646:
292:
311:
208:
331:
575:
33:
220:
645:
45:
339:
478:, patented the first fully metallic cartridge containing powder in a metallic shell. Houllier commercialised his weapons in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard or Charles Robert. But the subsequent Houllier and Lefaucheux cartridges, even if they were the first full-metal shells, were still pinfire cartridges, like those used in the
199:
able to remain grouped closely around the gun, ready to load and put final touches on the aim, prior to firing the next shot. That led to the development of an armored shield fitted to the carriage of the gun, to help shield the crew from long-range area or sniper fire from the new, high-velocity, long-range rifles, or even machine guns.
432:
primer powder (the major innovation of Pauly), a round bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was
178:
and emplacements for breechloaders can be smaller since crews don't need to retract the gun for loading into the muzzle end. Unloading a breechloader is much easier as well, as the ammunition can be unloaded from the breech end and is often doable by hand; unloading muzzle loaders requires drilling
198:
to prevent the recoil from rolling the carriage back and forth with every shot and ruining the aim. This provided faster rates of fire, but this is not directly related to whether the gun is breech-loading or not. Now that guns were able to fire without the entire carriage recoiling, the crew was
610:
used rimfire metallic cartridges fed from a tube magazine under the barrel. These held a significant advantage over muzzle-loaders. The improvements in breech-loaders had spelled the end of muzzle-loaders. To make use of the enormous number of war surplus muzzle-loaders, the Allin conversion
570:
that specialized in bush warfare and reconnaissance. Von
Tempsky liked the short carbine, which could be loaded while lying down. The waterproofed cartridge was easier to keep dry in the New Zealand bush. Museums in New Zealand hold a small number of these carbines in good condition.
412:
About the same time and later on into the mid-19th century, there were attempts in Europe at an effective breech-loader. There were concentrated attempts at improved cartridges and methods of ignition.
539:
in the late 1840s. The paper cartridge and the gun had numerous deficiencies; specifically, serious problems with gas leaking. However, the rifle was used to great success in the
Prussian army in the
459:, constituted by a bullet fit in a percussion cap. Usually derived in the 6 mm and 9 mm calibres, it is since then called the Flobert cartridge but it does not contain any powder; the only
158:
than to reach all the way over to the front end to load ammunition and then push them back down a long tube – especially when the projectile fits tightly and the tube has spiral ridges from
111:
grenade launchers, have remained in common usage in modern military conflicts. However, referring to a weapon specifically as breech-loading is mostly limited to non-repeating firearms, including
87:
The vast majority of modern firearms are generally breech-loaders, while firearms made before the mid-19th century were mostly smoothbore muzzle-loaders. Only a few muzzleloading weapons, such as
279:
for easy rotation, loaded by inserting a mug-shaped chamber already filled with powder and projectiles. The breech-loading swivel gun had a high rate of fire, and was especially effective in
246:
The main challenge for developers of breech-loading firearms was sealing the breech. This was eventually solved for smaller firearms by the development of the self-contained metallic
291:
405:. In turn the American army, after getting some experience with muzzle-loaded rifles in the late 18th century, adopted the second standard breech-loading firearm in the world,
566:) from 1857. About 3–4,000 carbines were brought into New Zealand a few years later. The carbine was used extensively by the Forest Rangers, an irregular force led by
562:
in .54 calibre backed by a charge and tallowed wad, wrapped in nitrated paper to keep it waterproof. The carbine had been issued in small numbers to
English cavalry (
983:
634:(solid block, hinged parallel to the barrel) firing the Boxer cartridge. Following a competitive examination of 104 guns in 1866, the British decided to adopt the
1171:
686:
with a cylindrical breech plug secured by a horizontal wedge in 1837. In the 1850s and 1860s, Whitworth and
Armstrong invented improved breech-loading artillery.
170:, and the shot could now tightly fit the bore, greatly increasing its power, range, and accuracy. It also made it easier to load a previously fired weapon with a
1377:
475:
179:
into the projectile to drag it out through the whole length of the barrel, and in some cases the guns are simply fired to facilitate unloading process.
