899:
36:
924:
703:
630:"he very next year , that same king , rashly leading his army to ravage the province of the Picts, much against the advice of his friends, and particularly of Cuthbert, of blessed memory, who had been lately ordained his bishop, the enemy made show as if they fled, and the king was drawn into the straits of inaccessible mountains, and slain with the greatest part of his forces, on the 20th of May, in the fortieth year of his age, and the fifteenth of his reign."
726:
710:
753:"Egfrid is he who made war against his cousin Brudei, king of the Picts, and he fell therein with all the strength of his army and the Picts with their king gained the victory; and the Saxons never again reduced the Picts so as to exact tribute from them. Since the time of this war it is called Gueith Lin Garan."
910:
kirk yard stone is often cited as evidence for the battle site. This interpretation was made based on the stone's proximity to
Dunnichen, only 3 miles (5 km) to the north, but while the short distance seems compelling, the stone is unlikely to be any earlier than mid-8th century, and the
827:"The battle of Dún Nechtain was carried out on the twentieth day of the month of May, a Sunday, in which Ecfrith son of Osu, king of the Saxons, in the 15th year of his rule completed, with magna caterua of his soldiers was killed by Bruide son of Bile king of Fortriu."
911:
ornamentation of the stone, including the animal forms used and the style of weaponry depicted, suggests it may be as late as the mid-9th century. Prior to being linked with the Battle of
Nechtansmere, the Aberlemno stone had been cited as evidence for the
862:), to the east of the village, which he informs us had recently been drained but can be seen in old maps as a small lake. Earlier local tradition, related by Headrick in the Second Statistical Account, claimed that the site was the location of the
645:
While none of the historical sources explicitly state
Ecgfrith's reason for attacking Fortriu in 685, the consensus is that it was to reassert Northumbria's control over the Picts. The most thorough description of the battle is given by
1377:
Mitchel (1792); Crombie (1842); Jervise (1856) Jervise, writing in 1856, recounts
Chalmers' identification of Dunnichen as the battle site while mentioning, in the same article, the Aberlemno stone solely in relation to the Battle of
817:"The battle of Dún Nechtain was fought on Saturday, May 20th, and Egfrid son of Oswy, king of the Saxons, who had completed the 15th year of his reign, was slain therein with a great body of his soldiers. ...
419:
over northern
Britain, won by Ecgfrith's predecessors, had begun to disintegrate. Several of Northumbria's subject nations had rebelled in recent years, leading to a number of large-scale battles against the
607:
was consecrated as Bishop of the Picts. Bridei, who was enthusiastically involved with the church of Iona, is unlikely to have viewed an encroachment of the
Northumbrian-sponsored Roman Church favourably.
1044:
Bede, Ecclesiastical
History, III: VI (Oswald "brought under his dominion all the nations and provinces of Britain, which are divided into four languages, viz. the Britons, the Picts, the Scots, and the
799:
The most complete narrative of the battle itself is given by Bede, who nevertheless fails to inform us of the location other than his mention that it took place 'in straits of inaccessible mountains'.
956:
of
Edinburgh University suggests that, while it is too early to discount Dunnichen as a potential battle site, locating it there requires an amount of "special pleading" that Dunachton does not need.
964:
Ecgfrith's defeat at Dun
Nechtain devastated Northumbria's power and influence in the North of Britain. Bede recounts that the Picts recovered their lands that had been held by the Northumbrians and
1309:
Chalmers (1887). The example
Chalmers gives is Ainslie's map of Forfarshire (1794), which does not show a lake in that position, nor do earlier maps, for example Pont (c. 1583–1596); Roy (1747–1755)
428:
and Irish, with varied success. After sieges of neighbouring territories carried out by the Picts, Ecgfrith led his forces against them, despite advice to the contrary, in an effort to reassert his
435:
A feigned retreat by the Picts drew the Northumbrians into an ambush at Dun Nechtain near the lake of Linn Garan. The battle site has long been thought to have been near the present-day village of
636:
572:
in 680, and at Dundurn in Strathearn in 682. The antagonists in these sieges are not recorded, but the most reasonable interpretation is thought to be that Bridei's forces were the assailants.
