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1027:, Vishnu and other temples. However, these structures were destroyed in the late 13th and 14th centuries except this temple. The other Chola landmarks, clearly shown by soil covered mounds and excavated broken pillar stumps and brick walls, are found over a large area nearby. The earliest inscription that mentions this city by name is dated 1029, while the earliest reference to Rajendra I's expedition towards the Ganges river in the north is dated 1023. The first gift to the newly built Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple is dated 1035.
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743:(temple tower) is 55 m (180 ft) high, which is 3 m (9.8 ft) smaller than the Thanjavur Temple. Historians believe that the height of the temple is deliberately kept low in dimensions compared to the Thanjavur temple as a mark of respect of Rajendra to his father's masterpiece. Compared to the Thanjavur Temple, which has straight contours, this temple has a curvilinear contour, slightly concave towards the top. It is divided into eight zones.
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881:) including those at the lower levels, in contrast to the thirteen storeys at Thanjavur. Each storey has a square-circle-oblong artwork. The upper levels repeat the lower level design in a rhythmic shrinking pattern. The symmetry principles are dutifully embedded in, but the rate of shrinking is not linear with height. The lower storeys shrink faster than the upper storeys. This gives the vimana an uncommon parabolic form. The
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Except for this temple, the old city of
Gangaikonda Cholapuram – the capital of a powerful Asian empire from around AD 900 to AD 1215 or over three centuries along with its other major Chola-era Hindu temples have been completely destroyed, leaving a desolate place. The Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple
1125:
and
Pandyas, provides a vivid account of the city and the temple. Like the Thanjavur temple, this temple is also believed to have emerged as a centre of social, economic and political activities. Cultural activities like music, dance and art in the form of bronzes were encouraged and staged in the
1042:
who defeated the Cholas during the later part of 13th-century "may have razed the city to ground" to avenge their previous defeats. However, it is unclear why other temples were destroyed and this temple was spared, as well as why there are around twenty inscriptions from later Cholas, Pandyas and
1030:
Rajendra I, states
Dehejia, must have involved the same craftsmen used by his father and transferred them from Thanjavur. Most or all of the Chola kings from Rajendra I had their coronation at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Archaeological excavations have revealed fort walls and palace remains a few
1204:(waving of lamps) for both Brihadeeswarar and Periya Nayagi. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6:00 a.m.–12:30 p.m. and 4:00 p.m.–9:00 p.m. every day. The temple has many festivals in its calendar, with the
1154:. The temples are classified as Great Living Chola Temples as they are still visited, worshiped in and used as they were when they were constructed. The millennium celebration of the coronation of the Rajendra Chola was celebrated in the temple over two days during July 2014.
676:
measures 103.63 m (340.0 ft) long by 30.48 m (100.0 ft) with an east–west axis, but part of it is likely missing with the surviving foundation covered by soil and with a restored surface for tourism. On the visible part, states
Balasubrahmanyam, the
1018:
as his capital from the earlier Chola capital of
Thanjavur. Gangaikonda Cholapuram remained the Chola capital for the next 250 years. Rajendra I built the entire capital with several temples using plans and infrastructure recommended in Tamil Vastu and Agama
1385:
724:
bull in the courtyard, aligned axially 200 m (660 ft) facing the sanctum. There are five shrines around the sanctum and a Lion well, which was added during the 19th century. The temple site has a monolithic representation of
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An alternative theory links the destruction to the raids, plunder and wars, particularly with the invasion of the capital city and the territories, that were earlier a part of the Chola and
Madurai Empires, by the armies of the
1511:
696:
The main temple is built on an elevated structure with the courtyard measuring 560 ft (170 m) by 320 ft (98 m). Its sanctum measures 100 sq ft (9.3 m) and is entered through the
1150:(ASI) made additions to the shopping and visitor attraction offices in the temple in 2009 that included a museum, restaurant, shops and restrooms under the aegis of the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the
980:, but inscriptions indicate the 20th regnal year, which is 1035 AD. Rajendra wanted to emulate the temple built by his father after his victory in a campaign across India that Chola era texts state covered
1449:
1351:
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One relief includes a most unusual portrait of a Hindu ruler who built the temple. Shiva, with
Parvati beside him, hands down a garland of flowers to mark his victory to a diminutive seated figure of
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between the bays. The end bays are squares, the other three are oblong. The center bay of each set of five being the widest. On each side are carvings on the wall with four horizontal rows of
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and the scale of its tower. As well as its notability for having been built by
Rajendra I, the temple is also noteworthy for its numerous inscriptions, although none of them are his.
