47:
For the purposes of this article, the word "inkprint" means text prepared for reading by the eye, whether printed, displayed on a screen, or stored in a computer; "braille" means text prepared for reading by the finger, whether brailled, displayed on an electronic device, or stored in a computer.
51:
Braille translation software or embedded hardware converts inkprint into braille or braille into inkprint. Usually, someone has inkprint in a word processor file or at an URL and wants braille. The braille could be sent to a
73:
Some languages use uncontracted braille, where each letter uses a specific braille character. Uncontracted braille requires manipulation of capitalization, emphasis, numbers, and punctuation. Some languages use
39:, there is no language translation. Even in the simplest situation, such as Dutch braille, has complex rules for capitalization, emphasis, punctuation, typographic symbols, and page formatting.
144:
154:
At the first
International Workshop on Computerized Braille Production, held in Muenster, Germany, March 1973, many braille-translation projects from around the world were described.
151:) developed DOTSYS III, the first braille translator written in a portable programming language. DOTSYS III was developed for the Atlanta Public Schools as a public domain program.
60:. Another circumstance is that someone has braille in an electronic braille notetaker that they want to produce in inkprint to be shared with someone who does not read braille.
261:
Robert W. Mann, Sc.D., Selected
Perspectives on a Quarter Century of Rehabilitation Engineering, Journal of Rehabilitation Research, and Development Vol. 23 No. 4, Pages 1-6
200:
70:
A braille translator can run on a smartphone, personal computer, network server, or (historically) larger mini-computers or mainframes of larger institutions.
285:
Computerised
Braille Production Proceedings of the First International Workshop in Münster Germany, 1973 edited by R. A. J. Gildea, G. Hubner, H. Werner, 1974
108:. The most difficult part of producing braille is making the decision of when and when not to use contractions. When people make these decisions, it is
148:
139:, while another group created an embossing device which became known as the "M.I.T. Braillemboss.". Eventually, MIT outsourced the software work to
35:(which produces a hard copy of the newly created braille). Typically, each language needs its own braille translator. Despite the use of the word
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since the action of the software provides braille for a blind person. Braille translators can be run by people with or without sight.
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An archive of documents on the history of braille, braille translation, and some braille devices is maintained by
Duxbury Systems.
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125:
78:, where the rules for various braille abbreviations are quite complex. For example, in contracted English braille, the word
100:. Unless properly programmed, a computer might make a mistake that no person would make, such as using the contraction for
249:
Computer
Translation: Grade 2 from Print; Report of American Printing House of the Blind, by Ann Schack, et al., June 1969
135:
project to automate the production of braille. Robert Mann wrote and supervised software for braille translation called
92:(th)(in)k. The use or non-use of these contractions is related to pronunciation. For example, the "th" sign is used in
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The first practical application of computer translation and production of braille used mainframe computers at the
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Braille
Translation System for the IBM 704 by Ann S. Schack and R.T. Mertz, 1961
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program that translates electronic text (such as an MS-Word file) into
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Support for wireless braille displays in iOS 5, Apple
Accessibility
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Braillestandaard voor algemeen gebruik in het
Nederlandse taalgebied
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Documents on
Automated Braille Production: An Historical Resource
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published by the Dutch braille authority, retrieved 2/24/2023
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Blista-Brailletec GmbH (German braille production software)
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Software program used to translate text into braille script
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Braille translation software is usually classified as
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31:and sends it to a braille peripheral, such as a
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112:; when computers make these decisions, it is
225:Robobraille (server-based braille software)
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331:
82:(5 letters) is rendered as 3 characters:
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1482:American Printing House for the Blind
1258:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
910:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
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126:American Printing House for the Blind
56:to produce physical braille or to a
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318:How do Braille Translators work?
