Colorectal cancer - Knowledge

2071:

dropping by about 2% annually from 2014 to 2018 in adults aged 50 and older, due mainly to improved screening. However, incidence of colorectal cancer has increased in individuals aged 25 to 50. In early 2023, the American Cancer Society (ACS) reported that 20% of diagnoses (of colon cancer) in 2019 were in patients under age 55, which is about double the rate in 1995, and rates of advanced disease increased by about 3% annually in people younger than 50. It predicted that, in 2023, an estimated 19,550 diagnoses and 3,750 deaths would be in people younger than 50. Colorectal cancer also disproportionately affects the Black community, where the rates are the highest of any racial/ethnic group in the US. African Americans are about 20% more likely to get colorectal cancer and about 40% more likely to die from it than most other groups. Black Americans often experience greater obstacles to cancer prevention, detection, treatment, and survival, including systemic racial disparities that are complex and go beyond the obvious connection to cancer.

978: 1671:, for some people requiring treatment, chemoradiotherapy can increase acute treatment-related toxicity, and has not been shown to improve survival rates compared to radiotherapy alone, although it is associated with less local recurrence. The use of radiotherapy in colon cancer is not routine due to the sensitivity of the bowels to radiation. As with chemotherapy, radiotherapy can be used as a neoadjuvant for clinical stages T3 and T4 for rectal cancer. This results in downsizing or downstaging of the tumour, preparing it for surgical resection, and also decreases local recurrence rates. For locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy has become the standard treatment. Additionally, when surgery is not possible radiation therapy has been suggested to be an effective treatment against CRC pulmonary metastases, which are developed by 10-15% of people with CRC. 1437: 1978: 1858:(MET) hours per week, a measure of exercise, to observe a reduction in colorectal cancer mortality. The mechanism of how exercise benefits survival may be involved in immune surveillance and inflammation pathways. In clinical studies, a pro-inflammatory response was found in people with stage II-III colorectal cancer who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after completing their primary therapy. Oxidative balance may be another possible mechanism for benefits observed. A significant decrease in 8-oxo-dG was found in the urine of people who underwent 2 weeks of moderate exercise after primary therapy. Other possible mechanisms may involve metabolic hormone and sex-steroid hormones, although these pathways may be involved in other types of cancers. 1445: 1339:. If abnormal FOBT results are found, participants are typically referred for a follow-up colonoscopy examination. When done once every 1–2 years, FOBT screening reduces colorectal cancer deaths by 16% and among those participating in screening, colorectal cancer deaths can be reduced up to 23%, although it has not been proven to reduce all-cause mortality. Immunochemical tests are accurate and do not require dietary or medication changes before testing. However, research in the UK has found that for these immunochemical tests, the threshold for further investigation is set at a point that may miss more than half of bowel cancer cases. The research suggests that the 1138: 1951:(TNM stage Tis, N0, M0) have a five-year survival rate of 100%, while those with invasive cancer of T1 (within the submucosal layer) or T2 (within the muscular layer) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 90%. Those with a more invasive tumor yet without node involvement (T3-4, N0, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 70%. People with positive regional lymph nodes (any T, N1-3, M0) have an average five-year survival rate of approximately 40%, while those with distant metastases (any T, any N, M1) have a poor prognosis and the five year survival ranges from <5 percent to 31 percent. 1698:, an anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody, every three weeks for six months. After a median follow-up of 12 months (range, 6 to 25 months), all 12 patients had a complete clinical response with no evidence of tumor on MRI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose–positron-emission tomography, endoscopic evaluation, digital rectal examination, or biopsy. Moreover, no patient in the trial needed chemoradiotherapy or surgery, and no patient reported adverse events of grade 3 or higher. However, although the results of this study are promising, the study is small and has uncertainties about long-term outcomes. 1126: 1453: 79: 2222: 3628: 1117:

for non-surgical treatment of rectal cancer should have periodic MRI scans, receive physical examinations, and undergo endoscopy procedures to detect any tumor re-growth which can occur in a minority of these patients. When local recurrence occurs, periodic follow up can detect it when it is still small and curable with salvage surgery. In addition, MRI tumor regression grades can be assigned after chemoradiotherapy which correlate with patients' long-term survival outcomes.

524:. The Rectal Cancer Survival Calculator developed by the MD Anderson Cancer Center additionally considers race to be a risk factor; however, there are equity issues concerning whether this might lead to inequity in clinical decision making. Approximately 10% of cases are linked to insufficient activity. The risk from alcohol appears to increase at greater than one drink per day. Drinking five glasses of water a day is linked to a decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer and 1005:. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion." Similarly, Vogelstein et al. pointed out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects. 2148: 1033:

that influence gene expression. As an example, 147 hypermethylations and 27 hypomethylations of protein coding genes were frequently associated with colorectal cancers. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers, and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers. In addition, 11 hypermethylations and 96 hypomethylations of miRNAs were also associated with colorectal cancers. Abnormal (aberrant)

1074: 13869: 1720:. Surgical options may include non-curative surgical removal of some of the cancer tissue, bypassing part of the intestines, or stent placement. These procedures can be considered to improve symptoms and reduce complications such as bleeding from the tumor, abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. Non-operative methods of symptomatic treatment include radiation therapy to decrease tumor size as well as pain medications. 1235:. This was based on animal studies and retrospective observational studies. However, large scale prospective studies have failed to demonstrate a significant protective effect, and due to the multiple causes of cancer and the complexity of studying correlations between diet and health, it is uncertain whether any specific dietary interventions will have significant protective effects. In 2018 the 13881: 759:. These genes are normally important for stem cell renewal and differentiation, but when inappropriately expressed at high levels, they can cause cancer. While APC is mutated in most colon cancers, some cancers have increased β-catenin because of mutations in β-catenin (CTNNB1) that block its own breakdown, or have mutations in other genes with function similar to APC such as 1763:

bags. Additionally, associated CRC risk factors like poor diet, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity prompt negative assumptions of blame and personal responsibility onto CRC patients. Judgement from others along with internalized self-blame and embarrassment can negatively affect self-esteem, sociability, and quality of life.

1865:. Survivors with tumors that expressed p27 and performed greater and equal to 18 MET hours per week were found to have reduced colorectal cancer mortality survival compared to those with less than 18 MET hours per week. Survivors without p27 expression who exercised were shown to have worse outcomes. The constitutive activation of 969:, and then to carcinoma, by a process of progressive genetic mutation. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and local inflammatory changes. The polyp to CRC sequence can be used as an underlying framework to illustrate how specific molecular changes lead to various cancer subtypes. 1968:

A qualitative systematic review published in 2021 highlighted that there are three main factors influencing adaptation to living with and beyond colorectal cancer: support mechanisms, severity of late effects of treatment and psychosocial adjustment. Therefore, it is essential that people are offered

1749:

Survivorship of CRC can involve significant lifestyle adjustments. Postoperative afflictions may include stomas, bowel issues, incontinence, odor, and changes to sexual functioning. These changes can result in distorted body image, social anxiety, depression, and distress—all of which contribute to a

1205:

It has been estimated that about half of colorectal cancer cases are due to lifestyle factors, and about a quarter of all cases are preventable. Increasing surveillance, engaging in physical activity, consuming a diet high in fiber, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption decrease the risk.

1032:

In addition to epigenetic alteration of expression of miRNAs, other common types of epigenetic alterations in cancers that change gene expression levels include direct hypermethylation or hypomethylation of CpG islands of protein-encoding genes and alterations in histones and chromosomal architecture

602:

surveillance in this high-risk population may reduce the development of colorectal cancer through early diagnosis and may also reduce the chances of dying from colon cancer. People with inflammatory bowel disease account for less than 2% of colon cancer cases yearly. In those with Crohn's disease, 2%

2113:

The incidence of colorectal cancer in younger populations has increased over the last decade. While advancements in diagnostic procedure may have some impact, reduced likelihood of screening among these populations suggests detection bias is not a major contributor to this trend. It is more likely

2070:

In 2022, the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States was anticipated to be about 151,000 adults, including over 106,000 new cases of colon cancer (some 54,000 men and 52,000 women) and about 45,000 new cases of rectal cancer. Since the 1980s, the incidence of colorectal cancer decreased,

1728:

In addition to medical intervention, a variety of psychosocial interventions have been implemented to address psychosocial concerns in the context of colorectal cancer. Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent in patients diagnosed with CRC, therefore psychosocial interventions can be helpful for

1060:

Consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classification of colorectal cancer was first introduced in 2015. CMS classification so far has been considered the most robust classification system available for CRC that has a clear biological interpretability and the basis for future clinical stratification and

1037:

occurs as a normal consequence of normal aging and the risk of colorectal cancer increases as a person gets older. The source and trigger of this age-related methylation is unknown. Approximately half of the genes that show age-related methylation changes are the same genes that have been identified

2134:

In 2018, the American Cancer Society modified their previous screening guideline for colorectal cancer from age 50 down to age 45 following the recognition of increasing cases of EOCC. Individuals under the age of 60 have been identified as most susceptible to non-participation in colorectal cancer

2117:

The population experiencing the greatest rise in EOCC cases are men and women aged 20 to 29 years old, with incidence increasing by 7.9% per year between 2004 and 2016. Similarly, though less severe, men and women aged 30 to 39 experienced an increase in cases at a rate of 3.4% per year during that

1809:

can be done after 1 year, except if it could not be done during the initial staging because of an obstructing mass, in which case it should be performed after 3 to 6 months. If a villous polyp, a polyp >1 centimeter or high-grade dysplasia is found, it can be repeated after 3 years, then every 5

1549:

In Stage I colon cancer, no chemotherapy is offered, and surgery is the definitive treatment. The role of chemotherapy in Stage II colon cancer is debatable, and is usually not offered unless risk factors such as T4 tumor, undifferentiated tumor, vascular and perineural invasion or inadequate lymph

1423:

The treatment of colorectal cancer can be aimed at cure or palliation. The decision on which aim to adopt depends on various factors, including the person's health and preferences, as well as the stage of the tumor. Assessment in multidisciplinary teams is a critical part of determining whether the

1246:

The 2014 World Health Organization cancer report noted that it has been hypothesized that dietary fiber might help prevent colorectal cancer, but that most studies at the time had not yet studied the correlation. A 2019 review, however, found evidence of benefit from dietary fiber and whole grains.

981:

Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps. Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect (a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer) in this colon segment. The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub-clones

6566:

Several large prospective cohort studies of dietary fibre and colon cancer risk have not supported an association, although an inverse relation was seen in the large European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and a recent meta-analysis. The variation in findings from

1964:

Whilst the impact of colorectal cancer on those who survive varies greatly there will often be a need to adapt to both physical and psychological outcomes of the illness and its treatment. For example, it is common for people to experience incontinence, sexual dysfunction, problems with stoma care

1771:

Face-to-face interventions such as clinician-patient talk therapy, body-mind-spirit practices, and support group sessions have been identified as most effective in reducing anxiety and depression in CRC patients. Additionally, journaling exercises and over-the-phone talk therapy sessions have been

1414:

The UK Bowel Cancer Screening Programme aims to find warning signs in people aged 60 to 74, by recommending a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) every two years. FIT measures blood in faeces, and people with levels above a certain threshold may have bowel tissue examined for signs of cancer. Growths

1116:

MRI is also performed after completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to identify patients who achieve complete response. Patients with complete response on both MRI and endoscopy may not require surgical resection and can avoid unnecessary surgical morbidity and complications. Patients selected

437:

in the United States was around 65% in 2014. The individual likelihood of survival depends on how advanced the cancer is, whether or not all the cancer can be removed with surgery, and the person's overall health. Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer, making up about

6751:

Despite the longstanding hypothesis that a high-fiber diet may protect against colorectal cancer... epidemiologic studies associating dietary fiber intake with subsequent risk of colorectal cancer have yielded inconsistent results... Nonetheless, based on existing evidence, the most recent expert

1410:

Some countries have national colorectal screening programs which offer FOBT screening for all adults within a certain age group, typically starting between ages 50 and 60. Examples of countries with organised screening include the United Kingdom, Australia, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.