462:. Ecgfrith was killed in battle, along with the greater part of his army. The Pictish victory marked their independence from Northumbria, who never regained their dominance in the north.
935:
gives a number of reasons for doubting Dunnichen as the battle site, most notably the absence of "inaccessible mountains" in mid-Angus. He makes a case for an alternative site at
1255:(1963, p. 40). Although alternative suggestions have been made, the orthodox view is that Jackson was correct in his assessment of Pictish as a Brythonic language (Forsyth, 1997)
615:. Ecgfrith was contending with other challenges to his overlordship. In June 684, countering a Gaelic-Briton alliance, he sent his armies, led by Berhtred, son of Beornhæth, to
1557:
Caledonia: or a historical and topographical account of North Britain, from the most ancient to the present times with a dictionary of places chorographical and philological
1757:
161:
1509:
515:
points to the Picts also being subjugated by the Northumbrians during Oswald's reign, and suggests that this subjugation continued into the reign of his successor,
560:
By 679, the Northumbrian hegemony seems to have started to fall apart. The Irish annals record a Mercian victory over Ecgfrith at which Ecgfrith's brother,
1891:
1714:
687:. The Picts, led by Bridei, feigned retreat and drew Ecgfrith's Northumbrian force into an ambush on Saturday, 20 May 685 at a lake in mountains near
948:
891:
882:
858:
154:
986:'s son Berhtred was killed, the Battle of Dunnichen marks the point in which Pictish independence from Northumbria was permanently secured.
764:
The site of the battle is uncertain. Until relatively recently the battle was most commonly known by its Northumbrian name, the Battle of
183:
619:
in Ireland. Ecgfrith's force decimated the local population and destroyed many churches, actions which are treated with scorn by Bede.
147:
702:
1832:
1632:
1788:
2040:
652:
525:
succeeded Oswiu as king of Northumbria in 670. Soon after, the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the
1566:
363:
741:
1054:
Bede, Ecclesiastical History, III: XXIV Oswiu "subdued the greater part of the Picts to the dominion of the English" in 658.
579:
in 681, at a time when the Northumbrian church was undergoing major religious reform. It had followed the traditions of the
2045:
877:
More recent suggestions for the battle site include the valley to the north of Dunnichen Hill, centering on Rescobie Loch (
2050:
1221:
Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV:XXVI; Annals of Ulster U686.1; Annals of Tigernach T686.4; Nennius, Historia Brittonum 57
1177:
Annals of Ulster U685.2; Annals of Tigernach T685.2; Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXIV; Annals of Clonmacnoise p. 109
802:
The Irish Annals have provided perhaps the most useful resource for identifying the battle site, giving the location as
1810:
1671:
1576:
915:(now known to be historically inauthentic), and there are a number of other possible interpretations for the carving.
1849:
171:
1555:
511:, and a "Southern Pictish Zone" between there and the Forth. Evidence from the eighth century Anglo-Saxon historian
2035:
1870:
545:, who may have been a leader of the Southern Picts, and the rebellion ended in disaster for the Northern Picts of
591:
in 664 at which it pledged loyalty to the Roman Church. The Northumbrian diocese was divided and a number of new
323:
243:
1922:
968:
Scots. He goes on to tell how the Northumbrians who did not flee the Pictish territory were killed or enslaved.
1950:
1715:"Notices descriptive of the localities of certain sculptured stone monuments in Forfarshire, &c. (Part I.)"
656:(The Ecclesiastical History of the English People), but this is still brief. Additional detail is given in the
35:
1745:
1488:
944:
887:
878:
854:
846:
1387:
For example, W.A. Cummins suggests the possibility that the stone is a memorial to 9th century Pictish king
611:
The attacks on the Southern Pictish Zone at Dunnottar and Dundurn represented a major threat to Ecgfrith's
953:
952:), on the north-western shore of Loch Insh, which shares Dunnichen's toponymical origin of Dún Nechtain.
