206:
417:), with liberty to get and carry away the clay and to manufacture it into bricks, is a valid enough lease; and the lessee may even exhaust the field, subject (where the lease so provides) to his afterwards levelling the field; but the lessor must be shown to have such an estate in the lands as warrants the lease, or else to have a power to make such a lease; and if the lease is merely of certain premises (portion of which is a field containing brick-earth), the lessee may not dig or take the earth, - much less may he exhaust the field of all the clay, - not even when the lease purports to be without impeachment of waste .
269:
he sprinkled with sand, that slotted onto a base on the bench. The clay was thrown into the mould with great force. That done, tapping the mould released the newly formed brick (green brick). They were removed from the bench by the 'off bearer' who stacked them next to the bench. A 'barrow loader' stacked 30 green bricks in a barrow. The 'pusher outer' wheeled the green bricks to a 'hack' where they would dry off. The hack would contain 1000 bricks stacked on boards, seven courses high. These were dried for 5 weeks losing about 2 pounds (0.91 kg) in weight- these were now called 'white bricks'.
331:
around in sequence. When the firing was complete, the bricks had time to cool before they were removed. the kiln was reloaded with green bricks and in turn the kiln would be fired once more. There was always an empty kiln ready to take fresh green bricks so production was not interrupted by waiting for a firing to be completed. A kiln of this type is still in use at a brickworks in
Rainham. The next development was the Long Continuous Kiln where bricks were stacked on flat wagons which were slowly passed through a chamber where hot gases could circulate around them.
278:
retain the heat. The fuel was known as 'rough stuff' or 'London mixture'. It was made in winter by 'scrying' sifting out the half burnt coal from domestic rubbish which had been retrieved from London by barge, then left to rot for a year or so. The finer ash was added to the slurry, and the larger remains used in the cowls. The cowl was fired and a 'scintler' moved outer bricks during the firing to aid airflow. The centre of the cowl fired at 900 deg C. When the firing was complete, 'sorters' dismantled the cowl. Bricks were sorted into:
29:
212:'s famous 1829 etching entitled “London going out of Town, or The March of Bricks & Mortar”, shows the expansion of 19th century London as an invasion of the countryside by an army made of building materials, such as chimney pots, hods, picks and shovels. A continuous barrage of newly made bricks is discharged from a kiln.
268:
The gang consisted of a 'temperer', who cut the clay out of the washback and loaded it into a wheeled barrow, and took it to the berth where he emptied it into the hopper. The 'flatie' took the extruded clay and rolled it in sand, and handed it to the moulder. The moulder had a rectangular mould that
232:
The washmill was usually a sunken circular pit that was brick lined. It was 4 feet (1.2 m) deep, and 15 feet (4.6 m) in diameter. A horse pulled a centrally pivoted beam with rakes that broke up the weathered clay and mixed it into a slurry. It was here that the correct proportion of chalk,
277:
The traditional method of firing bricks was to use a cowl (or clamp). A cowl was a stack of 750 'white bricks' laid on edge, and about 6 inches (15 cm) apart leaving channels for the fuel. The stack would be 32 courses high. The white brick stack was covered with rejected bricks that would help
188:
as a referenced example: about 1 foot (0.30 m) of acidic topsoil covers about 6 feet (1.8 m) of head, which lies on the alkaline Thanet Sands. There are five layers of sands with different properties – the light grey sands are themselves marketable and are used in the brickmaking process,
63:
In pre-19th-century
England, n most areas the brickfield owner hired a brickmaster at a price per thousand bricks to superintend the site and take full responsibility for the output of the operations. He in turn contracted with moulders to temper, mould and hack the bricks. Each moulder then hired
330:
was the first move towards mass production. It was a series of downdraught kilns, connected in a circle or in a long rectangle. Each kiln had an access channel to the next so as soon as the one kiln was fully firing process, the waste heat would begin to fire the next. The fires would thus burn
224:'. The head, or clay was now dug from the field in winter by workers (diggers) on piecework rates. This was calculated on the volume extracted. 44 ft by 8 ft by 6 ft would make 33000 bricks. The dug clay was left exposed in heaps to weather.
325:
was circular and about 15 ft in diameter; the hot gases rose but were deflected back down onto the bricks. This was more efficient in fuel consumption; opening ports in the roof allowed more fuel to be introduced during the firing when necessary. The
489:
High energy intensity from growing inefficient industrial operations is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and fine particulate pollution in
Bangladesh. Brickfields are among the largest industrial
249:
When the liquid slurry was ready it was 'laundered' along wooden pipes into square washbacks, the water seeped away leaving a stiff clay mix . This process was dependent on the weather.