986:

The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned (by what were largely unknown processes at the time) to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization", "field carcinogenesis",

397:

is effective for preventing and decreasing deaths from colorectal cancer. Screening, by one of a number of methods, is recommended starting from the age of 45 to 75. It was recommended starting at age 50 but it was changed to 45 due to increasing amount of colon cancers. During colonoscopy, small

1872:

Physical activity provides benefits to people with non-advanced colorectal cancer. Improvements in aerobic fitness, cancer-related fatigue and health-related quality of life have been reported in the short term. However, these improvements were not observed at the level of disease-related mental

1762:

Colorectal cancer is highly stigmatized and can elicit feelings of disgust from patients, healthcare professionals, family, intimate partners, and the general public. Patients with stomas are especially vulnerable to stigmatization due to unavoidable odors, gas, and unpleasant noises from stoma

1159:

are reported from the analysis of tissue taken from a biopsy or surgery. A pathology report contains a description of the microscopical characteristics of the tumor tissue, including both tumor cells and how the tumor invades into healthy tissues and finally if the tumor appears to be completely

2095:

In the developing countries like Papua New Guinea and other Pacific Island States including the Solomon Islands, colorectal cancer is a very rare cancer amongst the people, which is least common compared to lung, stomach, liver or breast cancer. It is estimated that at least 8 in 100,000 of the

1403:

does not recommend any type of screening in the 10 years following the colonoscopy. For people over 75 or those with a life expectancy of less than 10 years, screening is not recommended. It takes about 10 years after screening for one out of a 1000 people to benefit. The USPSTF list seven

1281:

appear to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer in those at high risk. Aspirin is recommended in those who are 50 to 60 years old, do not have an increased risk of bleeding, and are at risk for cardiovascular disease to prevent colorectal cancer. It is not recommended in those at average risk.

1064:

A novel Epigenome-based Classification (EpiC) of colorectal cancer was proposed in 2021 introducing 4 enhancer subtypes in people with CRC. Chromatin states using 6 histone marks are characterized to identify EpiC subtypes. A combinatorial therapeutic approach based on the previously introduced

635:

may be recommended for people with FAP as a preventive measure due to the high risk of malignancy. Colectomy, removal of the colon, may not suffice as a preventive measure because of the high risk of rectal cancer if the rectum remains. The most common polyposis syndrome affecting the colon is

2104:

A diagnosis of colorectal cancer in patients under 50 years of age is referred to as early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC). Instances of EOCC have increased over the last decade, specifically in patient populations aged 20 to 40 years old throughout North America, Europe, Australia, and China.

1946:

Survival is directly related to detection and the type of cancer involved, but overall is poor for symptomatic cancers, as they are typically quite advanced. Survival rates for early stage detection are about five times that of late stage cancers. People with a tumor that has not breached the

1845:

Exercise may be recommended in the future as secondary therapy to cancer survivors. In epidemiological studies, exercise may decrease colorectal cancer-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Results for the specific amounts of exercise needed to observe a benefit were conflicting. These

1024:

alterations are much more frequent in colon cancer than genetic (mutational) alterations. As described by Vogelstein et al., an average cancer of the colon has only 1 or 2 oncogene mutations and 1 to 5 tumor suppressor mutations (together designated "driver mutations"), with about 60 further

8761:

Esquivel J, Sticca R, Sugarbaker P, Levine E, Yan TD, Alexander R, et al. (January 2007). "Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in the management of peritoneal surface malignancies of colonic origin: a consensus statement. Society of Surgical Oncology".

1729:

alleviating psychological distress. Many patients continue to experience symptoms of anxiety and depression following treatment, regardless of treatment outcome. Societal stigmas associated with colorectal cancer present further psychosocial challenges for CRC patients and their families.

1398:

every 10 years. It is unclear which of these two methods is better. Colonoscopy may find more cancers in the first part of the colon, but is associated with greater cost and more complications. For people with average risk who have had a high-quality colonoscopy with normal results, the

1804:

of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can be considered annually for the first 3 years for people who are at high risk of recurrence (for example, those who had poorly differentiated tumors or venous or lymphatic invasion) and are candidates for curative surgery (with the aim to cure). A

860:

in response to growth factors, can acquire mutations that result in over-activation of cell proliferation. The chronological order of mutations is sometimes important. If a previous APC mutation occurred, a primary KRAS mutation often progresses to cancer rather than a self-limiting

1305:, screening for this cancer is effective for both early detection and for prevention. Diagnosis of cases of colorectal cancer through screening tends to occur 2–3 years before diagnosis of cases with symptoms. Any polyps that are detected can be removed, usually by 6150:

Di Como JA, Mahendraraj K, Lau CS, Chamberlain RS (October 2015). "Adenosquamous carcinoma of the colon and rectum: a population based clinical outcomes study involving 578 patients from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (1973–2010)".

6764:

Jabbari M, Pourmoradian S, Eini-Zinab H, Mosharkesh E, Hosseini Balam F, Yaghmaei Y, et al. (November 2022). "Levels of evidence for the association between different food groups/items consumption and the risk of various cancer sites: an umbrella review".

1468:. Endoscopic resection is possible if there is low possibility of lymph node metastasis and the size and location of the tumor make en bloc resection possible. For people with localized cancer, the preferred treatment is complete surgical removal with adequate 876:-scale analysis has revealed that colorectal carcinomas can be categorized into hypermutated and non-hypermutated tumor types. In addition to the oncogenic and inactivating mutations described for the genes above, non-hypermutated samples also contain mutated 1008:

An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local

619:(such as a parent or sibling) have a two to threefold greater risk of disease, and this group accounts for about 20% of all cases. A number of genetic syndromes are also associated with higher rates of colorectal cancer. The most common of these is 1737:

Colorectal cancer patients have a 51% higher risk of experiencing depression than individuals without the disease. Additionally, CRC patients are at high risk of experiencing severe anxiety, low self-esteem, poor self-concept, and social anxiety.

1354:

appears as good as standard colonoscopy for detecting cancers and large adenomas but is expensive, associated with radiation exposure, and cannot remove any detected abnormal growths as standard colonoscopy can. Stool DNA screening test looks for

1214:

Lifestyle risk factors with strong evidence include lack of exercise, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and obesity. The risk of colon cancer can be reduced by maintaining a normal body weight through a combination of sufficient exercise and eating a

6980:

Biswas A, Oh PI, Faulkner GE, Bajaj RR, Silver MA, Mitchell MS, et al. (January 2015). "Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

6843:

Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, Batterham A, George K, Cable NT, Reilly T, et al. (September 2009). "Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (2): a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with leisure-time physical activity".

1550:

node sampling is identified. It is also known that the people who carry abnormalities of the mismatch repair genes do not benefit from chemotherapy. For Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer, chemotherapy is an integral part of treatment.

5150:

Rubin H (March 2011). "Fields and field cancerization: the preneoplastic origins of cancer: asymptomatic hyperplastic fields are precursors of neoplasia, and their progression to tumors can be tracked by saturation density in culture".

10692:

Restivo A, Zorcolo L, D'Alia G, Cocco F, Cossu A, Scintu F, et al. (February 2016). "Risk of complications and long-term functional alterations after local excision of rectal tumors with transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM)".

10736:

Bregendahl S, Emmertsen KJ, Lindegaard JC, Laurberg S (January 2015). "Urinary and sexual dysfunction in women after resection with and without preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer: a population-based cross-sectional study".

1693:

On the other hand, in a prospective phase 2 study published in June 2022 in The New England Journal of Medicine, 12 patients with Deficient Mismatch Repair (dMMR) stage II or III rectal adenocarcinoma were administered single-agent

1049:, for sporadic cancers in general, a deficiency in DNA repair is occasionally due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene, but is much more frequently due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. 1222:

Current research consistently links eating more red meat and processed meat to a higher risk of the disease. Starting in the 1970s, dietary recommendations to prevent colorectal cancer often included increasing the consumption of

950:, error detecting and correcting). Consequently, a deficiency in MMR proteins may lead to an inability to detect and repair genetic damage, allowing for further cancer-causing mutations to occur and colorectal cancer to progress. 4082:

Bourdais R, Rousseau B, Pujals A, Boussion H, Joly C, Guillemin A, et al. (May 2017). "Polymerase proofreading domain mutations: New opportunities for immunotherapy in hypermutated colorectal cancer beyond MMR deficiency".

946:). 15 to 18 percent of colorectal cancer tumours have MMR deficiencies, with 3 percent developing due to Lynch syndrome. The role of the mismatch repair system is to protect the integrity of the genetic material within cells ( 1753:

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Transitioning into palliative care and contending with mortality can be a deeply distressing experience for a CRC patient and their loved ones.

6887:

Robsahm TE, Aagnes B, Hjartåker A, Langseth H, Bray FI, Larsen IK (November 2013). "Body mass index, physical activity, and colorectal cancer by anatomical subsites: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies".

1836:

For people who have undergone curative surgery or adjuvant therapy (or both) to treat non-metastatic colorectal cancer, intense surveillance and close follow-up have not been shown to provide additional survival benefits.

6933:"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013" 11543: 11520: 6093:"Colon, Rectosigmoid, and Rectum Equivalent Terms and Definitions C180-C189, C199, C209, (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) – Colon Solid Tumor Rules 2018. July 2019 Update" 1911:

I cancers, 12% in stage II and 33% in stage III. However, depending on the number of risk factors it ranges from 9–22% in stage II and 17–44% in stage III. The average five-year recurrence rate in people with

1715:

In people with incurable colorectal cancer, palliative care can consist of procedures that relieve symptoms or complications from the cancer but do not attempt to cure the underlying cancer, thereby improving

2062:. It is more common in developed than developing countries. Global incidence varies 10-fold, with highest rates in Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the US and lowest rates in Africa and South-Central Asia. 6005:

Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (April 2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls".

1081:

Colorectal cancer diagnosis is performed by sampling of areas of the colon suspicious for possible tumor development, typically during colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, depending on the location of the lesion.

1239:

stated that "There is no reliable evidence that a diet started in adulthood that is low in fat and meat and high in fiber, fruits, and vegetables reduces the risk of CRC by a clinically important degree."

9836:"Impact of non-pharmacological interventions on quality of life, anxiety, and depression scores in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 7777:"Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies" 5962:

Awiwi MO, Kaur H, Ernst R, Rauch GM, Morani AC, Stanietzky N, et al. (2023). "Restaging MRI of Rectal Adenocarcinoma after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy: Imaging Findings and Potential Pitfalls".

1712:

Involvement of palliative care may be beneficial to improve the quality of life for both the person and his or her family, by improving symptoms, anxiety and preventing admissions to the hospital.

9276: 1927:

The recurrence rates have decreased over the past decades as a result of improvements in the colorectal cancer management. The risk of recurrence after five years of surveillance remain very low.

2589:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1343:

Bowel Cancer Screening Programme could make better use of the test's ability to provide the exact concentration of blood in faeces (rather than only whether it is above or below a cutoff level).

3776:

Triantafillidis JK, Nasioulas G, Kosmidis PA (July 2009). "Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies".

2126:

Risk factors associated with EOCC are akin to those of all colorectal cancer cases. Observed cohort-effects are likely the product of generational shifts in lifestyle and environmental factors.

2050:

As of 2012, it is the second most common cause of cancer in women (9.2% of diagnoses) and the third most common in men (10.0%) with it being the fourth most common cause of cancer death after

1644:

is not required. However, it may not be possible in low lying tumors, in which case, a permanent colostomy may be required. Stage IV rectal cancer is treated similar to Stage IV colon cancer.

3949:

Möslein G, Pistorius S, Saeger HD, Schackert HK (March 2003). "Preventive surgery for colon cancer in familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome".

1407:

In Canada, among those 50 to 75 years old at normal risk, fecal immunochemical testing or FOBT is recommended every two years or sigmoidoscopy every 10 years. Colonoscopy is less preferred.

8348:

McCarthy K, Pearson K, Fulton R, Hewitt J, et al. (Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Group) (December 2012). "Pre-operative chemoradiation for non-metastatic locally advanced rectal cancer".