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defeated the
Madurai Sultanate in 1378 and this temple, along with other Chola era temples, then returned to the control of Hindu kings who repaired and restored many of them.
195:
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in 1327. The period that followed saw wars between the Hindu kings and the Muslim sultans who succeeded the Delhi
Sultanate and carved out new states such as the nearby
432:, and other monuments, with some partially ruined or restored in later centuries. The temple is famed for its bronze sculptures, artwork on its walls, the depiction of
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631:(sanctum) and the tower elements are all square shaped and incorporate circles and principles of geometric symmetry. The structural elements resemble the big
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connects the sanctum and the great hall. The temple is one of the earliest ones to have pillared halls, which became a common feature in subsequent temples.
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2027:"Stunning, Impressive Temple of Gangai-Konda-Cholapuram: This Place Has History Associated with River Ganga & the City Was Founded by Rajendra Chola I"
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551:. The nearby city of Chidambaram is connected to other major cities by daily trains on the Indian railway network, Tamil Nadu bus services and
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Rajendra I, as is Tamil tradition, then assumed the name Gangaikonda Cholan, meaning the one who conquered the Ganges. He established
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in the year 2004. All three temples were built by the Cholas between the 10th and 12th centuries CE and have many similarities. The
641:(tower). Inside are shrines, most of which are aligned on an east–west axis; a few are perpendicular. The temple complex includes
885:(neck) is oriented towards the cardinal directions, and like the Thanjavur Temple, Nandi bulls sit on its top corners. Above the
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water and pour them into the temple's well. The well was originally called Cholagangam as it was filled with water from Ganges.
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was based on the streets and city structure of Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Similar correlation is derived based on the works of
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Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings
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as a monument, worship practises are followed similar to those at other Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu. The temple follows
426:, are aligned on an east–west axis. In addition to the main shrine, the temple complex has a number of smaller shrines,
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460:(December–January) are the most prominent. It is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu. The
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3205:, New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 33,
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s, the guardians, each 6 ft (1.8 m) tall. The sanctum contains Brihadeeswarar (Shiva) in the form of
461:
383:
1415:
897:
748:
3808:
3559:
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George Michell (2008), Architecture and art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 16-21, 89-91
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George Michell (2008), Architecture and art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9-13, 16-21
293:
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Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History
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and Shiva garlanding a devotee — being the most prominent. There is a shrine for Shaiva saint and scholar
400:
The main temple dedicated to Shiva is based on a square plan, but it displays other Hindu deities such as
4531:
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3181:
3162:
A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations
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Vishnu Durga sculpture showing Vaishnavism-Shaktism fusion and the belief that Durga is Vishnu's sister.
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Gangaikonda Cholpuram and the temple are mentioned in many of the contemporary works of the period like
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traditions. Each storey has moulded horizontal projections (cornices) with floral arch-shaped motifs (
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4281:
3991:
786:). According to Balasubrahmanyam, incorporated in the features are mythical creatures in the form of
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remains an active temple. Four daily rituals, and many yearly festivals are held there, of which the
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2218:"Excavation at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the imperial capital of Rajendra Chola, and its significance"
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The tower rises as a vertical square structure to a height of 10.67 m (35.0 ft) above the
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was established in the 14th century, after the disastrous invasions and plunder of South India by
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1176:(rituals) during festivals and daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day:
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in Thanjavur. Both include a courtyard entered through multiple gateways and relatively small
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wrapped around it. Each band has five individual bays on the south, west and east sides with
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dynasty era temple is similar in design, and has a similar name, as the older 11th century,
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There are about fifty sculptural reliefs around the walls of the sanctum, three of which —
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The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement
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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia
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is 4 m (13 ft) tall and the base has a circumference of 18 m (59 ft).
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with a square plan. The original courtyard is two squares stacked next to each other, all
8:
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at Thanjavur. Some experts believe that the temple was built during 1020, during the 6th
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indicating various gifts and grants to this temple if they previously razed this place.
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portrayed as the teacher of yoga, dance and sciences stepping over demon of ignorance.
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929:). There are other niches around the temple walls depicting various forms of Shiva,
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Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art
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Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Sacred texts, ritual traditions, arts, concepts
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Thanjavur was a target of both Muslim and Hindu kingdoms, both near and far. The
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The reasons for the city's destruction are unclear. According to Vasanthi, the
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Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India
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571:
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521:
520:. Roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the northeast is the similarly named
210:
197:
2126:. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 26–34.
1731:. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu. pp. 14–16.
