364:
144:
107:
129:
95:
317:
234:
45:
287:, the British naval blockade was strangling French trade, while their own had recovered from the post 1739 decline and was expanding once again. This negated a key French objective of reducing the post-1713 expansion of British commercial strength, which they viewed as a threat to the European balance of power. Declaring war on the
374:
Sandwich also played a key role in the coup that brought
William of Orange to power in the Netherlands. Previously neutral, Newcastle viewed Dutch entry into the war as a way to boost the anti-French coalition in Flanders but it soon proved otherwise. The Dutch required massive British financial
438:
so easily. In France, there was enormous disquiet about returning their territorial gains in
Flanders, which cost so much, in return for so little. The phrase "as stupid as the Peace" became popular to express contempt for the terms agreed at Breda and Aix-la-Chapelle. In general, the Treaty
295:
The
Congress was an attempt to reach agreement between the two main protagonists and end the war but doing so was delayed by internal debates within the British government. They were also finding the financial burden hard to sustain, but the pro-war party led by the
355:
Unsatisfied by his performance, the French recalled
Puisieux and replaced him, giving Sandwich an opportunity to delay by demanding his replacement prove his accreditation. There were further delays when a Spanish delegate turned up, claiming to represent
291:
made the immediate situation worse, since the neutral Dutch had previously been the main carriers of French imports and exports. By 1747, the French financial system was on the verge of collapse, accompanied by severe food shortages.
344:. Negotiations proceeded slowly, since the British wanted to extend discussions long enough for their position in Flanders to improve. On the other side, France wanted to reach agreement immediately, the terms including making the
386:
Despite previously insisting negotiations must include all parties, the
British delegation now agreed to settle terms with France prior to confirmation by their allies. They arguably underestimated the impact of victory at
268:, by the end of 1742, this had largely reached stalemate. France declared war on Britain in March 1744, while Spain joined the conflict in Europe, hoping to regain possessions in Northern Italy lost to Austria and
360:, new king of Spain. The British were kept informed of French negotiating strategy, as letters to the French delegates were intercepted and copied by postmasters in British pay.
423:. Maria Theresa was outraged at British acceptance of the Prussian conquest of Silesia without any Austrians being present, a major element in the breakdown of the
272:
in 1713. With the help of
British subsidies, they repulsed Spanish troops from Northern Italy in late 1746; France was unable to continue funding Spain, while
782:
333:
99:
199:
offset by
British naval success. Both sides were concerned by the financial costs, although the French position was significantly worse, with the
383:
in
September. Newcastle berated himself for his "ignorance, obstinacy and credulity" and fully expected to be forced from office as a result.
218:
in
September led them to agree terms. These were imposed by France and Britain on their allies at Aix-la-Chapelle with minimal consultation.
787:
391:
in
October, which effectively ended French naval operations and put their entire colonial empire at risk. The North American fortress of
812:
807:
802:
797:
388:
367:
304:. Instead, it revealed the extent of their decline since 1713 while hopes of building an alliance with Spain after the death of
225:
began moving closer to France, after over 300 years where conflict between them was the dominant theme of European politics.
620:
419:
for all belligerents to confirm terms agreed between Britain and France at Breda. Peace was formally concluded with the 1748
777:
772:
767:
741:
722:
694:
675:
601:
329:
237:
111:
643:
17:
420:
241:
185:
62:
792:
370:, October 1747; defeat forced France to suspend naval operations, putting their entire colonial empire in jeopardy
203:
blockade causing severe food shortages. The intention was to agree terms between France and Britain and end the
827:
380:
253:
215:
192:
66:
341:
431:
184:
from 1746 to 1748. The discussions led to the agreement of terms that later became the basis of the 1748
204:
822:
817:
363:
169:
149:
424:
349:
297:
261:
257:
210:
The British deliberately extended discussions, hoping to improve their position, but defeat at
28:
357:
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had effectively become a proxy contest between Britain and France, with French victories in
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8:
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The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718-1792
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177:
80:
761:
400:
345:
273:
265:
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satisfied no one and failed to resolve the issues that led to war in 1740.
752:
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
337:
49:
27:
For the 1667 Treaty negotiated between England and the Dutch Republic, see
435:
392:
375:
support, while the Allied position further deteriorated with defeat at
200:
44:
284:
196:
207:
by presenting them to the other parties, who were not consulted.
404:
399:, captured by France in 1746; France agreed to withdraw from the
396:
348:
neutral territory in future conflicts; these were drawn up by
434:, although both he and Newcastle were attacked for giving up
181:
76:
61:
Britain and France agree peace terms for the subsequent 1748
300:
argued Dutch support provided an opportunity to recover the
221:
In the long-term, it marked the point at which the Austrian
533:
276:
wanted peace in order to restructure her administration.
