2289:
2195:
2139:
49:. Manipulation of royal genealogies, in this and other sources, to enhance the claims of contemporary rulers was common. Literary formulas associated with original myths are a common feature of earlier entries." Although the timeline uses the annals for this period of history, information provided by these sources can be problematic, particularly with the earlier dates.
61:
took over land in
Britain from Romano-Britons (Celtic-speakers, Latin-speakers, or both), is highly complex. The limitations of source material place constraints on just how accurate any chronology can be. As an example, the following table shows how much variation there is between historians on just
1357:
4 and 5 August 910 Battle of
Wednesfield near Wolverhampton. 'The first written references to Wednesfield came in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle where there is mention of a great battle at Wednesfield in which the Mercians and their allies inflicted a defeat on the Danes, leading to the effective end of
183:
from the late ninth century onwards. Some sources say that the Saxon warriors were invited to come, to the area now known as
England, to help keep out invaders from Scotland and Ireland. Another reason for coming may have been because their land often flooded and it was difficult to grow crops, so
1441:
1060: Caradoc, son of
Rhydderch, son of lestin, hired Harold to come with an army to S.Wales. Then, conjointly with a great host of the men of Glamorgan and Gwent, they went against Grufudd. After Grufudd, son of Llywelyn, was slain, his head was cut off and taken as a present to Harold. (The ASC
1886:
Esmonde Cleary. The Ending of Roman
Britain. pp.137 - 138. The source for the Rescript of Honorius was Zosimus, he was a chronicler from the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He was writing in the late 5th and early 6th century. His work was copying earlier sources and it seems that he may have
161:, tried to compute dates for events in early Anglo-Saxon history. Although primarily writing about church history, Bede is seen as Britain's first true historian, in that he cited his references and listed events according to dates rather than regnal lists. So we know that he relied heavily on
1343:
893:A combined force containing men from Mercia, Wessex and Wales besieged the
Vikings at Buttington for several weeks, starving them out until finally the Vikings had to emerge and they were defeated there by the English and the Welsh: the surviving Vikings fled back to
2115:.p.135.This has given rise to two schools of thought. Celts were still living east of the Tamar...Athelstan simply drove them beyond the river. Secondly...the Tamar was already a national boundary and that the Cornish lived in Exeter as foreign settlers.
2100:
He(Athelstan) now attacked the 'West Welsh'(Cornish) ..crushed their opposition, deported the dissident minority, established a new boundary at the Tamar.. Athelstan was remembered in
Cornwall not as a conquering warlord but as the benefactor of their
430:
Here
Hengest and Æsc fought together against the Welsh (meaning 'foreigner': the manner in which the invaders referred to the Britons) near Wippedesfleot and there slew 12 Welsh chief men, and one of their thanes was slain, whose name was Wipped.
1717:
ASC 835.Her cuom micel sciphere on
Westwalas & hie to anum gecierdon, & wiþ Ecgbryht West Seaxna cyning winnende wæron. Þa he þæt hierde & mid fierde ferde & him wiþ feaht æt Hengestdune & þær gefliemde ge þa Walas ge þa
1617:
ASC 577.Her Cuþwine & Ceawlin fuhton wiþ Brettas, & hie .iii. kyningas ofslogon, Coinmail, & Condidan, & Farinmail, in þære stowe þe is gecueden
Deorham. & genamon .iii. ceastro Gleawanceaster, & Cirenceaster, &
35:. The dates, particularly from the fourth to the late sixth centuries, have very few contemporary sources and are largely later constructions by medieval chroniclers. The historian Diana Greenway described one such 12th-century chronicler,
1655:
ASC 658.Her Cenwalh gefeaht æt Peonnum wiþ Walas, & hie gefliemde oþ Pedridan; þis wæs gefohten siþþan he of East Englum com. He wæs þær .iii. gear on wrece, hæfde hine Penda adrifenne, & rices benumenne. forþon he his swostor
2029:
The English were badly beaten on the Wye in 584, and Cealin returned home in anger...in 591 a new king is said to have ruled over the Gewissae (West Saxons)... wars between the English drove him (Cealin) back to his original
2124:
Woods. Dark Ages. p.152. Constantine king of the Scots broke his treaty with Athelstan. Whether he was already plotting against Athelstan we can not say, but he must have refused to pay tribute. Athelstan's response was
1887:
compressed a lot of the dates. Also the Rescript of Honorius was in a section discussing northern Italy and Liguria. It has been suggested that the name copied down was in error and that the copyist mistranscribed
1288:
was fought in Wiltshire between Ecgberht of Wessex and Beornwulf of Mercia It effectively ended Mercian Supremacy over the southern kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England and established West Saxon dominance in southern
719:
area and much of the plain of the Midlands. Loss of Bath would separate the Britons of Wales from the Britons of the southwest. After this, the border between Saxons and the southwest Britons was probably at the
1627:
ASC 584.Her Ceawlin & Cuþa fuhton wiþ Brettas, in þam stede þe mon nemneþ Feþanleag. & Cuþan mon ofslog. & Ceaulin monige tunas genom, & unarimedlice herereaf, & ierre he hwearf þonan to his
187:
The most controversial dates in the period—those from the fourth to the late sixth centuries—have very few contemporary sources, and are mainly derived from later attempts to construct Anglo-Saxon history.