1694:
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PV Jagadisa Ayyar (1993), South Indian Shrines, Asian Educational Services,
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1228:, the ablution of the presiding deity with cooked rice is performed during
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901:, whose inscription was once gold coated; the gold is long gone. Above the
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343:
386:. Both are among the largest Shiva temples in South India and examples of
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996:. After his victory, he demanded that the defeated kingdoms send pots of
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517:
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382:. The Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple is smaller yet more refined than the
359:
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1345:, son of Parvati and Shiva, with a pen and sweetmeat food in his hands.
891:
726:
662:
363:
109:
3165:. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass).
1745:
420:, and others. It opens to the sunrise and its sanctum, as well as the
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3998:
3925:
3881:
3715:
3695:
3524:
3478:
3354:
3075:
Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; et al. (2009).
2224:. Singapore: Institute of south-east Asian Studies. pp. 96–100.
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1104:
981:
942:
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918:
849:
703:
529:
485:
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Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India
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The Great Chola Temples: Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram
1889:
4205:
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3264:. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press).
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Shiva with Parvati in an amorous pose, dancer panels surround them.
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532:, and is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the northeast of the
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1776:"NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI"
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1100:
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753:
689:(partial hall) is 19.81 m (65.0 ft). The square-shaped
637:
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428:
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3186:. Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass).
2869:
Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period
1941:
1939:
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between 7:30 –8:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps:
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993:
989:
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863:
709:
537:
465:
464:(ASI) administers the temple as a protected heritage monument.
401:
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2691:
Raju Kalidos; R. K. Kesava Rajarajan; R. K. Parthiban (2006).
1330:
Shiva with Parvati in abhaya mudra, warrior panels below them.
1035:, Rajendra's successor, built fortifications around the city.
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36, 81, and 245. The nearest airport with regular services is
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1936:
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409:
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2220:. In Kulke, Hermann; K., Kesavapany; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.).
3793:
1529:
Lion in the water well in the temple, added in 19th century
1471:
1391:
895:
s, then a symmetric open lotus. The tower is capped with a
685:(great hall) is 53.34 m (175.0 ft) long, and the
3203:
India Art and Architecture in ancient and medieval periods
3120:
Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories
2974:
The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms
1979:(1st ed.). Kanniyakumari: Harikumar Arts. p. 38.
1474:
and secular scenes of people are shown in numerous reliefs
1291:
legend, signifying the dance of time and eternity by Shiva
508:
The Brihadeeswarar Temple is located near the village of
2928:
2119:
1724:
1541:
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century
937:. There are many bronze statues in the temple depicting
175:
Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram (Tamil Nadu)
1091:. Scholars like Vasanthi believe that the 11th century
3179:
3158:
3137:
2404:. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. p. 316.
16:
Brohadisvara temple is known as Gangaikonda cholapuram
3570:
Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty
3218:
2851:. Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass).
2467:"Gangaikondacholapuram decked up to welcome tourists"
2427:"World Heritage Site status for Airavatesvara Temple"
2136:
2107:
2092:
1930:
1918:
1762:
1712:
1700:
1674:, Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India
1645:
559:(IATA: TRZ), about 120 kilometres (75 mi) away.
378:
about 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the southwest in
3758:
Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen's Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat
2784:
1895:
1479:
681:(sanctum) is 30.48 m (100.0 ft) long, the
390:
temples. The temple is also referred to in texts as
3304:
2746:
Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation
2694:
Encyclopaedia of Hindu Iconography: Sakti goddesses
2663:
2609:
2064:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
1951:
1625:. Sterling Publishers Private Limited. p. 32.
1394:
is angry, ferocious form of Durga, a Shaktism deity
3283:
3013:
2270:Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies
2061:
1864:
1157:
512:, about 280 kilometres (170 mi) southwest of
3773:Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai
3389:
2643:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 138–139.
2266:
1240:The temple features many sculptures and reliefs:
1031:kilometers from this temple. It is believed that
4503:
3631:Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana
3257:
3236:
3053:
2911:The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara
2575:
2262:
2260:
2253:. Tamil University, Thanjavur. pp. 109–111.
1505:Another desecrated relief (likely Dakshinamurti)
877:The Sri-vimana at Gangaikonda has nine storeys (
669:art conservation officials in the 19th century.
3510:Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks
3489:Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area
3200:
2148:
1945:
1847:Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr
1843:
3011:
2990:
2970:
2809:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
2728:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.
2722:A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995).
2616:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 223–229, 237.
2605:
2603:
2433:. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008
2297:
2169:
2059:
1871:. Princeton University Press. pp. 72–78.
3809:
3375:
3286:Animals in Four Worlds: Sculptures from India
3116:
3096:Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986).
2823:
2257:
2001:. Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81.
1272:Another depiction of Nataraja, surrounded by
1224:(December–January) being the most prominent.