907:
458:
The battle ended with a decisive Pictish victory which severely weakened Northumbria's power in northern
203:
849:
in the early 19th century. Chalmers notes that the name 'Dunnichen' can be found in early charters of
1690:
Jackson, Kenneth (1959). "Edinburgh and the Anglian occupation of Lothian". In Clemoes, Peter (ed.).
233:
139:
283:
278:
213:
1418:
Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXVI; Colgrave p. 43; Cummins (2009) p. 107; Fraser (2009) p. 216
1388:
2025:
680:
554:
522:
452:
409:
401:
358:
208:
124:
119:
1699:
Jackson, Kenneth (1963). "On the Northern British Section in Nennius". In Chadwick, Nora (ed.).
982:
While further battles between the Northumbrians and Picts are recorded, for example in 697 when
343:
107:
1587:
1326:
1800:
1661:
684:
550:
489:
298:
288:
273:
268:
228:
223:
188:
972:
604:
526:
516:
368:
348:
308:
293:
806:, 'Nechtan's Fort', a name that has survived into modern usage in two separate instances.
480:
record a siege of "Etain" in 638, which has been interpreted as Northumbria's conquest of
8:
1828:
1469:
1001:
665:
476:
313:
258:
198:
561:
503:
To the north of the Forth, the Pictish nations consisted at this time of the Kingdom of
1976:
1914:
1780:
1737:
1623:
1539:
1523:
1252:
353:
338:
253:
1692:
The Anglo-Saxons: some aspects of their history and culture presented to Bruce Dickins
1980:
1946:
1806:
1784:
1741:
1667:
1572:
863:
679:
Ecgfrith's attack on Fortriu was made against the counsel of his advisors, including
303:
263:
238:
193:
1918:
1853:
1450:
1968:
1906:
1772:
1729:
927:
Loch Insh, possible site of Linn Garan. Dunachton is to the right of the photograph
793:
773:
661:
565:
530:
333:
128:
1700:
912:
842:
588:
440:
328:
248:
218:
68:
40:
Pictish symbol stone depicting what was once generally accepted to be the battle
1710:
850:
616:
600:
576:
2019:
1910:
1776:
1733:
592:
459:
1959:
Woolf, Alex (2006). "Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts".
1683:
Liber S. Thome de Aberbrothoc; Registrorum Abbacie de Aberbrothoc. 1178–1329
1511:
Kings & Warriors, Craftsmen & Priests in Northern Britain AD 550–850
2030:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1653:
The Pictish Conquest: The Battle of Dunnichen 685 and the Birth of Scotland
1432:
657:
534:
1995:
1972:
1802:
The statistical account of Scotland, Parish of Aberlemno, County of Forfar
983:
965:
845:
was first identified as a possible location for the battle by antiquarian
542:
1589:
The new statistical account of Scotland, Parish of Aberlemno, Forfarshire
867:
769:
497:
471:
443:. Recent research, however, has suggested a more northerly location near
405:
1874:
1492:
932:
612:
584:
569:
429:
1617:(2nd ed.). Brimscombe Port Stroud, Gloucester: The History Press.
1112:
Annals of Ulster U681.5; Fraser (2009) p. 214 Annals of Ulster U.683.3
936:
895:), which is now much reduced following drainage in the 18th century.
838:
785:
732:
716:
485:
448:
444:
436:
389:
169:
72:
64:
1319:
1300:
And spelling variations. See for example: Innes and Chalmers (1843)
940:
637:
Bede's account of battle from his Ecclesiastical History of England
596:
493:
416:
76:
1892:"The Columban Church in northern Britain, 664–717: a reassessment"
1625:
Language in Pictland, the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish'
1264:
Annals of Ulster U686.1; Annals of Tigernach T686.4; Woolf (2006)
871:
777:
669:
580:
568:, in the northernmost region of the "Southern Pictish Zone" near
546:
538:
504:
1941:
Woolf, Alex (2001), Lynch, Michael (ed.), "Britons and Angles",
971:
The Northumbrian/Roman diocese of the Picts was abandoned, with
898:
853:
as 'Dun Nechtan'. He further suggests a site, 'Dunnichen Moss' (
976:
772:
for 'Nechtan's lake', following 12th-century English historian
508:
425:
902:
Dunnichen Moss. The body of water to the left is a modern pond
923:
481:
421:
397:
102:
1852:. c. 1583–1596. National Library of Scotland. Archived from
647:
512:
776:. The location of the battle near a lake is reinforced by
691:. The Northumbrian army was defeated and Ecgfrith slain.