321:, was rectangular and open-topped with fire holes along the bottom; it was a permanent cowl. It was filled with bricks and it allowed the hot gases to rise amongst them. The
39:
is a field or other open site where bricks are made. Land may be leased by an owner to a brickmaster, by whom the manufacture of bricks may be conducted. Historically, the
517:
The government's definition of derelict land must be broadened to include those coal dumping grounds and brickfields which for technical reasons now escape the definition.
257:
The brickmaking was done by 'gangs' of persons who were usually a family unit. They each had a 'berth', situated in front of a washback. It contained a bench with a
400:
The Law of Mines and
Minerals: With an Appendix of Mining Precedents, Fully Annotated with References to the Text. And a Glossary of English Mining Terms
76:
such fields were often planted with fruit trees. Brickfields were mainly created from 1770 to 1881, when a new shaly clay was discovered at
233:
some river mud and even rags were added. The rags would help the combustion. Clay alone would be too brittle. The popular
Kentish yellows (
88:. Brickfields existed elsewhere, but often the clay layer was deeper or there was no chalk nearby. In modern times bricks are made at a
265:. The pugging process cut up the clay and made it more pliable. Pugmills were attached to a power source by lineshafts and belting.
625:
121:
The southeast of
England consists of rock strata that are more recent than most of Great Britain. It consists of a large
216:
A field was leased from the farmer and it was 'uncallowed' (the topsoil removed). The soil had been farmed and in the
573:
475:
674:
669:
205:
20:
173:. Water is also needed, the rivers are saline so wells and boreholes need to be dug through the three
122:
370:
375:
261:
behind. The pugmill had an inlet hopper, and moved the clay mix along a six-foot tube using an
470:. Clean Energy Investments Project Summaries. Mandaluyong City: Asian Development Bank. 2013.
383:
237:) used 10-17% of chalk. The surface of the porous yellow stock, reacted chemically with the
446:(Doctor of Philosophy). University of York: The Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies
343:
85:
8:
568:. Volume 3 of Morphological investigations. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 278.
609:
Nineteenth
Century Brickmaking Innovations in Britain: Building and Technological Change
440:
Nineteenth
Century Brickmaking Innovations in Britain: Building and Technological Change
397:
Bainbridge, William; Brown, Archibald (1900). "Freehold Lands: Mines Within and Under".
234:
169:(Head), and muds deposited by the rivers. Both the head and the fluvial mud are called
438:
636:
607:
569:
471:
209:
110:
403:. Legal classics library (5 ed.). London: Butterworth & Company. p. 19
644:
262:
154:
437:
Watt, Kathleen Ann (September 1990). "2.1: The
Traditional Brickmaking Industry".
241:
in the polluted air to form an impermeable glaze as well as an attractive colour.
664:
563:
502:
465:
398:
238:
220:
area it had been chalked every five years with 'fat chalk' extracted from the '
635:(Report). Kent Underground Research Group of the Kent Archaeological Society.
658:
327:
146:
142:
640:
68:
Subsequently, the field (if not too damaged ecologically) could be used for
190:
158:
69:
162:
138:
134:
301:
Later, in the larger brickfields these cowls were replaced by permanent
165:. All this solid geology is covered with a layer of brown structureless
619:(PhD). Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York.
414:
364:
185:
178:
174:
170:
130:
126:
89:
96:
64:
his own 'gang' of subsidiary labourers and acted as their employer.
221:
258:
194:
77:
40:
217:
150:
81:
28:
125:, an anticline that has been eroded away leaving a series of
80:. This period coincided with the housing and railway boom in
56:
48:
626:
Chalk Mining & Associated
Industries of Frindsbury, Kent
590:'brickyard n. a place where bricks are made, a brickfield.'
302:
166:
73:
44:
545:
52:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
529:
527:
525:
522:
413:
The lease of a brickfield (or of a field containing
362:
565:
The semantic transparency of English compound nouns
363:
656:
467:2012 Clean Energy Investments: Project Summaries
396:
141:. The Downs have been cut through, with the
623:
549:
99:" can serve as a synonym of "brickfield".
204:
27:
561:
507:. Vol. 1–2. Your Environment. 1970
657:
606:Watt, Kathleen Ann (September 1990).
605:
562:Schäfer, Martin (22 January 2018) .
436:
384:participating institution membership
47:beneath was stripped and mixed with
161:is an Eocene structure composed of
13:
129:separated by low lying vales, The
14:
686:
624:Pearce, Adrian; Long, D (1987).