1170:tradition and the temple priests perform the
752:. It has two horizontal bands with a massive
602:The Ganesha shrine with the main Shiva temple
504:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple by the highway.
3057:The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts
2949:
2907:
2886:
2640:Women, Androgynes, and Other Mythical Beasts
2350:
2348:
2346:
1409:, a Vedic deity and one of the Hindu trinity
488:. These are referred to collectively as the
456:(October– November) and Thiruvadirai during
3598:Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
3099:Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture
2865:
2657:
2600:
2582:. Archaeological Survey of India. pp.
2379:. Pearson Education India. pp. 14–15.
2318:
1821:. Municipality of Thanjavur. Archived from
1783:Ministry of Road Transport & Highways,
1558:– another World Heritage Site in Tamil Nadu
1220:(October–November) and Thiruvadirai during
661:. Some of these were added and restored by
3816:
3802:
3382:
3368:
3039:. National Book Trust, India. p. 49.
3037:Medieval India the study of a civilization
2802:
2763:
2742:
2491:
1216:(February–March), Aipassi Pournami during
796:is decorated with necklace shaped motifs.
611:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple is built in
452:(February–March), Aipassi Pournami during
36:
24:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Brihadisvara Temple
3446:Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara
2845:Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005).
2670:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 273–281.
2543:
2343:
2024:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1493:A desecrated deity relief (likely Narada)
960:The temple was constructed in 1035 AD by
3326:Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014).
3282:; Wendy Doniger; George Michell (1989).
3102:. American Institute of Indian Studies.
1990:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1740:
1738:
1715:, pp. 241-245 with footnote on 243.
1443:, a goddess of the Vaishnavism tradition
1377:
1133:
1002:
597:
594:traces a curve, unlike Thanjavur temple.
585:
499:
2020:
2018:
1994:
1752:from the original on 12 September 2015.
1677:
543:The temple is on Highway 81 connecting
4504:
3681:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
3183:An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture
3141:Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad
2994:Architecture and Art of Southern India
2339:from the original on 27 November 2017.
2308:from the original on 27 November 2017.
2287:from the original on 27 November 2017.
2248:
2238:from the original on 27 November 2017.
2181:
2025:Nandkumar, Vimala (28 November 2015).
1885:from the original on 27 November 2017.
1854:from the original on 27 November 2017.
1748:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2004.
1651:
800:Gangaikondacholapuram temple sculpture
562:Though inland, the temple is near the
3797:
3441:Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya
3363:
3034:
2399:
2372:
2182:Melton, J. Gordon (15 January 2014).
1983:
1963:
1957:
1735:
941:of the 11th century, with the one of
557:Tiruchirappalli International Airport
3515:Qutub Minar and its Monuments, Delhi
2366:
2322:Islam in South Asia: A Short History
2249:Pillai, J.M. Somanasundaram (1994).
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2015:
1790:National Highways Authority of India
1768:
1517:The statues recovered from the ruins
1260:dancing over the demon of ignorance.
1142:The temple was added to the list of
964:(1012-44 CE), the son of the famous
701:. The sanctum doorway is flanked by
516:and 50 kilometres (31 mi) from
3615:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
2929:Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010).
2492:Srinivasan, Pankaja (4 June 2012).
1618:
1556:Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram
370:as a part of his new capital, this
13:
4537:Shiva temples in Ariyalur district
2522:
2424:
2215:
1974:
1868:Agrarian Radicalism in South India
764:. These narrate Hindu legends and
14:
4548:
3355:Unesco Great Living Chola Temples
3348:
3332:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2637:Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1982).
2557:from the original on 27 July 2014
2525:"Tributes paid to Rajendra Chola"
2523:M., Balaganessin (25 July 2014).
2504:from the original on 19 June 2014
2202:
2120:Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi (1970).
2068:. Yale University Press. p.
1933:, pp. 245, context: 241-249.
1725:Irāmaccantiran̲ Nākacāmi (1970).
1480:Damaged ruins and later additions
1162:Though it is administered by the
905:is a lotus bud greeting the sky.
4485:
4476:
4475:
3951:
3636:Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
3620:Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
2830:. University of Delaware Press.
2767:The Temple Architecture of India
2425:T., Ramakrishnan (7 July 2004).
2304:. Mārg Publications. p. 8.
1522:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1460:
1448:
1433:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1365:
1350:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1265:
1250:
856:
842:
825:
810:
166:
159:
138:
131:
3290:. University of Chicago Press.
3180:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010).
3159:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997).
3138:Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1996).
2977:, University of Chicago Press,
2714:
2684:
2630:
2569:
2516:
2485:
2459:
2418:
2393:
2357:
2325:. BRILL Academic. p. 140.
