42:
256:
661:
449:
753:
938:
892:, and their sieges indicate a period of sustained pressure by Bridei across the area. The pattern of high-status sites attacked in Bridei's campaigns suggests they were the centres of independent provinces that resisted his rule, as he built a confederation of territories by alliance or conquest that owed allegiance and tribute to him as king. Bridei's model of over-kingship seems closely modelled on the system of
685:
668:
719:
736:
702:
918:
218:
was expelled from the kingship after leading a rebellion against
Northumbrian domination in 671. Bridei established an expansionary policy however, and in a series of campaigns between 679 and 683 built a confederation of Pictish territories owing allegiance to him through alliance and conquest. This
634:
The expulsion of Drest and his replacement by Bridei was probably engineered by the combined power of
Ecgfrith and Pictish supporters of Bridei. Bridei would have seen himself as a subject of Ecgfrith in 671 and may have been initially subject to an overlord from a southern Pictish territory such as
1050:
left by the
Northumbrian retreat in the southern Pictish lands gave Bridei and his successors the opportunity to install favoured leaders from existing southern dynasties in positions of power and to move new groups of allies into territory abandoned by the Northumbrians. Bridei's reign saw the Dal
1150:
that began circulating from the mid-7th century consciously sought to legitimise the
Fortriu dynasty's dominance by constructing the idea of a single Pictish over-king, projected backwards before the historical horizon to create the impression of a single office of ancient provenance. It is likely
980:
on the afternoon of
Saturday 20 May 685, when Ecgfrith himself was killed and his army annihilated by Bridei's after being lured by the Picts into what Bede described as "the narrow passes of inaccessible mountains". The location of the battle is uncertain: since being identified in the early 19th
626:
how the "bestial peoples of the Picts despised their subjection to the Saxons with a fierce disdain and threatened to throw off from themselves the yoke of servitude", before describing a
Northumbrian victory so comprehensive it was "filling two rivers with corpses so that, amazing to say, the
1137:
The overlordship of the kings of
Fortriu that started with the reign of Bridei also saw the encouragement by its rulers of the idea that the Picts were a single people under a single king. Before Bridei's victory over Ecgfrith references in documents to the Picts used the plural term
1045:
Bridei's success in leading multiple
Pictish provinces against an outside enemy would have served to legitimise his kingship, consolidate his extensive territorial control and promote the sense of the territories under his rule as a single cohesive community. The
1134:. His reign marked the establishment of the pre-eminence of Fortriu as a Pictish province that saw it develop into the overkingdom of the Picts. Known to historians as the 'Verturian Hegemony', this led to the growth of a powerful Pictish state.
968:
in
Ireland, which was probably undertaken in response to an alliance between the Irish and the Britons. Ecgfrith sought to re-assert his dominance through a military campaign, and Bede describes how â against the advice of churchmen including
234:; and saw him consolidate his extensive territorial control. The following period saw the conscious development of the idea of the Picts as a single people under a single ruler; this process continued under the later kingships of
1178:(Taran mac Ainftech). By the reign of these successors, it seems that the lands of the Picts initially brought under the control of Fortriu by Bridei son of Beli by military means were being perceived as a single
1041:
in
Northumbria. The ending of the tributary relationship between Gaelic, British and Pictish territories and Northumbria would have caused significant political disruption across all these northern polities.
1012:
The immediate consequence of Bridei's victory at Dun Nechtain was the ending of Northumbrian overlordship over the lands of the Picts, of DĂĄl Riata and of some British lands, though it is possible that
172:, when the uniting of Pictish provinces under the over-kingship of the kings of Fortriu saw the development of a strong Pictish state and identity encompassing most of the peoples north of the
538:. The marriage of Bridei's parents would have marked an accommodation between Edwin and Neithon, extending Northumbrian influence into the lands of the Picts and of the Britons of the Clyde.
616:, suggesting Drest was leading an attempt to overthrow Northumbrian overlordship in the early years of the reign of Ecgfrith, after the death of Ecgfrith's powerful predecessor Oswiu.
291:, though identities and political groupings were in a constant state of flux and could often change among and between them. The Gaels occupied the west of modern Scotland north of the
1174:, and it is through her that they would have based their claim to the kingship of Fortriu after the overthrow by Bridei son of Der-Ilei (Bridei IV) of Bridei son of Beli's successor
432:
to primacy over "all the northern part of Britain and of Ireland and the Isles which are inhabited by the races of Angles, Britons, Gaels and Picts". In 681 the Northumbrian bishop
956:
Bridei's threat to the southern Pictish lands represented a challenge to Northumbrian hegemony, but the immediate cause of Ecgfrith's attack on the Picts in 685 was said by
1198:
Bridei's name is found as "Bridei", "Bredei", "Brude", "Bruide" and "Bruidhe"; his father's as "Beli", "Bili" and "Bile". "Son of" is sometimes represented by the
440:, in Northumbrian territory south of the Forth, suggests that Northumbrian control of Pictish territory north of the Forth might still have been seen as insecure.