1532:
ASC 457.Her Hengest & Æsc fuhton wiþ Brettas in þære stowe þe is gecueden Crecganford & þær ofslogon .iiiim. wera, & þa Brettas þa forleton Centlond & mid micle ege flugon to Lundenbyrg.
1483:
Afterwards, by the power of the Saxons, Bleddyn, son of Cynvyn, reigned sole king of Gwynedd and Powys; and Meredydd, son of Owain, son of Edwin, by the power of the Saxons became prince of South Wales.
1523:
ASC 455. Her Hengest & Horsa fuhton wiþ Wyrtgeorne þam cyninge, in þære stowe þe is gecueden Agælesþrep, & his broþur Horsan man ofslog; & æfter þam Hengest feng to rice & Æsc his sunu.
1475:. William, Duke of Normandy, came as an intruder to the island of Britain, and a pitched battle took place between him and Harold; in which, after a severe and bloody fight, Harold was killed.
1590:
ASC 501.Her cuom Port on Bretene & his .ii. suna Bieda & Mægla mid .ii. scipum on þære stowe þe is gecueden Portesmuþa & ofslogon anne giongne Brettiscmonnan, swiþe æþelne monnan.
1319:
877: Rhodri Mawr, a Welsh opponent of the Vikings, and his son Gwriad were killed by Mercian forces, even though Mercia was almost completely under the control of the Vikings at the time.
1435:, and Macht, with combined forces, proceeded against the Saxons, and devastated the country of England a great way towards its centre; and they returned to Wales with great spoil.
1541:
ASC 465. Her Hengest & Æsc gefuhton uuiþ Walas neah Wippedesfleote & þær .xii. wilisce aldormenn ofslogon, & hiera þegn an þær wearþ ofslægen, þam wæs noma Wipped.
1608:
ASC 571.Her Cuþwulf feaht wiþ Bretwalas æt Bedcan forda. & .iiii. tunas genom, Lygeanburg. & Ægelesburg. Benningtun. & Egonesham. & þy ilcan geare he gefor.
171:, a sixth-century cleric, for his early dates and historians have found Gildas unreliable where dates were concerned. Bede's work was widely read among the literate in the
1599:
ASC 508.Her Cerdic & Cynric ofslogon ænne Brettisccyning, þam was nama Natanleod, & .v. þusendu wera mid him. Æfter was þæt lond nemned Natanleaga oþ Cerdicesford.
925:, between a Northumbrian army and a Welsh army: heavy Welsh casualties, and their defeat severed the land connection between Wales and the Celts of northwest Britain.
1806:
Snyder. The Britons. p. 123.; Jones.The End of Roman Britain. pp. 44–45.; Morris. Dark Age Dates. p. 154.; Michael Wood. The Domesday Quest. p. 64.;
1920:
1807:
1681:
ASC 710..... & þam ylcan geare feaht Beorhtfrið ealdorman wið Pehtas betwux Hæfe & Cære, & Ine & Nun his mæg gefuhton wið Gerente Weala cyninge,
2074:
758:
2198:
1464:
and submitted to them, and afterwards went to and killed their king Gruffudd, and brought Harold his head, and he set another king for it.
