915:
3182:
3193:
3200:
4594:
1020:
Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. The brachiosaurid distribution in the Early
Cretaceous has been interpreted as a result of regional extinctions in Europe, Africa, and South America. Overall, the Early Cretaceous seems to be a time of reduced sauropod diversity worldwide. It has been argued that this change may be due to an extinction event at the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. A second hypothesis is that the apparent lack of geographical diversity is due to sampling bias in the generally poor Early Cretaceous
5326:
154:
6561:
6555:
4599:
796:. They partly based this conclusion on similar humerus:femur length ratios known for titanosauriforms, basal titanosaurs, and more basal sauropods. However, in 1998 Sereno & Wilson published data contrary to the conclusions in Salgado et al.'s article, indicating that the Brachiosauridae were a separate clade in the Titanosauriformes. After 1998, new brachiosaurid species have been named, generally confirming that the Brachiosauridae were a natural group.
4056:
6550:
129:
4048:
6544:
5318:
4068:
3188:
4062:
5334:
596:
702:
2251:
648:
of the forelimb were elongated. These adaptations overall increased the stride length of the forelimbs, arguably resulting in an uneven gait. However, it was previously argued that they were hindlimb dominant like other sauropods, and thus had the ability to rear up on their hindlimbs. Based on the
591:
teeth were twisted apically, at the top, and the shape of these teeth was optimal for biting off resistant vegetation. While brachiosaurids, like other sauropods, did not perform significant food processing in their mouths, their teeth enabled them to slice through food instead of having to pull it
1062:
was in the northeast of
Gondwana. This suggests that brachiosaurids were in fact present outside of North America in the Early Cretaceous, and supports the theory that the apparent lack of specimens is due to an incomplete record. However, the rarity of these dinosaur specimens may also reflect a
636:
However, the giant size and long necks of brachiosaurids meant that they required tremendous pressure to bring oxygenated blood to their brains. It has been proposed that sauropods possessed a four-chambered double pump heart, with one pump for oxygenated and one pump for deoxygenated blood.
1019:
While brachiosaurids were widely dispersed in the Late
Jurassic, their geographic distribution narrowed in the Early Cretaceous. So far, brachiosaurid specimens have only been found in the Aptian-Albian region of North America. This reduction in distribution occurs immediately following the
616:
that was laterally inflexible and dorsoventrally, vertically, flexible. This meant that brachiosaurids could angle their necks up and lift their heads, enabling them to graze from treetops up to a height of about fourteen meters. It has been argued that other
649:
structure of their legs, making it impossible for them to run, it is likely that they moved about in a low walking speed (20–40 km/day), but were capable of moving faster when necessary, up to 20–30 km/hour, depending on leg length.
1016:, no brachiosaurid remains have been uncovered in East Asia. This would support the Middle Jurassic origin theory since East Asia was separated from the rest of Pangaea by water from the late Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.
481:
would have been unable to reach. In addition, they possessed thick spoon-shaped teeth which helped them to consume tough plants more efficiently than other sauropods. They have also been characterized by a few unique traits or
530:. In the Early Cretaceous the distribution of the group is dramatically reduced. It is still unclear whether this reduction is due to local extinctions or to the limited nature of the Early Cretaceous fossil record.
1058:, which suggests that Brachiosauridae survived in northwestern Gondwana after the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. In the Early Cretaceous, Colombia was located close to the equator in northwestern Gondwana while
1836:
621:
lacked this dorsoventral flexibility and that their necks stretched outwards in front of them instead of upwards. Brachiosaurids have more often been found in the conifer-rich sites, like the
818:
The following diagram is a timeline of important brachiosaurid discoveries, the date given being that of the naming of the genus. The actual excavation was often much earlier, in the case of
792:
for the
Titanosauriformes as a whole. They concluded that the family Brachiosauridae was actually a "grade" of not specially related primitive titanosauriforms, and not a stable separate
644:, the forelimbs of brachiosaurids are long relative to the hindlimbs, but this trait is more pronounced in brachiosaurids. The forelimbs were very slender for a sauropod and the
592:
from tree branches. Evidence for this precision shearing consists of apical wear facets on the teeth and distinctive bone structure that suggests orthal, vertical, jaw action.
498:
is one of the best-known members of the
Brachiosauridae, and was once thought to be the largest land animal to ever live. Brachiosaurids thrived in the regions which are now
832:
874:
834:
833:
753:. Since then, the classification of these sauropods has been through many changes. Marsh's multifamily theory of sauropod classification prevailed until 1929, when
876:
875:
906:
1934:
D'Emic, Michael (2012). "The
Beginning of the Sauropod Dinosaur Hiatus in North America: Insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming".
6704:
2238:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
2192:
d'Emic, Michael D.; Foreman, Brady Z.; Jud, Nathan A. (2016). "Anatomy, systematics, paleoenvironment, growth, and age of the sauropod dinosaur
844:
526:. The broad distribution of Brachiosauridae in both northern and southern continents suggests that the group originated prior to the breakup of
885:
884:
883:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
877:
859:
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
847:
846:
845:
776:
In 1997, Salgado, Coria and Calvo studied the traits that had been used to set the
Brachiosauridae apart and determined that they were in fact
761:
with broad, spatulate teeth, were placed in the family
Brachiosauridae, while sauropods with more slender and peg-shaped teeth were considered
886:
861:
860:
901:
900:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
903:
902:
862:
904:
1835:
Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego; Parra Ruge, Mary L.; Padilla Bernal, Santiago; Páramo-Fonseca, María E.; Etayo-Serna, Fernando (2015).
1024:
record. Recently discovered evidence supports the conclusion that brachiosaurids existed outside of North
America in lower latitudes of
2284:
6678:
6750:
6760:
6755:
2305:
1837:"A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia)"
2233:
871:
868:
873:
869:
864:
769:
and titanosaurids together in one group based on their similar teeth, despite the many other differences between the
870:
865:
608:
In addition, the characteristic long necks of brachiosaurids are distinct from those of other long-necked dinosaur
1032:
from the Early
Cretaceous that possess posteriorly twisted crowns, which are characteristic of the brachiosaurids
872:
3192:
141:
3199:
3181:
866:
773:. Today, about four to five groups within the Macronaria are considered families (with names ending in ~idae).
4593:
804:
In 1943, de Lapparent described the "French Bothriospondylus" from the Oxfordian of France which dates to the
2277:
1005:, followed by diversification and dispersal that resulted in the global spread present in the Late Jurassic.