2377:
835:
in 679. A series of conflicts recorded in Irish annals as taking place in northern Britain from 679 are likely to represent Bridei expanding his power base. The
502:) of Neithon, providing evidence that this Neithon son of Guipno, Bridei's grandfather, may have been the same person as the earlier Pictish king recorded as
561:
as taking place in 627. Bridei was probably brought up within the Northumbrian court, having possibly been taken there as a hostage by the Northumbrian king
627:
killers pursued the crowd of those fleeing, walking over the rivers dry foot". Stephen also records that Drest had "gathered together innumerable nations (
1155:
known to Bede was composed around this time, and it is probably the period from Bridei's reign that saw the development of the common language of the
420:
came to dominate much of northern Britain. The southern Pictish lands south of the Mounth may have formed an Anglo-Pictish province controlled from
377:â and the northern and southern parts of the Pictish territory were further divided into smaller territories referred to by the Northumbrian writer
823:
In the 680s Bridei seems to have turned his attention away from Argyll, with a campaign that started less than a year after the Northumbrian king
589:. Bridei was passed over several times for the succession to both the Pictish and Alt Clut kingships, probably as the fall of his grandfather
885:
are reported the following year. As with the earlier siege of Dunnottar, Bridei, though not explicitly named, was probably the assailant.
2370:
1078:
Bridei would have been at least 57 years old at the time of his victory at Dun Nechtain in 685. His death in 692 is recorded by both the
300:
660:
17:
2956:
2363:
581:
Accession of Bridei to the Pictish kingship seems to have been due at least in part to the influence of the Northumbrian kings
768:
1214:
do not appear in any contemporary source, some 19th and 20th century sources refer to Bridei son of Beli as "Bridei III".
187:, whose expansion had established it as the dominant power in northern Britain over the mid-7th century. His father was
631:) from every nook and corner in the north", suggesting that the Pictish forces were not otherwise politically united.
2235:
2216:
2197:
2178:
2159:
2138:
2116:
2097:
888:
Together Dunnottar and Dundurn mark the northern and southern limits of the southern Pictish territory south of the
350:
in the mid 6th century, and by 638 had captured Edinburgh and gained much of the territory of the Goddodin around
1126:
in 685, achieved by uniting various Pictish provinces under his leadership, ended Northumbrian rule north of the
219:
brought him into conflict with Ecgfrith, who led an army north into Pictish territory in 685, culminating in the
41:
982:
54:; Picts on the left, Northumbrians on the right, the mounted Pictish figure perhaps representing King Bridei.
2899:
1075:
and probably the daughter of Bridei, saw the kindred connected directly into the Pictish Royal household.
1005:
has been suggested as a much better match for Bede's description, while similarly supported by the site's
2941:
2710:
2126:
994:
47:
2700:
601:
Oswiu in 642 would have seen him once again become well-connected to the centres of Northumbrian power.
2675:
2649:
2394:
1118:, and his reign marks the start of a period that would be a turning point in the history of modern-day
2951:
2790:
2730:
2629:
2386:
2045:
2795:
2785:
2594:
1029:
in 698. The Angles occupying Pictish lands either fled or were killed or enslaved, and the Anglian
793:
2579:
2559:
792:
the king of DĂĄl Riata in 673, and may also have entered into a three-way alliance with his nephew
306:
To the south a number of British kingdoms had developed in the aftermath of the withdrawal of the
2765:
2760:
2740:
2715:
824:
586:
519:
491:
226:
Bridei's victory at Dun Nechtain marked the end of Northumbrian overlordship over the Picts, the
211:
2539:
2894:
2834:
2775:
2755:
2745:
2720:
2705:
1123:
1052:
1033:
who claimed to be "Bishop of the Picts" with authority over the Pictish church from his see at
977:
908:
789:
646:
479:
359:
311:
220:
196:
51:
428:. A document written in Rome between 678 and 681 records the claim of the Northumbrian bishop
2879:
2849:
2829:
2750:
2690:
2680:
2670:
622:
358:
and were originally a diverse group of peoples defined at least in part by never having been
2644:
828:
2874:
2864:
2854:
2844:
2824:
2813:
2801:
2725:
2654:
2529:
1171:
1072:
1060:
1030:
641:
613:
590:
570:
527:
487:
433:
255:
239:
200:
145:
8:
2946:
2884:
2839:
2770:
2330:
2313:
1086:
832:
605:
506:, and that the Alt Clut dynasty into which Bridei was born may have had Pictish origins.