157:
1559:
ASC 477. Her cuom Ælle on Bretenlond & his .iii. suna, Cymen & Wlencing & Cissa, mid .iii. scipum on þa stowe þe is nemned
1940:
When Aella and his three sons land from three ships on a beach named after one of the sons, we are reading legend rather than history.
761:
fought against Britons in the place that is named Fethanleag and Cutha was slain, and Ceawlin took many settlements and countless war-
1581:
ASC 491.Her Ælle & Cissa ymbsæton Andredescester & ofslogon alle þa þe þærinne eardedon; ne wearþ þær forþon an Bret to lafe.
1550:
ASC 473. Her Hengest & Æsc gefuhton wiþ Walas & genamon unarimedlico herereaf, & þa Walas flugon þa Englan swa þær fyr.
2561:
555:
c. 520: Saxons took control of Sussex, Kent, East Anglia and part of Yorkshire, West Saxons founded a Kingdom in Hampshire under
1369:
2537:
2455:
2433:
2359:
2160:
563:
334:
2566:
163:
2516:
2495:
2474:
2410:
2338:
2317:
2277:
2235:
2216:
2183:
1875:
683:
fought against Britons and they slew 3 kings: Coinmail & Condidan & Farinmail, in the place which is called
1731:
784:
2082:
1012:(alias Battle of Maes Cogwy), in which Oswald king of the Northmen and Eawa king of the Celtic Mercians fell.
1045:
1563:, & þær ofslogon monige Wealas & sume on fleame bedrifon on þone wudu þe is genemned Andredesleage.
449:
came to Britain and his 3 sons Cymen & Wlencing & Cissa, with 3 ships to the place which is named
416:
316:
2007:
suggests that Fethanleag could possibly be Fretherne, Gloucestershire another possible place according to
526:
501: (Here Port and his 2 sons Bieda and Mægla came to Britain with 2 ships to the place which is called
2556:
1637:
ASC 614.Her Cynegils & Cuichelm gefuhton on Beandune, & ofslogon .ii. þusendo Wala & .lxvi.
1301:
851:
1844:
Alfred the Great. Asser.(2004) pp. 275–281. - Discussion of sources, authors, dates and accuracy
777:
1699:
ASC 813.... & þy geare gehergade Ecgbryht cyning on West Walas from easteweardum oþ westewearde.
933:
453:, and there slew many Welsh & drove some in flight into the wood which is called Andredesleag .)
2142:
944:
929:
893:
704:
457:
1916:
821:
591:. The West Saxons are said to have defeated the Britons at Barbury Castle Hill Fort near Swindon.
427:
2292:
1400:
1334:
1313:
1499:
1033:
998:
983:
588:
389:, and his brother Horsa was slain; and after that Hengest took the throne with Æsc, his son.)
341:
240:
229:
180:
41:
2370:
2246:
2008:
2004:
833:
1432:
1394:
1173:
1104:
1009:
795:
754:
721:
610:
483:
8:
2245:
Morgan, Kathleen; Smith, Brian S (1972). Elrington, C R; Herbert, N M; Pugh, R B (eds.).
1919:
Gildas says that it is Saxons who come over to fight the Picts and settle, whereas Bede,
1736:
1431:
1059: Macht, son of Harold, came to Wales with a great army in his train; and the Prince
1116:
1100:
708:
660:
637:
581:
471:
besieged Andredescester and slew all who dwelt therein; no Briton was left afterwards.)
374:
323:
172:
45:
as "a product of the West Saxon court... concerned with glorifying the royal ancestry of
36:
215:. Many of the dates from the fourth, fifth, and sixth century are points of contention.
2150:
1741:
1472:
1417:
1330:
1285:
1169:
1149:
1135:
1049:
847:
614:
397:
313:
832:
on a mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity, under the patronage of King
370:(The name Vortigern may mean "Great King" rather than being a lifelong personal name.)
39:, as a 'weaver' compiler of history, and the archaeologist Martin Welch described the
2533:
2512:
2491:
2470:
2451:
2429:
2406:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2273:
2231:
2212:
2179:
2175:
2156:
1871:
1059:
1056:
1037:
1022:
922:
262:
211:
2390:
Morris, John (1985) . "Dark Age Dates". In Michael Jarrett and Brian Dobson (ed.).