722:. In 1904, he created a new sauropod family, the Brachiosauridae. He published a complete description of the
680:
placed more on front of the vertebrae, shoulder blades that were expanded at the top end, irregularly shaped
867:
153:
2089:
Riggs, E.S. 1904. "Structure and relationships of opisthocoelian dinosaurs. Part II, the Brachiosauridae".
1028:
in the Early Cretaceous. In 2013, Mannion et al. reported on the discovery of two isolated teeth found in
863:
5325:
6656:
6560:
6554:
6597:
2372:
2270:
1046:
4598:
1897:"A Brachiosaurid Sauropod from the Late Jurassic Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Chubut, Argentina"
684:
in the shoulder girdle, and triangular projections on the underside of the front branch of their
477:. Brachiosaurids had long necks that enabled them to access the leaves of tall trees that other
6722:
6618:
4067:
4055:
4047:
914:
750:
6745:
6717:
6709:
6587:
6549:
6278:
2560:
6543:
5317:
4061:
676:. Their skull roofs showed wide supratemporal fenestrae, openings for the muscles. They had
6665:
5333:
3187:
2143:"The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae"
1990:
1848:
815:
in 2017. This specimen represents the oldest undisputed record of the brachiosaurid group.
8:
3263:
924:
673:
1994:
1852:
6318:
3390:
2213:
2169:
2142:
2014:
1951:
1896:
1864:
713:
685:
626:
613:
148:
1975:
6454:
5995:
4742:
4383:
4112:
3300:
2217:
2174:
2006:
1955:
1868:
1767:
1750:
781:
630:
275:
2018:
6325:
6170:
6110:
5752:
5644:
5550:
5441:
5243:
5223:
5162:
4281:
4134:
3981:
3698:
3652:
3632:
3576:
2879:
2656:
2636:
2256:
2205:
2164:
2154:
1998:
1943:
1911:
1856:
1772:
1762:
1144:
981:
specimens have been discovered in the northern and southern Hemispheres, including
935:
645:
523:
459:
37:
20:
6592:
6462:
6195:
6088:
5784:
5764:
5745:
5703:
5630:
5616:
5499:
5250:
5170:
4353:
4344:
4205:
4197:
4124:
3884:
3762:
3583:
3439:
3270:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2971:
2888:
2434:
2421:
2384:
2357:
2332:
2293:
1947:
1860:
1186:
and some other suggestively assigned genera. Following the generic separation of
1009:
998:
966:
754:
227:
6469:
6384:
6266:
6211:
6161:
5973:
5966:
5912:
5884:
5839:
5812:
5687:
5652:
5594:
5521:
5434:
5198:
5077:
5049:
5028:
5013:
4935:
4908:
4726:
4710:
4676:
4519:
4318:
4190:
4016:
3755:
3734:
3683:
3675:
3527:
3520:
3427:
3326:
3314:
3122:
3094:
2931:
2902:
2895:
2841:
2755:
2741:
2725:
2700:
2530:
1072:
483:
808:, which was identified in 2013 by Philip Mannion as a brachiosaurid and named
784:. They proposed that some characteristics that had been used to differentiate
6739:
6641:
6512:
6497:
6476:
6392:
6352:
6340:
6310:
6259:
6231:
6204:
6125:
6102:
6050:
5981:
5905:
5871:
5860:
5798:
5717:
5680:
5659:
5609:
5587:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5506:
5471:
5448:
5390:
5257:
5236:
5104:
5095:
5084:
5063:
5042:
5020:
4963:
4840:
4777:
4661:
4484:
4460:
4426:
4397:
4390:
4369:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4255:
4246:
4183:
4175:
4168:
4098:
4085:
4002:
3926:
3869:
3848:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3726:
3705:
3624:
3601:
3448:
3405:
3307:
3284:
3256:
3087:
3080:
3028:
2924:
2861:
2852:
2734:
2608:
2576:
2544:
2505:
2487:
2466:
1498:
1314:
1182:
1151:
1140:
1096:
1064:
994:
982:
978:
974:
954:
943:
931:
805:
718:
612:. They possessed a narrow neck composed of twelve to thirteen extremely long
572:
552:
503:
499:
494:
333:
75:
33:
1063:
decrease in abundance of brachiosaurids acting in combination with the poor
6520:
6490:
6483:
6420:
6361:
6287:
6219:
6177:
6146:
6132:
6117:
6095:
6079:
6013:
6002:
5953:
5934:
5927:
5805:
5791:
5777:
5731:
5724:
5695:
5666:
5602:
5543:
5485:
5478:
5427:
5420:
5383:
5365:
5352:
5280:
5264:
5205:
5191:
5155:
5148:
5134:
5112:
5006:
4998:
4991:
4970:
4942:
4890:
4876:
4862:
4847:
4798:
4719:
4691:
4684:
4503:
4492:
4469:
4451:
4376:
4362:
4269:
4226:
4219:
4161:
4154:
3917:
3832:
3640:
3590:
3562:
3555:
3534:
3506:
3492:
3412:
3356:
3335:
3021:
2909:
2813:
2769:
2762:
2714:
2686:
2647:
2473:
2178:
2010:
1916:
1620:
1603:
1546:
1529:
1450:
1365:
1348:
1281:
1264:
1233:
1196:
1113:
1034:
970:
948:
919:
789:
777:
653:
576:
425:
405:
395:
375:
353:
343:
2140:
2002:
6691:
6650:
6505:
6413:
6399:
6295:
6184:
6139:
6036:
6029:
6022:
5988:
5920:
5898:
5819:
5710:
5405:
5212:
5177:
5070:
5035:
4977:
4956:
4949:
4921:
4854:
4826:
4791:
4784:
4770:
4669:
4654:
4555:
4477:
4440:
4311:
4262:
4023:
3899:
3862:
3855:
3824:
3808:
3748:
3712:
3690:
3610:
3569:
3513:
3485:
3471:
3419:
3372:
3292:
3277:
3249:
3115:
3073:
3059:
3039:
3013:
2959:
2952:
2868:
2834:
2820:
2663:
2601:
2537:
2514:
2480:
2452:
1777:
1331:
1040:
677:
543:
522:(possibly even earlier in the Middle Jurassic) and disappear in the late
467:
364:
312:
50:
2209:
656:, new traits typical for the group. They possessed middle and rear back
6683:
6406:
6333:
6302:
6064:
5891:
5738:
5673:
5637:
5623:
5558:
5529:
5492:
5455:
5398:
4984:
4928:
4883:
4833:
4805:
4763:
4699:
4647:
4629:
4616:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4325:
4237:
4212:
3942:
3892:
3876:
3840:
3741:
3617:
3541:
3455:
3398:
3349:
3101:
2917:
2806:
2670:
2629:
2594:
2323:
2159:
1201:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1120:
1100:
1088:
973:. Brachiosaurids in particular have a broad distribution dating to the
959:
939:
824:
766:
762:
758:
665:
641:
581:
556:
548:
534:
415:
322:
259:
211:
95:
60:
6696:
6369:
6251:
6057:
5536:
5514:
5463:
5184:
5141:
5127:
4869:
4562:
4548:
4433:
4147:
3995:
3988:
3719:
3668:
3231:
3218:
3133:
3108:
3066:
2945:
2785:
2552:
2494:
1834:
1579:
1382:
1159:
1147:
1132:
1092:
757:
proposed a two-family theory based on differences in sauropod teeth.