1383:

recommends starting at the age of 45. For those between 76 and 85 years old, the decision to screen should be individualized. For those at high risk, screenings usually begin at around 40.

590:) are at increased risk of colon cancer. The risk increases the longer a person has the disease, and the worse the severity of inflammation. In these high risk groups, both prevention with 1371:. FIT-DNA has more false positives than FIT and thus results in more adverse effects. Further study is required as of 2016 to determine whether a three-year screening interval is correct. 654:

Most deaths due to colon cancer are associated with metastatic disease. A gene that appears to contribute to the potential for metastatic disease, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (

1569:

increases life expectancy. If the lymph nodes do not contain cancer, the benefits of chemotherapy are controversial. If the cancer is widely metastatic or unresectable, treatment is then

10657:

Drageset S, Lindstrøm TC, Underlid K (April 2016). ""I just have to move on": Women's coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery".

4118:

Stein U, Walther W, Arlt F, Schwabe H, Smith J, Fichtner I, et al. (January 2009). "MACC1, a newly identified key regulator of HGF-MET signaling, predicts colon cancer metastasis".

7460:

Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, Towler B, Irwig L (June 2008). "Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update".

546:

is considered as a candidate practical marker for the early prediction of an underlying bowel lesion at high risk population. It has been suggested that the presence of antibodies to

4719:

Ryan E, Sheahan K, Creavin B, Mohan HM, Winter DC (August 2017). "The current value of determining the mismatch repair status of colorectal cancer: A rationale for routine testing".

1772:

implemented. Though deemed less effective, these non-face-to-face interventions are economically inclusive and have been found to reduce both depression and anxiety in CRC patients.

718:

that increases signaling activity. The Wnt signaling pathway normally plays an important role for normal function of these cells including maintaining this lining. Mutations can be

4316:

Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M (June 1993). "Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis".

11684: 6178:

Whiteside G, Munglani R (September 1998). "TUNEL, Hoechst and immunohistochemistry triple-labelling: an improved method for detection of apoptosis in tissue sections--an update".

488:

are high-risk symptoms in people over the age of 50. Weight loss and changes in a person's bowel habit are typically only concerning if they are associated with rectal bleeding.

6567:

prospective studies needs to be better understood; dietary fibre is complex and heterogeneous, and the relation with colorectal cancer could differ by dietary source. (p. 127)

1038:

to be involved in the development of colorectal cancer. These findings may suggest a reason for age being associated with the increased risk of developing colorectal cancer.

2437: 12542: 2087:

One in 19 men and one in 28 women in Australia will develop colorectal cancer before the age of 75; one in 10 men and one in 15 women will develop it by 85 years of age.

1881:

Fewer than 600 genes are linked to outcomes in colorectal cancer. These include both unfavorable genes, where high expression is related to poor outcome, for example the

1428:

are present), this is less likely and treatment is often directed at palliation, to relieve symptoms caused by the tumour and keep the person as comfortable as possible.

603:

get colorectal cancer after 10 years, 8% after 20 years, and 18% after 30 years. In people who have ulcerative colitis, approximately 16% develop either a

4756:"Assessing colorectal cancer mismatch repair status in the modern era: a survey of current practices and re-evaluation of the role of microsatellite instability testing" 1197:

which considers how much the initial tumor has spread and the presence of metastases in lymph nodes and more distant organs. The AJCC 8th edition was published in 2018.

3535:

Jans C, Meile L, Lacroix C, Stevens MJ (July 2015). "Genomics, evolution, and molecular epidemiology of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC)".

1593:. The drugs capecitabine and fluorouracil are interchangeable, with capecitabine being an oral medication and fluorouracil being an intravenous medicine. Some specific 1041:

Epigenetic reductions of DNA repair enzyme expression may likely lead to the genomic and epigenomic instability characteristic of cancer. As summarized in the articles

13583: 1690:

is approved for advanced CRC tumours that are MMR deficient and have failed usual treatments. Most people who do improve, however, still worsen after months or years.

670:, and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. MACC1 may be a potential target for cancer intervention, but this possibility needs to be confirmed with clinical studies. 623:(HNPCC, or Lynch syndrome) which is present in about 3% of people with colorectal cancer. Other syndromes that are strongly associated with colorectal cancer include 2587:

Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

1636:

The primary difference in the approach to low stage rectal cancer is the incorporation of radiation therapy. Often, it is used in conjunction with chemotherapy in a

1546:

may be used in addition to surgery in certain cases. The decision to add chemotherapy in management of colon and rectal cancer depends on the stage of the disease.

977: 1424:

patient is suitable for surgery or not. When colorectal cancer is caught early, surgery can be curative. However, when it is detected at later stages (for which

920:. The common theme among these genes, across both tumor types, is their involvement in Wnt and TGF-β signaling pathways, which results in increased activity of 13613: 7824: 10927:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010" 11562: 10177:"Physical activity interventions for disease-related physical and mental health during and following treatment in people with non-advanced colorectal cancer" 2096:

people are most likely to developed colorectal cancer every year, which is unlike lung or breast cancer, where for the latter alone is 24 in 100,000 women.

840:

are expressed in colorectal cancer, with just over 1% of having increased expression in colorectal cancer compared to other forms of cancer. Some genes are

13020: 9254: 2532: 11131: 6607:"Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Risk and Interactions with Microbiota: Fiber, Red or Processed Meat and Alcoholic Drinks" 1262:

is associated with a modest reduction in colon but not rectal cancer risk. High levels of physical activity reduce the risk of colon cancer by about 21%.

11720: 9280: 8807:"Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial" 1920:

cancers, 8% for stage I cancers, 18% in stage II and 34% in stage III. Depending on the number of risk factors (0-2) the risk for distant metastasis in

10614:

Xu Z, Becerra AZ, Fleming FJ, Aquina CT, Dolan JG, Monson JR, et al. (October 2019). "Treatments for Stage IV Colon Cancer and Overall Survival".

3230: 7108:"Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 1889:. The prognosis is also correlated with a poor fidelity of the pre-mRNA splicing apparatus, and thus a high number of deviating alternative splicing. 5447: 1507:

may be used before surgery to shrink the cancer before attempting to remove it. The two most common sites of recurrence of colorectal cancer are the

1266:

regularly for prolonged periods is associated with higher mortality from colon cancer. Regular exercise does not negate the risk but does lower it.

12224: 8712:"Prophylactic HIPEC with oxaliplatin might be of benefit in T4 and perforated colon cancer: another possible interpretation of the COLOPEC results" 4221: 1800:

blood level measurements follow the same timing, but are only advised for people with T2 or greater lesions who are candidates for intervention. A

322:, weight loss, abdominal pain and fatigue. Most colorectal cancers are due to lifestyle factors and genetic disorders. Risk factors include diet, 2199: 2047:

Globally more than 1 million people get colorectal cancer every year resulting in about 715,000 deaths as of 2010 up from 490,000 in 1990.

829:). TGF-β has a deactivating mutation in at least half of colorectal cancers. Sometimes TGF-β is not deactivated, but a downstream protein named 496:

75–95% of colorectal cancer cases occur in people with little or no genetic risk. Risk factors include older age, male sex, high intake of fat,

13576: 5431: 8107: 7740: 3585:"The association of Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus with colorectal tumors: the nature and the underlying mechanisms of its etiological role" 2301:

The Colorectal Cancer Atlas integrating genomic and proteomic data pertaining to colorectal cancer tissues and cell lines have been developed.

1961:

and surgery was 90% for stage 0, 86% for stage I, 78% for stage II, and 67% for stage III according to a nationwide, population-based study.

7302: 2350: 13251: 11819: 9961: 9617:"Mental health outcomes during colorectal cancer survivorship: a review of the literature: Mental health in colorectal cancer survivorship" 9126:"Single cell dynamics of tumor specificity vs bystander activity in CD8+ T cells define the diverse immune landscapes in colorectal cancer" 8805:

Arjona-Sánchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutiérrez-Calvo A, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pérez-Viejo E, Concepción-Martín V, et al. (April 2023).

6049:

Kang H, O'Connell JB, Leonardi MJ, Maggard MA, McGory ML, Ko CY (February 2007). "Rare tumors of the colon and rectum: a national review".

4667:"High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma: a brief review of predictive biomarkers in the era of personalized medicine" 3734:

Hu T, Li LF, Shen J, Zhang L, Cho CH (2015). "Chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor".

2938:"The value of using the faecal immunochemical test in general practice on patients presenting with non-alarm symptoms of colorectal cancer" 1573:. Typically in this setting, a number of different chemotherapy medications may be used. Chemotherapy drugs for this condition may include 1113:

may be used in certain cases. MRI is particularly useful to determine local stage of the tumor and to plan the optimal surgical approach.

13906: 13777: 6335: 6304: 2922: 1193:

of the cancer is based on both radiological and pathological findings. As with most other forms of cancer, tumor staging is based on the

1146: 13127: 8206:

Stein A, Atanackovic D, Bokemeyer C (September 2011). "Current standards and new trends in the primary treatment of colorectal cancer".

2688: 1328:

where 42% of cancers are found. Flexible sigmoidoscopy, however, has the best evidence for decreasing the risk of death from any cause.

11858: 9430:"Effect of psychosocial interventions on the quality of life of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6752:

report from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research in 2017 concludes that there is probable evidence

410:

decrease the risk of pain during polyp excision. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.

13569: 13276: 1652: 1523: 1496:, depending on factors related to the individual person and lesion factors. The colon may then be reconnected or a person may have a 1404:

potential strategies for screening, with the most important thing being that at least one of these strategies is appropriately used.

943: 620: 6547: 6515: 6105: 4981: 4964: 2877: 2767: 2396: 1655:

combined with cytoreductive surgery, in some people. Also, T4 colorectal cancer can be treated with HIPEC to avoid future relapses.

13784: 13013: 10926: 7835: 7650:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians" 3496:"Clinical Importance of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection among colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis" 2840:"Routine aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the primary prevention of colorectal cancer: recommendation statement" 1400: 7413:"Reanalysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening" 3363:"Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy" 2429: 13501: 11713: 11327:

Unanue-Arza S, Solís-Ibinagagoitia M, Díaz-Seoane M, Mosquera-Metcalfe I, Idigoras I, Bilbao I, et al. (December 12, 2020).

11000: 7152: 2565: 13710: 13633: 13361: 8413:"Risk of recurrence in patients with colon cancer stage II and III: a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature" 7067:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the comparative effectiveness of aspirin vs. screening for colorectal cancer prevention" 3451:

Valtin H (November 2002). ""Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"?".

12086: 11161: 10522: 8865: 6559: 6527: 6329: 6298: 3710: 2916: 2889: 2408: 2205: 1785: 1781: 407: 359: 13046: 11998: 11738: 1436: 13911: 13801: 11329:"Inequalities and risk factors related to non-participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review" 10277:"Recurrence Risk After Up-to-Date Colon Cancer Staging, Surgery, and Pathology: Analysis of the Entire Swedish Population" 8172: 7552: 7259:

Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E, Haug U, Arndt V, Brenner H (2011). "Meta-analysis: Serum vitamin D and colorectal adenoma risk".

1476:(or proctocolectomy for rectal lesions) where the affected part of the colon or rectum is removed along with parts of its 13550: 13506: 13006: 11574: 7745: 6127: 4608:

Muzny DM, Bainbridge MN, Chang K, Dinh HH, Drummond JA, Fowler G, et al. (Cancer Genome Atlas Network) (July 2012).

2859: 1313:, and thus prevent them from turning into cancer. Screening has the potential to reduce colorectal cancer deaths by 60%. 11689: 9671:"Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Colorectal Cancer Screening and Treatment: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda" 2641:"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries" 1977: 1129:

Relative incidence of various histopathological types of colorectal cancer. The vast majority of colorectal cancers are

1052:

Epigenetic alterations involved in the development of colorectal cancer may affect a person's response to chemotherapy.