1758:"The Chronology and Context of Pictish Relief Sculpture"
758:– Nennius' account of battle from Historia Brittonum.
1899:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1722:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1680:
1560:. Vol. 1 (new ed.). Paisley: Alex. Gardner.
474:
gradually extended their territory to the north. The
1945:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 45–47,
2006:Loch Insh. Dunachton is to the left of the picture
832:– Account of battle from the Annals of Tigernach.
575:Bridei is also recorded as having "destroyed" the
1474:. Dublin: Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
1217:
1215:
1133:Annals of Ulster 682.4; Annals of Tigernach 682.5
979:, stalling Roman Catholic expansion in Scotland.
745:Possible locations of the Battle of Dun Nechtain.
173:Anglo-Saxon invasions and the founding of England
2017:
1517:. Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
1489:"Map of the county of Forfar or Shire of Angus"
822:– Account of battle from the Annals of Ulster.
1873:. National Library of Scotland. Archived from
1568:The Life of Bishop Wilfrid by Eddius Stephanus
1491:. National Library of Scotland. Archived from
1212:
788:for 'Battle of Crane Lake'. It is likely that
1238:
1236:
155:
1850:"Lower Angus and Perthshire east of the Tay"
1467:
1663:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
1621:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1694:. London: Bowes and Bowes. pp. 35–42.
1233:
162:
148:
29:Part of the Pictish-Northumbrian conflicts
16:685 battle between Picts and Northumbrians
1666:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1571:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1943:The Oxford Companion to Scottish History
1705:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1608:. Stroud, Gloucester: Sutton Publishing.
1564:
1553:
1324:
1180:
1067:
931:In a paper published in 2006, historian
922:
897:
622:
1798:
1709:
1698:
1689:
1612:
1603:
1585:
1524:"Ecclesiastical History of England III"
1486:
1013:
2018:
1889:
1868:
1681:Innes, C.; Chalmers, P., eds. (1843).
1659:
1650:
1540:"Ecclesiastical History of England IV"
1507:
1206:
1202:
1165:
1154:
1142:
1121:
1091:
1079:
1063:
1032:
653:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
564:, was killed. Sieges were recorded at
1958:
1940:
1755:
1350:Woolf (2006); Fraser (2006) pp. 68–70
1193:Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXVI
1028:
1017:
595:created. One of these was founded at
143:
1638:from the original on 7 February 2009
541:. Ecgfrith was aided by a sub-king,
1826:
1331:New Statistical Account of Scotland
668:, and by the early Welsh historian
470:During the seventh century AD, the
13:
1455:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
1437:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
906:The battle scene inscribed on the
676:(written around a century later).
553:, was deposed and was replaced by
14:
2062:
1989:
1835:from the original on 27 July 2009
1251:This was originally suggested by
725:
709:
529:, recorded in the 8th century by
1847:
1685:. Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club.
1631:. Munster: Nodus Publikationen.
1537:
1521:
1230:Nennius, Historia Brittonum, 57.
813:
749:
724:
708:
701:
626:
496:territories to the south of the
34:
2011:Mountains to south of Loch Insh
1412:
1403:
1394:
1381:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1245:
1224:
1196:
1171:
1159:
1148:
1136:
1127:
1115:
1106:
1961:The Scottish Historical Review
1097:
1085:
1073:
1057:
1048:
1038:
1022:
1007:
995:
1:
2041:Battles involving Northumbria
1871:"Military Survey of Scotland"
1655:. Stroud, Gloucester: Tempus.