723:
622:
618:
478:
385:
243:
165:
128:
117:
113:
100:
44:
6612:
6635:
6377:
6043:
5853:
5056:
4897:
4756:
4009:
3499:
3342:
3052:
2827:
2799:
2707:
2622:
2615:
2522:
2459:
2341:
2317:
1474:
1174:
1128:
1108:
1104:
1051:
1025:
1012:
data. While many Late Jurassic dinosaur remains have been found in
810:
746:
735:
681:
657:
601:
568:
519:
474:
471:
435:
198:
185:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
2262:
962:
suggest that they originated earlier, closer to the Mid-Jurassic.
571:
that are generally very large, with the exception of the possible
5413:
3817:
3661:
3548:
3006:
1976:"The First Discovery of a Brachiosaurid from the Asian Continent"
1139:
was composed of three distinct groups: Brachiosauridae, a mix of
1059:
1029:
1002:
727:
661:
595:
588:
527:
487:
105:
80:
6670:
701:
5942:
5120:
2938:
2311:
1021:
990:
986:
739:
669:
660:
with long, 'rod-like' transverse processes. In the pelvis, the
511:
507:
486:; dorsal vertebrae with 'rod-like' transverse processes and an
175:
2185:
831:
633:
was increased by the presence of taller conifer food sources.
1170:
1136:
1124:
1084:
1055:
1013:
793:
770:
731:
664:
had a shortened pubic peduncle, the contact surface with the
609:
584:
463:
299:
1054:
from the Early Cretaceous and placed in the Brachiosauridae
6244:
2748:
1751:"The Early Evolution of Titanosauriform Sauropod Dinosaurs"
515:
930:
Definitive brachiosaurid remains have been found from the
3906:
1200:
these have sometimes been the only members supported by
938:, from about 157 to 100 million years ago. In addition,
2141:
Philip D. Mannion; Ronan Allain; Olivier Moine (2017).
969:
origin for titanosaurs, which implies the same for all
997:. This suggests that brachiosaurids originated in the
6577:
580:. The brachiosaurids can be distinguished from other
518:. They first appear in the fossil record in the Late
2246:
2191:
587:
by their broad, thick and spoon-shaped teeth. Their
431:
421:
411:
401:
391:
381:
371:
360:
349:
339:
329:
318:
308:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1131:that contained both the largest and smallest known
6446:
1071:was not a brachiosaurid but a basal member of the
909:
547:. It is one of the three main groups of the clade
946:. However, the almost simultaneous appearance of
6737:
3973:
2129:
567:The Brachiosauridae are composed of quadrupedal
2432:
2356:
2278:
2077:The Evolution and Extinction of the Dinosaurs
4096:
1117:is considered the most basal brachiosaurid.
5363:
2234:Artist's rendering of fourteen brachiosaurs
2091:Field Columbian Museum, Geological Series 2
1424:Cladogram of Brachiosauridae after Mannion
696:
599:Typical brachiosaurid teeth, i.c. those of
2285:
2271:
1933:
1748:
1207:Cladogram of Brachiosauridae after D'Emic
127:
4627:
2168:
2158:
2074:
2057:The Sauropods: Evolution and Paleobiology
1915:
1776:
1766:
1755:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3229:
1180:Traditionally, Brachiosauridae included
1083:Brachiosauridae is one of the two major
1008:This conclusion is further supported by
913:
700:
594:
533:Brachiosauridae has been defined as all
1123:was a globally distributed, long-lived
1067:. Also, in 2017 a study indicated that
688:at the lower rear corner of the skull.
6738:
2196:from the Cretaceous of Arizona, USA".
2120:
2054:
1894:
691:
6617:
6616:
6576:
5350:
4614:
4083:
3216:
2419:
2304:
2266:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2050:
2048:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1718:
1044:. In addition, a brachiosaurid named
799:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1929:
1927:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
490:with an abbreviated pubic peduncle.
2420:
2292:
1973:
13:
2099:
1936:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1841:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
965:Trackway evidence also supports a
14:
6772:
6578:Topics in sauropodomorph research
4084:
2227:
2063:
2025:
1962:
1924:
1875:
1785:
1731:
1695:
1078:
537:that are more closely related to
6559:
6553:
6548:
6542:
5351:
5332:
5324:
5316:
4597:
4592:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4046:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3180:
2249:
1768:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x
629:deposits, suggesting that their
152:
48:
942:in general first appear in the
910:Paleobiogeographic distribution
672:, upper arm bones, had a large
142:Field Museum of Natural History
6751:Kimmeridgian first appearances
4615:
2083:
749:that had been prepared at the
562:
1:
6761:Prehistoric dinosaur families
3217:
1689:
6756:Early Cretaceous extinctions
2059:. Berkeley: U of California.
1948:10.1080/02724634.2012.671204
1861:10.1080/02724634.2015.980505
7:
1749:D'emic, Michael D. (2012).
1727:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
1725:Dinosaurs, the Encyclopedia
450:("arm lizards", from Greek
16:Extinct family of dinosaurs
10:
6777:
2125:. Bloomington: Indiana UP.
1001:, prior to the breakup of
822:eighty-three years and of
780:, original, for all basal
551:, which also includes the
18:
6625:
6583:
6572:
6540:
6442:
6351:
6277:
6239:
6230:
6194:
6160:
6078:
6012:
5961:
5952:
5879:
5870:
5848:
5837:
5772:
5763:
5378:
5374:
5359:
5346:
5313:
5279:
5231:
5222:
5094:
4916:
4907:
4816:
4751:
4740:
4709:
4642:
4638:
4623:
4610:
4590:
4502:
4459:
4450:
4352:
4343:
4280:
4245:
4236:
4142:
4133:
4122:
4107:
4092:
4079:
4043:
3969:
3941:
3925:
3916:
3807:
3651:
3600:
3480:
3469:
3438:
3385:
3381:
3370:
3325:
3244:
3240:
3225:
3212:
3178:
3132:
3047:
3038:
2979:
2970:
2878:
2851:
2794:
2783:
2724:
2695:
2684:
2646:
2589:
2585:
2574:
2504:
2447:
2443:
2428:
2415:
2383:
2365:
2352:
2300:
2075:Fastovsky, David (1996).