554:. The bid was unsuccessful and the government began instead making inquiries to Britain to obtain modern weapons. In 1861 they placed orders for the
357:
possessed one, which he apparently used as a hunting gun to shoot birds. Meanwhile, in China, an early form of breech-loading musket, known as the
1153:
862:
591:
1431:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on breech-loading weapons
52:. A series of interlocking doors closes and opens the path from the gunhouse to prevent a flash from traveling down the path to the magazine.
463:
substance contained in the cartridge is the percussion cap itself. In
English-speaking countries the Flobert cartridge corresponds to the
653:
Single-shot breech-loaders would be used throughout the latter half of the 19th
Century, but were slowly replaced by various designs for
1058:
310:
1136:
1083:
926:
298:'s breech-loading hunting gun, 16th century. The breech block rotates on the left on hinges, and is loaded with a reloadable iron
1428:
166:, the advantages were similar – crews no longer had to get in front of the gun and pack ammunition in the barrel with a
1361:
Breech-loaders Versus Muzzle-loaders Or How to
Strengthen Our Army and Crush the Rebellion with a Saving of Life and Treasure
1200:
847:
820:
362:
1265:
American Breech-loading Small Arms: A Description of Late
Inventions, Including the Gatling Gun, and a Chapter on Cartridges
1387:
1444:
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1109:
887:
980:
508:, one of the first instances in which a modern army widely adopted a breech-loading rifle as its main infantry firearm.
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of 1870–71, eventually caused much interest in Europe for breech-loaders and the
Prussian military system in general.
1227:
1037:
1010:
1000:
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rifle in 1866, which was much improved over the Dreyse needle gun as it had dramatically fewer gas leaks due to its
365:. Like all early breech-loading fireams, gas leakage was a limitation and danger present in the weapon's mechanism.
250:
in the mid-19th century. For firearms too large to use cartridges, the problem was solved by the development of the
1172:"An example of a Benjamin Houllier gun manufactured in association with the gunsmiths Blanchard and Charles Robert"
183:
1317:
The Age of
Firearms; A Pictorial History from the Invention of Gunpower to the Advent of the Modern Breechloader
1324:
874:
433:
also developed by Pauly. Pauly made an improved version, which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812.
182:
After breech-loading became common, it also became common practice to fit counter-recoil systems, such as the
17:
657:, first used in the American Civil War. Manual breech-loaders gave way to manual magazine feed and then to
523:
to seal the breech. It was so called because of its .5-inch needle-like firing pin, which passed through a
390:, a breech-loading flintlock firearm. Roughly two hundred of the rifles were manufactured and used in the
1298:
368:
More breech-loading firearms were made in the early 18th century. One such gun known to have belonged to
207:
1454:
555:
532:
395:
187:
138:
Breech-loading provides the advantage of reduced reloading time because it is far quicker to load the
1252:
268:
263:
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120:
595:
1154:"An example of a Benjamin Houllier gun manufactured in association with the gunsmith Blanchard"
683:
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In 1860, the New Zealand government petitioned the Colonial Office for more soldiers to defend
501:
810:
440:
in 1828, by adding a pinfire primer, but Lefaucheux did not register his patent until 1835: a
235:
and various other parts of Europe, breech-loading became more successful with improvements in
1403:
1190:
490:
448:
354:
295:
236:
212:
124:
37:
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837:
330:
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1378:"History of the Rifled Cannon: Discovery of the Breech-Loading Gun and Conical Projectiles"
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486:(1858) revolvers, although the LeMat also evolved in a revolver using rimfire cartridges.