483:
215:
210:
Bridei's rise to power in Fortriu probably took place under the patronage of his kinsman
82:
2188:
MacQuarrie, Alan (1993). "The Kings of Strathclyde". In Grant, A.; Stringer, K. (eds.).
409:, which was three times larger than any other enclosed site in Early Medieval Scotland.
2918:
2914:
2889:
2519:
2474:
2347:
2303:
2299:
2057:
1175:
552:
514:
503:
475:
464:
347:
339:
204:
188:
164:
from 671 until 692. His reign marks the start of the period known to historians as the
134:
92:
2294:
2419:
2337:
2231:
2212:
2193:
2190:
Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow
2174:
2155:
2134:
2112:
2093:
2061:
1147:
1021:
did not fall under the control of Fortriu until the later defeat of the Northumbrian
993:, a location supported by the presence of a carved battle scene on one of the nearby
870:
725:
612:. This event is normally connected to the "Pictish rebellion" that culminated in the
608:
from his kingdom, which was probably centred around the northern Pictish district of
526:
or maternal first cousin, suggesting Bridei's mother was probably a daughter of King
161:
60:
801:
165:
2819:
2780:
2639:
2574:
2275:
2254:
2076:
1080:
1056:
842:
837:
617:
598:
557:
354:. The Picts largely occupied the lands in the east of modern Scotland north of the
223:, when Ecgfrith was killed and the Northumbrian army destroyed by Bridei's forces.
820:, also suggesting an aggressive regime under Bridei attacking northern DĂĄl Riata.
593:
in 633 diminished political connectedness of Bridei, but the marriage of his aunt
412:
Between 653 and 685 the Picts were under Anglian overlordship through a series of
2664:
2459:
2149:
990:
947:
531:
385:, at least some of which are recorded as kingdoms. Most significant of these was
2355:
2869:
2414:
2309:
1110:
Bridei is the first king to be explicitly described in contemporary sources as
1018:
965:
292:
284:
280:
231:
192:
180:
2258:
2080:
2935:
2424:
1211:
1156:
1099:
797:
788:
in the early years of his reign. He may have been involved in the killing of
773:
759:
566:
406:
2266:
Woolf, Alex (2006). "Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts".
2154:. New Edinburgh History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2131:
The Pictish Conquest â The Battle of Dunnichen 685 and the birth of Scotland
2807:
2484:
1047:
413:
323:
307:
2584:
2279:
785:
425:
276:
2564:
2504:
2469:
1152:
1127:
551:
Bridei must have been born no later than 628, as the death of his father
456:
448:
417:
394:
355:
315:
184:
173:
2544:
973:â Ecgfrith "rashly led an army to lay waste the province of the Picts".
2614:
2569:
2514:
2499:
2494:
2439:
874:
772:
Elite sites probably attacked by Bridei between 679 and 685, alongside
636:
436:
was appointed "Bishop of the Picts", though the location of his see at
123:
1095:
594:
535:
471:
470:
Bridei is described in a verse attributed to the broadly contemporary
2609:
2604:
2534:
2524:
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2449:
2429:
1203:
1199:
1167:
1068:
1026:
998:
986:
943:
923:
850:
809:
691:
474:
as "son of the king of Dumbarton", indicating that he was the son of
460:
402:
370:
331:
295:
and were part of a Gaelic linguistic and cultural zone that included
271:
was divided between four main cultural and linguistic groupings: the
235:
2695:
985:
on the basis of its placename it has generally been associated with
299:, from which it was separated only by the short sea crossing of the
2589:
2554:
2549:
2509:
2464:
2444:
2434:
2409:
1163:
1119:
1064:
1034:
1022:
1006:
1002:
970:
927:
846:
817:
674:
437:
374:
343:
335:
327:
268:
169:
2211:. New History of Scotland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
259:
Approximate language zones in southern Scotland, 7thâ8th centuries
2859:
2619:
2479:
2454:
2404:
1115:
961:
893:
777:
609:
604:
Bridei became king after the expulsion in 671 of his predecessor
509:
452:
429:
386:
351:
296:
264:
157:
64:
1162:
Bridei may have been the father or, less likely, the brother of
1159:
as a means of reinforcing the status of key members of society.
