Breathing apparatus

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air orifice is controlled by an aneroid valve operator and is directly proportional to atmospheric pressure. As the altitude increases, the pressure decreases and the orifice gets smaller, so the user is provided with a higher proportion of oxygen, and when correctly calibrated, the partial pressure of oxygen in the mixture remains fairly consistent at a value similar to the 0.21 bar at sea level. This system makes efficient use of a combination of ambient and stored oxygen. The function of the aneroid valve operator can be substituted for terrestrial use by a simpler, lighter, and more rugged manually operated orifice selector knob, giving a stepwise range of concentrations which is lighter, more reliable, a bit less efficient, and requires appropriate selection by the user. It also allows the user to manually adjust the mixture to match personal needs. As it is manually selected, It is less suitable for flying, and more suitable for pedestrians who will not change altitude rapidly. The flow rates through the orifice and regulator are sensitive to flow rate of inhalation, and can be designed to provide a somewhat higher oxygen partial pressure at higher inhalation flow rates, which helps compensate for higher exertion.

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wasteful, a constant flow system with reservoir, which when matched to the user demand is more efficient than simple constant flow, and is also relatively simple and reliable, a demand valve system, which automatically follows user demand, but also wastes a significant part of inhaled gas on dead space, a pulse dose demand system, which wastes less gas on dead space, but relies on a relatively complex control system which introduces reliability issues, or a closed circuit system, which is very efficient, but requires a carbon dioxide scrubber. The exothermic carbon dioxide absorption reaction of a rebreather helps keep the scrubber contents from freezing while it is in use, and helps reduce heat loss from the user, but it is bulky and heavy, and is sensitive to freezing when not in constant use. Both chemically generated and compressed gas oxygen have been used in experimental closed-circuit oxygen mountaineering systems, but open circuit constant flow using a reservoir mask has usually been used in the field, although relatively wasteful, as the equipment is reliable.

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for adequate peripheral vision. Field of vision in helmets is affected by mobility of the helmet. A helmet directly supported by the head can rotate with the head, allowing the user to aim the viewport at the target, but peripheral vision is constrained by the dimensions of the viewport. The weight in air and unbalanced buoyancy forces when immersed must be carried by the neck, and inertial and hydrodynamic loads must be carried by the neck. A helmet fixed to a breastplate or space suit is supported by the torso, which can safely support much greater loads, but it does not rotate with the head. The entire upper body must rotate to direct the field of vision. This makes it necessary to use larger viewports so the user has an acceptable field of vision at times when rotating the body is impractical. The need to rotate the head inside the non-rotatable helmet requires internal clearance, therefore a large volume.

2189: 1051: 2024:, stamina, joint flexibility, etc. Breathing apparatus should allow as full a range of physical function as reasonably practicable and should be matched to the user, the environment and the task. The interface between equipment and user can strongly influence functionality. Breathing apparatus may be used by a wide range of users and must work for them all. Where correct operation and use of equipment is critical to user safety, it is desirable that different makes and models for the same application should work similarly, to facilitate rapid familiarisation with new equipment. Where this is not possible, additional training for the required skills may be necessary, and for medical interventions it may be necessary for a skilled operator to set up the apparatus and monitor its function while in use. 2239:

at approximately the same depth as the mouth or lungs to minimise work of breathing. To get consistent breathing effort for the range of postures the diver may need to assume, this is most practicable when the exhaust ports and valves are close to the mouth, so some form of ducting is required to direct the bubbles away from the viewports of helmet or mask. This generally diverts exhaust gases round the sides of the head, where they tend to be rather noisy as the bubbles rise past the ears. Closed circuit systems vent far less gas, which can be released behind the diver, and are significantly quieter. Diffuser systems have been tried, but have not been successful for open circuit equipment, though they have been used on rebreathers, where they improve stealth characteristics.

317:, are breathing apparatus that absorb the carbon dioxide from, and add oxygen to, a user's exhaled breath, allowing unused oxygen and diluent (if present) to be recycled. A rebreather system may be used for any application of a supplied gas breathing set. It may be more complex than open circuit if the mixture must be controlled, and for short endurance applications may be heavier. There may be a greater fire hazard due to high oxygen concentration. In other applications, when long endurance and reasonably light weight is required, it may allow a large saving of gas and be much simpler or lighter than the equivalent open circuit option. Rebreather systems can be closed or semi-closed circuit, have a 143:, which may be powered, using a motor to pass ambient air through the filter, or unpowered, relying on the wearer's breathing to draw ambient air through the filter. The distinguishing features of a respirator in this context appear to be that the air is not significantly compressed at any stage, is filtered, and is at approximately ambient pressure. The HSE definition for breathing apparatus is that they use a supply of breathing quality gas from an independent source, such as air compressors or compressed gas cylinders. In this case compression of the supply gas at some stage is implied. Both respirators and breathing apparatus are classed as 1762:

difference in pressure between inlet of raw material and outlet of product. The membrane used in the process is a generally non-porous layer, so there will not be a severe leakage of gas through the membrane. The performance of the membrane depends on permeability and selectivity. Permeability is affected by the penetrant size. Larger gas molecules have a lower diffusion coefficient. The membrane gas separation equipment typically pumps gas into the membrane module and the targeted gases are separated based on difference in diffusivity and solubility. Product gas can be delivered directly to the user through a suitable breathing apparatus.

1183:) makes a larger part of the oxygen available for inhalation, and it will be selectively inhaled during the initial part of inhalation, which reaches furthest into the lungs, and may also recover the volume inhaled into dead space for re-use on the next breath if it can be accommodated by the reservoir bag. The flow rate must be matched to the breathing interface storage volume and the user's breathing tidal volume and breathing rate for best efficiency, and the tidal volume and breathing rate can vary considerably over a short period with changes in exertion, so these methods are not very effective for an active user. 2210: 531:, and some types of escape breathing apparatus. A mouthpiece is simple and effective, with minimal dead space, and reliably seals without need for adjustment, but must be actively held in place by the user, and can cause jaw fatigue over long periods. A mouthpiece retaining strap may be used to reduce jaw fatigue and the risk of losing grip on the mouthpiece in an emergency. A mouthpiece only allows mouth breathing of the delivered gas, and it may be necessary to block the nose to prevent bypass. A mouthpiece makes intelligible speech difficult or impossible, and eating or drinking require temporary removal. 386: 1222:

mountaineer cannot quickly descend to a safe altitude if the equipment fails, so it must be reliable. Another is that the mountaineer must personally carry the breathing apparatus, so the advantage gained by breathing supplemental oxygen must exceed the disadvantage of carrying the extra bulk and weight of the equipment. Other requirements are that the added work of breathing must be low, the equipment must function at low temperatures, and conservation of heat and moisture are desirable. The altitude range for mountaineering is also limited, there are no requirements for pressurisation.

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mountain climbing. The user must have as much freedom of movement as is reasonably practicable, and at least enough to safely carry out the expected tasks' while the set must remain securely in place during the necessary maneuvers. Access to the valves and pressure gauge is important for gas management, and it is helpful when equipment is shared by a team that the fit can be easily and quickly adjusted to suit the individual. For diving the buoyancy and buoyancy distribution are important to safety.

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hazards are loss of gas supply, contamination of gas supply, and inappropriate gas supply. The consequences may include hypoxia, hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and poisoning or infection by contamination of the breathing gas due to leaks. Where high oxygen concentrations are provided, there may be a fire hazard, where high pressure gas storage is used, there are hazards associated with the high pressure equipment, and where liquid oxygen is used there are hazards of extreme cold.

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from these devices is discharged to the environment, and the oxygen is lost, so they are less gas-efficient than closed circuit rebreathers, but do not have a carbon dioxide scrubber or counterlungs, which is a saving on weight and bulk, and make use of the oxygen available in the ambient air, so their efficiency is better at lower altitudes.

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Fit of mask affects the seal and comfort and must account for variability of face shapes and sizes. This is less of a problem with full-face masks and less again with diving helmets, but other problems affect these, like overall head size, and neck length and circumference, so there is still a need for adjustment and a few size options.

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pressure in the alveoli that is important to achieve the desired result, and that is strongly dependent on the delivery system of the breathing apparatus and the ambient pressure. Systems providing a constant flow rate of open circuit oxygen at the nose or mouth will waste a lot of the gas to dead space and during exhalation.

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the user. A wide range of designs are available depending on the application. The disadvantages are that the user cannot eat or drink while the mask is in place, and some models may interfere with speech, while others may have relatively large dead space. Three basic configurations are distinguished by the area they cover.

1927:(EVA). Modern space suits augment the basic pressure garment with a complex system of equipment and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and to minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained 2201:

and viewports affording restricted field of vision, and large viewports with large interior volume. Siting the viewport close to the eyes helps provide a better view but is complicated by the need for sufficient clearance in front of the nose for a wide range of divers. Cylindrically curved viewports can introduce

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or 5 adjustable straps, connected at the back of the head, but it is possible for them to be dislodged, so it must be possible for the user to refit them and purge the mask sufficiently to continue breathing. Helmets are much more securely attached, and it is considered an emergency if they come off the head.

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pressure than breathing air at sea level. This results in being able to exert greater physical effort at altitude. The equipment must be lightweight and reliable in severe cold, including not getting choked with deposited frost from the exhaled gas, which is saturated with water vapour at body temperature.

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power input (the oxygen in a space suit is circulated by an electric fan). When powered by breathing effort, rebreather units will have an elevated work of breathing, particularly with high gas densities at great depth, which is a limiting factor for diving rebreathers, even when the diluent is helium.

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Users who need optical correction have choices. Contact lenses can be worn under all types of masks and helmets. Regular spectacles can be worn in most helmets, but can not be adjusted. Corrective lenses can be fitted to the inside of some full-face masks, but the distance from the eyes to the lenses

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of the user of a full-face breathing mask or helmet is reduced by opaque parts of the helmet or mask. Peripheral vision can be particularly reduced in the lower areas due to the bulk of the demand valve. Helmet design is a compromise between low mass and inertia, with relatively small interior volume

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If the mask is intended to be used in a hostile environment and contamination of the gas supply must be prevented, the mask must form an airtight or watertight seal around the edges, regardless of the position of the user. This seal is between the elastomer skirt of the mask and the skin of the face.