2312:
2291:
2242:
2175:
2154:
2113:
2053:
1858:
1837:
1811:
1569:
1158:Festivals and worship practises
606:
3603:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur
3219:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975),
2997:. Cambridge University Press.
2914:. Cambridge University Press.
2725:Essays in Architectural Theory
2301:Islamic heritage of the Deccan
1718:
1612:
1148:Archaeological Survey of India
729:, the nine planetary deities.
720:There is an image of a seated
581:
462:Archaeological Survey of India
396:Gangaikondacholeeswaram Temple
1:
4512:World Heritage Sites in India
3560:Khangchendzonga National Park
3391:World Heritage Sites in India
3308:Elements of Hindu iconography
3201:Roma Chatterjee, ed. (2016),
2785:Ambujam Anantharaman (2006),
2667:Elements of Hindu Iconography
2613:Elements of Hindu Iconography
2400:Ayyar, P.V. Jagadisa (1993).
2273:. McFarland. pp. 93–94.
1606:
1138:The Nandi facing the sanctum.
945:being the most recognisable.
732:
665:after the 14th century or by
392:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
42:Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
3823:
3691:Churches and convents of Goa
3686:Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
3435:Darjeeling Himalayan Railway
3417:Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi
3412:Khajuraho Group of Monuments
3305:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993).
2789:, East West Books (Madras),
2664:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997).
2610:T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1997).
2473:. Ariyalur. 28 December 2009
1746:"Great Living Chola Temples"
1055:led by the Muslim commander
1007:Shiva shown garlanding king
908:
30:கங்கைகொண்ட சோழீசுவரர் கோயில்
7:
3610:Group of Monuments at Hampi
2551:"Sri Bragadeeswarar temple"
2251:The great temple at Tanjore
1865:Marshall M. Bouton (2014).
1792:. p. 2. Archived from
1622:Indian Heritage and Culture
1534:
1243:
495:
10:
4553:
4527:11th-century Hindu temples
4522:Hindu temples in Thanjavur
3785:Mountain Railways of India
3748:Historic City of Ahmadabad
3588:Great Living Chola Temples
3407:Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka
3016:Hindu Art and Architecture
2267:Michael C. Howard (2012).
2137:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
2108:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
2093:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1998:Art of the Imperial Cholas
1931:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1919:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1763:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1713:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1701:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1665:Great Living Chola Temples
1646:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975
1276:and other deities dancing.
1235:
1144:Great Living Chola Temples
955:
820:(half Shiva, half Parvati)
490:Great Living Chola Temples
366:. Completed in 1035 AD by
298:Cultural: (ii), (iii)
287:Great Living Chola Temples
276:UNESCO World Heritage Site
4471:
4433:
4378:
4305:
4267:
4229:
4191:
4182:
4152:Festivals and observances
4151:
4088:
4008:
3992:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta
3960:
3949:
3842:
3831:
3781:
3763:The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
3696:Dholavira:a Harappan city
3666:
3578:
3545:
3469:
3425:
3397:
3261:The Hindu Temple Volume 2
3258:Stella Kramrisch (1979).
3240:The Hindu Temple Volume 1
3237:Stella Kramrisch (1976).
3054:Kapila Vatsyayan (1997).
2935:. John Wiley & Sons.
2576:C. Sivaramamurti (2007).
2494:"Inside the Chola Temple"
2451:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2172:, p. 51 footnote 17.
2031:Daily News & Analysis
1896:Ambujam Anantharaman 2006
1670:22 September 2013 at the
835:(half Shiva, half Vishnu)
804:
570:delta with access to the
332:
324:
312:
302:
292:
282:
273:
269:
259:
251:
241:
231:
226:
187:
125:
115:
105:
100:
86:
74:
64:
52:
47:
35:
28:
23:
4411:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar
3971:Shvetashvatara Upanishad
3625:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
3565:Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
3461:Sundarbans National Park
3060:. Abhinav Publications.
2749:. Abhinav Publications.
1844:Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri (2008).
1703:, pp. 241, 243–249.
1619:Rao, Raghunadha (1989).
1562:
1372:Dvarapalaka (Gatekeeper)
1152:Government of Tamil Nadu
1129:
1078:
1023:texts. These included a
925:(one of the sixty-three
625:, the shrine plans, the
472:in 2004, along with the
3711:Hill Forts of Rajasthan
3555:Kaziranga National Park
3311:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3243:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3020:. Thames & Hudson.
3012:George Michell (2000).
2991:George Michell (1995).
2971:George Michell (1988),
2872:. Motilal Banarsidass.
2697:. Sharada. p. 82.