997:

However, as pointed out by Rubin, "The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors

13767: 12299: 11706: 10880:"A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of the experience of living with colorectal cancer as a chronic illness" 8292:"Long-term prognosis after treatment for T1 carcinoma of laterally spreading tumors: a multicenter retrospective study" 8077: 1846:

differences may reflect differences in tumour biology and the expression of biomarkers. People with tumors that lacked

1557:

or distant organs, which is the case with Stage III and Stage IV colon cancer respectively, adding chemotherapy agents

438:

10% of all cases. In 2018, there were 1.09 million new cases and 551,000 deaths from the disease. It is more common in

10382:"Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study" 8063: 6402:"Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?" 13794: 13727: 13722: 13663: 13658: 13113: 12971: 12818: 6808:

Pérez-Cueto FJ, Verbeke W (April 2012). "Consumer implications of the WCRF's permanent update on colorectal cancer".

6352: 1746:

Regardless of treatment outcome, many CRC patients experience ongoing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and distress.

7839: 6500: 2272:) may be protective against the development and progression of colorectal cancer through several mechanisms such as 1460:

At an early stage, colorectal cancer may be removed during a colonoscopy using one of several techniques, including

13409: 12716: 11050: 10879: 9089:

Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".

6579: 1618: 1465: 8986:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of stereotactic body radiation therapy for colorectal pulmonary metastases" 13841: 13678: 13653: 12857: 12469: 12452: 11957: 11952: 11829: 9789:"Effect of psychosocial interventions on outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer: A review of the literature" 3177:

Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, Lynch HT, Minsky B, Nordlinger B, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer".

3092: 2524: 631:(FAP). For people with these syndromes, cancer almost always occurs and makes up 1% of the cancer cases. A total 315: 9250: 7598:"Faecal immunochemical testing in bowel cancer screening: Estimating outcomes for different diagnostic policies" 1444: 13772: 13742: 13693: 13688: 13643: 13628: 13511: 13314: 13271: 13242: 12711: 12667: 12561: 12383: 11982: 11123: 8386: 6400:

Chaplin A, Rodriguez RM, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Ochogavía-Seguí A, Romaguera D, Barceló-Coblijn G (October 2022).

4253:"Signal transduction pathway mutations in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1025:"passenger" mutations. The oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are well studied and are described above under 628: 550:

antigens or the antigens themselves in the bloodstream may act as markers for the carcinogenesis in the colon.

355: 7866:"Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale-Update based on new evidence" 4802:"The molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer and its potential application to colorectal cancer screening" 3855:

Juhn E, Khachemoune A (2010). "Gardner syndrome: skin manifestations, differential diagnosis and management".

3412:"Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose-response meta-analysis of published studies" 1869:

may explain the loss of p27 and excess energy balance may up-regulate p27 to stop cancer cells from dividing.

991:" have been used to describe pre-malignant or pre-neoplastic tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise. 13816: 13648: 13222: 12922: 12768: 11022:

Merika E, Saif MW, Katz A, Syrigos K, Syrigos C, Morse M (2010). "Review. Colon cancer vaccines: an update".

10327:"Risk Factors for Recurrence After Surgery for Rectal Cancer in a Modern, Nationwide Population-Based Cohort" 7701:"Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society" 4251:

Tabibzadeh A, Tameshkel FS, Moradi Y, Soltani S, Moradi-Lakeh M, Ashrafi GH, et al. (October 30, 2020).

889: 821:

Other proteins responsible for programmed cell death that are commonly deactivated in colorectal cancers are

9983:"Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline" 5879:"Chromatin state dynamics confers specific therapeutic strategies in enhancer subtypes of colorectal cancer" 4479:

Mehlen P, Fearon ER (August 2004). "Role of the dependence receptor DCC in colorectal cancer pathogenesis".

3224:"Colorectal Cancer 2011 Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" 3223: 13846: 13757: 13668: 13540: 13214: 13037: 12677: 12196: 11804: 10439:"Incidence of late recurrence and second primary cancers 5-10 years after non-metastatic colorectal cancer" 9175: 2118:

same time period. Despite these increases, the mortality rate for colorectal cancer has remained the same.

1814: 1461: 1391: 1106: 826: 711: 17: 13811: 10782:"Figuring out sex in a reconfigured body: experiences of female colorectal cancer survivors with ostomies" 10073:"Effects and potential mechanisms of exercise training on cancer progression: a translational perspective" 9304:"What is the evidence that palliative care teams improve outcomes for cancer patients and their families?" 7956:"Time to benefit for colorectal cancer screening: survival meta-analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy trials" 5444: 5369:"Etiologic field effect: reappraisal of the field effect concept in cancer predisposition and progression" 4965:"Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin" 4367:

Chakravarthi S, Krishnan B, Madhavan M (1999). "Apoptosis and expression of p53 in colorectal neoplasms".

1331:

Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) of the stool is typically recommended every two years and can be either

478:

in someone over 50 years old. Around 50% of people who have colorectal cancer do not report any symptoms.

13737: 13700: 13683: 13480: 13256: 13232: 11891: 7372:"Trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates in the United States by tumor location and stage, 1992-2008" 7220:"Association between vitamin D and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review of prospective studies" 1137: 637: 553: 11488: 2159: 1065:

consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs) and EpiCs could significantly enhance current treatment strategies.

13901: 13859: 13821: 13717: 13496: 13237: 13218: 13091: 12257: 12186: 11787: 11270:

Vuik FE, Nieuwenburg SA, Bardou M, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Bento MJ, et al. (2019).

2316: 1683: 1248: 735: 579: 530: 343: 11105: 11061: 8241:

Chiorean EG, Nandakumar G, Fadelu T, Temin S, Alarcon-Rozas AE, Bejarano S, et al. (March 2020).

2726:

Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Davidson KW, Epling JW, García FA, et al. (June 2016).

1325: 13806: 13404: 13333: 13029: 12530: 12486: 12439: 12245: 11863: 11667: 11648: 10992: 8006:

Bacchus CM, Dunfield L, Gorber SC, Holmes NM, Birtwhistle R, Dickinson JA, et al. (March 2016).

6100: 1648: 1516: 1243:

Consuming alcoholic drinks and consuming processed meat both increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

1236: 1102: 896:. Progressing through a distinct set of genetic events, hypermutated tumors display mutated forms of 10381: 7750: 6122: 5828:

Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, de Reyniès A, Schlicker A, Soneson C, et al. (November 2015).

666:. This gene is associated with the proliferation, invasion, and scattering of colon cancer cells in 13916: 13836: 13747: 13705: 13673: 13623: 13356: 13210: 12876: 12556: 12191: 12149: 11962: 11837: 11824: 11794: 11765: 11082: 9277:"ASCO Provisional Clinical Opinion: The Integration of Palliative Care into Standard Oncology Care" 7505:"Accuracy of fecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis" 6213: 5194:

Tsao JL, Yatabe Y, Salovaara R, Järvinen HJ, Mecklin JP, Aaltonen LA, et al. (February 2000).

3632: 1898: 1797: 1682:

with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been found to be useful for a type of colorectal cancer with

988: 752: 663: 10589: 10226:"Deviating alternative splicing as a molecular subtype of microsatellite stable colorectal cancer" 9981:

Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR, Flynn PJ, Krause C, Loprinzi CL, et al. (November 2005).

8099: 7294: 6240:"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010" 2342: 1617:

are often added in first line therapy. Another class of drugs used in the second line setting are

13826: 13789: 13762: 13752: 13545: 13294: 13063: 12801: 12578: 12319: 12111: 11770: 10123:

Ballard-Barbash R, Friedenreich CM, Courneya KS, Siddiqi SM, McTiernan A, Alfano CM (June 2012).

7149:"Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for the Primary Prevention of Colorectal Cancer" 2296: 1936: 1818: 1380: 1251:

listed the benefit of fiber for prevention of colorectal cancer as "probable" as of 2017. A 2022

1169: 1164:, constituting between 95% and 98% of all cases of colorectal cancer. Other, rarer types include 434: 254: 10878:

McGeechan GJ, Byrnes K, Campbell M, Carthy N, Eberhardt J, Paton W, et al. (January 2021).

10831:"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) testing in colorectal cancer follow up: what do patients think?" 9950: 6554:. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 124–133. 6522:. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 432–435. 5367:

Lochhead P, Chan AT, Nishihara R, Fuchs CS, Beck AH, Giovannucci E, et al. (January 2015).

2403:. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 392–402. 1885:, and favorable genes where high expression is associated with better survival, for example the 1379:

In the United States, screening is typically recommended between ages 50 and 75 years. The

869:, a tumor suppressor, normally inhibits PI3K, but can sometimes become mutated and deactivated. 538:

complex are consumed by millions of people daily and thus may be safe. 25 to 80% of people with

13831: 13638: 13618: 13608: 13386: 13174: 13136: 12881: 12605: 12588: 11972: 11848: 11799: 11760: 11730: 8855: 7915:"Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians" 7648:

Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA, Hicks LA, Wilt TJ, Forciea MA, et al. (November 2019).

5779:"Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer" 1851: 1321: 1010: 644: 616: 38: 11614: 10125:"Physical activity, biomarkers, and disease outcomes in cancer survivors: a systematic review" 9558:"Colorectal Cancer and Onset of Anxiety and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 6319: 6288: 3410:

Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, et al. (September 2011).

3039:"Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review" 2906: 2884:. the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. pp. 16–53. 13246: 12813: 12732: 12721: 12682: 12610: 11913: 9193:

Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, Weiss J, Shia J, Lamendola-Essel M, et al. (June 2022).

8243:"Treatment of Patients With Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Resource-Stratified Guideline" 7913:

Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH, Humphrey LL, Levine J, Sweet DE, et al. (March 2012).

7596:

Li SJ, Sharples LD, Benton SC, Blyuss O, Mathews C, Sasieni P, et al. (September 2021).

7065:

Emilsson L, Holme Ø, Bretthauer M, Cook NR, Buring JE, Løberg M, et al. (January 2017).

5102:

Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, et al. (July 2010).

2990:"The diagnostic value of symptoms for colorectal cancer in primary care: a systematic review" 2728:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 2079:

In the UK about 41,000 people a year get colon cancer making it the fourth most common type.

1866: 1709:

is recommended for any person who has advanced colon cancer or who has significant symptoms.

1519: 779: 715: 13561: 11272:"Increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in young adults in Europe over the last 25 years" 10478:

Zacharakis M, Xynos ID, Lazaris A, Smaro T, Kosmas C, Dokou A, et al. (February 2010).

9729:"Stigma, perceived blame, self-blame, and depressive symptoms in men with colorectal cancer" 9176:"FDA grants accelerated approval to pembrolizumab for first tissue/site agnostic indication" 8804: 8522:"Antiangiogenic Agents in First-Line and Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer" 7931: 7914: 7699:

Wolf AM, Fontham ET, Church TR, Flowers CR, Guerra CE, LaMonte SJ, et al. (July 2018).

6931:

Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, et al. (August 2016).

1924:

ranges from 4-11% in stage 0, 6-12% in stage I, 11-28% in stage II and 15-43% in stage III.

425:. Cancers that are confined within the wall of the colon may be curable with surgery, while 13391: 12852: 12796: 12617: 12513: 12096: 12091: 11925: 11843: 11809: 7024:

Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, Papaioannou D, Booth A, Logan RF, et al. (June 2010).

5269: 5207: 4621: 4325: 4264: 3544: 2257: 1855: 1830: 1826: 1793: 1594: 1185: 1173: 1125: 11326: 10925:

Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).

9727:

Phelan SM, Griffin JM, Jackson GL, Zafar SY, Hellerstedt W, Stahre M, et al. (2013).

3636: 3627: 8: 12946: 12756: 12649: 12632: 12593: 12566: 12518: 12361: 12338: 12331: 12280: 12252: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12081: 11698: 11547: 10276: 9496:"Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Literature Review" 8290:

Yamashita K, Oka S, Tanaka S, Nagata S, Kuwai T, Furudoi A, et al. (March 1, 2019).

7171:"Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps" 6664:"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" 6451:

Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K (August 2016).

6092: 4519:

Uhlen M, Zhang C, Lee S, Sjöstedt E, Fagerberg L, Bidkhori G, et al. (August 2017).

4170:

Schuebel KE, Chen W, Cope L, Glöckner SC, Suzuki H, Yi JM, et al. (September 2007).