1424:
1291:Woolf (2006); Chalmers (1887)
683:, who had recently been made
465:
959:
918:
809:
780:' record of the conflict as
492:, marking the annexation of
7:
2046:Battles involving the Picts
1996:Dunnichen Moss as it is now
1606:The Picts and their symbols
1391:. Cummins (1999) pp. 98–103
694:
10:
2067:
2051:History of Angus, Scotland
1565:Colgrave, Bertram (1927).
1471:The Annals of Clonmacnoise
1468:Murphy, D, ed. (1893–95).
1282:Annals of Tigernach T686.4
599:on the south coast of the
432:over the Pictish nations.
204:Treason of the Long Knives
2001:The monument at Dunnichen
1651:Fraser, James E. (2006).
1554:Chalmers, George (1887).
1400:Fraser (2009) pp. 215–216
1359:Cummins (1999) pp. 98–103
975:and his monks fleeing to
396:) was fought between the
181:
113:
96:
44:
33:
28:
23:
1911:10.9750/PSAS.127.627.647
1777:10.1179/med.2000.44.1.81
1734:10.9750/PSAS.002.187.201
1660:Fraser, James E (2009).
1325:Headrick, James (1845).
989:
650:in his 8th-century work
2036:7th century in Scotland
1508:Alcock, Leslie (2003).
1452:The Annals of Tigernach
1318:Headrick also mentions
1273:Annals of Ulster U686.1
1103:Annals of Ulster U680.4
886:) and Restenneth Loch (
453:Badenoch and Strathspey
1409:Annals of Ulster 698.2
928:
903:
488:) during the reign of
386:Battle of Nechtansmere
382:Battle of Dun Nechtain
114:Commanders and leaders
71:; alternatively, near
24:Battle of Dun Nechtain
1973:10.1353/shr.2007.0029
1327:"Parish of Dunnichen"
926:
901:
685:Bishop of Lindisfarne
623:Account of the battle
189:Groans of the Britons
1829:"Historia Brittonum"
1799:Mitchel, A. (1792).
1765:Medieval Archaeology
1622:Forsyth, K. (1997).
1615:The Age of the Picts
1613:Cummins, WA (2009).
1604:Cummins, WA (1999).
1586:Crombie, J. (1842).
1434:The Annals of Ulster
1004:T640.1; Woolf (2001)
742:class=notpageimage|
527:Battle of Two Rivers
507:to the north of the
402:King Bridei Mac Bili
1856:on 8 September 2012
1495:on 5 September 2012
1487:Ainslie, J (1794).
1002:Annals of Tigernach
796:name for the lake.
477:Annals of Tigernach
447:, on the shores of
63:traditionally near
1890:Veitch, K (1997).
1869:Roy, W (1747–55).
1389:Óengus mac Fergusa
1322:as a protagonist.
1094:, pp. 201–202
929:
904:
674:Historia Brittonum
1877:on 18 August 2009
1756:Laing, L (2000).
864:Battle of Camlann
836:
835:
792:was the original
782:Gueith Linn Garan
762:
761:
643:
642:
415:The Northumbrian
412:, on 20 May 685.
394:Gueith Linn Garan
377:
376:
138:
137:
92:
91:
2058:
1984:
1955:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1921:. Archived from
1896:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1795:
1794:on 13 June 2011.
1793:
1787:. Archived from
1762:
1752:
1751:on 11 June 2007.
1750:
1744:. Archived from
1719:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1618:
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1366:
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1348:
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1341:
1339:
1337:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1249:
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1240:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1210:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1070:, pp. 41–43
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1011:
1005:
999:
951:
894:
885:
861:
814:
774:Symeon of Durham
750:
728:
727:
712:
711:
705:
627:
562:Ælfwine of Deira
551:Drest mac Donuel
531:Stephen of Ripon
176:
174:
164:
157:
150:
141:
140:
133:
46:
45:
38:
21:
20:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2016:
2015:
1992:
1987:
1953:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1894:
1880:
1878:
1859:
1857:
1838:
1836:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1791:
1760:
1748:
1717:
1711:Jervise, Andrew
1674:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1594:
1592:
1579:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1526:
1514:
1498:
1496:
1477:
1475:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1205:, p. 133;
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1905:: 627–647.