8:
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694:
544:
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Although breech-loading firearms were developed as far back as the early 14th century in
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of the official website (in French) of a modern indoor shooting association in Belgium,
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that used a moving seal (bolt) to seal and expose the breech. Later on, however, the
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sealing system. The British initially took the existing Enfield and fitted it with a
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361:, was known to have been created in the second half of the 16th century for the
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598:, which used lever-actuated bolt-action, was fed from a seven-round detachable
528:
479:
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347:
280:
223:
Early types of breech-loaders from the 15th and 16th century on display at the
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32:
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558:, which used a breech-loading system using a bullet consisting of a standard
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100:
92:
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actions or a barrel tip-down, remove the plug and reload actions. The later
559:
742:
718:
587:
383:
73:
1310:
682:
The first modern breech-loading rifled gun is a breech-loader invented by
302:. Thought to have been used as a hunting gun to shoot birds. The original
1345:
774:
750:
603:
505:
452:
112:
72:(i.e., from the rearward, open end of the gun's barrel), as opposed to a
1278:"The History of Russian Artillery since the mid-19th century up to 1917"
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730:
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399:
322:
circa 1715. It came with a ready-to-load reusable cartridge. This is a
272:
219:
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81:
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at 30 degrees for loading. The better breech loaders, however, used
627:
551:
323:
211:
Three-shot experimental breech-loading cannon (burst) belonging to
195:
271:
were invented in the 14th century. They were a particular type of
536:
338:
275:, and consisted in a small breech-loading cannon equipped with a
171:
159:
61:
436:
The Pauly cartridge was further improved by the French gunsmith
563:
468:
464:
402:
373:
319:
276:
167:
155:
968:
Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue
586:, at least nineteen types of breech-loaders were fielded. The
698:
108:
104:
1429:
Firearms from the collections of the Prince of Liechtenstein
1243:, Waikato, New Zealand. Research notes and a C and T carbine
729:, which used a screw-in/screw out action to reload, and the
709:
A breech action is the loading sequence of a breech loading
594:
used rotating bolt-action, and was fed from the breech. The
531:
at the bullet base. It began development in the 1830s under
428:: the cartridges incorporated a copper base with integrated
353:
Breech-loading firearms are known from the 16th century.
151:
535:
and eventually an improved version of it was adopted by
765:
and used a rotating bolt to open and close the breech.
334:
Mechanism of Philip V's breech-loading firearm (detail)
664:
Breech-loading is still commonly used in shotguns and
416:
In Paris in 1808, in association with French gunsmith
40:, modified and combined with 105mm H37 howitzer barrel
717:. The earliest breech actions were either three-shot
615:
invented a breech-loading rifle before the war, the
376:. It came with a ready-to load reusable cartridge.
76:, in which the user loads the ammunition from the (
48:An animation showing the loading cycle for a large
1303:The Breechloader and How to Use It ... Illustrated
1029:A History of Firearms: From Earliest Times to 1914
888:"Gunpowder Weapons of the Late Fifteenth Century"
835:
519:) was a single-shot breech-loading rifle using a
409:, and in larger numbers than the Ferguson rifle.
1436:
1404:"Notes on the History of the Breech-Loading Gun"
64:in which the user loads the ammunition from the
1258:
1188:
753:) action to reload. And then later on came the
372:, and was manufactured circa 1715, probably in
1192:Rifles: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
999:Pauly, Roger A.; Pauly, Roger (16 May 2018).
928:Breech-loading arquebuses of the Ming Dynasty
839:Swivel-Guns - Breechloaders And Muzzleloaders
590:used a successful dropping block design. The
27:Class of gun which is loaded from the breech
493:was introduced in 1855 by Pottet, with both
808:
998:
1002:Firearms: The Life Story of a Technology
869:. California: Harper & Row, pp. 20.
867:The Age of Firearms. A Pictorial History
644:
573:
504:adopted the breech-loading caplock, the
444:containing powder in a cardboard shell.
337:
329:
314:Breech-loading firearm that belonged to
309:
290:
218:
206:
43:
31:
961:
959:
957:
424:created the first fully self-contained
14:
1437:
1422:10.1038/scientificamerican06021894-343
1025:
1357:
992:
954:
1338:A Guide to the Ballard Breechloader
815:. Read Books Limited. p. 170.
761:rifle used self-contained metallic
704:
24:
1319:. Northfield, Ill: Gun Digest Co.
1292:
1222:. Auckland: Penguin, pp. 119–125.
25:
1466:
1351:
1340:. Union City, TN: Pioneer Press.
842:. Read Books Limited. p. 4.
689:The M1867 naval guns produced in
611:Springfield was adopted in 1866.
1364:. Washington, D.C.: E.A. Stevens
642:with trap-door loading in 1871.