2055:Rogers, Kristina (2005).
1617:
1600:
1593:
1576:
1569:
1543:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1495:
1488:
1471:
1464:
1447:
1440:
1379:
1362:
1345:
1328:
1311:
1304:
1278:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1230:
1223:
305:
298:
149:Scientific classification
147:
135:
126:
28:
6598:List of sauropod species
1723:Glut, Donald F. (1997).
1047:Padillasaurus leivaensis
697:Changing classifications
19:Not to be confused with
2198:Journal of Paleontology
524:Early Cretaceous Period
2194:Sonorasaurus thompsoni
2121:Farlow, James (1997).
1917:10.1002/mmng.200600010
927:
751:Field Columbian Museum
709:
652:Brachiosaurids shared
605:
454:(βραχίων) = "arm" and
6718:Paleobiology Database
6588:Sauropod neck posture
6279:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
2123:The Complete Dinosaur
2003:10.1007/s001140000201
1091:, a diverse group of
917:
704:
598:
1895:Rauhut, OWM (2006).
1197:Giraffatitan brancai
1095:that existed in the
932:Late Jurassic Period
828:at least 136 years.
726:after examining the
716:described and named
6447:Dubious titanosaurs
3264:Chinshakiangosaurus
2210:10.1017/jpa.2015.67
1995:2001NW.....88...82L
1983:Naturwissenschaften
1853:2015JVPal..35E0505C
925:Tendaguru Formation
692:History of findings
686:quadratojugal bones
674:deltopectoral crest
6319:Opisthocoelicaudia
3391:Archaeodontosaurus
2160:10.7717/peerj.3217
1173:located mostly in
1050:was discovered in
928:
923:skeleton from the
800:Important findings
714:Elmer Samuel Riggs
710:
614:cervical vertebrae
606:
458:= "lizard") are a
6733:
6732:
6619:Taxon identifiers
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6568:
6567:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6455:Bruhathkayosaurus
6438:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6156:
6155:
6074:
6073:
5996:Panamericansaurus
5833:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5342:
5341:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5275:
5274:
4743:Titanosauriformes
4736:
4735:
4606:
4605:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4384:Brachytrachelopan
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4113:Haplocanthosaurus
4075:
4074:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
3974:Dubious sauropods
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3465:
3464:
3366:
3365:
3301:Protognathosaurus
3208:
3207:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
2779:
2778:
2680:
2679:
2570:
2569:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2402:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1558:
1557:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1293:
1292:
1154:, a group of mid-
1121:Titanosauriformes
1089:Titanosauriformes
958:, and a possible
782:Titanosauriformes
549:Titanosauriformes
444:
443:
294:
276:Titanosauriformes
121:
6768:
6726:
6725:
6713:
6712:
6700:
6699:
6687:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6614:
6613:
6574:
6573:
6563:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6444:
6443:
6326:Pellegrinisaurus
6237:
6236:
6192:
6191:
6171:Bustingorrytitan
6111:Futalognkosaurus
5959:
5958:
5877:
5876:
5846:
5845:
5770:
5769:
5753:Diamantinasauria
5645:Pellegrinisaurus
5551:Jiangshanosaurus
5442:Baotianmansaurus
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5320:
5244:Diamantinasaurus
5229:
5228:
5224:Diamantinasauria
5163:Jiangshanosaurus
4914:
4913:
4749:
4748:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4457:
4456:
4350:
4349:
4282:Rebbachisaurinae
4243:
4242:
4140:
4139:
4135:Rebbachisauridae
4131:
4130:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4093:
4081:
4080:
4070:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4051:
4050:
3982:Bothriospondylus
3971:
3970:
3923:
3922:
3699:Eomamenchisaurus
3653:Mamenchisauridae
3633:Lapparentosaurus
3577:Spinophorosaurus
3478:
3477:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3045:
3044:
2977:
2976:
2880:Massospondylidae
2792:
2791:
2722:
2721:
2693:
2692:
2657:Jaklapallisaurus
2637:Thecodontosaurus
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2417:
2416:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2302:
2301:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:Dinosaurs portal
2254:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2222:
2221:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2138:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2023:
2022:
1980:
1974:Lim, JD (2001).
1971:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1901:
1892:
1873:
1872:
1832:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1746:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1596:
1595:
1572:
1571:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1467:
1466:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1431:
1307:
1306:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1226:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1145:Early Cretaceous
936:Early Cretaceous
646:metacarpal bones
535:titanosauriforms
433:
423:
413:
403:
393:
383:
373:
362:
351:
341:
331:
320:
310:
292:
287:
274:
258:
242:
226:
157:
156:
131:
111:
110:
47:
38:Early Cretaceous
32:Temporal range:
26:
25:
21:Branchiosauridae
6776:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6703:
6695:
6690:
6682:
6677:
6669:
6664:
6657:Brachiosauridae
6655:
6654:
6649:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6627:Brachiosauridae
6621:
6611:
6602:
6593:Sauropod hiatus
6579:
6564:
6526:
6463:Campylodoniscus
6426:
6347:
6273:
6226:
6196:Nemegtosauridae
6190:
6152:
6089:Argentinosaurus
6070:
6008:
5948:
5866:
5842:
5825:
5785:Atsinganosaurus
5765:Lirainosaurinae
5759:
5746:Xianshanosaurus
5631:Normanniasaurus
5617:Narambuenatitan
5500:Dongyangosaurus
5368:
5355:
5338:
5331:
5323:
5315:
5295:
5271:
5251:Sarmientosaurus
5218:
5171:Phuwiangosaurus
5090:
4903:
4818:Brachiosauridae
4812:
4745:
4732:
4705:
4632:
4619:
4602:
4568:
4498:
4446:
4354:Dicraeosauridae
4345:Flagellicaudata
4331:
4276:
4232:
4206:Nopcsaspondylus
4198:Maraapunisaurus
4127:
4125:Diplodocimorpha
4118:
4101:
4088:
4071:
4053:
4045:
4029:
3953:
3937:
3912:
3885:Tehuelchesaurus
3803:
3763:Tienshanosaurus
3647:
3596:
3584:Tehuelchesaurus
3474:
3461:
3440:Vulcanodontidae
3434:
3375:
3362:
3321:
3271:Gongxianosaurus
3234:
3221:
3204:
3197:
3148:
3128:
3034:
2993:Jingshanosaurus
2985:Chuxiongosaurus
2972:Sauropodiformes
2966:
2889:Adeopapposaurus
2874:
2847:
2788:
2775:
2720:
2689:
2676:
2642:
2579:
2566:
2500:
2437:
2435:Sauropodomorpha
2424:
2422:Sauropodomorpha
2399:
2385:Sauropodomorpha
2379:
2373:Avemetatarsalia
2358:Avemetatarsalia
2348:
2333:Avemetatarsalia
2307:
2306:
2296:
2294:Sauropodomorpha
2291:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2241:
2239:Brachiosauridae
2230:
2225:
2190:
2186:
2139:
2130:
2119:
2100:
2088:
2084:
2079:. Cambridge UP.