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Breathing apparatus is used to facilitate breathing in hazardous conditions or where the user needs assistance to respire adequately. The primary requirements are to keep the user alive and healthy during and after use. Secondary requirements include providing user comfort, and sufficient capacity to

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Three types of space suits exist for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). IVA suits are meant to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft, and are therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA suits are meant for use

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Although there is considerable similarity in the basic conditions in which aviation and mountaineering breathing apparatus is used, there are differences sufficient to make directly transferable use of equipment generally impracticable. One of the major considerations is that, unlike the aviator, the

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Escape breathing apparatus are a class of self contained atmosphere supplying or air purifying breathing apparatus for use in emergencies, intended to allow the user to pass through areas without a breathable atmosphere to a place of relative safety where the ambient air is safe to breathe. These are

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A supplied-air respirator (SAR), also called an airline respirator, is a type of respiratory protection equipment used where the ambient atmosphere is unsuitable to breathe directly or after filtering at the user. The equipment may provide air on demand, at positive pressure, or may supply a constant

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A breathing mask, also called a facepiece, is a component which covers the mouth and nose, sometimes also the eyes and other parts of the face, and may seal against the face. A breathing mask is usually effective, allows mouth and nose breathing, and can usually be sealed adequately without effort by

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is relatively unobtrusive and is widely used for supplemental oxygen. The basic version is used to deliver continuous flow supplemental oxygen at rates from 1 to 6 litres per minute. It has two short prongs that fit into the nostrils for delivery, that are connected to a common tube, which is usually

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The user respiratory interface, also commonly referred to as the facepiece, is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus controls breathing gas flow to and from the user. The choice of interface type and the fit can significantly influence convenience, effectiveness, comfort, and sometimes

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The gas can be supplied continuously, in what is known as a constant flow, continuous flow, or free-flow system. The user inhales from the stream of fresh gas passing the face, and exhales back into the same stream. Supply rate must be sufficient that at reasonably foreseeable work rates, the inhaled

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is a breathing apparatus which uses a filter, cartridge, or canister, to remove specific air contaminants by passing ambient air through the air-purifying component. No distinction is made based on the mechanism of passing the air through the purifying component – it may be the lungs of the user or a

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Masks held in place by adjustable straps can be knocked off or moved from the correct position, allowing ambient atmosphere or water to flood in, and the loss of breathing gas. Full-face breathing masks are more easily dislodged due to their size, and need to be more securely supported, usually by 4

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Open circuit breathing apparatus for diving produces exhalation gas bubbles at the exhaust ports. Free-flow systems produce the largest volumes, but the outlet can be behind the viewports so it does not obscure the diver's vision. Demand systems must have the second stage diaphragm and exhaust ports

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gas. It is usually expressed as work per unit volume, for example, joules/litre, or as a work rate (power), such as joules/min or equivalent units, as it is not particularly useful without a reference to volume or time. It can be calculated in terms of the pulmonary pressure multiplied by the change

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Breathing apparatus is usually used as personal protective equipment, and the user should be safer using it than without it in the same environment if it is needed, but there are hazards associated with its use. Some are specific to the apparatus and others are more general. The more obvious generic

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was developed and extensively used for high altitude flying during WWII. A dilutor demand regulator draws ambient air into the mask through an orifice in the regulator, while concurrently being fed with pure oxygen through a demand valve in the regulator. For aeronautical use the size of the ambient

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The amount of supplementary oxygen needed to bring the inhaled partial pressure to sea level equivalent, or any other fixed value greater than that of the ambient atmosphere is a function of the altitude, and increases with an increase in altitude in direct proportion to pressure drop. The amount of

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At high enough altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is insufficient to support useful work and consciousness, even after acclimatisation, and at even higher altitudes it cannot support human life. At altitudes where the problem is hypoxia, breathing gas with a higher oxygen content at

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An oxygen partial pressure equivalent to sea level can be maintained at an altitude of 10,000 metres (34,000 ft) with 100% oxygen. Above 12,000 metres (40,000 ft), positive pressure breathing with 100% oxygen is essential, as without positive pressure even very short exposures to altitudes

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People can become acclimatised to an altitude of 5,200 to 5,500 metres (17,000 to 18,000 ft) if they remain at high altitude for long enough, but for high altitude rescue work, rescue teams must be rapidly deployed, and the time necessary to acclimatise is not available, making oxygen breathing

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There are three modes of mechanical ventilation, which are the ways in which a breath is delivered by a medical ventilator: In control mode, each breath is mechanically delivered, but may be triggered by a timing mechanism or by patient effort. These breaths may be volume or pressure controlled. In

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Adaptive demand systems are a development in pulse demand delivery. They are devices that automatically adjust the volume of the pulsed bolus to suit the activity level of the user. This adaptive response is intended to reduce desaturation responses caused by exercise rate variation. The exhaled gas

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A closed circuit rebreather is highly effective at conserving stored oxygen, but it makes no use of ambient oxygen, so its effectiveness at minimising use of stored oxygen depends on where it is used. It is most applicable where it is not possible to use enriched ambient gas, either because there is

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Both constant flow and demand supply can also provide gas from two sources, one of them being the ambient atmosphere, in what is generally referred to as supplemental oxygen provision, frequently used for medical purposes where the user is at risk for medical hypoxia, and at high altitudes where the

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McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms defines breathing apparatus as "An appliance that enables a person to function in irrespirable or poisonous gases or fluids; contains a supply of oxygen and a regenerator which removes the carbon dioxide exhaled", which is the description of

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For supplied gas breathing apparatus, it is usually highly undesirable, and may well be an emergency, to run out of gas unexpectedly. Monitoring remaining gas, identifying low gas levels in time to take appropriate action, and where necessary, bailing out to an available backup system are necessary

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compensate for a potentially large dead space by a high gas flow rate, so that exhaled gas is flushed away before it can be rebreathed. They tend to have a large internal volume, and be heavier than demand helmets, and usually rest on the shoulders to prevent over-stressing the neck, so do not move

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for rinsing. Demand helmets may have a free-flow supply valve which directs dry air over the inside of the facepiece. Full-face diving masks may use either rinsing or free-flow, depending on whether they are intended primarily for scuba or surface-supply. Full-face masks and helmets may also direct

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underwater that can reduce the effectiveness of the diver at judging distance, but are common in masks used in air. Spherical viewport surfaces are generally used in recent atmospheric suits for structural reasons, and work well when the interior volume is large enough. They can be made wide enough

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The gas space in a breathing mask is inherently self-equalising for reasonably gradual pressure changes. If the mask is to be used where the ambient pressure may change significantly, the user must be able to equalise the pressure in the middle ears, which for many people requires a method to block

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is the property that enables a system to continue operating properly in the event of the failure of some of its components. If its operating quality decreases at all, the decrease is proportional to the severity of the failure, as compared to a naively designed system, in which even a small failure

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Human factors in breathing apparatus design are the influence of the interaction between the user and the equipment on the design of the equipment. The user of breathing apparatus relies on the equipment to stay alive or healthy, in reasonable comfort and to perform the tasks required during use of

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are the smallest units, which may weigh as little as 2.3 kilograms (5 lb) Their small size enables the user to waste less of the energy gained from the treatment on carrying them. The unit administers a set volume (bolus) of oxygen enriched air at the start of each breath, which is the part of

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is a characteristic of resuscitation and may be provided by medical ventilators when needed. Two basic types of mechanical ventilation may be distinguished by the limiting mechanism. Some are pressure controlled, in which the delivery stops when a limiting pressure is reached, and others are volume

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devices; strictly speaking, the term "anaesthetic machine" refers only to the component which generates the gas flow, but modern machines usually integrate all these devices into one combined freestanding unit, which is colloquially referred to as the anaesthetic machine for the sake of simplicity.

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provides oxygen at a higher concentration than available from atmospheric air in a naturally hypoxic environment. Breathing pure oxygen results in an elevated partial pressure of oxygen in the blood: a climber breathing pure oxygen at the summit of Mt. Everest has a greater arterial oxygen partial

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Delivery by demand valve avoids wastage of oxygen when the user is not actively inhaling, and when combined with a suitably calibrated dilution orifice can conserve a large proportion of the stored oxygen, but it still wastes oxygen to fill the anatomical and mechanical dead spaces, and it requires

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supplied to passengers in commercial airliners that have lost cabin pressure is also a basic form of built-in breathing system, where the oxygen is generated and supplied as a constant flow for a limited period, which should be sufficient to allow the aircraft to safely descend to an altitude where

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is an oxygen conserving supplemental oxygen administration device which accumulates constant flow oxygen in a small reservoir below the nose during exhalation and delivers it in a bolus at the beginning of the next inhalation, which ensures that most of it reaches the parts of the lung in which gas

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flow path configuration, and the gas can be circulated by the breathing of the user through non-return valves, (almost all self-contained units), by the energy of the injected fresh gas, (Dräger Modell 1915 "Bubikopf", DM20 and DM40, and US Navy Mk V helium helmet gas extenders,), or by an external

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to component materials. It must be reliable and should not require constant attention or adjustment during use, and if possible performance should degrade gradually in the event of malfunctions, allowing time for corrective action to be taken with minimum risk. It should not excessively burden the

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minerals at high pressure. This type of adsorption system is therefore functionally a nitrogen scrubber, leaving the other atmospheric gases to pass through, with oxygen as the primary gas remaining. Gas separation across a membrane is also a pressure-driven process, where the driving force is the

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is usually a mask worn to protect the user from particulate contaminants in the air, but can also mean a device for providing artificial respiration. The usage in the sense of a filtering mask dates to the early 19th century and the artificial respiration sense dates to the second half of the 19th

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A closed circuit oxygen rebreather is the most efficient in terms of oxygen use, but is relatively bulky and requires the use of a carbon dioxide absorbent, which must either be sufficient for the oxygen supply, or must be periodically replaced. If the oxygen supply fails, the loop gas can become

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For mountaineering at high altitudes where the user has to carry the stored oxygen, it is desirable to maximise endurance of the set by efficient use of the gas. The theoretically available delivery systems are: a constant flow system without reservoir, which is simple and reliable, but extremely

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The ambient pressure underwater varies with the depth, and diver attitude in the water can affect the variation in pressure between the lungs and the delivered gas in the mouthpiece by up to about 250 mm water (25 mb), but usually less, which can be positive or negative depending on the

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Supply can be further classified as positive and negative pressure systems, based on the pressure maintained when flow has stopped, and whether the breathing gas pressure in the apparatus ever drops below ambient pressure. Open circuit systems without mixing during delivery are simple and the gas

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A continuous constant flow rate delivered to the mouth and nose uses a simple regulator, but is inefficient as a high percentage of the delivered gas does not reach the alveoli, and over half is not inhaled at all. A system which accumulates free-flow oxygen during resting and exhalation stages,

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Supplemental oxygen is oxygen additional to that available from atmospheric air at the ambient pressure. This may be necessary or desirable in hypobaric environments, or for medical purposes in any pressure regime. With supplemental oxygen the flow rate is often stipulated, but it is the partial

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chambers the application is similar, but a further function is a supply of breathable gas in case of toxic contamination of the chamber atmosphere. This function does not require external venting, but the same equipment is typically used for supply of oxygen enriched gases, so they are generally

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The inside surface of the viewport of a mask or helmet tends to be prone to fogging when the external environment is colder than the dew pint of the gas inside, where tiny droplets of condensed water disperse light passing through the transparent material, blurring the view. Treating the inside

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The usual methods of risk management include design standards, quality control during manufacture, testing and certification of equipment, appropriate training of operators, regulation of use, as appropriate to the specific equipment and situations in which it is used, and correct selection of

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Negative pressure means that the pressure inside the facepiece is lower than the ambient pressure outside the facepiece at some point during inhalation, and a good seal on the facepiece is required to prevent leakage of the ambient gas or liquid into the breathing space. This pressure offset is

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Both rebreather and open circuit equipment have been used in this application, where either pure oxygen or supplemental oxygen is provided by the equipment. Minor leakage in either direction usually only affects efficiency and gas endurance, as the ambient air is usually only hypoxic due to low

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is required to approximate the oxygen available in the lower atmosphere, while above 12,000 m (40,000 ft) oxygen must be provided under positive pressure. Above 15,000 m (49,000 ft), respiration is not possible because the pressure at which the lungs excrete carbon dioxide

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to the extent that failing to check gas pressure is reasonably likely, a low gas alarm, a manual reserve switchover, or both are prudent. All three of these may be found on industrial breathing sets used for rescue and firefighting. For underwater diving, pressure gauges are standard, with an

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When the user must carry the gas supply, weight, balance and inertia of the apparatus and the load distribution of the harness can make a large difference to comfort and safety, particularly when the user may be required to do heavy work in difficult conditions, as in firefighting, rescue and

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Diving helmets and most full-face masks do not allow the user finger access to the nose, and various mechanical aids have been tried with varying levels of comfort and convenience. Masks for supplemental oxygen may be soft enough to close the nose with the mask in place, or may be temporarily

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The total work of breathing when using a breathing apparatus is the sum of the physiological work of breathing and the mechanical work of breathing of the apparatus. In a normal resting state the physiological work of breathing constitutes about 5% of the total body oxygen consumption. It can

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In submarines the function is to supply a breathable gas in an emergency, which may be contamination of the ambient internal atmosphere, or flooding. In this application venting to the interior is both acceptable and generally the only feasible option, as the exterior is typically at a higher

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The gas can be supplied on demand, when the user inhales, using the pressure drop at the start of inhalation to control the opening of a demand valve, and the automatically stops when there is no demand. This is more conservative in gas usage, but has a higher work of breathing. It requires a

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Since the 1980s, devices have been available which conserve stored oxygen by delivering it during the stage of the breathing cycle when it is more effectively used. This has the effect of stored oxygen lasting longer, or a smaller, and therefore lighter, portable oxygen delivery system being

941:) must be avoided. Open circuit and rebreather systems can be used, and self-contained (SCBA) and remotely supplied systems are used depending on the requirement for mobility. Positive or negative pressure equipment may be appropriate, depending on what is to be protected from contamination. 636:

is used for unpressurised (ambient pressure) aeronautical and mountaineering activities where the oxygen content of the natural atmosphere is insufficient for maintaining physical activity, consciousness, or life, but the atmospheric pressure is sufficient that a pressure suit is not needed.