131:During the 1960s, there was an
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1250:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
1206:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
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1461:National Braille Association
1440:Braille Institute of America
1158:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
7:
1341:Refreshable braille display
1320:Optical braille recognition
917:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
449:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
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10:
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1408:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
273:History of Duxbury Systems
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128:of Louisville, Kentucky.
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394:Unicode braille patterns
380:International uniformity
1468:Blindness organizations
1447:Braille Without Borders
1236:Canadian currency marks
858:Egyptian lineage family
785:Russian lineage family
1549:Accessible publishing
1475:Schools for the blind
1454:Japan Braille Library
1243:Computer Braille Code
897:Indian lineage family
275:, retrieved 3/29/2012
110:braille transcription
1313:Mountbatten Brailler
668:(largely reassigned)
451:(largely reassigned)
65:assistive technology
1595:Disability software
1590:Machine translation
1265:Nemeth braille code
1051:(reassigned vowels)
576:(extended to 8-dot)
299:retrieved 3/30/2016
287:retrieved 3/30/2016
263:retrieved 3/30/2016
251:retrieved 3/30/2016
239:retrieved 3/30/2016
227:retrieved 3/29/2012
215:retrieved 3/29/2012
114:braille translation
1585:Braille technology
1299:Braille translator
1276:Braille technology
1252:(science; GS8/GS6)
1221:Symbols in braille
1151:Taiwanese Mandarin
666:Taiwanese Mandarin
147:(now president of
76:contracted braille
21:braille translator
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1494:tactile alphabets
1422:William Bell Wait
1415:Sabriye Tenberken
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864:-mediated scripts
791:-mediated scripts
141:Mitre Corporation
58:braille notetaker
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1563:RoboBraille
1387:Róża Czacka
1327:Perforation
1124:Independent
1022:(Bhutanese)
757:Greenlandic
428:Azerbaijani
43:Description
1579:Categories
1115:(obsolete)
1096:(obsolete)
888:(Pakistan)
799:Belarusian
681:Vietnamese
624:Portuguese
610:Philippine
567:Lithuanian
188:References
96:, but not
37:translator
1531:Vibratese
1510:Moon type
1503:Decapoint
1184:Eight-dot
1137:Cantonese
1086:Reordered
1049:Inuktitut
938:Malayalam
848:Ukrainian
827:Mongolian
806:Bulgarian
769:Norwegian
734:Icelandic
525:Hungarian
483:Esperanto
435:Cantonese
1167:Japanese
1028:Georgian
1020:Dzongkha
1006:Armenian
924:Gujarati
789:Cyrillic
720:Estonian
695:Yugoslav
631:Romanian
603:Nigerian
518:Hawaiian
504:Ghanaian
421:Albanian
161:See also
25:software
1072:Tibetan
1013:Burmese
999:Amharic
982:(India)
959:Sinhala
952:Punjabi
931:Kannada
879:Persian
834:Russian
774:Swedish
752:Finnish
727:Faroese
702:Zambian
674:Turkish
659:Spanish
582:Maltese
560:Latvian
553:Italian
532:Iñupiaq
511:Guarani
471:English
442:Catalan
359:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
354:Braille
120:History
98:pothole
29:braille
1492:Other
1365:People
1355:Braigo
1174:Korean
1042:Hebrew
973:Telugu
872:Arabic
862:Arabic
820:Kyrgyz
813:Kazakh
747:Danish
645:Slovak
638:Samoan
617:Polish
596:Navajo
497:German
490:French
357:
172:E-book
137:DOTSYS
102:mother
1208:(GS8)
1199:Kanji
1057:Khmer
1035:Greek
966:Tamil
899:i.e.
860:i.e.
841:Tatar
787:i.e.
688:Welsh
589:Māori
546:Irish
464:Dutch
457:Czech
94:think
80:think
23:is a
980:Urdu
945:Odia
886:Urdu
167:Book
539:IPA
133:MIT
1581::
116:.
19:A
477:)
473:(
346:e
339:t
332:v
90:⠅
87:⠢
84:⠹
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