2073:
2064:
2053:
2026:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1932:
1925:
1899:
1893:
1876:
1833:
1786:
1747:
1732:
1721:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1559:
1436:Brachiosauridae
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1294:
1219:Brachiosauridae
1081:
1010:paleogeographic
999:Middle Jurassic
967:Middle Jurassic
912:
907:
905:
802:
755:Werner Janensch
699:
694:
565:
520:Jurassic Period
448:Brachiosauridae
291:
289:Brachiosauridae
285:
272:
256:
240:
228:Sauropodomorpha
224:
151:
140:skeleton cast,
122:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
41:
30:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6774:
6764:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6714:
6701:
6688:
6675:
6662:
6647:
6631:
6629:
6623:
6622:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6565:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6470:Clasmodosaurus
6466:
6459:
6450:
6448:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6417:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6385:Maxakalisaurus
6381:
6374:
6366:
6357:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6337:
6330:
6322:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6292:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6267:Quaesitosaurus
6263:
6256:
6248:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6216:
6212:Quaesitosaurus
6208:
6200:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6166:
6164:
6162:Saltasauroidea
6158:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5974:Maxakalisaurus
5970:
5967:Adamantisaurus
5962:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5913:Epachthosaurus
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5885:Antarctosaurus
5880:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5849:
5843:
5840:Eutitanosauria
5838:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5813:Mansourasaurus
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5773:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5688:Tastavinsaurus
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5653:Petrobrasaurus
5649:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5595:Malarguesaurus
5591:
5584:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5522:Epachthosaurus
5518:
5511:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5460:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5435:Austroposeidon
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5379:
5369:
5364:
5357:
5356:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5285:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5199:Tangvayosaurus
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5100:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5078:Tastavinsaurus
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5050:Pukyongosaurus
5046:
5039:
5032:
5029:Liubangosaurus
5025:
5017:
5014:Liaoningotitan
5010:
5003:
4995:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4936:Astrophocaudia
4932:
4925:
4917:
4911:
4909:Somphospondyli
4905:
4904:
4902:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4752:
4746:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4727:Lourinhasaurus
4723:
4715:
4713:
4711:Camarasauridae
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4681:
4677:Dashanpusaurus
4673:
4666:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4520:Dinheirosaurus
4516:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4489:
4481:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4319:Rebbachisaurus
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4249:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4191:Lavocatisaurus
4187:
4180:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4143:
4137:
4128:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4017:Qinlingosaurus
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3950:(see below ↓ )
3947:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:(see below ↓ )
3931:
3929:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3756:Rhomaleopakhus
3752:
3745:
3738:
3735:Mamenchisaurus
3731:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3684:Chuanjiesaurus
3680:
3676:Cetiosauriscus
3672:
3665:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3528:Dashanpusaurus
3524:
3521:Cetiosauriscus
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3428:Zizhongosaurus
3424:
3416:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3327:Lessemsauridae
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:Tuebingosaurus
3311:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3123:Sefapanosaurus
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3095:Melanorosaurus
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2932:Massospondylus
2928:
2921:
2914:
2906:
2903:Glacialisaurus
2899:
2896:Coloradisaurus
2892:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:Tuebingosaurus
2838:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2756:Pachysauriscus
2752:
2745:
2742:Gresslyosaurus
2738:
2730:
2728:
2726:Plateosauridae
2719:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2701:Plateosauravus
2696:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2541:
2534:
2531:Chromogisaurus
2527:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2228:External links
2226:
2224:
2223:
2184:
2128:
2098:
2082:
2062:
2024:
1961:
1942:(4): 883–902.
1923:
1910:(2): 226–237.
1874:
1847:(5): e980505.
1784:
1761:(3): 624–671.
1730:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1080:
1079:Classification
1077:
1073:Somphospondyli
911:
908:
830:
801:
798:
790:synapomorphies
698:
695:
693:
690:
654:synapomorphies
625:, than in the
564:
561:
484:synapomorphies
470:, quadrupedal
442:
441:
440:
439:
429:
419:
409:
399:
389:
379:
369:
358:
347:
337:
327:
316:
303:
302:
296:
295:
283:
279:
278:
270:
263:
262:
254:
247:
246:
238:
231:
230:
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
145:
144:
133:
132:
124:
123:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
31:
29:Brachiosaurids
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6773:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6741:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6575:
6571:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6545:
6523:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6513:Mongolosaurus
6510:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:Macrurosaurus
6495:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6477:Hypselosaurus
6474:
6472:
6471:
6467:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6393:Neuquensaurus
6390:
6387:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6353:Saltasaurinae
6350:
6343:
6342:
6341:Zhuchengtitan
6338:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6311:Dreadnoughtus
6308:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6262:
6261:
6260:Qingxiusaurus
6257:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Saltasauridae
6229:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6205:Nemegtosaurus
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6130:
6128:
6127:
6126:Mendozasaurus
6123:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:Dzharatitanis
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6051:Gondwanatitan
6048:
6046:
6045:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5982:Muyelensaurus
5979:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5906:Chucarosaurus
5903:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Colossosauria
5869:
5863:
5862:
5861:Menucocelsior
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5799:Lirainosaurus
5796:
5794:
5793:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5718:Trigonosaurus