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is a type of respiratory interface that completely covers the head and neck, and optionally the shoulders or upper torso, with a loose-fitting bag, which may have a neck seal or be relatively close fitting at the neck or shoulders. They are used in escape breathing apparatus of several kinds

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Positive pressure means that the area around the mouth or nose inside the facepiece remains slightly higher than the ambient pressure outside the breathing apparatus facepiece at all times while in use, so that ambient gas or liquid cannot leak into the breathing space. This also has the

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Where the user must carry the supplementary oxygen supply, and also perform significant work over a fairly long period, as in mountaineering and rescue work, the efficiency of oxygen use and the reliability of the breathing apparatus are more important, and there is a trade-off of these

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where the interior of the suit is pressurised above the external environmental pressure. In these applications it is usual to use oxygen rebreather systems, as they are relatively safe, simple and efficient compared to open circuit, and do not inherently affect suit internal pressure.

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The delivery of open circuit supplemental oxygen is most effective if it is made at a point in the breathing cycle when it will be inhaled to the alveoli, where gas transfer occurs. This is during the first part of inhalation. Oxygen delivered later in the cycle will be inhaled into

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Negative pressure ventilation occurs when the torso of the patient is subjected to an external pressure below ambient pressure, and ambient pressure air is drawn unto the lungs by the pressure difference induced by expansion of the chest. The equipment is traditionally known as an

672:. Most breathing sets for hyperbaric use are ambient pressure underwater breathing apparatus, but breathing apparatus may be necessary in a pressurised tunnel or caisson due to contamination by hazardous materials. Minor leakage to the environment is usually of little importance. 2227:

the flow of fresh dry gas over the inside surface of the viewport before it is inhaled, and prevent warm, moist exhaled gas from reaching the faceplate by using an oro-nasal insert with a non-return valve in the exhaust flow path. In situations where rinsing is not an option, an

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supported or spontaneous mode, each breath is triggered by the patient, and supported by ventilator. In combination mode, there is a combination of controlled and supported breaths, and there may be a combination of volume controlled and pressure supported or controlled breaths.

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Underwater breathing apparatus is any breathing apparatus intended to allow the user to breathe underwater, and includes open circuit scuba, diving rebreathers and surface supplied diving equipment, and both ambient pressure and controlled pressure single atmosphere systems.

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is usually defined as a rigid respiratory user interface covering the head that also provides head protection against impact and penetration. In medical terminology, a breathing helmet is synonymous with a breathing hood, and need not have any rigid protective structure.

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at different depths which could be toxic if used at the wrong depth, or for closed circuit apparatus which provides reliable control and monitoring of the gas mixture. As a malfunction which cuts off breathing gas supply to a diver at depth could be rapidly fatal,

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uses a medical device to provide a patent airway. This requires intervention by a competent person, and may be supraglottic, infraglottic, or surgically placed. These applications are mostly used in emergency medicine and surgery. Devices in this class include

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The user respiratory interface is the delivery system by which the breathing apparatus guides the breathing gas flow to and from the user. Some form of facepiece, hood or helmet is usual, but for some medical interventions an invasive method may be necessary.

1198:, (or demand pulse device) senses the start of inhalation and provides a metered bolus, which, if correctly matched to requirements, will be sufficient and effectively inhaled into the alveoli. Such systems can be pneumatically or electrically controlled. 2357:

system selected from a contextually acceptable option of scuba bailout set, gas supplied by a buddy diver, or emergency ascent to the surface. The choice depends on the risk assessment, and in some cases standard operating procedures or code of practice.

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The user of breathing apparatus may be supported by a team who are available to assist to the extent necessary to reduce the risk associated with the use of the apparatus to a level acceptable in terms of the governing regulations and codes of practice.

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Any given unit is a member of several types. The well-known recreational scuba set is a self-contained, open circuit, demand supplied, high pressure stored air, ambient pressure, underwater diving type, delivered through a bite-grip secured mouthpiece.

2051:'. Some items of breathing apparatus, and the user, may be regarded as safety critical components of the system, and should therefore be tolerant of faults. In the case of the user, this is achieved by sufficient fitness to perform the intended task, 1116:

are used in many industrial environments where they may be needed to evacuate a building in a fire or other incident which may compromise the ambient air quality but there is likely to be sufficient oxygen remaining to sustain the necessary activity.

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Positive pressure ventilation occurs when the breathing gas is delivered at a pressure higher than ambient, and gas is blown into the respiratory passages, inflating the lungs. This system is used by most mechanical ventilators and resuscitators.

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ambient pressure is a viable solution. Supplemental oxygen sufficient to provide an equivalent altitude of a pressurised aircraft cabin (about 8000ft) is sufficient for many purposes, but higher concentrations, such as sea level equivalent (P

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above 13,000 metres (43,000 ft) lead to loss of consciousness. Oxygen conservation devices may be used with open circuit breathing apparatus to improve efficiency of gas use at lower altitudes where ambient pressure breathing is viable.

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provide a limited amount of breathing gas to allow the user to reach the surface from a disabled vessel or vehicle, such as a disabled submarine, a sunken armoured vehicle, or a ditched helicopter. These may also be open or closed

218:

When using a pressurised gas supply, the breathing gas must be supplied to the respiratory interface at a suitable pressure for inhalation, which is close to ambient pressure. This is generally done by a breathing gas regulator, a

726:

has also been used for space suits, which implies an internal suit pressure close to normal atmospheric pressure, and open circuit. Leakage to or from the outside environment generally indicates a system failure and an emergency.

1838:

This is the zone where 100% oxygen at ambient pressure is insufficient, and some form of pressurisation is required to provide a viable inhalation oxygen pressure. The options are partial pressurisation and full pressurisation.

675:

Open and closed circuit, self-contained, and remotely supplied systems are all in common use, but gas composition choice is complicated by the possibility of oxygen toxicity and decompression requirements. The possibilities of

334:

Breathing apparatus can also be categorised as self-contained, where everything is carried by the user, or remotely supplied, with a hose to supply gas from the supply panel and in some cases a return hose for the exhaled gas.

1784:

In a closed circuit system, any unused oxygen is retained and rebreathed, so the utilisation is close to 100%, with some losses possible due to expansion on increased altitude and incidental leakage from the breathing loop.

2343:

of the currently available gas, and how this will be affected by exertion in foreseeable circumstances. Periodical checks on the remaining gas pressure is the usual monitoring method, for which the usual equipment is a

1120:

Emergency and escape breathing apparatus may provide purified ambient air where it has sufficient oxygen and it is reasonably practicable to purify it, or may supply stored breathing gas that is known to be respirable.

555:

The orinasal mask, also called oro-nasal, oral-nasal, or quarter mask, covers the mouth and nostrils and seals to the front of the face on the bridge and sides of the nose and mouth and the chin with little dead space.

2188: 1796:

more hypoxic than ambient atmosphere if the loop was not adequately purged or if it gets contaminated by ambient air. In the absence of oxygen monitoring the user may not notice the reduction in oxygen concentration.

1968:

Breathing apparatus of several types may affect the physical work capacity of the wearer if they cause additional breathing resistance or dead space ad by the weight that must be carried. The effects are changes to

1651:, exposed fluids in the throat and lungs will boil away at normal body temperature, and pressure suits are needed. Generally, 100% oxygen is used to maintain an equivalent altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). 1050: 932:

Breathing gas must be supplied for work in unbreathable normobaric atmospheres, which may be toxic, irritant, narcotic or hypoxic, and may include firefighting, damage control, exploration, and rescue work, and in

2322: 559:

The half-mask extends below the chin, and the full-face mask covers the eyes as well as the nose and mouth, and can have a dead space so large that an inner orinasal mask is provided to reduce the dead space. A

3517:

Donatelli, J.; Gupta, A.; Santhosh, R.; Hazelton, T.R.; Nallamshetty, L.; Macias, A.; Rojas, C.A. (2015). "To breathe or not to breathe: a review of artificial airway placement and related complications".

1159:

none (underwater and in space), because its pressure is too low (extreme altitude), because it does not contain a useful partial pressure of oxygen, or because the contaminants make the risk unacceptable.

2218:

surface with a defogging surfactant can reduce fogging, but it may occur anyway, and it must be possible to actively defog, either by rinsing with water or by blowing dry air over it until it is clear. A

761:

usually constant over all or several breaths, depending on the cause, and has the opposite effect of assisting exhalation and resisting inhalation, also with no net effect on the total work of breathing.

1167:, where it serves no useful purpose as it cannot diffuse into the blood. Oxygen delivered during stages of the breathing cycle in which it is not inhaled is also wasted, unless it is stored temporarily. 1545:, from 1,500 to 3,500 metres (4,900 to 11,500 ft) there are physiological effects of the reduced oxygen partial pressure which include reduced exercise performance and increased respiratory rate. 183:

A supplied-air respirator (SAR), or airline respirator, is a type of atmosphere-supplying breathing apparatus which uses a hose to supply breathing gas from a source which is not carried by the user.

51:, and a life-support system for one person may include breathing apparatus, when the breathing gas is specifically supplied to the user rather than to the enclosure in which the user is the occupant. 150:

Vocabulary.com describes a breathing apparatus as "a device that facilitates breathing in cases of respiratory failure", which is a functional description of a medical ventilator, or a resuscitator.

47:

may also be considered to be breathing apparatus. Equipment that supplies or recycles breathing gas other than ambient air in a space used by several people is usually referred to as being part of a

3123: 3844: 1722:

When there is no limitation on power use and the work is to be done at a fixed location, oxygen concentrators may be an effective solution. An oxygen concentrator is a device that concentrates the

4773: 1691:

of about 0.21 bar), can allow a greater capacity for aerobic work. Balanced against this is the need to conserve oxygen and to minimise the weight carried by the user of breathing apparatus.

3692: 2396:

The endurance of a rebreather or life support system providing gas to a breathing apparatus is also dependent on its ability to remove carbon dioxide from the exhaled gas. This is known as

1770:

the breath most likely to reach the gas exchange regions of the lung beyond the physiological dead space. Their ability to make efficient use of oxygen is key to keeping the units compact.

