino
853:San Pietro
583:El Guettar
567:Ochsenkopf
470:Combeforce
460:Camouflage
427:El Agheila
366:Alam Halfa
337:Bir Hakeim
254:2nd Bardia
210:1st Bardia
104:Field army
4437:(Germany)
4112:Deception
4051:Palestine
4016:GHQ India
3991:Cyrenaica
3966:Aldershot
3525:(2005) .
3301:(2002) .
3279:(2005) .
3160:The Times
2977:ignored (
2967:cite book
2885:Barr 2004
2820:Barr 2004
2808:Barr 2004
2764:Barr 2004
2337:Citations
2300:Footnotes
2047:(Acting)
1957:Aftermath
1829:), under
1813:, led by
1712:pep talks
1660:Case Blue
1332:XXX Corps
1326:Formation
1262:Cyrenaica
1258:10th Army
1162:XXX Corps
1146:Mauritius
1098:Australia
829:Bari raid
784:Slapstick
777:Avalanche
755:Centuripe
725:Narcissus
697:Mincemeat
690:Corkscrew
561:Sedjenane
372:Agreement
306:Point 175
281:Battleaxe
225:Beda Fomm
4086:Western
4076:Southern
4061:Scottish
4041:Northern
4011:Far East
3785:Armies (
3695:Archived
3445:59637091
3431:(1951).
3409:(1984).
3361:(1976).
3236:Archived
3116:17 March
3090:17 March
3068:17 March
2956:Archived
2263:See also
2197:Crusader
2179:Veterans
1904:Florence
1873:Adriatic
1850:Belpasso
1748:Tunisian
1664:Caucasus
1369:the GOC
1168:and the
1138:Rhodesia
896:Strangle
883:Cisterna
739:Ladbroke
718:Chestnut
598:Hill 609
573:Medenine
414:Braganza
288:Crusader
274:Skorpion
235:Giarabub
4429:(Italy)
4421:(Italy)
4413:(Italy)
4405:(Italy)
4026:Malaya
4001:Eastern
3840:Corps (
3826:Twelfth
3551:(ed.).
2074:General
1951:Trieste
1935:Austria
1931:Bologna
1877:V Corps
1831:General
1803:Taranto
1801:and at
1746:on the
1738:Tunisia
1438:X Corps
1321:History
1225:in the
1042:of the
1017:Trieste
1006:Herring
995:Bologna
975:Tombola
943:Gemmano
770:Baytown
732:Fustian
711:Animals
704:Barclay
407:Bertram
386:Caravan
326:Acrobat
295:Flipper
267:Brevity
220:Mechili
189:Nibeiwa
183:Compass
64:Country
4164:Tobruk
4021:London
3811:Eighth
3806:Second
3673:
3654:
3635:
3616:
3597:
3578:
3559:
3533:
3498:
3479:
3460:
3443:
3417:
3395:
3373:
3347:
3328:
3309:
3287:
3265:
3141:
2242:Diadem
2202:Gazala
1680:Moscow
1491:Gazala
1406:Jerboa
1346:, the
1286:Tobruk
1212:. The
1196:and a
1160:, and
1134:Poland
1122:Greece
1116:, the
1114:Cyprus
1106:Canada
1038:was a
982:Bowler
968:Encore
933:Rimini
914:Ancona
889:Diadem
868:Rapido
863:Ortona
802:Naples
750:Troina
625:Strike
604:Vulcan
393:Nicety
379:Bigamy
332:Gazala
91:
82:Branch
73:
56:Active
4095:Other
4031:Malta
4006:Egypt
3986:Burma
3821:Tenth
3816:Ninth
3801:First
2959:(PDF)
2952:(PDF)
2295:Notes
1997:Rank
1770:Italy
1450:Syria
1379:Kenya
1340:Cairo
989:Roast
878:Anzio
808:Devon
796:Achse
230:Kufra
4102:ABDA
3961:Aden
3952:list
3911:XIII
3886:VIII
3842:list
3787:list
3771:21st
3766:18th
3761:15th
3756:11th
3747:list
3671:ISBN
3652:ISBN
3633:ISBN
3614:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3576:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3477:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3441:OCLC
3415:ISBN
3393:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3118:2019
3092:2019
3070:2019
3048:2020
3022:2020
2979:help
2518:2022
1991:No.
1921:The
1889:Rome
1400:The
1180:The
1158:XIII
1062:via
1034:The
919:Elba
858:Moro
745:Gela
611:Flax
319:1942
202:1941
172:1940
100:Type
3916:XXX
3906:XII
3881:VII
3866:III
1805:in
1128:,
1093:).
4474::
3901:XI
3891:IX
3871:IV
3861:II
3439:.
3038:.
3013:.
2971::
2969:}}
2965:{{
2875:^
2798:^
2771:^
2756:^
2573:^
2546:^
2501:^
2149:6
2121:5
2093:4
2065:3
2036:2
2008:1
1233:.
1172:.
1156:,
1152:,
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1124:,
1120:,
1112:,
1108:,
1104:,
1100:,
1066:.
4197:(
4156:e
4149:t
4142:v
3954:)
3896:X
3876:V
3851:I
3844:)
3789:)
3749:)
3732:e
3725:t
3718:v
3679:.
3660:.
3641:.
3622:.
3603:.
3584:.
3565:.
3539:.
3504:.
3485:.
3466:.
3447:.
3423:.
3401:.
3379:.
3353:.
3334:.
3315:.
3293:.
3271:.
3147:.
3120:.
3094:.
3072:.
3050:.
3024:.
2981:)
2520:.
1154:X
1150:V
660:e
653:t
646:v
523:e
516:t
509:v
151:e
144:t
137:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