5715:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5681:Ruyangosaurus
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:Pitekunsaurus
5657:
5655:
5654:
5650:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5610:Mnyamawamtuka
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:Magyarosaurus
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:Ligabuesaurus
5577:
5575:
5574:
5573:Laplatasaurus
5570:
5568:
5567:
5566:Karongasaurus
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5507:Dreadnoughtus
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5472:Borealosaurus
5469:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5449:Barrosasaurus
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5391:Aegyptosaurus
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5327:
5319:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5258:Savannasaurus
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5237:Australotitan
5234:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:Australodocus
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5096:Euhelopodidae
5093:
5087:
5086:
5085:Triunfosaurus
5082:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:Sauroposeidon
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:Padillasaurus
5040:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5021:Ligabuesaurus
5018:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4964:Chubutisaurus
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:Brachiosaurus
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4778:Fushanosaurus
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:Bashunosaurus
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4609:
4600:
4595:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4485:Atlantosaurus
4482:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4461:Apatosaurinae
4458:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:Smitanosaurus
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:Dyslocosaurus
4395:
4393:
4392:
4391:Dicraeosaurus
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4370:Amargatitanis
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:Katepensaurus
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:Itapeuasaurus
4295:
4293:
4292:
4291:Demandasaurus
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4256:Cathartesaura
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4247:Limaysaurinae
4244:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4184:Histriasaurus
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:Dzharatitanis
4173:
4171:
4170:
4169:Comahuesaurus
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:Diplodocoidea
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:Diplodocoidea
4082:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:Gigantosaurus
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3927:Diplodocoidea
3924:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3870:Narindasaurus
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:Losillasaurus
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3798:Zigongosaurus
3795:
3793:
3792:
3791:Yuanmousaurus
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:Xinjiangtitan
3781:
3779:
3778:
3777:Wamweracaudia
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:Tonganosaurus
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:Klamelisaurus
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3706:Huangshanlong
3703:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:Ferganasaurus
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3602:Cetiosauridae
3599:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:Tazoudasaurus
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3406:Ohmdenosaurus
3403:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:Schleitheimia
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:Leonerasaurus
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:Blikanasaurus
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:Leonerasaurus
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:Lamplughsaura
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3029:Yunnanosaurus
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:Lufengosaurus
2922:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2862:Eucnemesaurus
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2853:Riojasauridae
2850:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:Euskelosaurus
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:Bagualosaurus
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:Bagualosauria
2573:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:Pampadromaeus
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2506:Saturnaliidae
2503:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2488:Pampadromaeus
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:Gigantoscelus
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:Fossil Record
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1778:2027.42/94293
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:Brachiosaurus
1493:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:Brachiosaurus
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:B. altithorax
1190:species into
1189:
1188:Brachiosaurus
1185:
1184:
1183:Brachiosaurus
1178:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:Euhelopodidae
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:Late Jurassic
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Late Jurassic
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Padillasaurus
1066:
1065:fossil record
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:South America
992:
988:
984:
983:North America
980:
979:Late Jurassic
976:
975:Late Jurassic
972:
968:
963:
961:
957:
956:
955:Brachiosaurus
951:
950:
945:
944:Late Jurassic
941:
937:
933:
926:
922:
921:
916:
829:
827:
826:
821:
816:
814:
813:damparisensis
812:
807:
806:Late Jurassic
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:Brachiosaurus
783:
779:
778:plesiomorphic
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
745:
744:Brachiosaurus
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:
719:Brachiosaurus
715:
707:
706:Brachiosaurus
703:
689:
687:
683:
679:
678:neural arches
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
611:
604:
603:
597:
593:
590:
586:
583:
579:
578:
574:
573:insular dwarf
570:
560:
558:
554:
553:Euhelopodidae
550:
546:
545:
540:
539:Brachiosaurus
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:South America
501:
497:
496:
495:Brachiosaurus
491:
489:
485:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
438:
437:
430:
428:
427:
420:
418:
417:
410:
408:
407:
400:
398:
397:
390:
388:
387:
380:
378:
377:
370:
367:
366:
359:
356:
355:
348:
346:
345:
338:
336:
335:
334:Brachiosaurus
328:
325:
324:
317:
315:
314:
307:
306:
304:
301:
297:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
155:
150:
146:
143:
139:
138:Brachiosaurus
134:
130:
125:
119:
115:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:160–100
39:
35:
34:Late Jurassic
27:
22:
6746:Brachiosaurs
6626:
6547:
6521:Titanosaurus
6519:
6511:
6504:
6496:
6491:Loricosaurus
6489:
6484:Iuticosaurus
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6453:
6421:Yamanasaurus
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6376:
6368:
6362:Abditosaurus
6360:
6339:
6332:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6301:
6294:
6288:Abditosaurus
6286:
6265:
6258:
6250:
6243:
6220:Tapuiasaurus
6218:
6210:
6203:
6183:
6178:Titanomachya
6176:
6169:
6147:Puertasaurus
6145:
6138:
6133:Notocolossus
6131:
6124:
6118:Jiangxititan
6116:
6109:
6101:
6096:Drusilasaura
6094:
6087:
6080:Lognkosauria
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6014:Aeolosaurini