3715: 1947:, are used outside spacecraft, for either planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all conditions of space, as well as provide mobility and functionality. 1792:

if the pressure of the oxygen exceeds about 0.5 bar for extended periods, which could happen at altitudes below 5500 m, where atmospheric pressure is about half of the value at sea level.

1533:

is used in aviation as standard equipment in unpressurised aircraft capable of high altitude flight, as emergency equipment in unpressurised aircraft, and in high altitude mountaineering.

745:

Positive and negative pressure systems can have slightly different meanings in the context of breathing apparatus depending on whether the context is medical or non-medical applications.

2231:

can be applied to the viewport surface to prevent the formation of droplets. A manually operated wiper blade has also occasionally been used for removing condensation from the viewport.

35:

is equipment which allows a person to breathe in a hostile environment where breathing would otherwise be impossible, difficult, harmful, or hazardous, or assists a person to breathe. A

2155:

Seals may be compromised by hair passing under the seal, and the amount of leakage will depend on the amount of hair and in some cases, the position of the compromised part of the seal.

588:). Breathing hoods with full length visors are commonly used with free-flow supplied air respirators for industrial work like in spray painting, boatbuilding, and woodworking workshops. 2081:

Graph of the breathing resistance of an open-circuit demand regulator. The area of the graph (green) is proportional to the net mechanical work of breathing for a single breathing cycle

983: 267:

facepiece that seals moderately well to the user, with a small internal volume to limit dead space. Some demand supplied breathing apparatus can be swithced to continuous flow mode.

784: 778: 1394:, which is designed to provide a supply of medical gases mixed with an accurate concentration of anaesthetic vapour, and to deliver this continuously to the patient at a safe 4204: 119:. Actual usage varies, and breathing apparatus, breathing set, ventilator and respirator have similar and overlapping meanings which vary depending on the sources chosen. 3572:(4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. 2667: 821:

Breathing apparatus may be used to providing gas suitable for breathing in a range of applications where the ambient environment does not provide suitable breathing gas:

2032:

perform the intended activities. The user is an integral part of the system, which may rely on user competence as well as correct equipment function for safe operation.

2004:

the equipment. The design of the equipment can strongly influence its effectiveness in performing the desired functions. It should be comfortable to wear, and not cause

166:(OSHA) uses the source of the breathing gas to distinguish between types of breathing apparatus, and considers respirators to be a type or class of breathing apparatus: 4882: 2698: 2059:. Equipment must be selected which is appropriate for the specific use, and can be designed, manufactured, and maintained to provide appropriate fault tolerance. Good 1816: 1066:

installed in a confined space where an alternative to the ambient gas may be required for medical treatment, emergency use, or to minimise a hazard. They are found in

770: 2295: 1081:

The use in hyperbaric treatment chambers is usually to supply an oxygen rich treatment gas which if used as the chamber atmosphere, would constitute an unacceptable

567:

A full-face mask is generally only used when including the eyes in the protected space is necessary, and often includes an inner orinasal mask to reduce dead space.

3228: 1726:

from a gas supply (typically ambient air) by selectively removing nitrogen to supply an oxygen-enriched product gas stream. They are also used industrially and as

169:

An atmosphere-supplying respirator is a breathing apparatus that supplies the user with breathing gas from a source independent of the ambient atmosphere, such as

2942: 1986: 717:, where the occupant is kept at surface atmospheric pressure, isolated from the high ambient pressure of the deep underwater environment, and pressure suits and 1413:

is the provision of breathing gas to the user by the ventilator or resuscitator, when the user is unable to provide the driving forces to induce gas flow. Such

934: 2493: 1593:, with progressive deterioration of physiological function, which exceeds acclimatisation. Consequently, there is no human habitation in this altitude range. 948:

Depending on the nature of the hazardous atmosphere, the user may need to wear personal protective equipment to isolate the entire body from the environment (

4576: 180:

A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a type of atmosphere-supplying breathing apparatus in which the breathing gas source is carried by the user.

4317: 3110: 938: 3840: 3662: 3493: 2264:

are often used to minimise internal dead space in helmets and full-face masks, and may also reduce the tendency to fog the inner surface of the viewport.

835: 223:, which reduces the gas supply pressure from the supply line. Exhalation is usually to the surroundings at ambient pressure, but in special cases such as 5289: 4782: 1970: 1418:

controlled, in which a set volume is delivered for each breath. Both of these methods have limitations and may work sub-optimally in some circumstances.

4544: 3877: 2884: 2776: 2139:

Inside view of a Kirby Morgan 37 showing the oral-nasal mask used to minimise dead space, the microphone and a loudspeaker of the communications system

1998: 660:

This subclass includes both self-contained and airline supplied units, and self-contained units may use rebreather technology to extend gas endurance.

345:(SSDE) is diving equipment supplied with breathing gas using a diver's umbilical or airline from the surface, such as from a boat or offshore platform. 3633: 3147: 2634: 2523: 2122: 1510:

Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay, 29 May 1953 after successfully completing the first ascent of Mount Everest using open circuit supplemental oxygen

3684: 2273: 127:, a ventilator can be a medical device to provide artificially assisted respiration, or equipment to circulate fresh air through a space, while a 5301: 4599: 123:

appears to be a secondary synonym for breathing apparatus, as internet searches appear to all be redirected to breathing apparatus. According to

4925: 4906: 2382:

may have several contingency plans for the reasonably foreseeable situations that could occur that would compromise their breathing gas supply.

2113:

increase considerably due to illness or constraints on gas flow imposed by breathing apparatus, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition.

103:

implies any set of equipment and materials specifically intended to enable or facilitate breathing, which could include equipment as basic as a

4950: 4481: 649:

Breathing apparatus are used for mine escape and rescue, firefighting, or working in hypoxic or toxic atmospheres at pressures near to normal

5109: 2583: 403: 163: 2809: 1138: 5193: 3594: 3439: 3028: 2385:

When more than one breathing gas mixture is available, the risk of selecting a gas unsuitable for the current situation must be minimised.

543:

fits inside the mouth between the teeth and lips, with a guide to prevent the tongue from obstructing the airway. They are not often used.

5778: 2409: 1638:(where gas trapped in the body expands), and evolved-gas dysbarism (where dissolved gases such as nitrogen may form in the tissues, i.e. 540: 5044:"Comprehensive Evaluation of User Interface for Ventilators Based on Respiratory Therapists' Performance, Workload, and User Experience" 4180: 4118: 4149: 2845: 858:, any breathing set that is carried entirely by an underwater diver and provides the diver with breathing gas at the ambient pressure: 657:, to prevent contamination by ambient gas, as leakage from the breathing set is generally less harmful than breathing the ambient gas. 249:

Supplied gas breathing apparatus can be categorised by how the gas is supplied to the user. There are several combinations of options

4284: 2143:

Breathing masks and diving helmets both provide a supply of breathing gas to the user. Other functions may differ or partly overlap.

1915:

and temperature extremes. The breathing gas is pure oxygen, which allows the lowest suit pressure. Space suits are often worn inside

776:

relative position of the lungs to the demand valve, exhaust valve of a free-flow helmet, or counterlung of a rebreather. Also called

1630:

zone extends from 3,600 m (12,000 ft) to about 15,000 m (50,000 ft). In this zone there is an increased risk of

688:

as a diluent necessary for use at greater depths. The large range of pressures possible complicate decompression necessary to avoid

3060: 2174:

removed. Masks for use in contaminated atmospheres are usually used at a constant ambient pressure, so this problem may not arise.

1268:. Partial pressures administered range from low flow rates giving slight increases over ambient air up to 2.8 bar absolute used in 4198: 1307:

Patients who are not able to breathe sufficiently for themselves are provided with breathing gas by ventilator or resuscitator.

4815: 3745: 2659: 2388:

In medical equipment, the user interface of the control and monitoring system can influence the probability of operator error.

2013:

user by its weight or reduce work capacity unnecessarily by dead space, increased work of breathing or obstruction of vision.

244: 4874: 4512: 4000:

In: Roach RC, Wagner PD, Hackett PH. Hypoxia: Into the Next Millennium (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Series)

3577: 2690: 2553: 4101:

Jamison, D.T.; Breman, J.G.; Measham, A.R.; Alleyne, G.; Claeson, M.; Evans, D.B.; Jha, P.; Mills, A.; Musgrove, P. (2006).

2995: 5766: 3786: 909:, which maintain an internal pressure approximating surface pressure. Their breathing apparatus tend to be closed circuit 757:

physiological effect of assisting inhalation and resisting exhalation, but should not affect the total work of breathing.

5622: 5345: 3220: 3084: 1931:

supply and environmental control system may be used to allow greater freedom of movement, independent of the spacecraft.

1195: 1037: 801:

In this context the terms refer to the mechanism of inducing inhalation in a person who is not spontaneously breathing.

740: 4751: 4666: 400:(SCBA), used out of water, worn by rescue workers, firefighters and others in contaminated, toxic or hypoxic atmospheres 5219: 5154: 4902:

Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing. S.v. "work of breathing." Retrieved September 8, 2015, from

3912: 3410: 3201: 1606: 1525: 1210: 923: 425: 397: 174: 3818: 2934: 278:

is any breathing apparatus that does not recycle any of the breathing gas, and discharges it all to the surroundings.

5512: 5224: 5131: 5102: 5026: 4981: 4174: 4143: 4112: 4085: 4047: 3285: 2918: 1960:

equipment for the situation. For some equipment, proper maintenance and pre-use inspection and testing are required.

1530: 1515: 1272:

of decompression illness and some other indications. Oxygen can be delivered to spontaneously breathing patients via

633: 2485: 1433:, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently. Ventilators are 5672: 5657: 5246: 2279: 2235:

may not be optimal. Bifocal arrangements are available. Defogging of bonded lenses is the same as for plain glass.

2213:

IDA-71 mask, showing the central wiper blade which is operated using the handle projecting from the top of the mask

1191:

practicable. This class of device can also be used with portable oxygen concentrators, making them more efficient.

1010: 275: 144: 4568: 2414: 1620: 1563:, from 3,500 to 5,500 metres (11,500 to 18,000 ft) arterial oxygen saturation falls below 90% and arterial P 351:(SAR). or airline respirators, use a hose to supply breathing gas from a source which is not carried by the user. 4306: 5481: 5408: 5231: 4701: 3654: 3462: 3373:"Choosing the Proper Interface for Positive Airway Pressure Therapy in Subjects with Acute Respiratory Failure" 1750: 830: 753:

In this context these terms refer to the protection of the breathing circuit against leakage of contaminants.

5296: 4680: 4529: 3870: 1575: 870:, where the diver carries the gas supply, and exhaled gas is partly or entirely recycled for further use, and 714: 504: 2873: 5800: 5754: 5142: 5095: 2770: 2370:

are frequently used by recreational divers in shallow open water with no planned decompression obligation.

2052: 1944: 1766: 1521: 1106:

the ambient air oxygen content is sufficient to support consciousness. These systems vent to the interior.

258:

gas does not include too much of the previously exhaled gas. This is simple, but wasteful of supplied gas.

231:, it may be exhausted to a significantly lower pressure, sometimes at a remote location, and may require a 220: 203: 79:

by purpose: underwater diving, mountaineering, aeronautical, industrial, emergency and escape, and medical.

70:

by ventilatory driving force: the breathing effort of the user, or mechanical work from an external source,

4854:

Lang, Michael A. (1990). "Scuba Equipment Standardization". In Lang, Michael A.; Egstrom, Glen H. (eds.).