2296:
1746:
1449:
1326:
1297:
1225:
1123:
1026:
901:
700:
652:
317:
refuses a call for help from Britain, tells the cities to look to their own defence
283:
224:
205:
46:
768:
590: Elmet joined an alliance of British kingdoms against the expanding Angles of
732:
2251:
A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 10: Westbury and Whitstone Hundreds
2042:
1811:
1668:
1460:
both with land-army and ship-army, and conquered that land; and that people gave
1421:
1127:
1041:
867:
829:
814:
807:
736:
626:
603:
501:
479:
468:
464:
446:
330:
71:
63:
25:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1309:
1131:
897:
863:
825:
696:
508:
348:
295:
290:: raiders, Roman armies recruited from among German tribes, some settlers (The
32:
20:
is concerned with the period of history from just before the departure of the
2550:
1305:
1189:
1108:
1078:
had driven him out, and taken his kingdom, because he abandoned his sister.)
287:
2421:
937:
1481:
1068: Some of the Saxons sought protection from the Normans in Powys then..
725:
475:
58:
817:
was murdered. A feud broke out between two of this alliance's key members.
2300:
2016:
1989:
1965:
The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History From 3500 B.C. to the Present
1900:
1503:
1387:
1071:
968:
882:
692:
664:
487:
291:
2012:
1560:
1063:
855:
716:
688:
527:
520:
450:
57:
Constructing a chronology of the early Anglo-Saxon period, and how the
21:
1278:
1240:
1095:
710: (... and in the same year ealdorman Beorhtfrith fought against
956:
952:
875:
622:
595:
545:
512:
460:(Here Ælle fought against Welsh near the margin of Mearcrædesburna .)
386:
355:
1891:(Britain) for Brettia or Brittia, which is a place in southern Italy
1507:
1134:, the battle of Garth Maelog, the battle of Pencon among the south
1498:
The Timeline was constructed using the following extracts from the
1293:
1264:
1229:
1201:
1082:
912:
908:
871:
859:
769:
743:
676:
641:
574:
570:
401:
2288:
2194:
2138:
1901:
Butler, Rev. Alban, "St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor",
788:
699:. ): These entries seem to show that the Britons' defences in the
1967:, Fourth Edition (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 193.
1572:
ASC 485. Her Ælle gefeaht wiþ Walas neah Mearcrædesburnan stæðe.
1461:
1250:
1208:
1197:
1067:
960:
762:
680:
645:
630:
618:
439:
378:
1980:, Eighth Edition (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2001), 31.
1277:
823: (825 : Here was a fight of Welsh/Britons men of Devon at
573:
established by Angles taking over part of a British area called
366:, who were raiding the east coast, and allows them to settle on
1453:
1362:
1142:
991:
976:
964:
747:
712:
684:
672:
668:
656:
599:
556:
549:
541:
537:
516:
420:
409:
385:
fought against Vortigern the king, in the place that is called
359:
345:
168:
191:
The following is an outline of some events recorded in Bede's
2075:"Wolverhampton City Council - Anniversary of historic battle"
1665:
ASC 682. On þissum geare Centwine gefliemde Bretwealas oþ sę.
1457:
1268:
1254:
1236:
1112:
1075:
972:
889:
803:
799:
773:
707:
ended, and the Saxons obliterated the British Watling Street
382:
272:= Dates and events that are contentious or subject to debate.
1767:
Gransden. Historical Writing. Ch. 1. Gildas and Nennius
419:, Death of all British kings, Begin of violent land grab by
1708:
ASC 823.Her wæs Wala gefeoht & Defna æt Gafulforda. ...
1425:
1159:
1138:, and the Britons were the victors in those three battles."
1096:
735:
took land from the Britons, thus establishing or enlarging
435:
405:
393:
363:
251:
176:
152:
1690:
ASC 794.Her Adrianus papa & Offa cyning forþferdon ...
1196:: 797: Offa king of the Mercians and Maredudd king of the
184:
they were looking for new places to settle down and farm.
1304:. Then he heard and with an army fought against them at
1267:
is destroyed by the Saxons and they took the kingdom of
548:, and 5000 men with him. Afterwards that land was named
2327:
Henry of Huntingdon (1996). Greenway, Diana E. (ed.).
1420:, fought in Essex on 18 October between the armies of
1182:
784: The devastation of Britain by Offa in the summer
1148:
760: A battle between the Britons and the Saxons, the
918:
616: Autumn – Northumbria invaded and conquered Elmet.