252:
177:chalk layers to the impermeable
308:
555:
495:
458:
430:
390:
356:
334:
145:being the most prominent. The
109:became a common place name in
43:was typically removed and the
1:
349:
288:Third stocks – interior walls
285:Second stocks – straw facings
282:First stocks – yellow facings
84:and cheap river-transport in
16:Places where bricks are made
7:
244:
227:
21:Brickfield (disambiguation)
10:
691:
599:
291:Roughs – used for footings
200:
116:
18:
371:Oxford English Dictionary
294:Burrs – used for hardcore
328:Hoffmann Continuous Kiln
133:ridges are known as the
376:Oxford University Press
272:
675:19th century in London
670:18th century in London
550:Pearce & Long 1987
425:(1718), 1 P. Wms. 527.
213:
66:
32:
208:
184:Taking the parish of
86:Thames sailing barges
61:
31:
344:London Brick Company
19:For other uses, see
643:. 3. Archived from
374:(Online ed.).
340:Eastwoods – Medway.
235:London stock bricks
633:Shropshire History
214:
33:
382:(Subscription or
297:Chuffs – rejected
210:George Cruikshank
123:denuded anticline
111:southeast England
682:
651:
649:
630:
620:
614:
593:
592:
584:
582:
559:
553:
547:
520:
519:
514:
512:
504:Your Environment
499:
493:
492:
486:
484:
462:
456:
455:
453:
451:
445:
434:
428:
427:
419:Bishop of London
410:
408:
394:
388:
387:
379:
367:
360:
323:downdraught kiln
317:, also called a
263:Archimedes screw
690:
689:
685:
684:
683:
681:
680:
679:
655:
654:
650:on 6 July 2019.
647:
628:
612:
602:
597:
596:
580:
578:
576:
560:
556:
548:
523:
510:
508:
501:
500:
496:
482:
480:
478:
464:
463:
459:
449:
447:
443:
435:
431:
406:
404:
395:
391:
381:
361:
357:
352:
337:
311:
275:
255:
247:
239:sulphur dioxide
230:
203:
195:metal foundries
119:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
688:
678:
677:
672:
667:
653:
652:
621:
601:
598:
595:
594:
574:
554:
521:
494:
476:
457:
429:
389:
354:
353:
351:
348:
347:
346:
341:
336:
333:
315:updraught kiln
310:
307:
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
274:
271:
254:
251:
246:
243:
229:
226:
202:
199:
118:
115:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
687:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
660:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
622:
618:
611:
610:
604:
603:
591:
589:
577:
575:9783961100309
571:
567:
566:
558:
551:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
518:
506:
505:
498:
491:
479:
477:9789292540159
473:
469:
468:
461:
442:
441:
433:
426:
424:
420:
416:
402:
401:
393:
385:
377:
373:
372:
366:
359:
355:
345:
342:
339:
338:
332:
329:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
279:
270:
266:
264:
260:
253:Brickmoulding
250:
242:
240:
236:
225:
223:
219:
211:
207:
198:
196:
192:
191:moulding sand
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:) ridge. The
156:
152:
148:
147:Hoo peninsula
144:
143:Medway Valley
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
65:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
645:the original
632:
616:
608:
587:
586:
579:. Retrieved
564:
557:
516:
509:. Retrieved
503:
497:
488:
481:. Retrieved
466:
460:
448:. Retrieved
439:
432:
422:
418:
412:
405:. Retrieved
399:
392:
369:
365:"brickfield"
358:
322:
318:
314:
312:
309:Scotch kilns
300:
276:
267:
256:
248:
231:
215:
183:
159:London basin
155:Thanet sands
120:
106:
102:
101:
94:
70:horticulture
67:
62:
36:
34:
25:
581:16 December
511:16 December
483:16 December
450:16 December
415:brick-earth
407:22 December
335:Brickmakers
319:Scotch Kiln
163:London Clay
139:South Downs
135:North Downs
127:escarpments
107:Brickfields
659:Categories
588:brick yard
490:polluters.
386:required.)
350:References
222:dene holes
186:Frindsbury
179:Gault Clay
175:Cretaceous
171:brickearth
131:Cretaceous
103:Brickfield
90:brickworks
37:brickfield
97:Brickyard
641:18948628
245:Washback
228:Washmill
55:to make
617:etheses
600:Sources
259:pugmill
201:Process
189:and as
117:Geology
78:Fletton
41:topsoil
665:Bricks
639:
572:
474:
218:Medway
151:Eocene
149:is an
82:London
57:bricks
648:(PDF)
629:(PDF)
613:(PDF)
444:(PDF)
380:
303:kilns
72:. In
49:chalk
637:OCLC
583:2022
570:ISBN
513:2022
485:2022
472:ISBN
452:2022
409:2022
313:The
273:Cowl
193:for
167:loam
137:and
74:Kent
51:and
45:clay
423:Web
421:v.
181:.
105:or
53:ash
661::
631:.
615:.
585:.
524:^
515:.
487:.
411:.
368:.
305:.
197:.
113:.
92:.
59:.
35:A
552:.
454:.
378:.
153:(
95:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