937:
203:, though his grandfather may have been the earlier Pictish king
2735:
2685:
1877:
1179:
1131:
1102:, to whom is attributed a surviving lament for Bridei's death.
1038:
976:
Ecgfrith's incursion far into Pictish territory ended with the
964:, possibly in response to the Northumbrian raid in 684 against
889:
882:
878:
862:
854:
784:
Bridei seems have been actively intervening in the politics of
742:
708:
649:
between Bridei and Ecgfrith as "a great battle between Picts".
424:, whose ruling family may have included the Northumbrian noble
398:
390:
366:
319:
2659:
2599:
1207:
1142:, whereas afterwards they are referred to using the singular
805:
582:
562:
365:
The territory of the Picts was divided into two parts by the
288:
272:
227:
1913:
1055:
rise in prominence, gaining territory in the area of modern
917:
1599:
1091:
1014:
957:
498:("Today Bridei Fights a Battle") as being over the legacy (
421:
378:
405:, and whose primary centre of royal power probably lay at
1778:
1751:
1587:
1551:
1515:
1479:
1357:
267:
that started in the late 8th century, the area of modern
2192:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1â19.
1973:
1901:
1841:
1643:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1433:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1291:
1130:
and extended the power of Fortriu southwards beyond the
1059:
in the wake of Northumbrian withdrawal. The marriage of
482:; making Bridei also the grandson of Beli's predecessor
1768:
1766:
1727:
1703:
1667:
1539:
1469:
1467:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1279:
2245:
Woolf, Alex (1998). "Pictish matriliny reconsidered".
2021:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1655:
1633:
1631:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1252:
1240:
869:"). With opposition removed from the north, sieges of
776:, the primary power centre of Bridei's own kingdom of
486:; and the brother or half-brother of Beli's successor
369:â the chain of high mountains that runs almost to the
2009:
1997:
1985:
1937:
1925:
1865:
1853:
1679:
1611:
1575:
1563:
1503:
1400:
1342:
1269:
1267:
1949:
1829:
1763:
1739:
1715:
1691:
1527:
1491:
1464:
1445:
1421:
1369:
1210:"filius" or the abbreviations "m." or "f." Although
896:
employed by the Picts' own Northumbrian over-lords.
639:, a possibility supported by the description in the
1961:
1889:
1817:
1790:
1628:
1315:
179:Bridei was probably brought up at the court of the
1264:
1228:
2385:
808:and the grandfather of the later king of Fortriu
2933:
2109:Picts, Scots and Gaels â Early Historic Scotland
2228:The Picts: Scourge of Rome, Rulers of the North
2090:Iona: The Earliest Poetry of a Celtic Monastery
534:, and half-sister of the Northumbrian princess
494:for Pictish supremacy is described in the poem
960:to be Bridei ceasing to pay the Northumbrians
816:record that in 676 many Picts were drowned in
2371:
2088:Clancy, Thomas Owen; MĂĄrkus, Gilbert (1995).
899:
2087:
1883:
2171:The Philosopher King and the Pictish Nation
2151:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
2378:
2364:
2225:
2187:
1919:
1907:
1649:
1605:
1394:
1336:
40:
2209:Conceiving a Nation: Scotland to A.D. 900
565:after the killing of the Dal Riatan king
2062:"Philosopher-king: Nechtan mac Der Ilei"
2044:
1166:, the mother of the later Pictish kings
447:
254:
242:, who were probably his grandchildren.
199:, and his mother probably a daughter of
2226:Noble, Gordon; Evans, Nicholas (2022).
1067:, mother of the later kings of Fortriu
857:in 682, a campaign so violent that the
684:
342:-speaking Anglian kingdom based around
250:
14:
2934:
2206:
2147:
2125:
2106:
2056:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1871:
1859:
1784:
1772:
1757:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1622:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1485:
1473:
1458:
1415:
1382:
1363:
1351:
1324:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1258:
1246:
1234:
667:
2359:
2265:
2244:
2168:
2052:. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.
2027:
1979:
1967:
1895:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1745:
1661:
1637:
1497:
1439:
1427:
718:
2050:Kings and Kingship in Early Scotland
735:
701:
443:
168:, a turning point in the history of
24:
490:. The conflict between Bridei and
25:
2968:
2288:
541:
478:, king of the British kingdom of
416:, as the expansionary kingdom of
389:, which was located north of the
27:King of the Picts from 671 to 692
936:
916:
752:
751:
734:
717:
700:
683:
666:
659:
576:
397:, encompassing the areas around
2037:
2092:. Edinburgh University Press.