566:
likely caused a great famine and thus population loss.
31:
The information is mainly derived from annals and the
1835:
Bede. Ecclesiastical History. Farmer Ed. p. 24.
1646:
ASC 642.Her Oswald Norþanhymbra cyning ofslægen wæs.
404:
and there slew 4,000 men, and the Britons abandoned
2326:
1052:
was allied with Penda but stayed out of the battle.
326:
leads Romano-Britons to victory over Saxon raiders.
2005:A History of the County of Gloucestershire vol.10.
1506:form. For a more complete version and explanation
915:fought together at Beandun, and slew 2,066 Welsh.)
648:: Briton fought Briton and weakened their numbers.
2208:The Celtic Revolution: Study in Anti-imperialism
2172:Bede:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1296:and they joined them, and were fighting against
442:, and the Welsh fled from the English like fire.)
337:for the strategic situation resulting afterwards.
2548:
2204:
530:and slew a young British man, a very noble man.
2145:. Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great
2098:Wood. In search of the Dark Ages.pp. 146 - 147.
1141:Before 730: Northumbria annexed the kingdom of
2265:
2199:s:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1853:J. Campbell, 'The Lost Centuries: 400–600' in
2330:Historia Anglorum: the history of the English
1292:835: (838 : Here a great ship-army came to
1158:778: The devastation of the South Britons by
351:) for the Roman army to come back to Britain.
2009:A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6.
1826:Gransden. Historical Writing. pp. 11–23
1822:
1820:
765:, and in anger he returned to his own land.)
438:fought against Welsh and took countless war-
282:360 and after, and perhaps before: various
158:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
151:Much of the dating of the period comes from
140:
132:
124:
116:
108:
100:
92:
84:
2375:A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 6
2309:Historical Writing in England c 550 - c1307
2244:
1763:
1761:
703:collapsed, and the peace that followed the
500:c. 500: Average of suggested dates for the
18:Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain
2094:
2092:
329:c. 430 to 520: The range of dates for the
2049:
1932:
1857:. ed. J. Campbell, et al.) pp. 20–44
1817:
1801:
1799:
1770:
1235:816: ... Saxons invaded the mountains of
2354:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
2305:
2226:Campbell, J. (1982). J. Campbell (ed.).
2225:
2201:. (1903). Translation based on L.C. Jane
2058:
2055:Mercia and the Making of England. p. 107
1909:
1758:
1361:927: Athelstan evicted the Cornish from
594:About 560: Saxons conquered all of east
24:, in the 4th century, to just after the
2442:
2089:
2064:Mercia and the Making of England. p. 84
1838:
1224:813: (815 : ... and in this year king
1152:, in which Dyfnwal son of Tewdwr dies.
711:and united their areas and overran the
2549:
2464:
2419:
2398:
2389:
2149:Asser (2004). Keyne Lapidge tr (ed.).
1894:
1796:
1066:, and drove them in flight as far as
994:: Northumbria expels the Gwynedd army.
990:: 631, Cantscaul) about 6 miles NW of
783:592: West Saxons were defeated in the
617:at Bedcanford and took 4 settlements:
2483:
2368:
2347:
2148:
1963:R. Ernest Dupuy and Trevor N. Dupuy,
1783:
1070:; this was fought after he came from
881:c. 604: Deira and Bernicia united as
858:: An army from the Celtic kingdom of
2525:
2504:
2169:
1667:On the Parker MS it was 682. On the
979:temporarily returned to Celtic rule.
836:, reputedly a descendant of Hengest.
794:596: Angles defeated an alliance of
544:slew a British king, whose name was
1829:
519:coastal areas, particularly around
344:" - A last appeal (possibly to the
13:
2377:. Institute of Historical Research
2253:. Institute of Historical Research
2247:"Fretherne and Saul: Introduction"
2027:Stenton. The Age of Arthur.p.299.
362:to come and help them against the
164:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
14:
2578:
2170:Bede (1990). Farmer, D.H. (ed.).
1308:and there put to flight both the
1074:. He was there 3 years in exile.
564:extreme weather events of 535–536
368:"The eastern side of the island."
286:(Alemanni, Saxons, etc.) came to
175:, and his dates were used by the
2467:Mercia and the Making of England
2287:
2205:Berresford Ellis, Peter (1985).