474:In 1846, yet another Frenchman,
184:hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism
1416:(22): cover, 343. 2 June 1894.
1270:
1246:
1233:
1209:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1123:
1096:
1071:
1046:
1019:
974:
386:officer, developed in 1772 the
1386:. 12 July 1861. Archived from
1358:Dodge, William Castle (1864).
1129:Simili, Maître (Spring 1990).
1026:Carman, W. Y. (1 March 2004).
1005:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
942:
919:
906:
894:
880:
856:
829:
802:
257:
13:
1:
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1305:. London: Cassell & Co.
671:
7:
1299:Greener, William Wellington
768:
622:The French adopted the new
447:In 1845, another Frenchman
286:
10:
1471:
1445:14th-century introductions
1336:Layman, George J. (1997).
836:Gallwey, Ralph P. (2013).
812:Modern Breech-Loaders 1871
675:
556:Calisher and Terry carbine
533:Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse
457:rimfire metallic cartridge
396:American Revolutionary War
269:Breech-loading swivel guns
261:
202:
1042:– via Google Books.
1015:– via Google Books.
264:Breech-loading swivel gun
1267:. 1 January 1872, p. 14.
1195:. ABC-CLIO. p. 29.
1189:Westwood, David (2005).
1112:10 November 2013 at the
1086:22 December 2015 at the
1061:22 December 2015 at the
986:19 November 2015 at the
495:Berdan and Boxer priming
121:double-barreled shotguns
1118:Les Arquebusier de Visé
543:of 1866. This, and the
363:Ming dynasty's arsenals
188:Canon de 75 modèle 1897
1139:8 October 2013 at the
1032:. Dover Publications.
965:Wallace, James Smyth.
684:Martin von Wahrendorff
650:
579:
513:Dreyse Zündnadelgewehr
502:Norwegian Armed Forces
350:
335:
327:
307:
228:
216:
125:double-barreled rifles
53:
41:
1315:Held, Robert (1970).
648:
577:
449:Louis-Nicolas Flobert
341:
333:
318:, made by A. Tienza,
313:
306:mechanism is missing.
294:
243:in the 19th century.
237:precision engineering
222:
213:Henry VIII of England
210:
47:
38:122 mm M1910 howitzer
35:
1220:The New Zealand Wars
809:Greener, W. (2013).
678:Rifled breech loader
632:Snider breech action
568:Gustavus von Tempsky
491:centrefire cartridge
392:Battle of Brandywine
36:Breech from Russian
1409:Scientific American
1239:Te Awamutu Museum,
1054:History of firearms
912:Zhao Shi-zhen(趙士禎).
790:Rifled breechloader
695:Obukhov State Plant
659:self-loading rifles
545:Franco-Prussian war
541:Austro-Prussian war
50:naval breech-loader
1390:on 8 February 2013
1383:The New York Times
1103:Shooting section (
1091:fireadvantages.com
1066:fireadvantages.com
931:, 12 November 2014
651:
649:Wahrendorff breech
584:American Civil War
580:
438:Casimir Lefaucheux
351:
336:
328:
308:
229:
217:
54:
42:
1455:French inventions
1202:978-1-85109-401-1
1105:la section de tir
849:978-1-4733-8374-6
822:978-1-4474-8414-1
780:Interrupted screw
755:Dreyse needle gun
560:Minié lead bullet
527:case to impact a
517:Dreyse needle gun
476:Benjamin Houllier
442:pinfire cartridge
430:mercury fulminate
422:Jean Samuel Pauly
370:Philip V of Spain
316:Philip V of Spain
252:interrupted screw
16:(Redirected from
1462:
1425:
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1371:
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1284:on 11 July 2009.
1280:. Archived from
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1253:"Terry Carbines"
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705:Breech mechanism
655:repeating rifles
617:Burnside carbine
613:General Burnside
407:M1819 Hall rifle
380:Patrick Ferguson
344:breech mechanism
129:combination guns
97:rocket launchers
21:
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666:hunting rifles
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451:invented, for
388:Ferguson rifle
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348:Ferguson rifle
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751:sliding block
748:
747:falling block
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
725:included the
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
679:
669:
667:
662:
660:
656:
647:
643:
641:
640:Martini-Henry
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
600:tube magazine
597:
593:
589:
585:
576:
572:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:rotating bolt
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
500:In 1842, the
498:
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
471:ammunitions.