1192:
867:Orcades deletae sunt la Bruide
845:in 680. Bridei attacked first
827:was weakened by his defeat by
518:tells us that Bridei was King
13:
1:
2957:7th-century Scottish monarchs
2387:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
2173:. Dublin: Four Courts Press.
2133:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.
1221:
865:were "destroyed" by Bridei ("
546:
245:
214:, after Bridei's predecessor
652:
212:King Ecgfrith of Northumbria
7:
995:Aberlemno Sculptured Stones
981:century by the antiquarian
10:
2973:
2268:Scottish Historical Review
2069:Scottish Historical Review
1122:. Bridei's victory at the
907:Possible locations of the
900:Dun Nechtain and aftermath
463:, seat of Bridei's father
338:had been established as a
46:The battle scene from the
2908:
2628:
2393:
2344:
2335:
2327:
2322:
2259:10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.147
2148:Fraser, James E. (2009).
2107:Foster, Sally M. (2014).
2081:10.3366/shr.2004.83.2.125
1105:
1063:of the Cenel Comgaill to
569:by Bridei's half-brother
140:
130:
118:
110:
102:
98:
88:
78:
70:
59:
48:Aberlemno 2 Pictish stone
39:
34:
2207:MĂĄrkus, Gilbert (2017).
2169:Grigg, Julianna (2015).
1185:
504:Nechtan grandson of Uerb
322:to the south around the
1884:Clancy & MĂĄrkus1995
492:Ecgfrith of Northumbria
18:Bridei III of the Picts
2395:Monarchs of the Picts
2230:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
2111:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1920:Noble & Evans 2022
1908:Noble & Evans 2022
1650:Noble & Evans 2022
1606:Noble & Evans 2022
1337:Noble & Evans 2022
1182:under a single ruler.
1172:Naiton son of Der-Ilei
1168:Bridei son of Der-Ilei
1124:Battle of Dun Nechtain
1073:Naiton son of Der-Ilei
1069:Bridei son of Der-Ilei
1027:Bridei son of Der-Ilei
978:Battle of Dun Nechtain
909:Battle of Dun Nechtain
810:Bridei son of Der-Ilei
790:Domangart mac Domnaill
647:Battle of Dun Nechtain
496:Iniu feras Bruide cath
467:
260:
240:Naiton son of Der-Ilei
236:Bridei son of Der-Ilei
221:Battle of Dun Nechtain
52:Battle of Dun Nechtain
2630:Monarchs of the Scots
2280:10.1353/shr.2007.0029
2046:Anderson, Marjorie O.
1176:Taran son of Ainftech
1157:Pictish symbol stones
794:Dumnagual of Alt Clut
597:to the newly crowned
484:Neithon son of Guipno
451:
258:
50:, which may show the
2711:Constantine III (IV)
2676:Constantine II (III)
1061:Dargart mac Finguine
841:describe a siege of
769:class=notpageimage|
642:Annals of Inisfallen
614:Battle of Two Rivers
591:Edwin of Northumbria
334:. In the south east
314:in the basin of the
251:Political background
201:Edwin of Northumbria
146:Edwin of Northumbria
144:Unknown daughter of
2741:Malcolm III Canmore
2331:Drest son of Donuel
2295:Annals of Tigernach
2058:Clancy, Thomas Owen
1982:, pp. 103â104.
1886:, pp. 166â168.
1850:, pp. 101â102.
1787:, pp. 254â256.
1760:, pp. 215â216.
1596:, pp. 213â214.
1560:, pp. 207â208.
1524:, pp. 201â202.
1488:, pp. 202â203.
1442:, pp. 161â162.
1366:, pp. 200â201.
1300:, pp. 102â103.
1090:. He was buried on
1087:Annals of Tigernach
1051:Riatan kindred the
833:Battle of the Trent
606:Drest son of Donuel
555:is recorded in the
330:to the east around
216:Drest son of Donuel
83:Drest son of Donuel
2942:7th-century births
2814:Second Interregnum
2781:William I the Lion
2650:Constantine I (II)
2640:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2348:Taran mac Ainftech
2310:Historia Brittonum
1922:, pp. 16, 18.
1288:, pp. 81, 83.
1148:Pictish king lists
829:Ăthelred of Mercia
623:Life of St Wilfrid
571:Eugein of Alt Clut
515:Historia Brittonum
468:
348:North East England
261:
205:Nechtan nepos Uerb
166:Verturian hegemony
154:Bridei son of Beli
135:Beli I of Alt Clut
93:Taran mac Ainftech
35:Bridei son of Beli
2929:
2928:
2802:First Interregnum
2354:
2353:
2345:Succeeded by
2338:King of the Picts
2030:, pp. 66â67.