2193:
2137:
1938:Welch.Anglo-Saxon England p.9.-
1393:937: Æthelstan's victory at the
1370:Æthelstan's invasion of Scotland
1085:chased the Britons into the sea.
1001:king of Northumbria was slain)
633:. And in the same year he died.)
2562:Conflict in Anglo-Saxon England
2420:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003).
2295:. (1848). Translation based on
2118:
2105:
2067:
2034:
2021:
1998:
1983:
1970:
1957:
1944:
1880:
1808:Bede.EH. Book 1. Ch. 15–16
1732:Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1410:
1351:
613:: Here Cuthwulf fought against
2266:Esmonde Cleary, A. S. (1991).
1868:The Anglo-Saxon Age c.400-1042
1860:
1847:
1403:was laid waste by the Saxons.
1218:
1089:
1003:This may be the same battle as
904:where Elmet's king's seat was.
840:
813:Afterwards: The British king,
778:History of Yorkshire#Sub-Roman
494:
306:
276:
1:
2405:. Cornwall Editions Limited.
2131:
1978:The Making of England to 1399
1502:, they are in their original
1329:defeated the remnants of the
400:in the place which is called
52:
2369:Lobel, Mary D., ed. (1959).
1491:
921:616: Likeliest date for the
584:caused much population loss.
417:Treachery of the Long Knives
408:and with great fear fled to
7:
2269:The ending of Roman Britain
1925:suggests that it is Angles
1725:
1176:, and Offa took the town."
862:fell in battle against the
742:c. 584: The Kingdom of the
598:and the British kingdom of
10:
2583:
2529:In Search of the Dark Ages
2348:Jones, Michael E. (1998).
2306:Gransden, Antonia (1974).
2043:Kirkcaldy Burgh and Schyre
1468:(Peterborough manuscript).
1188:794: (796 : In this year
434:473: (Here Hengest &
392:457: (Here Hengest &
155:(672/673–735), who in his
76:
2567:British history timelines
2040:Macbean, Lachlan (1924),
1991:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1870:, London: Longman, 1973,
1378:set the boundary between
1365:and refortified the city.
1211:is killed by the Saxons.
1040:defeated and killed King
938:Æthelfrith of Northumbria
552:as far as Cerdicesford .)
179:who compiled the various
80:
2351:The End of Roman Britain
2079:www.wolverhampton.gov.uk
1752:
1271:into their own control.
1119:king of Welsh ... ) ...
945:Battle of Hatfield Chase
930:Battle of the River Idle
705:Battle of Mons Badonicus
602:, and there established
480:Battle of Mons Badonicus
458:Battle of Mercredesburne
70:Suggested dates for the
2399:Payton, Philip (1982).
2143:s:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1917:The Ruin of Britain 23.
1903:The Lives of the Saints
1200:die, and the battle of
822:Augustine of Canterbury
724:along the ridge of the
428:Battle of Wippedesfleot
228:" (English translation
2526:Wood, Michael (2005).
2505:Wood, Michael (1985).
2443:Stenton, F.M. (1971).
2371:"Parishes: Stoke Lyne"
1424:(King of England) and
1335:The Battle of Edington
1122:722: According to the
1081:682: This year also,
967:attacked and defeated
934:Rædwald of East Anglia
785:Battle of Woden's Burg
474:c. 497: Defeat of the
299:
193:Ecclesiastical History
181:Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
2428:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2312:. London: Routledge.
2293:s:The Ruin of Britain
2272:. London: Routledge.
2113:The Celtic Revolution
1976:C. Warren Hollister,
1952:From Caesar to Arthur
1500:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1452:and his brother Earl
1263:822: The fortress of
1207:798: Caradog king of
1192:and king Offa die.) (
1034:Battle of the Winwaed
984:Battle of Heavenfield
589:Battle of Beran Byrig
342:Groans of the Britons
335:effects of the battle
241:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
197:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
42:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
28:in the 11th century.
2490:. English Heritage.
2484:Welch, M.G. (1992).
2465:Walker, Ian (2000).