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
408:
404:
401:
397:
394:, during the
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
349:
345:
340:
332:
325:
321:
317:
312:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
234:
227:in Stockholm.
226:
221:
214:
209:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:Panzerfaust 3
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
80:) end of the
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
19:
18:Breech loader
1413:
1407:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1381:
1368:12 September
1366:. Retrieved
1360:
1337:
1316:
1302:
1282:the original
1272:
1264:
1260:
1248:
1235:
1219:
1211:
1191:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1143:(In French.)
1131:
1125:
1117:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1053:
1048:
1028:
1021:
1001:
994:
976:
967:
944:
933:, retrieved
927:
921:
916:(神器譜). 1598.
913:
908:
896:
882:
866:
863:Held, Robert
858:
838:
831:
811:
804:
743:Sharps rifle
708:
701:technology.
688:
681:
663:
652:
621:
581:
549:
512:
510:
499:
488:
473:
455:, the first
446:
435:
415:
411:
384:British Army
378:
367:
352:
267:
245:
230:
215:, 1540–1543.
181:
137:
113:single-shots
86:
74:muzzleloader
58:breechloader
57:
55:
29:
1394:25 February
935:11 February
775:Breechblock
582:During the
506:Kammerlader
482:(1856) and
258:Swivel guns
225:Army Museum
176:Gun turrets
133:volley guns
68:end of the
1439:Categories
1325:069580068X
1241:Te Awamutu
914:Shén qì pu
875:051724666X
796:References
763:cartridges
745:, using a
731:Hall rifle
719:break-open
489:The first
484:Lefaucheux
461:propellant
426:cartridges
400:Brown Bess
355:Henry VIII
296:Henry VIII
273:swivel gun
192:field guns
144:propellant
140:projectile
117:derringers
107:, and the
1311:560426421
1255:, Te Papa
735:tipped up
715:small arm
711:naval gun
672:Artillery
638:-derived
624:Chassepot
304:wheellock
300:cartridge
248:cartridge
241:machining
196:howitzers
146:into the
109:GP series
1346:38968829
1301:(1892).
1218:(1986).
1137:Archived
1110:Archived
1084:Archived
1059:Archived
984:Archived
970:, p. 24.
903:exhibit.
865:(1957).
769:See also
733:, which
628:de Bange
608:Volcanic
552:Auckland
324:miquelet
287:Firearms
233:Burgundy
174:barrel.
693:at the
636:Peabody
596:Spencer
564:Hussars
537:Prussia
346:of the
326:system.
283:roles.
203:History
190:, onto
186:on the
160:rifling
148:chamber
95:, some
89:mortars
62:firearm
1344:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1226:
1199:
1036:
1009:
873:
846:
819:
602:. The
592:Greene
588:Sharps
469:.22 CB
465:.22 BB
403:musket
374:Madrid
320:Madrid
277:swivel
172:fouled
168:ramrod
156:cannon
131:, and
82:barrel
78:muzzle
70:barrel
66:breech
1332:85426
699:Krupp
697:used
604:Henry
480:LeMat
162:. In
150:of a
105:RPG-7
60:is a
1396:2009
1370:2023
1342:OCLC
1328:OCLC
1321:ISBN
1307:OCLC
1224:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1034:ISBN
1007:ISBN
937:2018
871:ISBN
844:ISBN
817:ISBN
749:(or
606:and
511:The
467:and
382:, a
342:The
239:and
194:and
142:and
103:and
1418:doi
713:or
154:or
152:gun
1441::
1414:70
1412:.
1406:.
1380:.
1174:.
1156:.
982:.
956:^
668:.
661:.
619:.
497:.
420:,
254:.
135:.
127:,
123:,
119:,
115:,
91:,
84:.
56:A
1424:.
1420::
1398:.
1372:.
1230:.
1205:.
1178:.
1160:.
1134:.
1120:.
1107:)
1093:.
1081:.
1068:.
1056:.
890:.
877:.
852:.
825:.
515:(
20:)
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