3249:"Hidden in Plain Sight — Reconsidering the Use of Race Correction in Clinical Algorithms" 1958: 1917: 1801: 1481: 1347: 930:(MMR) deficient tumours are characterized by a relatively high amount of poly-nucleotide 927: 833:

is deactivated. DCC commonly has a deleted segment of a chromosome in colorectal cancer.

10961: 10414: 10357: 10326: 9924: 9889: 9152: 9125: 8884:

Feeney G, Sehgal R, Sheehan M, Hogan A, Regan M, Joyce M, et al. (September 2019).

8831: 8806: 5273: 5211: 5138: 4625: 4329: 4268: 3548: 2235:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

1452: 844:: they are overexpressed in colorectal cancer. For example, genes encoding the proteins 13451: 13433: 13373: 13202: 13198: 12958: 12823: 12806: 12791: 12778: 12761: 12627: 12262: 12154: 12126: 12060: 11886: 11782: 11747: 11567: 11461: 11434: 11410: 11385: 11361: 11328: 11304: 11271: 11236: 11201: 10996: 10974: 10907: 10855: 10830: 10806: 10781: 10780:

Ramirez M, McMullen C, Grant M, Altschuler A, Hornbrook MC, Krouse RS (December 2009).

10762: 10718: 10639: 10566: 10539: 10511: 10304: 10201: 10176: 10149: 10124: 10097: 10072: 10048: 10023: 9761: 9728: 9641: 9616: 9592: 9557: 9530: 9495: 9464: 9429: 9333: 9232: 9219: 9194: 9063: 9036: 9012: 8985: 8961: 8936: 8912: 8885: 8787: 8687: 8662: 8638: 8613: 8589: 8562: 8538: 8521: 8327: 8267: 8242: 8188: 8149: 8122: 8032: 8007: 7980: 7955: 7895: 7864:

Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, Bond J, Burt R, Ferrucci J, et al. (February 2003).

7801: 7776: 7676: 7649: 7622: 7597: 7568: 7529: 7504: 7485: 7437: 7412: 7195: 7170: 7148: 7006: 6957: 6932: 6913: 6869: 6790: 6737: 6712: 6693: 6639: 6606: 6477: 6452: 6428: 6401: 6264: 6239: 6074: 6031: 5987: 5937: 5916: 5903: 5878: 5854: 5829: 5805: 5778: 5752: 5729: 5704: 5598: 5573: 5542: 5517: 5490: 5465: 5425: 5393: 5368: 5344: 5317: 5290: 5257: 5256:

Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).

5176: 5124: 5104:"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer" 5103: 5079: 5054: 4994: 4940: 4907: 4888: 4826: 4801: 4691: 4666: 4642: 4609: 4585: 4456: 4431: 4400: 4387: 4349: 4293: 4252: 4198: 4171: 4143: 4059: 4034: 3974: 3926: 3899: 3880: 3832: 3807: 3675: 3611: 3584: 3476: 3387: 3362: 3338: 3286: 3202: 3120: 3065: 3038: 3014: 2989: 2962: 2937: 2821: 2670: 2613: 2588: 2557: 2488: 2479: 2463: 2311: 1317: 1302: 1194: 814:. Sometimes the gene encoding p53 is not mutated, but another protective protein named 719: 587: 583: 351: 347: 177: 109: 13732: 11556: 11552: 11202:"The Role of Diet and Lifestyle in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review" 11062:"GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10" 10942: 9102: 8678: 8579: 8219: 6680: 6663: 6191: 6164: 4560:

Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW (August 2004). "Cancer genes and the pathways they control".

3747: 3693:

Jawad N, Direkze N, Leedham SJ (2011). "Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer".

3650:

Arthur JC (June 2020). "Microbiota and colorectal cancer: colibactin makes its mark".

3378: 3190: 2793: 2604: 13518: 13470: 13461: 13086: 13055: 12936: 12917: 12290: 11585: 11466: 11415: 11366: 11348: 11309: 11291: 11241: 11223: 11200:

Puzzono M, Mannucci A, Grannò S, Zuppardo RA, Galli A, Danese S, et al. (2021).

11178:

Cancer in Papua New Guinea: an Overview, 2016. Cancer series No. 176. Cat. No. CAN 88

11157: 11031: 10966: 10951: 10911: 10899: 10860: 10811: 10754: 10710: 10674: 10643: 10631: 10571: 10518: 10491: 10460: 10419: 10401: 10362: 10344: 10296: 10257: 10206: 10154: 10102: 10053: 10004: 9929: 9911: 9890:"Risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis" 9863: 9855: 9816: 9808: 9766: 9748: 9698: 9690: 9646: 9597: 9579: 9535: 9517: 9469: 9451: 9403: 9368: 9325: 9236: 9224: 9157: 9106: 9068: 9017: 8966: 8917: 8861: 8836: 8779: 8743: 8692: 8643: 8594: 8543: 8502: 8461: 8434: 8365: 8319: 8311: 8272: 8223: 8192: 8154: 8037: 7985: 7936: 7887: 7806: 7722: 7681: 7627: 7572: 7534: 7477: 7473: 7442: 7393: 7352: 7276: 7241: 7200: 7129: 7088: 7047: 6998: 6962: 6905: 6861: 6857: 6825: 6794: 6782: 6742: 6685: 6644: 6626: 6555: 6523: 6482: 6433: 6325: 6294: 6269: 6195: 6066: 6035: 6023: 5991: 5979: 5920: 5908: 5877:

Orouji E, Raman AT, Singh AK, Sorokin A, Arslan E, Ghosh AK, et al. (May 2021).

5859: 5810: 5734: 5685: 5644: 5603: 5547: 5495: 5481: 5398: 5349: 5295: 5235: 5230: 5195: 5168: 5129: 5084: 5035: 4986: 4945: 4927: 4880: 4872: 4867: 4850: 4831: 4777: 4736: 4732: 4696: 4647: 4589: 4577: 4542: 4496: 4461: 4405: 4341: 4298: 4280: 4203: 4135: 4100: 4096: 4064: 4015: 3966: 3931: 3872: 3868: 3837: 3785: 3751: 3716: 3706: 3679: 3667: 3616: 3560: 3517: 3468: 3433: 3392: 3343: 3325: 3290: 3278: 3270: 3194: 3112: 3070: 3019: 2967: 2912: 2885: 2851: 2813: 2749: 2662: 2618: 2493: 2404: 1948: 1503:

If there are only a few metastases in the liver or lungs, these may also be removed.

1386:

Several screening methods are recommended including stool-based tests every 2 years,

1332: 1259: 953:

The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer

521: 439: 414: 327: 229: 187: 172: 91: 10766: 10722: 10308: 9670: 9337: 8791: 8331: 7899: 7489: 6917: 6697: 6078: 5180: 4892: 3978: 3884: 3635: by Ahmed S Abdulamir, Rand R Hafidh, and Fatimah Abu Bakar available under the 3305: 3206: 2825: 2674: 2464:"Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer" 13319: 13193: 13108: 13096: 12983: 12903: 12898: 12888: 12750: 12622: 12550: 12368: 12275: 12270: 12200: 12159: 11967: 11932: 11456: 11446: 11405: 11397: 11356: 11340: 11299: 11283: 11231: 11213: 11051:"Colorectal Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide in 2008 – Summary" 10978: 10956: 10946: 10938: 10891: 10850: 10842: 10801: 10793: 10746: 10702: 10666: 10623: 10561: 10551: 10450: 10409: 10393: 10352: 10334: 10288: 10247: 10237: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10144: 10136: 10092: 10084: 10043: 10039: 10035: 9994: 9919: 9901: 9847: 9800: 9756: 9740: 9682: 9636: 9628: 9587: 9569: 9525: 9507: 9459: 9441: 9395: 9360: 9315: 9214: 9206: 9147: 9137: 9098: 9058: 9048: 9007: 8997: 8956: 8948: 8907: 8897: 8826: 8818: 8771: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8711: 8682: 8674: 8633: 8625: 8584: 8574: 8533: 8492: 8424: 8361: 8357: 8303: 8262: 8254: 8215: 8180: 8144: 8134: 8027: 8019: 7975: 7967: 7926: 7877: 7796: 7788: 7712: 7671: 7661: 7617: 7609: 7560: 7524: 7516: 7469: 7432: 7424: 7383: 7344: 7336: 7268: 7231: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7119: 7078: 7037: 7010: 6990: 6952: 6944: 6897: 6873: 6853: 6817: 6774: 6732: 6724: 6675: 6634: 6618: 6472: 6464: 6423: 6413: 6259: 6251: 6187: 6160: 6058: 6015: 5971: 5898: 5890: 5849: 5841: 5800: 5790: 5724: 5716: 5675: 5634: 5593: 5585: 5537: 5529: 5485: 5477: 5388: 5380: 5339: 5329: 5285: 5277: 5225: 5215: 5160: 5119: 5111: 5074: 5066: 5025: 4998: 4976: 4935: 4919: 4862: 4821: 4813: 4767: 4728: 4686: 4678: 4637: 4629: 4569: 4532: 4488: 4451: 4443: 4395: 4353: 4333: 4288: 4272: 4193: 4183: 4147: 4127: 4092: 4054: 4046: 4005: 3958: 3921: 3911: 3864: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3808:"Strategies for detecting colon cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease" 3743: 3698: 3659: 3606: 3596: 3552: 3507: 3480: 3460: 3423: 3382: 3374: 3333: 3317: 3306:"An Individualized Conditional Survival Calculator for Patients with Rectal Cancer" 3260: 3186: 3124: 3104: 3060: 3050: 3009: 3001: 2957: 2949: 2805: 2739: 2652: 2608: 2600: 2483: 2475: 2187: 1469: 739:

gene, which produces the APC protein. The APC protein prevents the accumulation of

727: 681: 624: 422: 394: 367: 354:. Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include 239: 210: 96: 11625: 10895: 7388: 7371: 6821: 6778: 5639: 5622: 3453:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

1796:

are recommended every 3 to 6 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 5 years.

13885: 13161: 13144: 12941: 12871: 12737: 12672: 12637: 12508: 12373: 12309: 12211: 12130: 12121: 12071: 12011: 11896: 11873: 11679: 10292: 9686: 9386:

Amersi F, Stamos MJ, Ko CY (July 2004). "Palliative care for colorectal cancer".

9364: 9320: 9303: 8663:"Surgical technology and pharmacology of hyperthermic perioperative chemotherapy" 8429: 8412: 7026:"Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation" 6901: 5451: 5070: 4923: 4188: 4172:"Comparing the DNA hypermethylome with gene mutations in human colorectal cancer" 4160:

Stein U (2013) MACC1 – a novel target for solid cancers. Expert Opin Ther Targets

3556: 3321: 3229:. World Cancer Research Fund & American Institute for Cancer Research. 2011. 2639:

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (November 2018).

1940: 1789: 1717: 1706: 1535: 1336: 1252: 934:. This is caused by a deficiency in MMR proteins – which are typically caused by 772: 677: 659: 632: 481: 430: 390: 319: 311: 303: 99: 11642: 11435:"Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer" 10397: 10024:"Follow-up strategies for patients treated for non-metastatic colorectal cancer" 9788: 7272: 6662:

Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J, Winter N, Mete E, Te Morenga L (February 2019).

3702: 78: 13873: 13475: 13438: 13368: 13266: 13206: 13149: 13078: 13068: 12978: 12893: 12447: 12420: 12285: 12220: 12216: 12106: 12076: 11631: 11628: 11287: 10670: 10339: 9851: 9804: 9142: 8822: 7340: 5894: 5200:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4276: 3464: 3304:

Bowles TL, Hu CY, You NY, Skibber JM, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Chang GJ (May 2013).

2936:

Juul JS, Hornung N, Andersen B, Laurberg S, Olesen F, Vedsted P (August 2018).

2905:

Alpers DH, Kalloo AN, Kaplowitz N, Owyang C, Powell DW (2008). Yamada T (ed.).

2055: 1908: 1590: 1232: 1190: 1161: 1152: 1130: 1042: 830: 687: 509: 501: 470:, decrease in stool caliber (thickness), loss of appetite, loss of weight, and 442:, where more than 65% of cases are found. It is less common in women than men. 413:

Treatments used for colorectal cancer may include some combination of surgery,

339: 335: 117: 11590: 10797: 10706: 10627: 10380:

Nors J, Iversen LH, Erichsen R, Gotschalck KA, Andersen CL (January 1, 2024).