6003:Rinconsaurus
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5972:
5965:
5954:Rinconsauria
5941:
5935:Tengrisaurus
5933:
5928:Quetecsaurus
5926:
5919:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5859:
5852:
5818:
5811:
5806:Lohuecotitan
5804:
5797:
5792:Garrigatitan
5790:
5783:
5778:Ampelosaurus
5776:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5732:Uberabatitan
5730:
5725:Sonidosaurus
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5696:Tengrisaurus
5694:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5667:Rapetosaurus
5665:
5658:
5651:
5643:
5636:
5629:
5622:
5615:
5608:
5603:Malawisaurus
5601:
5593:
5586:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5544:Huabeisaurus
5542:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5486:Choconsaurus
5484:
5479:Brasilotitan
5477:
5470:
5462:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5428:Atacamatitan
5426:
5421:Argyrosaurus
5419:
5412:
5404:
5397:
5389:
5384:Abdarainurus
5382:
5366:Titanosauria
5353:Titanosauria
5322:
5281:Titanosauria
5265:Wintonotitan
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5211:
5206:Yongjinglong
5204:
5197:
5192:Tambatitanis
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5156:Huanghetitan
5154:
5149:Huabeisaurus
5147:
5140:
5135:Gannansaurus
5133:
5126:
5119:
5113:Chiayusaurus
5111:
5103:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5019:
5012:
5007:Jiutaisaurus
5005:
4999:Jiangxititan
4997:
4992:Garumbatitan
4990:
4983:
4976:
4971:Dongbeititan
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4943:Austrosaurus
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4896:
4891:Venenosaurus
4889:
4882:
4877:Sonorasaurus
4875:
4868:
4863:Giraffatitan
4861:
4853:
4848:Cedarosaurus
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4804:
4799:Pelorosaurus
4797:
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4725:
4720:Camarasaurus
4718:
4698:
4692:Haestasaurus
4690:
4685:Europasaurus
4683:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:Diplodocinae
4493:Brontosaurus
4491:
4483:
4476:
4470:Amphicoelias
4468:
4452:Diplodocidae
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4377:Bajadasaurus
4375:
4368:
4363:Amargasaurus
4361:
4324:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4289:
4270:Rayososaurus
4268:
4261:
4254:
4227:Zapalasaurus
4225:
4220:Xenoposeidon
4218:
4211:
4204:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4167:
4162:Campananeyen
4160:
4155:Amazonsaurus
4153:
4146:
4111:
4052:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3918:Neosauropoda
3905:
3898:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3833:Haestasaurus
3831:
3823:
3816:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3641:Patagosaurus
3639:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3591:Volkheimeria
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3563:Perijasaurus
3561:
3556:Nebulasaurus
3554:
3547:
3540:
3535:Dystrophaeus
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3507:Barapasaurus
3505:
3498:
3493:Asiatosaurus
3491:
3484:
3454:
3447:
3426:
3418:
3413:Rhoetosaurus
3411:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3357:Lessemsaurus
3355:
3348:
3341:
3336:Antetonitrus
3334:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3185:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3027:
3022:Yizhousaurus
3020:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2910:Ignavusaurus
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2867:
2860:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2814:Ignavusaurus
2812:
2805:
2798:
2770:Yimenosaurus
2768:
2763:Plateosaurus
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2715:Xixiposaurus
2713:
2706:
2699:
2687:Plateosauria
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:Unaysauridae
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2559:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2474:Guaibasaurus
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2337:
2328:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2150:
2146:
2122:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2056:
1986:
1982:
1939:
1935:
1907:
1903:
1844:
1840:
1758:
1754:
1724:
1621:Venenosaurus
1619:
1618:
1604:Cedarosaurus
1602:
1601:
1578:
1577:
1547:Sonorasaurus
1545:
1544:
1530:Giraffatitan
1528:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1473:
1472:
1451:Europasaurus
1449:
1448:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1381:
1380:
1366:Venenosaurus
1364:
1363:
1349:Cedarosaurus
1347:
1346:
1330:
1329:
1313:
1312:
1282:Sonorasaurus
1280:
1279:
1265:Giraffatitan
1263:
1262:
1234:Europasaurus
1232:
1231:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1164:Titanosauria
1119:
1114:Europasaurus
1112:
1082:
1068:
1045:
1039:
1035:Giraffatitan
1033:
1018:
1007:
971:neosauropods
964:
953:
949:Camarasaurus
947:
929:
920:Giraffatitan
918:
823:
819:
817:
809:
803:
785:
775:
759:Macronarians
743:
717:
711:
708:humerus bone
705:
651:
639:
635:
607:
600:
577:Europasaurus
575:
566:
557:Titanosauria
542:
538:
532:
493:
492:
455:
451:
447:
445:
434:
426:Venenosaurus
424:
414:
406:Sonorasaurus
404:
396:Pelorosaurus
394:
384:
376:Giraffatitan
374:
363:
354:Europasaurus
352:
344:Cedarosaurus
342:
332:
321:
311:
288:
266:
250:
234:
218:
205:
192:
137:
6692:iNaturalist
6651:Wikispecies
6506:Microcoelus
6414:Saltasaurus
6400:Paralititan
6296:Alamosaurus
6185:Udelartitan
6140:Patagotitan
6037:Bravasaurus
6030:Arrudatitan
6023:Aeolosaurus
5989:Overosaurus
5921:Jainosaurus
5899:Bonitasaura
5820:Paludititan
5711:Traukutitan
5406:Angolatitan
5213:Yunmenglong
5178:Qiaowanlong
5071:Sibirotitan
5036:Oceanotitan
4978:Europatitan
4957:Brontomerus
4950:Brohisaurus
4922:Angolatitan
4855:Galvesaurus
4827:Abydosaurus
4792:Ornithopsis
4785:Fusuisaurus
4771:Eucamerotus
4670:Daanosaurus
4655:Aragosaurus
4556:Supersaurus
4478:Apatosaurus
4441:Tharosaurus
4312:Nigersaurus
4263:Limaysaurus
4024:Ultrasaurus
3900:Turiasaurus
3863:Moabosaurus
3856:Mierasaurus
3825:Bellusaurus
3809:Turiasauria
3749:Qijianglong
3713:Hudiesaurus
3691:Datousaurus
3611:Cetiosaurus
3570:Shunosaurus
3514:Bellusaurus
3486:Algoasaurus
3472:Eusauropoda
3420:Sanpasaurus
3373:Gravisauria
3293:Pulanesaura
3278:Isanosaurus
3250:Amygdalodon
3116:Pulanesaura
3074:Irisosaurus
3060:Anchisaurus
3040:Anchisauria
3014:Xingxiulong
2960:Xingxiulong
2953:Sarahsaurus
2869:Riojasaurus
2835:Sarahsaurus
2821:Kholumolumo
2664:Macrocollum
2602:Asylosaurus
2538:Nhandumirim
2515:Buriolestes
2481:Mbiresaurus
2453:Buriolestes
2242:(in German)
1989:(2): 82–4.
1332:Abydosaurus
1158:East Asian
1041:Abydosaurus
767:diplodocids
765:. This put
763:titanosaurs
582:macronarian
563:Description
544:Saltasaurus
468:herbivorous
365:Galvesaurus
313:Abydosaurus
293:Riggs, 1904
6740:Categories
6407:Rocasaurus
6334:Qunkasaura
6303:Baurutitan
6065:Shingopana
5892:Baalsaurus
5739:Volgatitan
5674:Rukwatitan
5638:Nullotitan
5624:Ninjatitan
5559:Kaijutitan
5530:Gandititan
5493:Daxiatitan
5456:Baurutitan
5399:Andesaurus
5290:see below↓
4985:Fukuititan
4929:Arkharavia
4884:Soriatitan
4834:Atlasaurus
4806:Rugocaudia
4764:Duriatitan
4700:Yuzhoulong
4648:Abrosaurus
4630:Macronaria
4617:Macronaria
4541:Kaatedocus
4534:Galeamopus
4527:Diplodocus
4513:Barosaurus
4420:Pilmatueia
4413:Lingwulong
4406:Kaatedocus
4326:Tataouinea
4238:Khebbashia
4213:Sidersaura
3943:Macronaria
3893:Tendaguria
3877:Oplosaurus
3841:Janenschia
3742:Omeisaurus
3618:Chebsaurus
3542:Janenschia
3456:Vulcanodon
3399:Kotasaurus
3350:Ledumahadi
3143:see below↓
3102:Meroktenos
2918:Leyesaurus
2807:Gyposaurus
2671:Unaysaurus
2630:Pantydraco
2595:Arcusaurus
2561:Saturnalia
2394:see below↓
2342:Dinosauria
2324:Sauropsida
2204:(1): 102.
1690:References
1204:analysis.