1814:, pp. 64â65.
1736:, pp. 98â99.
1712:, pp. 45â47.
1676:, pp. 31â32.
1664:, pp. 63â64.
1608:, pp. 17â18.
1548:, pp. 23â24.
1312:, pp. 50â51.
1261:, pp. 78â79.
1249:, pp. 85â86.
1151:that the Pictish
1094:, and mourned by
997:; but since 2006
444:Family background
265:Viking incursions
151:
150:
61:King of the Picts
16:(Redirected from
2964:
2952:Pictish monarchs
2922:
2913:also monarch of
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2328:Preceded by
2320:
2319:
2300:Annals of Ulster
2283:
2274:(220): 182â201.
2262:
2247:The Innes Review
2241:
2222:
2203:
2184:
2165:
2144:
2127:Fraser, James E.
2122:
2103:
2084:
2066:
2053:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1215:
1196:
1081:Annals of Ulster
1057:Clackmannanshire
940:
920:
859:Annals of Ulster
838:Annals of Ulster
814:Annals of Ulster
755:
754:
738:
737:
721:
720:
704:
703:
687:
686:
670:
669:
663:
618:Stephen of Ripon
599:King of Bernicia
558:Annales Cambriae
553:Beli of Alt Clut
230:and many of the
44:
32:
31:
21:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2912:
2904:
2631:
2624:
2580:Constantine (I)
2460:Galam Cennalath
2396:
2389:
2384:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2291:
2286:
2238:
2219:
2200:
2181:
2162:
2141:
2119:
2100:
2064:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1401:
1395:MacQuarrie 1993
1393:
1389:
1381:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1108:
983:George Chalmers
954:
953:
952:
951:
950:
941:
932:
931:
930:
921:
912:
911:
902:
782:
781:
780:
771:
765:
764:
763:
762:
756:
748:
747:
746:
739:
731:
730:
729:
722:
714:
713:
712:
705:
697:
696:
695:
688:
680:
679:
678:
671:
655:
620:records in his
579:
549:
544:
446:
253:
248:
193:British kingdom
158:king of Fortriu
156:, died 692 was
126:
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:Regnal titles
2318:
2317:
2307:
2297:
2290:
2289:External links
2287:
2285:
2284:
2263:
2253:(2): 147â167.
2242:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2075:(2): 125â149.
2054:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2018:, p. 135.
2008:
2006:, p. 101.
1996:
1994:, p. 227.
1984:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1946:, p. 102.
1936:
1934:, p. 150.
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1874:, p. 242.
1864:
1862:, p. 383.
1852:
1840:
1838:, p. 102.
1828:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1777:
1762:
1750:
1748:, p. 184.
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1688:, p. 215.
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1627:
1625:, p. 214.
1610:
1598:
1586:
1584:, p. 243.
1574:
1572:, p. 206.
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 201.
1502:
1500:, p. 162.
1490:
1478:
1463:
1444:
1432:
1430:, p. 161.
1420:
1418:, p. 202.
1399:
1387:
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 203.
1341:
1329:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:regnal numbers
1190:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1107:
1104:
1053:Cenel Comgaill
942:
935:
934:
933:
922:
915:
914:
913:
906:
905:
904:
903:
901:
898:
863:Orkney Islands
861:said that the
802:Cenél Comgaill
767:
766:
758:
757:
750:
749:
741:
740:
733:
732:
724:
723:
716:
715:
707:
706:
699:
698:
690:
689:
682:
681:
673:
672:
665:
664:
658:
657:
656:
654:
651:
578:
575:
548:
545:
543:
542:Life and reign
540:
445:
442:
360:Romano-British
293:Firth of Clyde
252:
249:
247:
244:
191:, king of the
149:
148:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
57:
56:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2969:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:Alexander III
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2632:(traditional)
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Galan Erilich
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:(traditional)
2392:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2237:9781780277783
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2218:9780748678983
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2199:9780748611102
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2180:9781846825637
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2161:9780748612321
2157:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2140:9780752439624
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:9781780271910
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:0-7486-0531-2
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1976:
1970:, p. 66.
1969:
1964:
1958:, p. 37.
1957:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1910:, p. 18.
1909:
1904:
1898:, p. 16.
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1826:, p. 92.
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1802:, p. 64.
1801:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1775:, p. 99.
1774:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1730:
1724:, p. 98.
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1700:, p. 41.
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1652:, p. 17.
1651:
1646:
1640:, p. 63.
1639:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1536:, p. 23.
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1476:, p. 25.
1475:
1470:
1468:
1461:, p. 95.
1460:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 96.