10088: 9906: 9574: 9556:

Cheng V, Oveisi N, McTaggart-Cowan H, Loree JM, Murphy RA, De Vera MA (2022).

9446: 9399: 8937:"A Review of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer" 8857:

DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology

8775: 8738: 8307: 6728: 6399: 6062: 5589: 5533: 5384: 4817: 4772: 4755: 4682: 4050: 4010: 3993: 3962: 3663: 2953: 2839: 2809: 1810:

years. For other abnormalities, the colonoscopy can be repeated after 1 year.

1359:

associated with colorectal cancer and precancerous lesions, including altered

13895: 13419: 13101: 12998: 12911: 12864: 12657: 12600: 12583: 12495: 12240: 12067: 11942: 11908: 11853: 11674: 11451: 11386:"Dinosaurs and ancient civilizations: reflections on the treatment of cancer" 11352: 11344: 11295: 11227: 10846: 10405: 10348: 9999: 9982: 9915: 9859: 9835: 9812: 9752: 9694: 9583: 9521: 9455: 9351:

Wasserberg N, Kaufman HS (December 2007). "Palliation of colorectal cancer".

8902: 8497: 8480: 8315: 7613: 7236: 7219: 6630: 4931: 4876: 4284: 3329: 3274: 2277: 2183: 1954: 1687: 1679: 1668: 1472:, with the attempt of achieving a cure. The procedure of choice is a partial 1387: 1310: 931: 791: 595: 382: 196: 192: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11218: 11154:

Cancer in Australia: an Overview, 2014. Cancer series No 90. Cat. No. CAN 88

9195:"PD-1 Blockade in Mismatch Repair–Deficient, Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer" 9002: 8411:

Böckelman C, Engelmann BE, Kaprio T, Hansen TF, Glimelius B (January 2015).

8291: 8085: 7882: 7865: 6378: 5680: 5663: 5281: 4537: 4520: 4492: 3601: 3428: 3411: 3361:

Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT (July 2012).

3055: 13593: 13381: 12786: 12698: 12571: 12474: 12425: 12410: 12405: 12401: 12314: 12139: 12055: 11947: 11937: 11903: 11470: 11419: 11370: 11313: 11245: 11064:. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from 11035: 10970: 10903: 10864: 10815: 10758: 10714: 10678: 10635: 10575: 10495: 10479: 10464: 10423: 10366: 10300: 10261: 10210: 10158: 10106: 10057: 10008: 9933: 9867: 9820: 9770: 9702: 9650: 9601: 9539: 9512: 9473: 9407: 9372: 9329: 9228: 9161: 9110: 9072: 9053: 9021: 8984:

Cao C, Wang D, Tian DH, Wilson-Smith A, Huang J, Rimner A (December 2019).

8970: 8921: 8840: 8783: 8747: 8696: 8647: 8598: 8547: 8506: 8465: 8438: 8369: 8323: 8276: 8227: 8158: 8055: 8041: 7989: 7940: 7891: 7810: 7726: 7685: 7631: 7538: 7481: 7446: 7397: 7356: 7280: 7245: 7204: 7133: 7092: 7051: 7002: 6966: 6909: 6865: 6829: 6786: 6746: 6689: 6648: 6486: 6437: 6273: 6070: 6027: 5983: 5912: 5863: 5814: 5795: 5738: 5689: 5648: 5607: 5551: 5499: 5402: 5353: 5299: 5239: 5220: 5172: 5164: 5133: 5088: 5039: 4990: 4982:

10.1002/1097-0142(195309)6:5<963::AID-CNCR2820060515>3.0.CO;2-Q

4949: 4884: 4835: 4781: 4740: 4700: 4651: 4610:"Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer" 4581: 4546: 4500: 4465: 4409: 4302: 4207: 4139: 4104: 4068: 4019: 3970: 3935: 3916: 3876: 3841: 3789: 3755: 3720: 3671: 3620: 3564: 3521: 3472: 3437: 3396: 3347: 3282: 3198: 3116: 3074: 3023: 2971: 2855: 2817: 2753: 2744: 2727: 2666: 2622: 2497: 2265: 2261: 2059: 1969:

appropriate support to help them better adapt to life following treatment.

1578: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1543: 1504: 1493: 1364: 1216: 954: 862: 748: 723: 667: 560: 463: 418: 362:; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. It typically starts as a 234: 37:"Intestinal cancer" redirects here. For cancer of the small intestine, see 11653: 10140: 10122: 9210: 6468: 6418: 6199: 5720: 5334: 5030: 5013: 4447: 4345: 3265: 3248: 3005: 1293:

intake and blood levels are associated with a lower risk of colon cancer.

744: 740: 450:

The signs and symptoms of colorectal cancer depend on the location of the

13446: 13399: 13342: 13286: 12966: 12728: 12706: 12537: 12457: 12101: 12002: 11755: 11609: 10242: 10225: 8258: 6713:"Environmental Factors, Gut Microbiota, and Colorectal Cancer Prevention" 6255: 5053:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H, Payne CM, Dvorak K, Garewal H (February 2008).

3512: 3495: 2273: 2051: 1822: 1806: 1695: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1614: 1586: 1566: 1554: 1395: 1368: 1340: 1306: 1224: 1034: 1021: 935: 917: 866: 525: 429:

is usually not curable, with management being directed towards improving

386: 200: 152: 126: 31: 11054: 10556: 10252: 8532:(4 Suppl 2). International Society of Gastrointestinal Oncology: S22-8. 8184: 8023: 7564: 4633: 4222:"What is the relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and colorectal cancer?" 2147: 1105:

of the chest, abdomen and pelvis. Other potential imaging tests such as

13532: 12742: 12415: 12393: 12038: 11977: 11637: 11401: 10750: 10170: 10168: 8952: 8879: 8877: 8629: 7717: 7700: 6763: 2657: 2640: 2289: 2285: 2269: 1862: 1582: 1570: 1489: 1485: 1425: 1098: 962: 857: 837: 815: 707: 673: 599: 567: 563: 467: 459: 426: 11512: 11269: 10455: 10438: 9124:

Borras, DM, Verbandt, S, Ausserhofer, M, et al. (November 2023).

8139: 7971: 7792: 7348: 7146: 7083: 7066: 6948: 6622: 6019: 5975: 3108: 3037:

Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Katelaris PH, Irwig L (May 2011).

2462:

Theodoratou E, Timofeeva M, Li X, Meng X, Ioannidis JP (August 2017).

1073: 398:

polyps may be removed if found. If a large polyp or tumor is found, a

13428: 13351: 13169: 12692: 12662: 12525: 12503: 12356: 12207: 12181: 12043: 12033: 11920: 11881: 11814: 11620: 10735: 9744: 9632: 7666: 7520: 7428: 7124: 7107: 7042: 7025: 6994: 4337: 3697:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 185. pp. 99–115. 2281: 1965:

and fear of cancer recurrence after primary treatment has concluded.

1664: 1641: 1626: 1606: 1497: 1477: 1473: 1356: 1350:

and stool DNA screening testing (FIT-DNA). Virtual colonoscopy via a

1290: 1278: 841: 811: 799: 795: 756: 730: 604: 371: 249: 10165: 8874: 8008:"Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care" 6450: 5845: 5664:"Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer" 5255: 4131: 3247:

Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS (August 27, 2020). Malina D (ed.).

2725: 1289:

supplementation, but it is not sufficient to make a recommendation.

13868: 13491: 12326: 12304: 12016: 8481:"Metastatic colorectal cancer: current state and future directions" 4573: 4432:"Molecular origins of cancer: Molecular basis of colorectal cancer" 3806:

Bye WA, Nguyen TM, Parker CE, Jairath V, East JE (September 2017).

2689:"Colorectal Cancer Signs and Symptoms | Signs of Colorectal Cancer" 2253: 1228: 1165: 1046: 782:, other mutations must occur for the cell to become cancerous. The 695: 505: 475: 331: 131: 102: 11085:. Cancer.net, American Society of Clinical Oncology. February 2022 11049:

Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM (2010).

10540:"Clinical study of colorectal cancer operation: Survival analysis" 1141:

Micrograph of colorectal adenocarcinoma, showing "dirty necrosis".

822: 12378: 12144: 12048: 12020: 10480:"Predictors of survival in stage IV metastatic colorectal cancer" 9500:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

8563:"Markers of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer" 5518:"Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention" 5196:"Genetic reconstruction of individual colorectal tumor histories" 5115: 3494:

Boleij A, van Gelder MM, Swinkels DW, Tjalsma H (November 2011).

1610: 1351: 1286: 1274: 1263: 1091: 966: 881: 807: 733:. The most commonly mutated gene in all colorectal cancer is the 691: 591: 542:

bacteremia have concomitant colorectal tumors. Seroprevalence of

517: 513: 403: 363: 323: 224: 163: 11579: 6149: 6048: 5055:"Field defects in progression to gastrointestinal tract cancers" 4250: 3775: 684:

promoters, play a role in the development of colorectal cancer.

12844: 12462: 12348: 11693: 11524: 11106:"Colorectal Cancer: What Millennials and Gen Zers Need to Know" 10437:

Nors J, Gotschalck KA, Erichsen R, Andersen CL (June 1, 2024).

10174: 9668: 9555: 7953: 7503:

Lee JK, Liles EG, Bent S, Levin TR, Corley DA (February 2014).

7023: 5827: 5315: 3948: 3493: 3036: 1882: 1847: 1602: 1539: 913: 901: 897: 893: 877: 873: 768: 485: 471: 399: 378: 307: 299: 11156:. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2014. 10779: 10436: 8760: 8709: 8614:"Precision treatment in colorectal cancer: Now and the future" 8410: 7954:

Tang V, Boscardin WJ, Stijacic-Cenzer I, Lee SJ (April 2015).

6886: 6842: 6453:"Body Fatness and Cancer--Viewpoint of the IARC Working Group" 5620: 4081: 13591: 12294: 12024: 11199: 10877: 10691: 10379: 10175:

McGettigan M, Cardwell CR, Cantwell MM, Tully MA (May 2020).

8935:

Li Y, Wang J, Ma X, Tan L, Yan Y, Xue C, et al. (2016).

8240: 5316:

Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, Bernstein H (March 2013).

5101: 5052: 4665:

Gatalica Z, Vranic S, Xiu J, Swensen J, Reddy S (July 2016).

4315: 2638: 2179: 1598: 1512: 1508: 1156: 849: 764: 760: 747:

accumulates to high levels and translocates (moves) into the

648: 497: 455: 451: 9615:

Mosher CE, Winger JG, Given BA, Helft PR, O'Neil BH (2016).

7912: 7459: 7218:

Ma Y, Zhang P, Wang F, Yang J, Liu Z, Qin H (October 2011).

6516:"Diet, nutrition, and cancer: where next for public health?" 4366: 3409: 2988:

Astin M, Griffin T, Neal RD, Rose P, Hamilton W (May 2011).

994:

Field defects are important in progression to colon cancer.

559:

may increase the risk of colorectal cancer by producing the

13488: 10477: 8381: 8379: 8347: 8005: 7411:

Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, Strayer SM (October 2017).

7151:. United States Department of Health & Human Services. 7064: 5776: 5193: 4385: 2935: 2904: 2586: 1981:

Colon and rectum cancer deaths per million persons in 2012

1886: 1640:

fashion to enable surgical resection, so that ultimately a

909: 905: 885: 853: 845: 11728: 11065: 10829:

Steele N, Haigh R, Knowles G, Mackean M (September 2007).

10324: 10223: 9980: 9669:

Reynolds LM, Consedine NS, Pizarro DA, Bissett IP (2013).

7647: 7327:

He J, Efron JE (2011). "Screening for colorectal cancer".

7168: 6930: 6661: 5777:

Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, Migliore L (January 2014).

5621:

Klutstein M, Nejman D, Greenfield R, Cedar H (June 2016).

5366: 4754:

Hissong E, Crowe EP, Yantiss RK, Chen YT (November 2018).