4694:

Bitterman, Noemi. "10: Human factors and design in recreational diving equipment: A woman's perspective".

3625: 2630: 2515: 2282:

is ballasted to be nearly neutrally buoyant underwater so it is not an excessive static load on the neck.

1647:(approximately 87 mmHg) exceeds outside air pressure. Above 19,000 m (62,000 ft), known as the 5667: 5652: 5324: 5284: 1896: 1862:). Partial-pressure suits work by providing mechanical counter-pressure to assist breathing at altitude. 1804: 1269: 1153: 654: 136: 621:

where the ambient atmosphere is unbreathable, or supplemental oxygen is needed for medical reasons, and

5637: 5563: 1546: 1044: 961: 354: 224: 4607: 3251: 5699: 5394: 4921:

Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. S.v. "work of breathing." Retrieved September 8, 2015, from

4063: 1789: 1735: 1705: 1285: 969: 693: 4922: 4903: 474:

covers the nose and seals against the upper lip, the sides of the nose, and the bridge of the nose.

210:, chemically generated oxygen, or a combination of ambient atmosphere and another of these sources. 58:

by breathing gas source: self-contained gas supply, remotely supplied gas, or purified ambient air,

5403: 5377: 4473: 1978: 1660: 1358: 1245: 1164: 431: 187: 4406: 2575: 1134: 713:

At extremes of ambient pressure, the user must be isolated from the environment to survive, as in

23:

In an atmosphere that may be oxygen-deficient, or toxic, an air supply can be carried on the back.

5714: 5682: 5627: 5534: 5450: 5214: 5147: 3998:; Gabrielova, Ivana; Vann, Richard D (1999). "Mountaineering oxygen mask efficiency at 4572 m.". 3431: 2345: 2290: 2285: 2257: 2090: 1924: 1869: 1742:. They are most efficient when the supplemental oxygen does not need to be at a high percentage. 1739: 1445: 1176: 1102: 973: 906: 875: 486:

seals on the rim of the nostrils. It is used in stable patients with sleep-disordered breathing.

385: 348: 342: 232: 170: 3020: 2798: 2209: 2047:. The ability to maintain functionality when portions of a system break down is referred to as ' 1256:. It may also be prophylactically given to maintain blood oxygen levels during the induction of 5266: 4022: 3993: 3109:

Anthony, Gavin; Mitchell, Simon J. (2016). Pollock, N.W.; Sellers, S.H.; Godfrey, J.M. (eds.).

2419: 2354: 2044: 1939:

suit. They include more protection from the harsh conditions of space, such as protection from

1639: 1437: 1426: 1414: 1410: 796: 689: 4164: 4102: 527:, usually held in place by a bite-grip, and sealed by the lips, is common in scuba equipment, 139:(HSE) distinguishes between respirators and breathing apparatus. Respirators are described as 5544: 5522: 5507: 4133: 3120:

Rebreathers and Scientific Diving. Proceedings of NPS/NOAA/DAN/AAUS June 16–19, 2015 Workshop

2056: 1374: 1320: 1253: 1090: 995: 927: 887: 614: 500: 372: 3902:

U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving (April 2008). "Chapter 21: Recompression Chamber Operation".

2834: 2202: 5632: 5527: 4674: 4626:"Physiological effects associated with the use of respiratory protective devices. A review" 3319: 2317: 2048: 1912: 1005: 879: 650: 4276: 3716:"Helmet-based ventilation is superior to face mask for patients with respiratory distress" 2339:

The most fundamental aspect of gas management is to have a realistic idea of the expected

1260:. Oxygen therapy is often useful in chronic hypoxemia caused by conditions such as severe 905:

Atmospheric pressure underwater breathing apparatus is also used, in the form of armoured

73:

by operational pressure regime: at ambient pressure or in isolation from ambient pressure,

61:

by environment: underwater/hyperbaric, terrestrial/normobaric, or high altitude/hypobaric,

8: 5719: 5662: 5430: 5413: 5389: 5335: 4875:

Adaptive Fault Tolerance and Graceful Degradation Under Dynamic Hard Real-Time Scheduling

2723: 2443: 1717: 1616: 1402:, which provide gas flow only on demand when triggered by the patient's own inspiration. 1316: 1180: 1071: 864:, where the diver carries the gas supply, and exhaled gas is exhausted to the environment 318: 199: 112: 48: 4843:(Rev. 2 ed.). London: International Marine Contractor's Association. February 2014. 3595:"Rebreather Training Council. Mouthpiece Retraining Strap Safety Guidance Notice, Issue" 3323: 3051: 2289:

with the head. Underwater, excess buoyancy is counteracted by connection to the diver's

1040:

has the similar purpose of providing breathing gas to escape from a ditched helicopter.

5677: 5517: 5492: 5253: 5068: 5043: 4455: 4375: 4348: 4253: 4226: 3976: 3905:

U.S. Navy Diving Manual. Volume 5: Diving Medicine and Recompression Chamber Operations

3402: 3335: 2397: 2371: 2135: 2009: 1472: 1461: 1453: 1382: 1297: 1293: 861: 668:

A breathing set intended for use in hyperbaric environments must not supply gas with a

564:

used in scuba and freediving covers the eyes and nose, and is not breathing apparatus.

528: 524: 228: 104: 40: 4442: 4429: 4015: 2109:

in pulmonary volume, or in terms of the oxygen consumption attributable to breathing.

1139:

Rebreather § Rebreathers for unpressurised aircraft and high altitude parachuting

839:

A museum display of diving dry suits with different breathing apparatus configurations

5731: 5726: 5709: 5502: 5423: 5207: 5073: 5022: 4977: 4743: 4724:"Mechanical Ventilation Competencies of the Respiratory Therapist in 2015 and Beyond" 4669:(Report). US Office of Naval Research. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. 4667:

Development of comprehensive performance standards for underwater breathing apparatus

4647: 4508: 4447: 4380: 4258: 4170: 4139: 4108: 4081: 4043: 3968: 3573: 3535: 3485: 3394: 3281: 3197: 2914: 2183: 2086: 2072: 2040: 2021: 1982: 1936: 1851: 1779: 1631: 1602: 1378: 1281: 1172: 1113: 1086: 867: 771:

Human physiology of underwater diving § Positive and negative pressure breathing

736: 681: 677: 512: 508: 495: 483: 458: 389:

Recovery of casualties after the explosion at the Primero coal mine in Colorado, 1910

364: 304: 108: 4807: 3753: 3406: 1506: 5455: 5063: 5055: 4735: 4637: 4459: 4437: 4370: 4360: 4248: 4238: 4071: 3980: 3958: 3527: 3477: 3384: 3327: 2367: 2060: 1888: 1611:

In the region from sea level to around 3,000 m (10,000 ft), known as the

1350: 1329: 1249: 1098:

pressure than the interior, and external venting is not possible by passive means.

848: 783: 777: 597: 561: 371:, and their main function is likely to be to save expensive helium diluent gas. In 2545: 4929: 4910: 3077:

Paul, Heather L.; Converse, David; Dionne, Steven; Moser, Jeff (1 January 2010).

2984: 2379: 2223: 2197: 2035: 1974: 1843: 1746: 1648: 1386: 1342: 1265: 1237: 1000: 669: 124: 4873:

González, Oscar; Shrikumar, H.; Stankovic, John. A; Ramamritham, Krithi (1997).

2192:

Diver using US Navy Mark 12 freeflow helmet which has unusually large viewports.

618: 610: 5577: 5384: 5355: 5236: 4197:

Bishop, Melody. "Volume Control Ventilation". In Robinson, Amanda Baker (ed.).

3779: 2261: 1940: 1892: 1850:

is too low for an unprotected person to survive, even breathing pure oxygen at

1800: 1731: 1727: 1457: 1441: 1354: 1231: 1067: 1054:

Navy divers testing the built-in breathing masks inside a recompression chamber

576: 367:. When remotely supplied they are likely to be semi-closed circuit, and called 322: 195: 19: 4942: 3531: 3078: 3021:"Diving apparatus 'Modell 1912' Draegerwerk Lübeck, helmet with 'lock system'" 622: 5794: 5617: 5587: 5497: 5418: 4723: 4243: 3963: 3946: 2359: 2340: 2017: 2005: 1829: 1643: 1585:, above 5,500 metres (18,000 ft), one can expect significant hypoxemia, 1273: 1063: 882:

This may be free-flow open circuit, demand open circuit, semi-closed circuit

697: 453: 207: 4365: 3903: 3481: 3372: 2434: – Protective suit against chemical, bacteriological, and nuclear risks 5687: 5539: 5460: 5350: 5077: 4747: 4739: 4451: 4384: 4262: 3972: 3810: 3539: 3489: 3398: 3389: 2455: 2363: 2349: 2164: 1865: 1847: 1440:

machines, but patients can also be ventilated with a simple, hand-operated

1324: 1301: 1085:. In this application the exhaust gas is vented outside of the chamber. In 883: 368: 314: 202:

supplied from an oxygen concentrator, high-pressure stored compressed air,

96: 44: 16:

Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment

4651: 5704: 5647: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5360: 5340: 4530:"Recent progress of oxygen/nitrogen separation using membrane technology" 4042:(69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 217–218, 302. 3632:. US Department of Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2633:. US Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 2431: 2375: 1908: 1873: 1362: 1289: 1277: 1130: 1082: 949: 702: 653:. These may supply breathing gas at a slight overpressure, also known as 585: 581: 413: 381:

Aircraft emergency oxygen systems for passengers in commercial airliners.

5059: 2994:(Report). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: US Army Land Warfare Laboratory. 2039:

can cause total breakdown. Fault tolerance is particularly important in

1043:

Another type of emergency breathing set, which is remotely supplied, is

878:, where the gas supply is provided from the surface through a hose in a 428:, which provides supplementary oxygen from a supply carried by the user, 5694: 5367: 5261: 5184: 4814:. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). 1977. 4642: 4625: 4076: 3995: 3339: 2461: 2449: 2294: 2077: 1916: 1904: 1855: 1833: 1666:

equipment necessary above approximately 3,700 metres (12,000 ft).

1615:, oxygen levels are usually high enough for humans to function without 1586: 1257: 1109: 1075: 1022: 1015: 965: 910: 898: 723: 718: 471: 419: 409: 310: 300: 140: 128: 116: 36: 5087: 3122:. Wrigley Marine Science Center, Catalina Island, CA. pp. 66–79. 2085:

Breathing apparatus must allow the user to breathe with minimum added

1029:

that were unable to surface. Escape sets are also used ashore, in the

5642: 5582: 5372: 5241: 5042:

Jiang, M.; Liu, S.; Gao, J.; Feng, Q.; Zhang, Q. (15 December 2018).

4872: 3655:"Emergency escape respirators & hoods: The emergency escape hood" 3083:. 40th International Conference on Environmental Systems. Barcelona. 2437: 2348:

attached to the regulator first stage. When the user is likely to be

2105: 1877: 1635: 1590: 1571: 1449: 1241: 1026: 855: 810: 76:

by gas mixture: air, oxygen enriched air, pure oxygen or mixed gases,

67:

by gas supply type: constant flow, supply on demand, or supplemental,

4695: 4528:

Chong, K.C.; Lai, S.O.; Thiam, H.S.; Teoh, H.C.; Heng, S.L. (2016).

3371:

Bahammam, A.S.; Singh, T.D.; Gupta, R.; Pandi-Perumal, S.R. (2018).