1384:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1339:, p. 16.
1338:
1333:
1327:, p. 40.
1326:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:, or king of
1113:
1103:
1101:
1100:Abbot of Iona
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:, retired to
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
974:
972:
967:
963:
959:
949:
945:
939:
929:
925:
919:
910:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:Finguine Fota
795:
791:
787:
779:
775:
770:
761:
744:
727:
710:
693:
676:
662:
650:
648:
645:of the later
644:
643:
638:
632:
630:
625:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:Rise to power
574:
572:
568:
567:Domnall Brecc
564:
560:
559:
554:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:North Channel
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
257:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2812:
2800:
2786:Alexander II
2485:Gartnait III
2336:
2271:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2227:
2208:
2189:
2170:
2150:
2130:
2108:
2089:
2072:
2068:
2049:
2038:Bibliography
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1780:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1481:
1435:
1423:
1397:, p. 9.
1390:
1359:
1332:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1276:, p. 5.
1254:
1242:
1237:, p. 1.
1230:
1194:
1161:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1112:rex Fortrenn
1111:
1109:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1048:power vacuum
1044:
1011:
975:
955:
887:
866:
858:
836:
822:
813:
783:
640:
633:
628:
621:
603:
580:
556:
550:
523:
513:
508:
499:
495:
469:
414:puppet kings
411:
382:
364:
324:Solway Firth
310:, including
308:Roman Empire
305:
262:
225:
209:
178:
153:
152:
29:
2766:Alexander I
2716:Kenneth III
2667:(uncertain)
2565:Talorgan II
2530:Nechtan III
2505:Gartnait IV
2470:Gartnait II
2016:Clancy 2004
2004:Foster 2014
1992:Fraser 2009
1956:Foster 2014
1944:MĂĄrkus 2017
1932:Foster 2014
1872:Fraser 2009
1860:Fraser 2009
1785:Fraser 2009
1773:MĂĄrkus 2017
1758:Fraser 2009
1734:MĂĄrkus 2017
1722:MĂĄrkus 2017
1710:Fraser 2006
1698:Foster 2014
1686:Fraser 2009
1674:Fraser 2006
1623:Fraser 2009
1594:Fraser 2009
1582:Fraser 2009
1570:Fraser 2009
1558:Fraser 2009
1546:Fraser 2006
1534:Fraser 2006
1522:Fraser 2009
1510:Fraser 2009
1486:Fraser 2006
1474:Fraser 2006
1459:MĂĄrkus 2017
1416:Fraser 2009
1383:MĂĄrkus 2017
1364:Fraser 2009
1352:Fraser 2009
1325:Foster 2014
1310:Fraser 2009
1298:MĂĄrkus 2017
1286:MĂĄrkus 2017
1274:Foster 2014
1259:MĂĄrkus 2017
1247:MĂĄrkus 2017
1235:Foster 2014
1206:"map", the
1202:"mac", the
1153:origin myth
971:St Cuthbert
457:River Clyde
418:Northumbria
395:Moray Firth
393:around the
316:River Clyde
263:Before the
185:Northumbria
183:kingdom of
160:and of the
79:Predecessor
2947:693 deaths
2936:Categories
2895:William II
2880:Charles II
2835:Robert III
2776:Malcolm IV
2756:Donald III
2746:Donald III
2721:Malcolm II
2706:Kenneth II
2615:Bridei VII
2570:Drest VIII
2515:Bridei III
2500:Talorgan I
2495:Talorc III
2475:Nechtan II
2440:Gartnait I
2314:translated
2304:translated
2028:Grigg 2015
1980:Grigg 2015
1968:Grigg 2015
1896:Grigg 2015
1848:Grigg 2015
1836:Grigg 2015
1824:Grigg 2015
1812:Grigg 2015
1800:Grigg 2015
1746:Woolf 2006
1662:Grigg 2015
1638:Grigg 2015
1498:Woolf 1998
1440:Woolf 1998
1428:Woolf 1998
1222:References
875:Strathearn
804:, king of
637:Beornhaeth
547:Early life
524:fratruelis
383:prouinciae
346:in modern
326:, and the
246:Background
124:Iona Abbey
2885:James VII
2875:Charles I
2850:James III
2830:Robert II
2751:Duncan II
2681:Malcolm I
2671:Donald II
2610:Ciniod II
2605:Bridei VI
2585:Ăengus II
2535:Drest VII
2525:Bridei IV
2490:Bridei II
2450:Talorc II
2430:Drest III
2415:Nechtan I
1204:Old Welsh
1200:Old Irish
999:Dunachton
987:Dunnichen
944:Dunnichen
924:Dunachton
853:and then
851:Caithness
843:Dunnottar
786:DĂĄl Riata
692:Dunnottar
653:Expansion
461:Dumbarton
426:BeornhĂŠth
403:Inverness
371:North Sea
332:Edinburgh
277:DĂĄl Riata
89:Successor
2870:James VI
2855:James IV
2845:James II
2825:David II
2820:Robert I
2796:Margaret
2726:Duncan I
2645:Donald I
2590:Drest IX
2560:AlpĂn II
2555:Ciniod I
2550:Bridei V
2545:Ăengus I
2510:Drest VI
2465:Bridei I
2445:Cailtram
2435:Drest IV
2420:Drest II
2410:Talorc I
2342:672â693
2129:(2006).