2298:George Michell (1986).
2060:James C. Harle (1994).
1995:Dehejia, Vidya (2013).
1188:at 6:00 p.m., and
211:11.2062333°N 79.44889°E
4292:Tiruvanaikaval (Water)
3753:Jaipur City, Rajasthan
3499:Keoladeo National Park
3117:Monica Juneja (2001).
2824:Ajay J. Sinha (2000).
2787:Temples of South India
1977:Temples in South India
1819:"Thanjavur bus routes"
1139:
1016:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
1011:
613:Dravidian architecture
603:
595:
574:and through it to the
540:world heritage sites.
510:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
505:
352:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
189:Geographic coordinates
178:Show map of Tamil Nadu
147:Location in Tamil Nadu
4287:Tiruvannamalai (Fire)
3494:Humayun's Tomb, Delhi
3035:Habib, Irfan (2007).
2950:D Srinivasan (1997).
2908:Burton Stein (1989).
2887:Burton Stein (1978).
2373:Vipul, Singh (2009).
2216:S., Vasanthi (2009).
2123:Gangaikondacholapuram
1728:Gangaikondacholapuram
1378:Vaishnavism, Shaktism
1303:Shiva inside linga -
1137:
1059:in 1311, followed by
1006:
974:Brihadeeswarar Temple
768:mythologies from the
601:
589:
526:Brihadeeswarar Temple
503:
474:Brihadeeswarar Temple
376:Brihadeeswarar Temple
4269:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam
3641:Chennakeshava Temple
3593:Airavatesvara Temple
3535:Complexe du Capitole
3504:Kalka–Shimla railway
3221:Middle Chola Temples
3123:. Orient Blackswan.
2890:South Indian Temples
2866:Alice Boner (1990).
2402:South Indian Shrines
2319:Jamal Malik (2008).
2149:Roma Chatterjee 2016
1946:Roma Chatterjee 2016
1593:Adil Shahi Sultanate
1200:(food offering) and
1184:at 12:30 p.m.,
1117:, a treatise on the
1065:Muhammad bin Tughlaq
534:Airavatesvara Temple
482:Airavatesvara temple
216:11.2062333; 79.44889
4297:Kanchipuram (Earth)
4282:Tirukalahasti (Air)
4277:Chidambaram (Ether)
3978:Shivarahasya Purana
3646:Hoysaleswara Temple
2803:Adam Hardy (2015).
2764:Adam Hardy (2007).
2743:Adam Hardy (1995).
2553:. Dinamalar. 2014.
2170:George Michell 1988
2139:, pp. 244–245.
2110:, pp. 243–249.
2095:, pp. 243–244.
1921:, pp. 241–249.
1850:. Nile. p. 5.
1799:on 25 February 2009
1785:Government of India
1765:, pp. 240–241.
1648:, pp. 241–245.
1581:Ala ud-Din Khalji's
1180:at 8:30 a.m.,
1073:Vijayanagara Empire
1045:Vijayanagar Empires
801:
633:Brihadisvara Temple
470:World Heritage Site
340:Brihadisvara Temple
207: /
4532:Chola architecture
4517:Tamil architecture
4396:Kailash Mansarovar
4101:Pashupata Shaivism
4079:Hara Hara Mahadeva
3456:Sun Temple, Konark
3081:. Brill Academic.
2956:. BRILL Academic.
2932:A History of India
1975:V., Meena (1974).