3331: 2428: – Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases 1907:

is a garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of

5202: 4841:

IMCA International Code of Practice for Offshore Diving: IMCA D 014

4503:

Ruthven, Douglas M.; Farooq, Shamsuzzman; Knaebel, Kent S. (1993).

2458: – Medical device using positive pressure to inflate the lungs 2425: 2362:

are also occasionally still used in low visibility conditions. The

2228: 2219: 1999:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Breathing apparatus

1920: 1880:, with completely self-contained life support for lunar excursions. 1754: 1434: 1395: 4781:. Pretoria: The South African Department of Labour. Archived from 3307: 2452: – Device worn to protect the user from inhaling contaminants 2127: 1985:. These effects are more apparent during heavy physical work, and 4923:

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/work+of+breathing

4904:

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/work+of+breathing

2123:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Masks and helmets

1859: 1758: 1642:). Above approximately 4,300 m (14,000 ft) oxygen-rich 1494:. The difference may mainly be in the way the equipment is used. 406:(scuba), used underwater for recreational and occupational diving 3911:. SS521-AG-PRO-010, Revision 6. U.S. Naval Sea Systems Command. 2464: – Device that provides mechanical ventilation to the lungs 1846:

worn by high-altitude pilots who may fly at altitudes where the

64:

by breathing circuit type: open, semi-closed, or closed circuit,

4800: 3370: 2927: 2446: – Technology that allows survival in hostile environments 2326:

Airline supplied respirator with emergency gas supply cylinder.

2274:

Human factors in diving equipment design § Helmet buoyancy

2101: 2097: 1928: 1884: 1723: 1480: 1471:

is a device using positive pressure to inflate the lungs of an

1357:

used to generate and mix a fresh gas flow of medical gases and

1030: 685: 54:

Breathing apparatus may be classified by type in several ways:

3901: 3516: 1992: 4856:

Proceedings of the AAUS Biomechanics of Safe Ascents Workshop

2480: 2478: 2440: – Negative-pressure mechanically functioning respirator 1549:

is generally still over 90% in healthy people, but arterial P

1476: 1430: 1390:

In the developed world, the most frequent type in use is the

609:

Breathing apparatus may be used in various pressure regimes:

309:

Closed and semi-closed circuit breathing sets, also known as

4879:

Computer Science Department Faculty Publication Series. 188.

3104: 3102: 4658: 4398: 4100: 3780:

A Survey and Engineering Design of Atmospheric Diving Suits

3568:

NOAA Diving Program (U.S.) (2001). Joiner, James T. (ed.).

2764: 2486:"'Ventilator' or 'Respirator'? How they differ and overlap" 1704:

supplementary oxygen actually used is also proportional to

1405: 1261: 4342: 4340: 4338: 3567: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3174:

Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (23 November 2011).

3059:. Vol. 2. Washington DC: Navy Department. July 1981. 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2580:

McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms

2475: 4062: 3099: 3025:

Chronology of Diving in Holland: 1889. Draegerwerk Lübeck

1578:

occurs. In this range severe altitude illness is common.

1373:

The anaesthetic machine is commonly used together with a

945:

flow at a rate greater than the user's peak demand rate.

730: 4428:

Pilmanis, Andrew A.; Sears, William J. (December 2003).

4125: 3994:

Hendricks, David M; Pollock, Neal W; Natoli, Michael J;

3269: 1810: 1765:

Pulse dose (also called intermittent-flow or on-demand)

696:

is fairly common. This either requires the diver to use

375:, exhaled gas is returned to the surface to be recycled. 194:

The breathing gas source may be the ambient atmosphere,

4421: 4335: 4169:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 217–219. 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3546: 3080:

Development of a Fan for Future Space Suit Applications

3076: 3053:

US Navy Diving Manual Revision 1 Navsea-0994-LP001-9020

2985:

Oxygen Breathing Equipment For High Altitude Operations

2741: 2660:"Tips for Using Oxygen Concentrators at High Altitudes" 1943:

and extreme temperature change. EVA suits, such as the

4896: 4847: 4630:

Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health

4299: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3280:(3rd ed.). Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles. 1700:

characteristics with the weight that must be carried.

955: 705:

may be carried in addition to the primary gas supply.

329: 198:

supplied from a low pressure compressor in real time,

5130: 4812:

Statutory Instruments 1997 No. 2776 Health and Safety

3570:

NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology

2654: 2652: 1807:

during the 1953 British expedition to Mount Everest.

1745:

Pressure swing adsorption oxygen concentrators use a

1033:

industry, and by the military for escape from tanks.

462:

exchange occurs, and little is wasted in dead space.

5172: 4502: 3929: 3707: 3510: 3461:

Dumont, Cheryl Plate; Tiep, Brian L. (August 2002).

3454: 2868: 2866: 2582:(6 ed.). The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2003. 2422: – A built in breathing system in US submarines 1773: 1501: 1236:

Oxygen therapy is the use of supplemental oxygen as

1205: 680:

and excessive gas density causing unacceptably high

245:

Underwater breathing apparatus § Classification

5001:. Durban, South Africa: Professional Diving Centre. 4866: 4575:. Home Medical Equipment Business. September 2009. 3592: 3353: 2691:"Breathing Apparatus Stores Cold Supercritical Air" 2625: 2623: 2621: 2260:is important for all breathing apparatus. Internal 1361:agents for the purpose of inducing and maintaining 457:hooked over the ears for support. The more complex 5480: 4619: 4617: 4430:"Physiological hazards of flight at high altitude" 4346: 4104:Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries 4014: 3593:Haynes, P; Menduno, M; Toomer, P (21 March 2023). 3424: 3012: 2649: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2096:Work of breathing (WOB) is the energy expended to 1854:. Such suits may be either full-pressure (e.g., a 708: 5019:Doing it Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving 5012: 5010: 5008: 4881:(Report). University of Massachusetts - Amherst. 4771: 4664: 4527: 4347:Paralikar, S.J.; Paralikar, J.H. (January 2010). 2863: 2631:"1910.134 - Respiratory protection - Definitions" 1823: 917: 824: 748: 294: 5792: 5035: 4860:American Academy of Underwater Sciences Workshop 4591: 4521: 3773: 3771: 3301: 3299: 3297: 2775:. Washington, DC: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 1919:as a safety precaution in case of loss of cabin 1749:to adsorb gases and operate on the principle of 1124: 5323: 5041: 4971: 4614: 4269: 3620: 3618: 3463:"Using a Reservoir Nasal Cannula in Acute Care" 3252:"What Is a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus?" 3108: 3070: 2598: 1963: 1935:inside and outside the spacecraft, such as the 1154:Oxygen therapy § Oxygen conserving devices 5562: 5005: 4131: 3215: 3213: 2874:"Tech Note: Air-Line Supplied Air Respirators" 2116: 1899:, which has a remote supply via the umbilical. 1654: 1310: 5103: 4715: 4537:Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 4427: 4218: 4066:(2009). Stuart M, Kouimtzi M, Hill S (eds.). 3987: 3947:"Oxygen conserving devices and methodologies" 3768: 3308:"Oxygen Equipment for Climbing Mount Everest" 3294: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2835:"A Guide to Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators" 2538: 1799:A closed-circuit oxygen system was tested by 1429:by moving breathable air into and out of the 438: 434:, which filter contaminants from ambient air. 404:Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus 164:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 4835: 4833: 4496: 3615: 3275: 3173: 3148:"Submarine Built In Breathing System (BIBS)" 2827: 1574:may occur during exercise and sleep, and if 1147: 1135:Rebreather § Mountaineering rebreathers 584:), and as a route for supplementary oxygen ( 4915: 4765: 4466: 4021:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 3210: 3112:Respiratory Physiology of Rebreather Diving 2935:"Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)" 2410:Glossary of breathing apparatus terminology 1993:Human factors in breathing apparatus design 1708:, which depends on the level of exertion. 604: 5773: 5110: 5096: 4990: 4665:Lundgren, C.E.G.; Warkander, D.E. (2000). 4623: 4200:Basic Principles of Mechanical Ventilation 3944: 3895: 3778:Thornton, Michael Albert (December 2000). 3714:Easton, John; Wood, Matt (25 March 2020). 3713: 3460: 3243: 3196:. Flagstaff, AZ: Best Publishing Company. 3194:International textbook of Mixed Gas Diving 2957: 2718: 2716: 2682: 2568: 2063:minimises the opportunity for user error. 1536: 291:oxygen partial pressure is naturally low. 213: 5067: 5016: 4943:"Respiratory failure in technical diving" 4830: 4687: 4641: 4441: 4374: 4364: 4252: 4242: 4192: 4190: 4156: 4075: 4070:. World Health Organization. p. 20. 4006: 3962: 3647: 3388: 3169: 3167: 3165: 2913:. Warner, New Hampshire: Airspeed Press. 2697:. John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida. 1296:. Delivery may be by continuous flow, by 692:, and the use of special gas mixtures to 238: 4965: 4940: 4934: 4721: 4391: 4224: 4107:. World Bank Publications. p. 689. 4094: 4040:British national formulary : BNF 69 4034: 4032: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3803: 3777: 3305: 3178:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3043: 2791: 2321: 2208: 2187: 2134: 2126: 2076: 1883: 1864: 1669: 1596: 1505: 1406:Mechanical ventilators and resuscitators 1328: 1240:. Acute indications for therapy include 1049: 977: 894:Two other types may also be identified: 834: 384: 338:Remotely supplied applications include: 18: 5117: 4474:"How does an Oxygen Concentrator Work?" 4135:Caring for the Seriously Ill Patient 2E 4056: 3871:"Ultralite 2 BIBS Mask (DE-MDS-540-R0)" 3685:"SATA air vision 5000: Product details" 3586: 3191: 2768: 2713: 2391: 2374:may be obliged to carry an independent 1711: 1368: 1047:in submarines and hyperbaric chambers. 1025:and were typically used to escape from 991:ambient pressure systems, and include: 928:Rebreather § Fields of application 157: 154:any type or application of rebreather. 132:century, so both are well established. 91: 5793: 4974:Perception and Performance Under Water 4187: 3883:from the original on 25 September 2018 3833: 3249: 3187: 3185: 3162: 3031:from the original on 20 September 2016 2911:Scuba regulator maintenance and repair 2908: 2902: 1570:is reduced to the extent that extreme 1486:There is considerable overlap between 1400:intermittent-flow anaesthetic machines 790: 731:Positive and negative pressure systems 5606: 5561: 5479: 5322: 5171: 5129: 5091: 4808:"The Diving at Work Regulations 1997" 4693: 4561: 4399:"health advice for mountain climbers" 4138:(2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 57. 4029: 4002:. Kluwer Academic: New York: 387–388. 3858: 3442:from the original on 20 December 2016 3276:Larn, Richard; Whistler, Rex (1993). 3231:from the original on 19 February 2023 3140: 2982: 1811:Open circuit dilutor demand regulator 1425:is a type of equipment that provides 663: 644: 393:Self-contained applications include: 357:in submarines or hyperbaric chambers. 282:supplied is consistent and reliable. 5761: 4853: 4818:from the original on 31 October 2019 4436:. 362 Issue=Special issue: s16–s17. 4409:from the original on 8 February 2009 4287:from the original on 16 October 2023 4162: 4012: 3841:"A Pocket Guide to Air-Line Systems" 3785:(Report). Texas A&M University. 3738: 3677: 2983:Drake, Frederick M. (January 1974). 2851:from the original on 19 January 2024 2779:from the original on 3 December 2020 2688: 2066: 1694: 851:underwater breathing apparatus are: 764: 628: 489: 477: 360:Some space suits and pressure suits, 5623:Breathing performance of regulators 5346:Continuous positive airway pressure 4996: 4953:from the original on 9 October 2021 4597: 3626:"1910.134 - Respiratory protection" 3182: 2941:. National Environmental Trainers. 2772:US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision 2689:Gier, Harold L. (1 November 1999). 1444:. Ventilators are chiefly used in 1392:continuous-flow anaesthetic machine 1196:pulse dose oxygen conserving device 1187:some physical effort by the user. 1094:vented to the exterior by default. 1038:Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device 956:Emergency and escape breathing sets 937:where contamination of the person ( 741:Breathing performance of regulators 591: 330:Self-contained or remotely supplied 13: 5220:Self-contained breathing apparatus 5155:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 4579:from the original on 17 April 2015 4196: 3918:from the original on 31 March 2014 3250:Ismail, Khaled (3 February 2020). 3018: 2664:www.oxygenconcentratorsupplies.com 2508: 2267: 2251: 1858:) or partial-pressure (as used by 1607:Effects of high altitude on humans 1526:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 1211:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 924:Self-contained breathing apparatus 444:safety. Several types are in use: 426:Mountaineering breathing apparatus 398:Self-contained breathing apparatus 206:, oxygen or blended gas mixtures, 175:self-contained breathing apparatus 14: 5812: 5513:Surface-supplied diving equipment 5225:Self-contained self-rescue device 5132:High altitude breathing apparatus 4972:Adolfson, J.; Berhage, T (1974). 4722:Kacmarek, Robert M. (June 2013). 4484:from the original on 24 July 2021 4323:from the original on 16 July 2023 4132:Macintosh, M.; Moore, T. (1999). 3821:from the original on 12 July 2023 3726:from the original on 27 July 2023 3695:from the original on 27 June 2023 3665:from the original on 27 July 2023 3087:from the original on 14 July 2023 3066:from the original on 2 July 2019. 2945:from the original on 16 July 2023 2890:from the original on 12 July 2023 2670:from the original on 16 July 2023 2637:from the original on 13 July 2023 2586:from the original on 13 July 2023 2556:from the original on 12 July 2023 2526:from the original on 12 July 2023 2496:from the original on 12 July 2023 2311: 1774:Closed circuit oxygen rebreathers 1531:High altitude breathing apparatus 1516:High altitude breathing apparatus 1502:High altitude breathing apparatus 1225: 1206:High altitude supplemental oxygen 984:Emergency Escape Breathing Device 876:Surface supplied diving equipment 634:High altitude breathing apparatus 570: 546: 343:Surface-supplied diving equipment 5772: 5760: 5749: 5748: 5673:Respiratory protective equipment 5658:Open circuit breathing apparatus 5247:Powered air-purifying respirator 5173:Occupational breathing apparatus 4999:New Commercial Air Diving Manual 4569:"Continuous Flow vs. Pulse Dose" 4183:from the original on 2017-01-18. 4152:from the original on 2017-01-18. 4121:from the original on 2017-05-10. 2815:from the original on 29 May 2020 2701:from the original on 16 May 2023 2334: 2280:lightweight demand diving helmet 1734:. Two methods in common use are 1398:and flow. This is distinct from 1011:Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus 625:at high altitudes and in space. 447: 276:Open circuit breathing apparatus 252: 145:respiratory protective equipment 5021:. Global Underwater Explorers. 4885:from the original on 2017-07-29 4775:Code Of Practice Inshore Diving 4754:from the original on 2022-06-25 4704:from the original on 2023-03-07 4550:from the original on 2023-07-18 4227:"The basic anaesthesia machine" 4225:Gurudatt, C. (September 2013). 4207:from the original on 2023-07-16 3957:(2). crd.sagepub.com: 109–114. 3847:from the original on 2023-07-27 3792:from the original on 2023-03-19 3636:from the original on 2023-07-13 3499:from the original on 2023-07-21 3413:from the original on 2023-07-30 3129:from the original on 2023-08-11 3001:from the original on 2023-07-15 2415:Breathing mask (disambiguation) 2302: 2158: 2131:Ocean Reef Full Face Mask (IDM) 1911:, primarily as protection from 1751:rapid pressure swing adsorption 1621:altitude decompression sickness 816: 709:Isolation from ambient pressure 378:Flight crew breathing apparatus 285: 270: 5482:Underwater breathing apparatus 5409:Respiratory gas humidification 5183: 4281:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 3221:"Aviation Supplemental Oxygen" 1824:Obligatory pressurisation zone 918:Industrial breathing apparatus 831:Underwater breathing apparatus 825:Underwater breathing apparatus 749:Occupational health and safety 715:single atmosphere diving suits 505:esophageal-tracheal combitubes 412:, including underwater diving 295:Closed and semi-closed circuit 1: 4443:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15059-3 3945:Tiep, B.; Carter, R. (2008). 3843:. MSA Safety. ID 0114-14-MC. 3602:rebreathertrainingcouncil.org 2468: 1767:portable oxygen concentrators 1678: 1576:high altitude pulmonary edema 1456:(as standalone units) and in 1125:Supplemental oxygen provision 1036:The small open-circuit scuba 1021:Early escape sets were often 670:toxic concentration of oxygen 518: 465: 5143:Aviation breathing apparatus 4507:. Wiley-VCH. p. 6,304. 1964:Physiological effects of use 1613:physiological-efficient zone 1522:Aircraft breathing apparatus 534: 221:pressure reduction regulator 204:supercritical compressed air 7: 5668:Positive pressure breathing 5653:Negative pressure breathing 5607: 5325:Medical breathing apparatus 3951:Chronic Respiratory Disease 2490:Merriam-Webster usage notes 2403: 2242: 2117:Breathing mask construction 2016:Users vary considerably in 1897:International Space Station 1655:Physiogical acclimatisation 1311:Medical breathing apparatus 1270:hyperbaric oxygen treatment 1244:(low blood oxygen levels), 703:bailout breathing apparatus 613:for diving, tunneling, and 137:Health and Safety Executive 10: 5817: 5638:Escape breathing apparatus 5564:User respiratory interface 5302:GB2626 (China), and others 5017:Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). 4353:Indian J Occup Environ Med 2315: 2271: 2181: 2162: 2120: 2089:, and minimise additional 2070: 1996: 1827: 1777: 1715: 1658: 1600: 1547:Arterial oxygen saturation 1519: 1513: 1314: 1229: 1151: 1128: 1045:built-in breathing systems 962:Escape breathing apparatus 959: 921: 828: 794: 768: 734: 439:User respiratory interface 355:Built-in breathing systems 298: 242: 225:built-in breathing systems 5744: 5700:Closed circuit rebreather 5613: 5602: 5570: 5557: 5488: 5475: 5395:Built-in breathing system 5331: 5318: 5297:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe) 5285:42 CFR 84 (United States) 5277: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5167: 5138: 5125: 4976:. John Wiley & Sons. 4679:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4624:Louhevaara, V.A. (1984). 4505:Pressure Swing Adsorption 4064:World Health Organization 3722:. University of Chicago. 3532:10.1007/s10140-014-1271-8 2724:"Aircraft Oxygen Systems" 2550:Vocabulary.com Dictionary 2331:items of gas management. 2177: 2018:anthropometric dimensions 1950: 1790:pulmonary oxygen toxicity 1736:pressure swing adsorption 1706:respiratory minute volume 1438:microprocessor-controlled 1286:built-in breathing system 1148:Oxygen conserving devices 1060:built-in breathing system 970:Built-in breathing system 785:negative static lung load 779:positive static lung load 432:Air-purifying respirators 261: 5404:Positive airway pressure 5378:Non-invasive ventilation 4941:Mitchell, Simon (2015). 4604:chemistry.ohio-state.edu 4349:"High-altitude medicine" 4307:"Ventilator Terminology" 4244:10.4103/0019-5049.120138 4068:WHO Model Formulary 2008 3964:10.1177/1479972308090691 3720:www.uchicagomedicine.org 3312:The Geographical Journal 3278:Commercial Diving Manual 2286:Free-flow diving helmets 1981:due to increases in the 1979:carbon dioxide retention 1923:, and are essential for 1817:dilutor demand regulator 1661:Altitude acclimatisation 1479:, in order to keep them 1359:inhalational anaesthetic 1246:carbon monoxide toxicity 1177:partial rebreather masks 1165:physiological dead space 907:atmospheric diving suits 847:The major categories of 694:accelerate decompression 605:Ambient pressure regimes 349:supplied-air respirators 188:air-purifying respirator 171:supplied-air respirators 5715:Carbon dioxide scrubber 5683:Constant flow regulator 5535:Atmospheric diving suit 5451:Partial rebreather mask 5215:Supplied-air respirator 5148:Emergency oxygen system 4949:. DAN Southern Africa. 4772:Diving Advisory Board. 4366:10.4103/0019-5278.64608 3482:10.4037/ccn2002.22.4.41 3306:Roxburgh, H.L. (1947). 