1881:1 September
1860:1 September
1818:12 February
1728:: 187–201.
1595:12 February
1545:6 September
1529:6 September
1499:1 September
1459:3 September
1441:3 September
1207:Fraser 2009
1203:Alcock 2003
1166:Fraser 2009
1155:Veitch 1997
1143:Fraser 2009
1122:Fraser 2009
1092:Fraser 2009
1080:Fraser 2009
1064:Alcock 2003
1033:Fraser 2009
868:King Arthur
770:Old English
768:, from the
498:River Forth
289:Heavenfield
274:Cefn Digoll
269:Cirencester
229:Alclud Ford
108:Northumbria
2020:Categories
1952:0192116967
1771:: 81–114.
1642:27 January
1425:References
1045:English.")
1029:Woolf 2006
1018:Woolf 2001
966:Dál Riatan
933:Alex Woolf
790:Linn Garan
613:suzerainty
587:until the
583:church of
570:Stonehaven
466:Background
430:suzerainty
404:, and the
369:Brunanburh
349:Bensington
309:Two Rivers
294:Maserfield
120:Bridei III
52:20 May 685
1981:201796703
1848:Pont, T.
1839:29 August
1827:Nennius.
1785:162209011
1742:245401875
984:Beornhæth
960:Aftermath
937:Dunachton
919:Dunachton
908:Aberlemno
839:Dunnichen
810:Dunnichen
786:Old Welsh
733:Dunachton
717:Dunnichen
666:Tigernach
566:Dunnottar
543:Beornhæth
486:Edinburgh
449:Loch Insh
445:Dunachton
437:Dunnichen
408:, led by
400:, led by
390:Old Welsh
279:Caer-Uisc
259:Degsastan
224:Beranburh
199:Aylesford
73:Dunachton
65:Dunnichen
1919:59506331
1833:Archived
1713:(1856).
1633:Archived
973:Trumwine
949:NH820047
941:Badenoch
892:NO483518
883:NO512518
866:, where
859:NO516489
695:Location
681:Cuthbert
605:Trumwine
597:Abercorn
581:Columban
523:Ecgfrith
494:Gododdin
426:Mercians
417:hegemony
364:Scotland
354:Ellandun
339:Hereford
254:Catraeth
184:Timeline
125:Ecgfrith
103:Pictland
77:Badenoch
57:Location
1336:27 July
1320:Lothius
1253:Jackson
872:Mordred
870:fought
794:Pictish
778:Nennius
672:in his
670:Nennius
547:Fortriu
539:Wilfrid
505:Fortriu
460:Britain
304:Peonnum
299:Winwaed
264:Chester
239:Deorham
194:Guoloph
131:†
61:Unknown
1979:
1949:
1917:
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1538:Bede.
1522:Bede.
1378:Barry.
977:Whitby
662:Ulster
603:, and
509:Mounth
490:Oswald
344:Otford
334:Pencon
127:
85:Result
1977:S2CID
1926:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1895:(PDF)
1792:(PDF)
1781:S2CID
1761:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1738:S2CID
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1629:(PDF)
1515:(PDF)
990:Notes
843:Angus
617:Brega
517:Oswiu
482:Eidyn
441:Angus
422:Picts
398:Picts
329:Hehil
314:Trent
249:Raith
219:Badon
69:Angus
1947:ISBN
1934:2009
1883:2009
1862:2009
1841:2009
1820:2009
1807:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1644:2009
1597:2009
1573:ISBN
1547:2009
1531:2009
1501:2009
1480:2009
1461:2009
1443:2009
1338:2010
664:and
648:Bede
585:Iona
513:Bede
380:The
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2031:685
1969:doi
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