1140:
1099:'s description of
1033:Kulothunga Chola I
1012:
799:
604:
596:
506:
236:Chola Architecture
4499:
4498:
4429:
4428:
3791:
3790:
3339:978-1-4438-6734-4
3318:978-81-208-0878-2
3297:978-0-226-76726-0
3271:978-81-208-0224-7
3250:978-81-208-0223-0
3223:, Thomson Press,
3212:978-81-230-2080-8
3193:978-81-7536-534-6
3172:978-81-7536-113-3
3151:978-81-215-0732-5
3109:978-0-8122-7992-4
3088:978-90-04-17893-9
3067:978-81-7017-362-5
3046:978-81-237-5255-6
3027:978-0-500-20337-8
3004:978-0-521-44110-0
2984:978-0-226-53230-1
2942:978-1-4443-2351-1
2921:978-0-521-26693-2
2879:978-81-208-0705-1
2837:978-0-87413-684-5
2816:978-93-81406-41-0
2796:978-81-88661-42-8
2756:978-81-7017-312-0
2735:978-0-19-563805-9
2704:978-81-88934-36-2
2677:978-81-208-0877-5
2650:978-0-226-61850-0
2623:978-81-208-0877-5
2593:978-81-87780-44-1
2332:978-90-04-16859-6
2280:978-0-7864-9033-2
2231:978-981-230-938-9
2079:978-0-300-06217-5
2047:HighBeam Research
1878:978-1-4008-5784-5
1577:Madurai Sultanate
1546:Raja Raja Chola I
1071:(1335–1378). The
1069:Madurai Sultanate
970:Raja Raja Chola I
875:
874:
871:
870:
553:National Highways
336:
335:
150:Show map of India
69:Ariyalur district
4544:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4189:
4188:
4133:Siddha Siddhanta
4096:Shaiva Siddhanta
4023:Om Namah Shivaya
3955:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3741:Ranthambore Fort
3520:Red Fort Complex
3384:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3360:
3343:
3322:
3301:
3289:
3275:
3254:
3233:
3215:
3197:
3176:
3155:
3134:
3113:
3092:
3071:
3050:
3031:
3019:
3008:
2987:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2883:
2862:
2841:
2820:
2799:
2781:
2760:
2739:
2709:
2708:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2607:
2598:
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2573:
2567:
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2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2376:Longman Vistas 7
2370:
2364:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2067:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2037:on 15 April 2018
2033:. Archived from
2022:
2013:
2012:
1992:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1898:, pp. 68–9.
1893:
1887:
1886:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1809:
1808:
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1804:
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1754:
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1742:
1733:
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1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
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1681:
1675:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1616:
1600:
1573:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1464:
1452:
1437:
1418:
1403:
1388:
1369:
1354:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1300:
1285:
1269:
1254:
1089:Kalingathuparani
972:, who built the
962:Rajendra Chola I
866:avatar of Vishnu
860:
846:
829:
814:
806:
805:
802:
798:
536:. All three are
384:Thanjavur Temple
368:Rajendra Chola I
246:Rajendra Chola I
222:
221:
219:
218:
217:
212:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
179:
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169:
163:
151:
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135:
40:
21:
20:
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4545:
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4542:
4541:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4467:
4425:
4421:Vadakkum Nathan
4374:
4301:
4263:
4225:
4216:Madhyamaheshwar
4178:
4164:Maha Shivaratri
4147:
4084:
4037:Mahāmrityunjaya
4004:
3956:
3947:
3904:Ardhanarishvara
3838:
3827:
3822:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3701:Elephanta Caves
3662:
3574:
3541:
3465:
3421:
3393:
3388:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3319:
3298:
3272:
3251:
3231:
3213:
3194:
3173:
3152:
3131:
3110:
3089:
3068:
3047:
3028:
3005:
2985:
2964:
2943:
2922:
2901:
2880:
2859:
2838:
2817:
2797:
2778:
2757:
2736:
2717:
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2705:
2689:
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2678:
2662:
2658:
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2635:
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2444:
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2412:
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2344:
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2313:
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2292:
2281:
2265:
2258:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2058:
2054:
2040:
2038:
2023:
2016:
2009:
1993:
1984:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1863:
1859:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1825:on 17 June 2013
1817:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:, pages 291-295
1682:
1678:
1672:Wayback Machine
1663:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1585:Delhi Sultanate
1574:
1570:
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815:
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609:
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388:Dravidian style
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4434:Related topics
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1196:(decoration),
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3768:Western Ghats
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2848:Silpa Prakasa
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2151:, p. 44.
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2019:
2010:
2008:9780231515245
2004:
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691:ardha mandapa
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680:
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670:
668:
667:British India
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3721:Chittor Fort
3706:Ellora Caves
3676:Ajanta Caves
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3451:Santiniketan
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1813:
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1794:the original
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912:
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683:maha mandapa
682:
679:garbha griha
678:
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671:
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651:Maha Mandapa
650:
646:
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628:garbha griha
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607:Architecture
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360:South Indian
344:Hindu temple
339:
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260:Inscriptions
227:Architecture
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4463:Other names
4345:Omkareshwar
4330:Mallikarjun
4193:Panch Kedar
4065:Shri Rudram
4051:Sahasranama
3736:Kumbhalgarh
3726:Gagron Fort
3144:. Laurier.
2535:28 November
2508:28 November
2477:28 November
2437:28 November
2160:Michell, 53
1829:29 December
1803:17 December
1597:Qutb Shahis
1589:Malik Kafur
1441:Gajalakshmi
1426:Vaishnavism
1305:Lingodbhava
1208:during the
1206:Shivarathri
1198:neivethanam
1186:Sayarakshai
1057:Malik Kafur
978:regnal year
794:entablature
749:adhisthanam
582:Description
549:Chidambaram
518:Chidambaram
444:during the
442:Shivarathri
356:Jayankondam
316:1987 (11th
313:Inscription
214: /
54:Affiliation
4506:Categories
4446:Rasalingam
4370:Vishwanath
4365:Vaidyanath
4221:Kalpeshwar
4174:Shiva Puja
4089:Traditions
3887:Tatpurusha
2531:. Ariyalur
1958:Habib 2007
1607:References
1232:festival.