3192:Lettnin, Heinz (1999). 3027:. www.divinghelmet.nl. 2939:www.natlenvtrainers.com 2346:cylinder pressure gauge 2229:anti-fogging surfactant 2146: 2045:safety-critical systems 1925:extravehicular activity 1740:membrane gas separation 1628:physiological-deficient 1537:Environmental influence 1446:intensive-care medicine 974:Emergency oxygen system 935:normobaric environments 233:back-pressure regulator 214:Breathing gas regulator 5267:Elastomeric respirator 5232:Particulate respirator 4740:10.4187/respcare.02546 3390:10.4187/respcare.05787 2909:Harlow, Vance (1999). 2799:"Reclaim Basic Set Up" 2769:US Navy (2006). "21". 2420:Emergency Air Breather 2355:alternative gas supply 2327: 2214: 2193: 2140: 2132: 2082: 1900: 1881: 1640:decompression sickness 1511: 1460:(as a component of an 1427:mechanical ventilation 1415:artificial ventilation 1411:Mechanical ventilation 1334: 1333:An anaesthetic machine 1055: 987: 840: 797:Mechanical ventilation 690:decompression sickness 501:laryngeal mask airways 390: 373:helium reclaim systems 239:Breathing circuit type 111:, or as complex as an 24: 5545:Helium reclaim system 5523:Helicopter escape set 5508:Full-face diving mask 4017:The Ascent of Everest 3811:"Airline Respirators" 2576:"breathing apparatus" 2546:"Breathing apparatus" 2325: 2272:Further information: 2212: 2191: 2138: 2130: 2080: 2057:situational awareness 1987:maximum work capacity 1977:, and the associated 1887: 1868: 1842:A pressure suit is a 1778:Further information: 1670:Theoretical solutions 1659:Further information: 1597:Physiological effects 1509: 1375:mechanical ventilator 1332: 1321:Mechanical ventilator 1254:decompression illness 1152:Further information: 1091:surface decompression 1053: 996:Helicopter escape set 981: 838: 795:Further information: 769:Further information: 735:Further information: 388: 243:Further information: 22: 5633:Emergency gas supply 5528:Submarine escape set 4700:. pp. 189–204. 2392:Rebreather endurance 2318:Scuba gas management 2049:graceful degradation 1712:Oxygen concentrators 1369:Anaesthetic machines 1181:non-rebreather masks 1072:hyperbaric treatment 1006:Submarine escape set 886:, or closed circuit 651:atmospheric pressure 158:Breathing gas source 92:Definition and scope 5801:Breathing apparatus 5720:Semi-closed circuit 5663:Oxygen concentrator 5431:Non-rebreather mask 5414:Supplemental oxygen 5390:Hyperbaric medicine 5336:Anaesthetic machine 5119:Breathing apparatus 5060:10.12659/MSM.911853 4862:. pp. 187–196. 4283:. Merriam-Webster. 4163:Dart, R.C. (2004). 4013:Hunt, John (1953). 3520:Emergency Radiology 3470:Critical Care Nurse 3324:1947GeogJ.109..207R 3225:www.cfinotebook.net 2444:Life-support system 2372:Occupational divers 2222:may be provided on 1788:There is a risk of 1718:Oxygen concentrator 1617:supplemental oxygen 1339:anaesthetic machine 1317:Anaesthetic machine 1300:, on demand, or on 939:hazmat environments 791:Medical ventilation 235:to do this safely. 229:gas reclaim systems 200:oxygen enriched air 191:mechanical device. 113:anaesthetic machine 101:breathing apparatus 49:life-support system 29:breathing apparatus 5678:Pressure regulator 5493:Open-circuit scuba 5254:Chemical cartridge 4928:2023-07-19 at the 4909:2023-07-29 at the 4788:on 9 November 2016 4697:Women and pressure 4643:10.5271/sjweh.2327 4600:"Cryogenic Safety" 4314:www.passy-muir.com 4166:Medical Toxicology 3436:Medical Dictionary 3349:– via JSTOR. 2695:www.techbriefs.com 2552:. Vocabulary.com. 2398:scrubber endurance 2328: 2215: 2203:visual distortions 2194: 2141: 2133: 2083: 2010:allergic reactions 1971:breathing patterns 1901: 1891:worn by astronaut 1882: 1872:worn by astronaut 1561:very high altitude 1512: 1462:anesthesia machine 1454:emergency medicine 1387:patient monitoring 1347:anesthesia machine 1335: 1298:bag reservoir mask 1294:hyperbaric chamber 1173:reservoir cannulas 1114:escape respirators 1056: 988: 868:Diving rebreathers 862:Open circuit scuba 841: 664:Hyperbaric systems 645:Normobaric systems 641:ambient pressure. 513:tracheostomy tubes 509:endotracheal tubes 391: 365:diving rebreathers 41:medical ventilator 25: 5788: 5787: 5740: 5739: 5732:Escape respirator 5727:Work of breathing 5710:Oxygen rebreather 5598: 5597: 5553: 5552: 5503:Diving rebreather 5471: 5470: 5424:Reservoir cannula 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5163: 5162: 4598:Spencer, Eric W. 4514:978-0-471-18818-6 4203:. Sault College. 3746:"NASA Spacesuits" 3579:978-0-941332-70-5 3019:Dekker, David L. 2368:emergency ascents 2184:Underwater vision 2087:work of breathing 2073:Work of breathing 2067:Work of breathing 2041:high availability 2022:physical strength 1983:work of breathing 1852:positive pressure 1780:Oxygen rebreather 1695:Practical aspects 1644:breathing mixture 1603:Altitude sickness 1383:suction equipment 1282:artificial airway 1087:saturation diving 880:diver's umbilical 765:Underwater diving 737:Work of breathing 682:work of breathing 678:nitrogen narcosis 655:positive pressure 629:Hypobaric systems 496:artificial airway 490:Artificial airway 484:nasal pillow mask 478:Nasal pillow mask 459:reservoir cannula 305:Diving rebreather 141:filtering devices 109:artificial airway 5808: 5776: 5775: 5764: 5763: 5752: 5751: 5604: 5603: 5559: 5558: 5477: 5476: 5456:Simple face mask 5320: 5319: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5168: 5127: 5126: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5071: 5039: 5033: 5032: 5014: 5003: 5002: 4997:Jameson, Grant. 4994: 4988: 4987: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4938: 4932: 4919: 4913: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4837: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4734:(6): 1087–1096. 4728:Respiratory Care 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4606:. Archived from 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4549: 4543:(7): 1016–1030. 4534: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4445: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4378: 4368: 4344: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4246: 4231:Indian J Anaesth 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4194: 4185: 4184: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4079: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3966: 3942: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3910: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3791: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3752:. Archived from 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3659:en.safetygas.com 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3544: 3543: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3498: 3467: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3418: 3392: 3377:Respiratory Care 3368: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3217: 3208: 3207: 3189: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3117: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2992:Report No. 74-06 2989: 2980: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2878: 2870: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2850: 2839: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2806:www.subseasa.com 2803: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2766: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2627: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2482: 2380:technical divers 2298: 2291:weighting system 2224:standard helmets 2061:ergonomic design 1889:Orlan space suit 1870:Apollo spacesuit 1583:extreme altitude 1379:breathing system 1351:American English 1250:cluster headache 1103:emergency oxygen 849:ambient pressure 787: 781: 698:several mixtures 684:make the use of 598:breathing helmet 592:Breathing helmet 562:diving half-mask 5816: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5791: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5736: 5609: 5594: 5574:Breathing mask 5566: 5549: 5484: 5467: 5327: 5306: 5290:ANSI K13.1-1973 5273: 5187: 5174: 5159: 5134: 5121: 5116: 5086: 5085: 5040: 5036: 5029: 5015: 5006: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4947:www.youtube.com 4939: 4935: 4930:Wayback Machine 4920: 4916: 4911:Wayback Machine 4901: 4897: 4888: 4886: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4839: 4838: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4757: 4755: 4720: 4716: 4707: 4705: 4692: 4688: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4622: 4615: 4610:on 7 June 2008. 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4485: 4478:oxygentimes.com 4472: 4471: 4467: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4345: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4223: 4219: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4188: 4177: 4161: 4157: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4115: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4011: 4007: 3992: 3988: 3943: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3756:on May 20, 2010 3744: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3597: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3566: 3547: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3465: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3432:"nasal cannula" 3430: 3429: 3425: 3416: 3414: 3369: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3332:10.2307/1789440 3318:(4/6): 207–16. 3304: 3295: 3288: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3204: 3190: 3183: 3176:U.S. Spacesuits 3172: 3163: 3153: 3151: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2883:. August 2015. 2876: 2872: 2871: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2837: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2767: 2742: 2732: 2730: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2629: 2628: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2406: 2394: 2337: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2276: 2270: 2268:Helmet buoyancy 2262:oro-nasal masks 2254: 2252:Internal volume 2245: 2198:field of vision 2186: 2180: 2167: 2161: 2149: 2125: 2119: 2075: 2069: 2036:Fault tolerance 2001: 1995: 1975:hypoventilation 1966: 1953: 1941:micrometeoroids 1844:protective suit 1836: 1828:Main articles: 1826: 1813: 1782: 1776: 1753:of atmospheric 1747:molecular sieve 1728:medical devices 1720: 1714: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1657: 1649:Armstrong limit 1609: 1599: 1569: 1568: 1555: 1554: 1539: 1528: 1518: 1504: 1408: 1371: 1343:British English 1327: 1315:Main articles: 1313: 1288:demand mask or 1266:cystic fibrosis 1238:medical therapy 1234: 1228: 1208: 1156: 1150: 1141: 1129:Main articles: 1127: 1068:diving chambers 1062:is a source of 1001:Mine escape set 976: 960:Main articles: 958: 930: 920: 833: 827: 819: 799: 793: 773: 767: 751: 743: 733: 711: 666: 647: 631: 607: 594: 573: 549: 537: 521: 492: 480: 468: 450: 441: 332: 307: 299:Main articles: 297: 288: 273: 264: 255: 247: 241: 216: 160: 125:Merriam-Webster 94: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5814: 5804: 5803: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5578:Full facepiece 5571: 5568: 5567: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5385:Oxygen therapy 5382: 5381: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5356:Bag valve mask 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5256: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5237:N95 respirator 5229: 5228: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5199: 5197: 5189: 5188: 5176: 5175: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5084: 5083: 5034: 5027: 5004: 4989: 4982: 4964: 4933: 4914: 4895: 4865: 4846: 4829: 4799: 4764: 4714: 4686: 4657: 4636:(5): 275–281. 4613: 4590: 4560: 4520: 4513: 4495: 4465: 4420: 4390: 4334: 4298: 4277:"Resuscitator" 4268: 4217: 4186: 4175: 4155: 4144: 4124: 4113: 4093: 4086: 4055: 4048: 4028: 4005: 3986: 3928: 3894: 3857: 3832: 3802: 3767: 3737: 3706: 3676: 3646: 3614: 3585: 3578: 3545: 3526:(2): 171–179. 3509: 3453: 3423: 3383:(2): 227–237. 3352: 3293: 3286: 3268: 3242: 3209: 3203:0-941332--50-0 3202: 3181: 3161: 3150:. Apeks diving 3139: 3098: 3069: 3042: 3011: 2956: 2926: 2919: 2901: 2862: 2826: 2790: 2740: 2712: 2681: 2648: 2597: 2567: 2537: 2520:www.hse.gov.uk 2516:"What is RPE?" 2507: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2412: 2405: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2360:Reserve valves 2336: 2333: 2313: 2312:Gas management 2310: 2304: 2301: 2269: 2266: 2256:The volume of 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2179: 2176: 2170:the nostrils. 2160: 2157: 2148: 2145: 2118: 2115: 2071:Main article: 2068: 2065: 1994: 1991: 1965: 1962: 1952: 1949: 1893:Michael Fincke 1825: 1822: 1812: 1809: 1801:Tom Bourdillon 1775: 1772: 1732:oxygen therapy 1716:Main article: 1713: 1710: 1696: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1656: 1653: 1634:, trapped-gas 1598: 1595: 1566: 1564: 1552: 1550: 1538: 1535: 1514:Main article: 1503: 1500: 1475:person who is 1458:anesthesiology 1442:bag valve mask 1407: 1404: 1370: 1367: 1355:medical device 1312: 1309: 1232:Oxygen therapy 1230:Main article: 1227: 1226:Oxygen therapy 1224: 1207: 1204: 1149: 1146: 1126: 1123: 1074:chambers, and 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 957: 954: 919: 916: 915: 914: 903: 892: 891: 888:helium reclaim 873: 872: 871: 865: 829:Main article: 826: 823: 818: 815: 792: 789: 766: 763: 750: 747: 732: 729: 710: 707: 665: 662: 646: 643: 630: 627: 606: 603: 593: 590: 577:breathing hood 572: 571:Breathing hood 569: 548: 547:Breathing mask 545: 536: 533: 520: 517: 491: 488: 479: 476: 467: 464: 449: 446: 440: 437: 436: 435: 429: 423: 416: 407: 401: 383: 382: 379: 376: 361: 358: 352: 346: 331: 328: 296: 293: 287: 284: 272: 269: 263: 260: 254: 251: 240: 237: 215: 212: 196:compressed air 159: 156: 93: 90: 81: 80: 77: 74: 71: 68: 65: 62: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5813: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Breathing gas 5616: 5615: 5612: 5605: 5601: 5589: 5588:orinasal mask 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Diving helmet 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5419:Nasal cannula 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5192:Regulated by 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054:: 9090–9101. 5053: 5049: 5048:Med Sci Monit 5045: 5038: 5030: 5028:0-9713267-0-3 5024: 5020: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4983:0-471-00900-8 4979: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4784: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4237:(5): 438–45. 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4191: 4182: 4178: 4176:9780781728454 4172: 4168: 4167: 4159: 4151: 4147: 4145:9780340705827 4141: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4114:9780821361801 4110: 4106: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4087:9789241547659 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4051: 4049:9780857111562 4045: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3996:Hobbs, Gene W 3990: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3914: 3907: 3906: 3898: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3788: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3710: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3541: 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