1168:Cretaceous
1166:, a large
1156:Cretaceous
1101:Cretaceous
960:titanosaur
940:Macronaria
825:Duriatitan
666:pubic bone
642:Macronaria
640:As in all
416:Soriatitan
323:Atlasaurus
260:Macronaria
212:Saurischia
199:Dinosauria
6370:Bonatitan
6252:Isisaurus
6058:Punatitan
5537:Hamititan
5515:Elaltitan
5464:Bonatitan
5185:Silutitan
5142:Gobititan
5128:Euhelopus
4870:Lusotitan
4563:Tornieria
4549:Leinkupal
4434:Suuwassea
4148:Agustinia
3996:Dinodocus
3989:Cardiodon
3720:Jingiella
3669:Anhuilong
3232:Sauropoda
3219:Sauropoda
3134:Sauropoda
3109:Mussaurus
3067:Camelotia
2946:Pradhania
2786:Massopoda
2553:Panphagia
2495:Panphagia
2310:Kingdom:
2218:133054430
2153:: e3217.
2096:: 229-247
1956:128486488
1869:129498917
1580:Lusotitan
1383:Lusotitan
1202:cladistic
1160:sauropods
1148:sauropods
1133:sauropods
1129:dinosaurs
1093:sauropods
724:phenotype
712:In 1903,
682:coracoids
658:vertebrae
623:Tendaguru
619:sauropods
589:maxillary
569:dinosaurs
479:sauropods
475:dinosaurs
386:Lusotitan
244:Sauropoda
172:Kingdom:
166:Eukaryota
118:Campanian
114:Bathonian
112:Possible
6636:Wikidata
6378:Ibirania
6044:Caieiria
5854:Inawentu
5057:Ruixinia
4898:Vouivria
4757:Astrodon
4010:Neosodon
3500:Bagualia
3343:Ingentia
3053:Aardonyx
3000:Qianlong
2828:Musankwa
2800:Gryponyx
2708:Ruehleia
2623:Nambalia
2616:Efraasia
2523:Eoraptor
2460:Eoraptor
2318:Chordata
2316:Phylum:
2312:Animalia
2179:28480136
2019:39381123
2011:11320893
1475:Vouivria
1428:(2017).
1211:(2016).
1175:Gondwana
1109:Gondwana
1105:Laurasia
1052:Colombia
1026:Gondwana
820:Vouivria
811:Vouivria
747:holotype
736:coracoid
668:. Their
627:Morrison
602:Vouivria
555:and the
541:than to
472:sauropod
452:brachion
436:Vouivria
282:Family:
186:Chordata
182:Phylum:
176:Animalia
162:Domain:
136:Mounted
6684:3238998
6671:4531356
6642:Q131146
5414:Arackar
3818:Amanzia
3662:Analong
3549:Jobaria
3007:Seitaad
2322:Class:
2170:5417094
1991:Bibcode
1849:Bibcode
1438:
1221:
1135:. This
1060:Lebanon
1030:Lebanon
1003:Pangaea
934:to the
742:of the
728:humerus
662:ischium
631:fitness
528:Pangaea
488:ischium
6710:116724
6697:542629
5943:Vahiny
5704:Tiamat
5121:Erketu
2939:Ngwevu
2216:
2177:
2167:
2017:
2009:
1954:
1867:
1426:et al.
1209:et al.
1162:, and
1085:clades
1022:fossil
993:, and
991:Europe
987:Africa
740:sacrum
738:, and
670:humeri
514:, and
512:Europe
508:Africa
460:family
456:sauros
300:Genera
120:record
6723:38673
6705:IRMNG
2338:Clade
2329:Clade
2214:S2CID
2147:PeerJ
2015:S2CID
1979:(PDF)
1952:S2CID
1900:(PDF)
1865:S2CID
1171:clade
1137:clade
1125:clade
1056:taxon
1014:China
794:clade
788:were
732:femur
500:North
464:clade
267:Clade
251:Clade
235:Clade
219:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
6679:GBIF
6245:Igai
2749:Issi
2371:see
2175:PMID
2007:PMID
1194:and
1143:and
1107:and
1099:and
1038:and
771:taxa
610:taxa
585:taxa
516:Asia
502:and
446:The
116:and
51:PreꞒ
6666:EoL
3907:Zby
2206:doi
2165:PMC
2155:doi
1999:doi
1944:doi
1912:doi
1857:doi
1773:hdl
1763:doi
1759:166
1127:of
1111:.
1103:in
1087:of
466:of
462:or
6742::
6720::
6707::
6694::
6681::
6668::
6653::
6638::
2340::
2331::
2212:.
2202:90
2200:.
2173:.
2163:.
2149:.
2145:.
2131:^
2101:^
2065:^
2027:^
2013:.
2005:.
1997:.
1987:88
1985:.
1981:.
1964:^
1950:.
1940:32
1938:.
1926:^
1906:.
1902:.
1877:^
1863:.
1855:.
1845:35
1843:.
1839:.
1787:^
1771:.
1757:.
1753:.
1733:^
1697:^
1177:.
1150:,
1075:.
989:,
985:,
977:.
952:,
734:,
730:,
559:.
510:,
506:,
269::
253::
237::
221::
208::
195::
101:Pg
45:Ma
40:,
36:–
6516:?
6501:?
6458:?
6388:?
6373:?
6365:?
6344:?
6329:?
6314:?
6306:?
6291:?
6270:?
6255:?
6223:?
6215:?
6121:?
6106:?
5977:?
5938:?
5916:?
5756:?
5699:?
5691:?
5648:?
5598:?
5583:?
5554:?
5525:?
5510:?
5467:?
5459:?
5409:?
5394:?
5268:?
5166:?
5116:?
5108:?
5024:?
5002:?
4858:?
4809:?
4695:?
4680:?
4665:?
4544:?
4488:?
4473:?
4401:?
4273:?
4201:?
4179:?
3888:?
3880:?
3844:?
3836:?
3828:?
3730:?
3694:?
3679:?
3644:?
3636:?
3628:?
3431:?
3423:?
3394:?
3318:?
3296:?
3288:?
3017:?
2988:?
2963:?
2913:?
2556:?
2548:?
2526:?
2518:?
2286:e
2279:t
2272:v
2220:.
2208::
2181:.
2157::
2151:5
2094:6
2021:.
2001::
1993::
1958:.
1946::
1920:.
1914::
1908:9
1871:.
1859::
1851::
1781:.
1775::
1765::
432:†
422:†
412:†
402:†
392:†
382:†
372:†
368:?
361:†
357:?
350:†
340:†
330:†
326:?
319:†
309:†
286:†
273:†
257:†
241:†
225:†
106:N
96:K
91:J
86:T
81:P
76:C
71:D
66:S
61:O
56:Ꞓ
23:.
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