1442:dates this as 1063)
1395:Battle of Brunanburh
1060:fought against Welsh
1046:Cadafael ap Cynfeddw
1010:Battle of Maserfield
951:: 630, Meigen) near
932:– major victory for
900:, north and west of
755:Battle of Fethanleag
687:, and took 3 towns:
611:Battle of Bedcanford
173:Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
2487:Anglo-Saxon England
2446:Anglo-Saxon England
2402:Cornwall: A History
2230:. London: Penguin.
2178:. London: Penguin.
2155:. Penguin Classic.
1791:Anglo-Saxon England
1737:Anglo-Saxon England
1239:and the kingdom of
1232:from east to west.)
1172:and Offa fought at
757:: Here Ceawlin and
638:Battle of Arfderydd
562:535 & 536: The
375:Battle of Aylesford
324:Germanus of Auxerre
312:410 : Emperor
74:
37:Henry of Huntingdon
2508:The Domesday Quest
2469:. Stroud: Sutton.
2211:. Wales: Y Lolfa.
2085:on 12 August 2013.
1778:Historia Anglorum.
1742:Kingdom of Gwynedd
1473:Battle of Hastings
1428:(King of Denmark).
1418:Battle of Assandun
1331:Great Heathen Army
1286:Battle of Ellendun
1150:Battle of Hereford
848:Battle of Catraeth
834:Æthelberht of Kent
569:In or before 547:
69:
2557:Sub-Roman Britain
2539:978-0-563-52276-8
2457:978-0-19-280139-5
2435:978-0-631-22260-6
2361:978-0-8014-8530-5
2228:The Anglo- Saxons
2176:Leo Sherley-Price
2162:978-0-14-044409-4
1812:Annales Cambriae.
1512:
1111:and his relative
1038:Oswiu of Bernicia
1023:Cenwalh of Wessex
943:633, 12 October:
923:Battle of Chester
828:, arrived in the
824:, a monk sent by
263:Brut y Tywysogion
212:Brut y Tywysogion
149:
148:
2574:
2543:
2522:
2501:
2480:
2461:
2439:
2416:
2395:
2392:Britain and Rome
2386:
2384:
2382:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2297:Thomas Habington
2291:
2283:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2241:
2222:
2197:
2189:
2174:. Translated by
2166:
2152:Alfred the Great
2141:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2081:. Archived from
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2011:is perhaps near
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1950:Ashe, Geoffrey,
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1913:
1907:
1905:, Vol. VII, 1866
1898:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1864:
1858:
1855:The Anglo-Saxons
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1815:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1747:Kingdom of Powys
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1496:
1448:1063: Here Earl
1327:Alfred the Great
1124:Annales Cambriae
1027:Bradford-on-Avon
1025:won a battle at
902:Barwick-in-Elmet
874:at Catterick in
701:English Midlands
653:Battle of Dyrham
284:Germanic peoples
225:Annales Cambriae
206:Annales Cambriae
105:c. 430 – c. 440
86:Annales Cambriae
75:
68:
47:Alfred the Great
2582:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2532:. London: BBC.
2519:
2511:. London: BBC.
2498:
2477:
2458:
2450:. Oxford: OUP.
2436:
2413:
2380:
2378:
2362:
2341:
2333:. Oxford: OUP.
2320:
2280:
2256:
2254:
2238:
2219:
2186:
2163:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2090:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2003:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1922:HE.Book 1 Ch 15
1914:
1910:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1881:
1866:D.J.V. Fisher,
1865:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1797:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1669:Cotton Tiberius
1664:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1494:
1422:Edmund Ironside
1413:
1354:
1253:devastated the
1221:
1128:battle of Hehil
1126:, 722 saw "the
1115:fought against
1092:
1042:Penda of Mercia
843:
830:Kingdom of Kent
815:Urien of Rheged
808:Battle of Raith
502:Battle of Badon
497:
445:477:(?) (Here
396:fought against
331:Battle of Badon
309:
300:litus Saxonicum
279:
145:c. 485 – c.520
72:Battle of Badon
64:Battle of Badon
55:
26:Norman Conquest
12:
11:
5:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2502:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2462:
2456:
2440:
2434:
2417:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2366:
2360:
2345:
2339:
2324:
2318:
2303:
2284:
2278:
2263:
2242:
2236:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2190:
2184:
2167:
2161:
2146:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2104:
2088:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2033:
2020:
1997:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1931:
1908:
1893:
1879:
1859:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1816:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1479:
1469:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1376:King Athelstan
1372:
1366:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1323:
1317:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1186:
1180:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1139:
1120:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1053:
1036:in which King
1030:
1019:
1006:
995:
980:
941:
926:
919:
916:
905:
886:
879:
842:
839:
838:
837:
826:Pope Gregory I
818:
811:
792:
781:
766:
751:
740:
729:
649:
634:
607:
592:
585:
580:Around 549: A
578:
567:
560:
553:
534:
524:
511:colonised the
505:
496:
493:
492:
491:
472:
461:
454:
443:
432:
424:
413:
390:
371:
352:
338:
327:
320:
308:
305:
304:
303:
278:
275:
274:
273:
267:
255:
245:
233:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
62:one date, the
54:
51:
33:Venerable Bede
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:0-15-352274-7
2514:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2497:0-7134-6566-2
2493:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2476:0-7509-2131-5
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2412:1-904880-05-3
2408:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:0-19-822224-6
2336:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2319:0-203-44203-2
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2279:0-415-23898-6
2275:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2237:0-14-014395-5
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2218:0-86243-096-8
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:0-14-044565-X
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2121:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2031:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:0-582-48277-1
1873:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1618:Baþanceaster.