1190:Arthajamam
1178:Kalasanthi
1009:Rajendra I
950:Rajendra I
892:kirtimukha
792:, and the
733:Sri-vimana
727:Navagrahas
364:Tamil Nadu
325:Extensions
202:79°26′56″E
110:Tamil Nadu
4406:Lingaraja
4401:Katas Raj
4340:Nageshvar
4325:Kedarnath
4211:Rudranath
4201:Kedarnath
3999:Tirumurai
3926:Kartikeya
3882:Sadyojata
3783:^part of
3716:Amer Fort
3547:Northeast
3525:Taj Mahal
3479:Agra Fort
2893:. Vikas.
2770:. Wiley.
2529:The Hindu
2498:The Hindu
2471:The Hindu
2447:cite news
2431:The Hindu
1428:tradition
1289:Kalantaka
1212:month of
1194:alangaram
1182:Uchikalam
1115:Muvar Ula
1105:Sekkizhar
1085:Muvar Ula
982:Karnataka
943:Kartikeya
939:Chola art
919:Saraswati
909:Sculpture
850:Saraswati
774:Vaishnava
758:pilasters
704:dvarapala
674:upapitham
623:upapitham
530:Thanjavur
486:Darasuram
478:Thanjavur
448:month of
380:Thanjavur
362:state of
358:, in the
303:Reference
252:Completed
87:Festivals
4481:Category
4386:Amarnath
4259:Chitiram
4254:Thamiram
4239:Rathinam
4206:Tungnath
4169:Pradosha
4106:Kapalika
3931:Devasena
3892:Vamadeva
3877:Nataraja
3867:Harihara
3857:Bhairava
3825:Shaivism
2555:Archived
2502:Archived
2337:Archived
2306:Archived
2285:Archived
2236:Archived
2041:13 April
1883:Archived
1852:Archived
1750:Archived
1668:Archived
1535:See also
1258:Nataraja
1244:Shaivism
1222:Margazhi
1126:temple.
927:Nayanars
915:Nataraja
833:Harihara
783:gavaksha
618:mandapas
496:Location
458:Margazhi
423:mandapas
414:Harihara
294:Criteria
101:Location
65:District
59:Hinduism
48:Religion
4458:Vibhuti
4355:Somnath
4058:Chalisa
3921:Ganesha
3914:Parvati
3844:Deities
3835:History
3399:Central
1587:led by
1343:Ganesha
1274:Parvati
1236:Gallery
1218:Aipassi
1168:Saivite
1101:Ayodhya
1040:Pandyas
956:History
889:is the
766:Puranic
762:friezes
754:cornice
740:vimanam
713:. This
638:gopuram
514:Chennai
454:Aipassi
318:Session
283:Part of
242:Creator
116:Country
4491:Portal
4453:Siddha
4441:Lingam
4379:Others
4111:Aghori
4014:Stotra
4010:Mantra
3899:Shakti
3872:Ishana
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1422:Vishnu
1407:Brahma
1230:Aipasi
1123:Cholas
1119:Cheras
1097:Kambar
1021:Sastra
994:Bengal
992:, and
990:Odisha
935:Vishnu
903:kalasa
898:kalasa
864:Varaha
778:Shakta
770:Shaiva
715:lingam
710:lingam
621:, the
592:vimana
538:UNESCO
466:UNESCO
429:gopura
402:Vishnu
307:250bis
4249:Velli
4116:Kaula
3962:Texts
3943:Nandi
3936:Valli
3852:Shiva
3580:South
3471:North
2586:–93.
1797:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1563:Notes
1210:Tamil
1173:pooja
1130:Today
1095:poet
1093:Tamil
1079:Texts
968:king
966:Chola
931:Durga
887:griva
883:griva
879:talas
722:Nandi
446:Tamil
434:Nandi
410:Surya
406:Durga
372:Chola
348:Shiva
342:is a
264:Tamil
120:India
106:State
81:Shiva
76:Deity
3909:Sati
3668:West
3427:East
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3245:ISBN
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3207:ISBN
3188:ISBN
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2645:ISBN
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2563:2014
2537:2015
2510:2015
2479:2015
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2327:ISBN
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2226:ISBN
2190:ISBN
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2043:2018
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1831:2012
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