557:
461:
545:
497:
336:. Sandwich and the British delegation were based near
324:
in July 1747 ended British hopes of regaining Flanders
240:
the chief British negotiator for much of the talks. A
449:
521:
403:, while both parties recognised Prussian control of
256:
began in 1740, Britain was focused on the 1739-1748
569:
34:
Peace negotiations between Great Britain and France
663:
631:
485:
473:
168:, were a series of bilateral negotiations between
687:1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World
509:
395:, captured by Britain in 1745, was exchanged for
759:
140:
734:The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740-1815
591:
539:
352:, who shortly afterwards fell from favour.
783:Diplomatic conferences in the Netherlands
328:Discussions began in August 1746, led by
629:
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362:
315:
232:
125:
14:
760:
712:
706:Montagu, John, fourth earl of Sandwich
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684:
666:The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815
652:
613:Britain as a Military Power, 1688-1815
594:Royal Discord: The Family of George II
575:
527:
515:
503:
731:
661:
610:
563:
491:
479:
467:
455:
430:Sandwich was rewarded by being made
308:in July 1746 also proved incorrect.
788:18th-century diplomatic conferences
655:Encyclopædia Americana: Volume VIII
24:
25:
839:
142:
127:
105:
93:
52:, used by the British delegation
43:
813:1748 in international relations
808:1747 in international relations
803:1746 in international relations
798:War of the Austrian Succession
592:Baker-Smith, Veronica (2010).
254:War of the Austrian Succession
193:War of the Austrian Succession
67:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
442:
228:
214:in July 1747 and the loss of
708:(2008 ed.). Oxford DNB.
410:
342:William IV, Prince of Orange
7:
657:. Deliver, Thomas & Co.
432:First Lord of the Admiralty
311:
10:
844:
778:1748 in the Dutch Republic
773:1747 in the Dutch Republic
768:1746 in the Dutch Republic
585:
205:Austrian War of Succession
26:
421:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
279:Despite the victories of
186:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
119:
86:
72:
63:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
57:
42:
653:Lieber, Francis (1836).
379:in July and the loss of
274:Maria Theresa of Austria
630:Browning, Reed (1975).
425:Anglo-Austrian Alliance
415:A Congress was held at
264:; fought mostly in the
65:, ending the 1740-1748
754:. Penguin Books, 2008.
732:Scott, Hamish (2015).
685:McLynn, Frank (2008).
611:Black, Jeremy (1999).
389:Second Cape Finisterre
371:
368:Second Cape Finisterre
325:
249:
29:Treaty of Breda (1667)
828:Ferdinand VI of Spain
662:McKay, Derek (1983).
634:The Duke of Newcastle
366:
319:
236:
713:Rodger, NAM (1993).
704:Rodger, NAM (2004).
302:Austrian Netherlands
164:, also known as the
793:War of Jenkins' Ear
638:. Yale University.
470:, pp. 138–140.
334:Marquis de Puisieux
258:War of Jenkins' Ear
246:Thomas Gainsborough
100:Marquis de Puisieux
39:
717:. Harper Collins.
566:, pp. 97–100.
372:
326:
320:French victory at
250:
37:
622:978-1-85728-772-1
506:, pp. 41–44.
458:, pp. 58–60.
298:Duke of Newcastle
223:Habsburg monarchy
166:Breda peace talks
162:Congress of Breda
158:
157:
38:Congress of Breda
18:Breda Peace Talks
16:(Redirected from
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823:History of Breda
818:1748 conferences
750:Simms, Brendan;
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596:. Athena Press.
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603:978-1847489296
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554:, p. 150.
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542:, p. 144.
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381:Bergen op Zoom
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289:Dutch Republic
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176:, held in the
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81:Dutch Republic
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736:. Routledge.
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670:. Routledge.
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615:. Routledge.
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552:Browning 1975
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50:Breda Castle
689:. Vintage.
576:McLynn 2008
528:Lieber 1836
516:Rodger 2004
504:Rodger 1993
87:Negotiators
762:Categories
564:Black 1999
492:Scott 2015
480:Scott 2015
468:McKay 1983
456:Scott 2015
443:References
436:Louisbourg
393:Louisbourg
229:Background
201:Royal Navy
411:Aftermath
266:Caribbean
252:When the
377:Lauffeld
332:and the
322:Lauffeld
312:Congress
306:Philip V
285:Flanders
270:Sardinia
212:Lauffeld
197:Flanders
180:city of
73:Location
586:Sources
405:Silesia
281:de Saxe
120:Parties
58:Context
740:
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174:France
147:
135:France
132:
262:Spain
260:with
182:Breda
178:Dutch
77:Breda
738:ISBN
719:ISBN
691:ISBN
672:ISBN
640:ISBN
617:ISBN
598:ISBN
188:.
172:and
160:The
283:in
244:by
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