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1509:
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1501:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1399:946: ... And
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1358:their power.'
1356:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:655, 15 Nov:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
733:Ælla of Deira
730:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:by Saxons of
666:
662:
658:
655:: Capture of
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
565:
561:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
498:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:
466:
462:
459:
455:
452:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:c. 446: The "
339:
336:
332:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
310:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:Roman Britain
285:
281:
280:
271:
268:
265:
264:
259:
256:
254:'s writings".
253:
249:
246:
243:
242:
237:
234:
231:
227:
226:
221:
218:
217:
216:
214:
213:
208:
207:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:
160:
159:
154:
144:
141:
136:
133:
128:
125:
120:
117:
112:
109:
104:
101:
96:
93:
88:
85:
77:
73:
67:
65:
60:
50:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
27:
23:
19:
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2527:
2509:
2506:
2488:
2485:
2466:
2447:
2444:
2425:
2422:
2403:
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2352:
2349:
2331:
2328:
2310:
2307:
2270:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2250:
2227:
2209:
2206:
2171:
2151:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2083:the original
2078:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2030:territory...
2028:
2023:
2000:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1939:
1934:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1805:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1776:Huntingdon.
1772:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1666:
1661:
1651:
1642:
1633:
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1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1443:
1436:
1411:11th century
1404:
1352:10th century
1345:
1338:
1320:
1300:king of the
1272:
1258:
1244:
1212:
1193:
1190:Pope Hadrian
1183:
1177:
1163:
1153:
1055:658: (Here
1016:
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582:great plague
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261:
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239:
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186:
162:
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2448:3rd edition
2424:The Britons
2301:J. A. Giles
2017:Oxfordshire
1504:Old English
1401:Strathclyde
1388:River Tamar
1302:West Saxons
1219:9th century
1090:8th century
1072:East Anglia
969:Northumbria
883:Northumbria
841:7th century
693:Cirencester
665:Aquae Sulis
495:6th century
488:King Arthur
402:Crecganford
322:429 :
307:5th century
292:Saxon Shore
277:4th century
2551:Categories
2132:References
2013:Stoke Lyne
1889:Brettannia
1561:Cymenesora
1508:Click Here
1456:went into
1306:Hengestdun
1228:raided in
1174:Bensington
1130:among the
1064:Penselwood
894:earthworks
856:Y Gododdin
717:Verulamium
689:Gloucester
528:Portsmouth
521:Holderness
451:Cymenesora
53:Chronology
22:Roman Army
2101:churches.
1718:Deniscan.
1656:anforlet.
1492:ASC Notes
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876:Yorkshire
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623:Aylesbury
596:Yorkshire
550:Natanleag
546:Natanleod
513:North Sea
387:Aylesford
356:Vortigern
2381:18 March
2257:18 March
1954:pp.295-8
1915:Gildas.
1726:See also
1462:hostages
1433:Gruffudd
1384:Cornwall
1312:and the
1298:Ecgbryht
1294:Cornwall
1289:England.
1265:Degannwy
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898:Aberford
896:in near
872:Bernicia
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846:c. 600:
770:Bernicia
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