2060:(2004).
2048:(1973).
1164:Der-Ilei
1120:Scotland
1084:and the
1065:Der-Ilei
1035:Abercorn
1031:Trumwine
1023:Berhtred
1007:toponymy
1003:Badenoch
928:Badenoch
847:Dunbeath
825:Ecgfrith
818:Loch Awe
774:Burghead
760:Burghead
675:Dunbeath
587:Ecgfrith
573:in 643.
520:Ecgfrith
438:Abercorn
434:Trumwine
407:Burghead
375:Dunottar
344:Bamburgh
340:Germanic
336:Bernicia
328:Gododdin
287:and the
269:Scotland
170:Scotland
2919:Ireland
2915:England
2890:Mary II
2860:James V
2840:James I
2771:David I
2731:Macbeth
2665:Eochaid
2620:Drest X
2540:AlpĂn I
2480:Cinioch
2455:Drest V
2405:Drest I
1116:Fortriu
1096:AdomnĂĄn
962:tribute
894:tribute
881:in mid
871:Dundurn
831:at the
800:of the
778:Fortriu
726:Dundurn
610:Fortriu
595:EanflĂŠd
536:EanflĂŠd
510:Nennius
480:Altclut
472:AdomnĂĄn
455:on the
453:Altclut
430:Wilfrid
387:Fortriu
352:Lothian
312:Altclut
297:Ireland
281:Britons
232:Britons
197:Altclut
181:Anglian
74:671â692
65:Fortriu
63:and of
2736:Lulach
2701:AmlaĂb
2696:Cuilén
2686:Indulf
2575:Conall
2234:
2215:
2196:
2177:
2158:
2137:
2115:
2096:
1180:nation
1146:. The
1140:gentes
1132:Mounth
1106:Legacy
1098:, the
1039:Whitby
890:Mounth
883:Argyll
879:Dunadd
855:Orkney
812:. The
743:Dunadd
709:Orkney
629:gentes
488:Eugein
399:Forres
391:Mounth
367:Mounth
320:Rheged
285:Angles
283:, the
279:, the
141:Mother
131:Father
119:Burial
106:by 628
2761:Edgar
2660:Giric
2600:Uurad
2520:Taran
2065:(PDF)
1208:Latin
1186:Notes
1128:Forth
1019:Manau
991:Angus
966:Brega
948:Angus
806:Cowal
745:(683)
728:(683)
711:(682)
694:(680)
677:(679)
583:Oswiu
563:Oswiu
532:Deira
528:Edwin
500:forba
373:near
356:Forth
289:Picts
273:Gaels
228:Gaels
174:Forth
162:Picts
71:Reign
2917:and
2900:Anne
2865:Mary
2808:John
2595:Uuen
2232:ISBN
2213:ISBN
2194:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2094:ISBN
1170:and
1144:gens
1092:Iona
1071:and
1017:and
1015:Fife
958:Bede
877:and
796:and
585:and
476:Beli
465:Beli
422:Fife
401:and
379:Bede
238:and
189:Beli
111:Died
103:Born
2691:Dub
2655:Ăed
2276:doi
2255:doi
2077:doi
1025:by
1001:in
989:in
946:in
926:in
873:in
849:in
530:of
522:'s
459:at
381:as
275:of
207:.
195:of
114:692
2938::
2272:85
2270:.
2251:49
2249:.
2073:83
2071:.
2067:.
1792:^
1765:^
1630:^
1613:^
1466:^
1447:^
1402:^
1371:^
1344:^
1317:^
1266:^
1009:.
512:'
362:.
318:,
303:.
176:.
2921:.
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2316:)
2312:(
2306:)
2302:(
2282:.
2278::
2261:.
2257::
2240:.
2221:.
2202:.
2183:.
2164:.
2143:.
2121:.
2102:.
2083:.
2079::
20:)
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