2461: 1440:

A diagram of a local resection of early stage colon cancer

1255:

says there is "convincing evidence" for that association.

714:, most frequently as a result of genetic mutations in the 10828: 10656: 9726: 9192: 8660: 8205: 4962: 4386:

Abdul Khalek FJ, Gallicano GI, Mishra L (November 2010).

4032: 2911:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 381. 1943:

about a third of people who get the disease die from it.

1360: 1110: 1090:

A colorectal cancer is sometimes initially discovered on

921: 783: 11484: 11124:"Bowel cancer | About bowel cancer | Cancer Research UK" 8883: 8376: 8289: 7698: 7410: 6214:"TNM staging of colorectal carcinoma (AJCC 8th edition)" 4963:

Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W (September 1953).

4664: 4607: 4169: 4033:

Fan C, Younis A, Bookhout CE, Crockett SD (March 2018).

3582: 3176: 2178:

Rectal cancer has been diagnosed in an Ancient Egyptian

1788:

provide guidelines for the follow-up of colon cancer. A

1013:

on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to death.

86:

Location and appearance of two example colorectal tumors

10924: 10118: 10116: 8983: 8886:"Neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer management" 8853: 8123:"Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview" 7774: 7295:"What Can I Do to Reduce My Risk of Colorectal Cancer?" 5876: 5830:"The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer" 5515: 5014:"DNA methylation, field effects, and colorectal cancer" 4753: 4718: 4117: 3534: 2878:"Chapter 1.1: The global and regional burden of cancer" 2099: 10613: 9614: 7863: 7595: 7169:

Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J (January 2008).

6580:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Description of Evidence" 4848: 3805: 3589:

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

3578: 3576: 3574: 534:

is associated with colorectal cancer. Some strains of

13857: 11021: 10517:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 10325:

Doroudian S, Osterman E, Glimelius B (June 9, 2024).

8860:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1258–. 8710:

Segura-Sampedro JJ, Morales-Soriano R (August 2020).

7832:

Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation

7825:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 6979: 4849:

Leslie A, Carey FA, Pratt NR, Steele RJ (July 2002).

4521:"A pathology atlas of the human cancer transcriptome" 4518: 3991: 3583:

Abdulamir AS, Hafidh RR, Abu Bakar F (January 2011).

3360: 1903:

The average five-year recurrence rate in people with

1621:

inhibitors, of which the three FDA approved ones are

1324:. Of the three, only sigmoidoscopy cannot screen the 11502: 11048: 10113: 9786: 8560: 6767:

International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition

6293:(3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 809. 5932: 5930: 4429: 2987: 1227:, fruits and vegetables, and reducing the intake of 706:

Colorectal cancer is a disease originating from the

8173:"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening" 7553:"New pathways could improve bowel cancer screening" 6548:"Chapter 2.6: Diet, obesity, and physical activity" 6371: 6004: 5961: 5318:"Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer" 3692: 3571: 3487: 3246: 1077:

Colon cancer with extensive metastases to the liver

651:) have been associated with familial colon cancer. 458:, and whether it has spread elsewhere in the body ( 10510: 10070: 10021: 9945: 9943: 8661:Sugarbaker PH, Van der Speeten K (February 2016). 6807: 6347: 6345: 5705:"Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer" 4246: 4244: 4242: 3897: 3303: 1301:As more than 80% of colorectal cancers arise from 11195: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 10274: 10022:Jeffery M, Hickey BE, Hider PN (September 2019). 9664: 9662: 9660: 9350: 9302:Higginson IJ, Evans CJ (September–October 2010). 9186: 9123: 8561:Shaib W, Mahajan R, El-Rayes B (September 2013). 8343: 8341: 7502: 7258: 6501:"Colorectal Cancer – Risk Factors and Prevention" 6177: 5927: 5578:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 5311: 5309: 4559: 3652:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2457: 2455: 1160:removed. The most common form of colon cancer is 640:, which is associated with a 25-40% risk of CRC. 330:. Dietary factors that increase the risk include 13893: 11432: 9976: 9974: 9722: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9714: 9712: 8452:"Chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer". 7775:Brenner H, Stock C, Hoffmeister M (April 2014). 7376:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 7363: 6572: 6545: 6237: 5011: 2558:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Colon and Rectum Cancer" 2233:. The reason given is: all sources > 5 years. 1526:can be used in an attempt to remove the cancer. 1316:The three main screening tests are colonoscopy, 798:if they have Wnt pathway defects. Eventually, a 462:). The classic warning signs include: worsening 10224:Strømme JM, Johannessen B, Skotheim RI (2023). 9940: 7369: 7217: 7105: 6342: 5661: 4905: 4239: 3992:Mankaney G, Rouphael C, Burke CA (April 2020). 3854: 2768:"First Colonoscopies Now Recommended at Age 45" 2200:List of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer 1939:for colorectal cancer is less than 60%. In the 13028: 11184: 11180:. Papua New Guinea Department of Health. 2016. 10508: 10071:Betof AS, Dewhirst MW, Jones LW (March 2013). 9657: 9494:Peng YN, Huang ML, Kao CH (January 31, 2019). 9385: 9301: 8338: 6541: 6539: 6507: 6238:Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011). 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5306: 4799: 4430:Markowitz SD, Bertagnolli MM (December 2009). 2452: 2390: 2388: 1916:where surgery is successful is 9% for stage 0 694:and then colon cancer due to mutations in the 402:may be performed to check if it is cancerous. 13577: 13014: 11714: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11015: 10471: 9971: 9887: 9709: 9489: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9088: 8854:DeVita VT, Lawrence TS, Rosenberg SA (2008). 8478: 8199: 7252: 7211: 7162: 7017: 6836: 5251: 5249: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4039:Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 3898:Half E, Bercovich D, Rozen P (October 2009). 3733: 3528: 3090: 2871: 2869: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 1269: 573: 393:to determine whether the disease has spread. 11820:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction 9833: 9493: 9428:Son H, Son YJ, Kim H, Lee Y (June 8, 2018). 9427: 9423: 9421: 9419: 9417: 8941:International Journal of Biological Sciences 8001: 7999: 7770: 7768: 7322: 7320: 7147:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 5702: 5516:Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012). 4906:Nguyen LH, Goel A, Chung DC (January 2020). 4714: 4712: 4710: 4478: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4075: 4035:"Management of Serrated Polyps of the Colon" 3891: 3848: 3727: 3643: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3030: 2875: 2791: 2424: 2422: 2420: 1723: 1448:A diagram of local surgery for rectal cancer 10695:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 10502: 10181:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10028:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9888:Hua H, Jiang Q, Sun P, Xu X (May 5, 2023). 9117: 9084: 9082: 8934: 8716:Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 8350:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 8296:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 7857: 7591: 7589: 7287: 7175:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6536: 6406:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 6153:Journal of the American College of Surgeons 6051:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 5558: 5463: 4851:"The colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence" 3812:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3801: 3799: 3403: 3218: 3216: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1147:Histopathology of colorectal adenocarcinoma 1055: 615:Those with a family history in two or more 607:or cancer of the colon over 30 years. 13584: 13570: 13021: 13007: 11859:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis 11721: 11707: 11426: 11383: 11252: 10275:Osterman E, Glimelius B (September 2018). 9834:Meng X, Wang X, Dong Z (October 1, 2021). 9480: 9388:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 8554: 7733: 7643: 7641: 7370:Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A (March 2012). 7299:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7071:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 5430:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5322:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 5246: 4788: 4596: 3086: 3084: 2866: 2706: 2634: 2632: 2552: 2550: 2504: 2365: 1766: 1741: 1367:. A positive result should be followed by 77: 13277:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 11460: 11450: 11409: 11360: 11303: 11235: 11217: 11042: 10960: 10950: 10854: 10805: 10565: 10555: 10454: 10413: 10356: 10338: 10251: 10241: 10200: 10148: 10096: 10047: 9998: 9923: 9905: 9787:Hoon LS, Chi Sally CW, Hong-Gu H (2013). 9782: 9780: 9760: 9640: 9591: 9573: 9551: 9549: 9529: 9511: 9463: 9445: 9414: 9319: 9218: 9151: 9141: 9062: 9052: 9011: 9001: 8960: 8911: 8901: 8830: 8737: 8727: 8686: 8637: 8588: 8578: 8537: 8496: 8428: 8266: 8148: 8138: 8031: 7996: 7979: 7930: 7881: 7800: 7765: 7716: 7675: 7665: 7621: 7528: 7436: 7387: 7317: 7235: 7194: 7123: 7082: 7041: 6956: 6736: 6704: 6679: 6638: 6476: 6427: 6417: 6263: 5902: 5853: 5804: 5794: 5728: 5679: 5638: 5597: 5541: 5489: 5392: 5343: 5333: 5289: 5229: 5219: 5123: 5078: 5029: 5012:Giovannucci E, Ogino S (September 2005). 4980: 4939: 4866: 4825: 4771: 4707: 4690: 4641: 4536: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4455: 4416: 4399: 4292: 4197: 4187: 4154: 4111: 4058: 4009: 3925: 3915: 3831: 3695:Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancers 3610: 3600: 3511: 3427: 3386: 3337: 3264: 3064: 3054: 3013: 2961: 2743: 2656: 2612: 2580: 2487: 2417: 2129: 1732: 1258:Higher physical activity is recommended. 924:, a central player in colorectal cancer. 662:factor that influences the expression of 621:hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer 536:Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus 13614:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 11683:) is being considered for deletion. See 11433:Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M (June 2014). 11077: 11075: 10544:Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology 2020 10217: 10129:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 9883: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9079: 9034: 8120: 7836:American Gastroenterological Association 7817: 7586: 7462:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 6924: 6717:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 6710: 6604: 6307:from the original on September 28, 2015. 6180:Brain Research. Brain Research Protocols 5571: 5018:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3998:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 3985: 3857:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 3796: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3213: 3131: 2983: 2981: 2925:from the original on September 28, 2015. 2343:"General Information About Colon Cancer" 2328: 1976: 1873:health, such as anxiety and depression. 1451: 1443: 1435: 1415:having cancerous potential are removed. 1401:American Gastroenterological Association 1136: 1124: 1072: 976: 13502:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm 9951:"National Comprehensive Cancer Network" 9028: 8519: 8110:from the original on December 17, 2014. 8066:from the original on November 29, 2014. 7932:10.7326/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00010 7638: 7326: 6973: 6513: 6353:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention Overview" 6317: 4908:"Pathways of Colorectal Carcinogenesis" 4721:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 4085:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 3236:from the original on September 9, 2016. 3093:"Colon cancer: a civilization disorder" 3081: 2994:The British Journal of General Practice 2908:Principles of clinical gastroenterology 2629: 2547: 147:Lifestyle factors and genetic disorders 14: 13894: 11491:from the original on January 13, 2016. 11003:from the original on December 29, 2010 10320: 10318: 9777: 9546: 8472: 8056:"NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme" 7305:from the original on February 26, 2015 7155:from the original on January 5, 2016. 6286: 6111:from the original on January 16, 2020. 5511: 5509: 5415: 4507: 3649: 3450: 2794:"Role of aspirin in cancer prevention" 2394: 2193: 2114:that cohort effects are contributing. 1907:where surgery is successful is 5% for 1899:Cancer recurrence § Rectal cancer 1061:subtype-based targeted interventions. 961:, normal epithelial cells progress to 938:silencing and or inherited mutations ( 806:gene and transforms the tissue from a 690:have a 6% higher risk rate of getting 377:Colorectal cancer may be diagnosed by 13565: 13002: 12843: 12087:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth 11702: 11333:The European Journal of Public Health 11072: 9874: 9037:"Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer" 8513: 6890:European Journal of Cancer Prevention 6605:Tuan J, Chen YX (December 18, 2015). 6598: 6338:from the original on October 3, 2015. 5703:Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011). 5623:"DNA Methylation in Cancer and Aging" 5149: 4800:Grady WM, Markowitz SD (March 2015). 3762: 3686: 2978: 2792:Thorat MA, Cuzick J (December 2013). 2430:"Colorectal Cancer Prevention (PDQ®)" 1887:putative RNA-binding protein 3 (RBM3) 1786:American Society of Clinical Oncology 1782:National Comprehensive Cancer Network 1488:. This can be done either by an open 1172:. Some subtypes are more aggressive. 445: 408:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 360:hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer 10985: 10659:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 10537: 10513:Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series) 9967:from the original on March 25, 2009. 9793:European Journal of Oncology Nursing 9257:from the original on August 21, 2014 8667:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 8567:Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 6546:Willett WC, Key T, Romieu I (2014). 5942:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5757:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library 5662:Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007). 5466:"Epigenetic modifications in cancer" 2215: 2142: 2100:Early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCC) 1883:heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A) 1850:expression (β-catenin), involved in 1658: 13711:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 13551:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor 11668:WHO fact sheet on colorectal cancer 11103: 10991: 10315: 9434:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 9199:The New England Journal of Medicine 8611: 7746:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 7705:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 6457:The New England Journal of Medicine 6128:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 5574:"Epigenetics and colorectal cancer" 5506: 4436:The New England Journal of Medicine 4026: 2862:from the original on July 14, 2014. 2645:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2108: 2090: 1892: 1861:Another potential biomarker may be 1667:and chemotherapy may be useful for 982:that were precursors to the tumors. 24: 13907:Conditions diagnosed by stool test 13252:Polymerase proofreading-associated 11134:from the original on March 9, 2017 6290:Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention 3310:Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2568:from the original on June 24, 2014 2480:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004 1701: 1647:Stage IV colorectal cancer due to 1484:to facilitate removal of draining 1374: 1085: 751:, binds to DNA, and activates the 710:lining the colon or rectum of the 314:). Signs and symptoms may include 25: 13928: 13114:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer 12972:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis 12819:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency 11687:to help reach a consensus. › 11498: 11439:World Journal of Gastroenterology 9180:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 8890:World Journal of Gastroenterology 8679:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.105 8580:10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.029 7741:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer" 6550:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 6518:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 6165:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.08.044 5783:World Journal of Gastroenterology 5709:Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 5572:Lao VV, Grady WM (October 2011). 5522:Current Colorectal Cancer Reports 5420:(7th ed.). San Francisco, C. 5108:Journal of Visualized Experiments 3904:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 3748:10.2174/1381612821666150514104244 3537:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2880:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 2535:from the original on July 5, 2014 2440:from the original on July 5, 2014 2399:. In Stewart BW, Wild CP (eds.). 2353:from the original on July 4, 2014 2206:colorectal cancer awareness month 2074: 1930: 1120: 1026: 1001:, or on discrete neoplastic foci 726:, and most probably occur in the 13879: 13867: 13410:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia 12717:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis 11477: 11377: 11320: 11170: 11146: 11116: 11097: 10918: 10871: 10822: 10773: 10729: 10685: 10650: 10616:The Journal of Surgical Research 10607: 10582: 10531: 10430: 10373: 10281:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 10268: 10064: 10015: 9827: 9608: 9379: 9344: 9295: 9269: 9243: 9168: 8977: 8928: 8847: 8798: 8754: 8703: 8654: 8605: 8526:Gastrointestinal Cancer Research 8445: 8404: 8283: 8234: 8165: 8114: 8100:"Bevolkingsonderzoek darmkanker" 8092: 8070: 8048: 7947: 7906: 7692: 7545: 7496: 7474:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01875.x 7453: 7404: 7140: 7099: 7058: 6880: 6858:10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01767.x 6801: 6757: 6711:Song M, Chan AT (January 2019). 6655: 5482:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x 5464:Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012). 4868:10.1046/j.1365-2168.2002.02120.x 4733:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.006 4392:Gastrointestinal Cancer Research 4097:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.03.027 3951:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 3900:"Familial adenomatous polyposis" 3869:10.2165/11311180-000000000-00000 3631: This article incorporates 3626: 2397:"Chapter 5.5: Colorectal Cancer" 2220: 2146: 2065: 1686:and microsatellite instability. 1674: 1619:epidermal growth factor receptor 1522:, sometimes in combination with 1466:endoscopic submucosal dissection 1285:There is tentative evidence for 1176:may be used in uncertain cases. 972: 643:Mutations in the pair of genes ( 548:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 544:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 540:Streptococcus bovis/gallolyticus 11958:Gastric antral vascular ectasia 11953:Portal hypertensive gastropathy 11830:Gastroesophageal reflux disease 11083:"Colorectal cancer: Statistics" 10509:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008). 10443:International Journal of Cancer 10230:JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics 9251:"Palliative or Supportive Care" 8078:"Home – Bowel Cancer Australia" 7106:Bibbins-Domingo K (June 2016). 6493: 6444: 6393: 6311: 6280: 6231: 6206: 6171: 6143: 6115: 6085: 6042: 5998: 5955: 5870: 5821: 5770: 5745: 5696: 5655: 5614: 5457: 5438: 5409: 5360: 5187: 5143: 5095: 5046: 5005: 4956: 4899: 4842: 4806:Digestive Diseases and Sciences 4747: 4658: 4553: 4472: 4379: 4360: 4309: 4214: 4163: 3942: 3444: 3354: 3297: 3253:New England Journal of Medicine 3240: 2929: 2898: 2832: 2785: 2760: 2525:"Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)" 2204:In the United States, March is 2121: 1972: 1955:Five-year overall survival (OS) 1613:. Antiangiogenic drugs such as 1529: 1456:Margins of a colonic resection. 856:, which normally stimulate the 701: 13512:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm 13315:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor 13272:Familial adenomatous polyposis 12712:Primary sclerosing cholangitis 12562:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease 12384:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 11384:Rehemtulla A (December 2010). 10193:10.1002/14651858.cd012864.pub2 10040:10.1002/14651858.CD002200.pub4 8460:(109): 219–224. October 2010. 8362:10.1002/14651858.CD008368.pub2 7187:10.1002/14651858.CD003548.pub4 4855:The British Journal of Surgery 3824:10.1002/14651858.cd000279.pub4 3091:Watson AJ, Collins PD (2011). 2681: 2292:modification of cancer cells. 1957:in rectal cancer after modern 1016: 658:), has been isolated. It is a 629:familial adenomatous polyposis 356:familial adenomatous polyposis 13: 1: 13320:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic) 12769:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction 11672: 10999:. World Health Organization. 10943:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 10896:10.1080/08870446.2020.1867137 10077:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 9103:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1 9035:Boland PM, Ma WW (May 2017). 8220:10.1016/S0959-8049(11)70183-6 8121:Tepus M, Yau TO (July 2020). 7389:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-11-1020 6822:10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.11.032 6779:10.1080/09637486.2022.2103523 6681:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 6192:10.1016/s1385-299x(98)00020-8 5640:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-3278 3994:"Serrated Polyposis Syndrome" 3736:Current Pharmaceutical Design 3379:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 3191:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4 2605:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2322: 1200: 427:cancer that has spread widely 27:Cancer of the colon or rectum 13541:Primary peritoneal carcinoma 13215:traditional serrated adenoma 12678:Postcholecystectomy syndrome 12197:Intestinal pseudoobstruction 11805:Esophageal motility disorder 10835:Postgraduate Medical Journal 10293:10.1097/dcr.0000000000001158 9987:Journal of Clinical Oncology 9687:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31826a4b1b 9365:10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.008 9321:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f684e5 8729:10.17235/reed.2020.6755/2019 8520:Bendell J (March 14, 2024). 8485:Journal of Clinical Oncology 8430:10.3109/0284186x.2014.975839 7602:Journal of Medical Screening 7224:Journal of Clinical Oncology 7030:Health Technology Assessment 6902:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e328360f434 5071:10.1016/j.canlet.2007.11.027 4924:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.059 4481:Journal of Clinical Oncology 4189:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030157 3557:10.1016/j.meegid.2014.09.017 3500:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3322:10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827bd287 2082: 1876: 1775: 1553:If cancer has spread to the 1462:endoscopic mucosal resection 1418: 1392:fecal immunochemical testing 1296: 1209: 1068: 827:Deleted in Colorectal Cancer 30:For cancer of the anus, see 7: 13912:Infectious causes of cancer 13481:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma 10398:10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.5098 10331:Annals of Surgical Oncology 9253:. American Cancer Society. 8990:Journal of Thoracic Disease 8764:Annals of Surgical Oncology 8387:"Colorectal (Colon) Cancer" 7919:Annals of Internal Medicine 7654:Annals of Internal Medicine 7509:Annals of Internal Medicine 7417:Annals of Internal Medicine 7273:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.05.013 7112:Annals of Internal Medicine 6983:Annals of Internal Medicine 6381:. World Health Organization 3703:10.1007/978-3-642-03503-6_6 2876:Forman D, Ferlay J (2014). 2305: 2211: 1840: 802:acquires a mutation in the 638:serrated polyposis syndrome 610: 389:. This is then followed by 10: 13933: 13497:Serous microcystic adenoma 13092:Signet ring cell carcinoma 13030:Digestive system neoplasia 12663:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis 12187:Functional colonic disease 11983:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome 11288:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317592 10671:10.1016/j.ejon.2015.10.005 10590:"Five-Year Survival Rates" 10340:10.1245/s10434-024-15552-x 9852:10.1007/s00520-021-06185-x 9805:10.1016/j.ejon.2013.05.001 9143:10.1038/s41421-023-00605-4 8823:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0662 8208:European Journal of Cancer 7341:10.1016/j.yasu.2011.03.006 6617:(1). S. Karger AG: 17–24. 5895:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322835 5454:"Oncogenes" Free full text 5450:December 31, 2017, at the 5258:"Cancer genome landscapes" 4277:10.1038/s41598-020-73770-1 3465:10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 2468:Annual Review of Nutrition 2317:Adenoma-carcinoma sequence 2197: 2138: 1896: 1684:mismatch repair deficiency 1431: 1270:Medication and supplements 1249:World Cancer Research Fund 1183: 1179: 1144: 959:adenoma-carcinoma sequence 778:Beyond the defects in the 676:factors, such as abnormal 580:inflammatory bowel disease 574:Inflammatory bowel disease 531:Streptococcus gallolyticus 370:, which over time becomes 344:inflammatory bowel disease 36: 29: 13601: 13531: 13460: 13418: 13405:Focal nodular hyperplasia 13341: 13332: 13307: 13285: 13183: 13160: 13135: 13126: 13077: 13054: 13045: 13036: 12957: 12836: 12777: 12691: 12648: 12494: 12485: 12438: 12392: 12347: 12233: 12120: 12010: 11997: 11872: 11864:Acute esophageal necrosis 11746: 11737: 11600: 11506: 11485:"Colorectal Cancer Atlas" 10798:10.1080/03630240903496093 10707:10.1007/s00384-015-2371-y 10628:10.1016/j.jss.2019.04.034 10594:National Cancer Institute 10089:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.001 9907:10.3389/fonc.2023.1132306 9840:Supportive Care in Cancer 9575:10.3390/curroncol29110689 9447:10.1186/s12955-018-0943-6 9400:10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.002 8776:10.1245/s10434-006-9185-7 8308:10.1007/s00384-018-3203-7 6729:10.1016/j.cgh.2018.07.012 6584:National Cancer Institute 6357:National Cancer Institute 6324:. Springer. p. 179. 6244:British Journal of Cancer 6218:www.pathologyoutlines.com 6123:"Colorectal cancer types" 6101:National Cancer Institute 6063:10.1007/s00384-006-0145-2 5590:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.173 5534:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z 5385:10.1038/modpathol.2014.81 4818:10.1007/s10620-014-3444-4 4773:10.1038/s41379-018-0094-7 4683:10.1007/s10689-016-9884-6 4388:"Colon cancer stem cells" 4051:10.1007/s11938-018-0176-0 4011:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.006 3963:10.1007/s00423-003-0364-8 3664:10.1038/s41575-020-0303-y 2954:10.1038/s41416-018-0178-7 2942:British Journal of Cancer 2850:(1): 109–113. July 2007. 2844:American Family Physician 2810:10.1007/s11912-013-0351-3 2434:National Cancer Institute 2286:antiproliferative effects 2229:This section needs to be 1757: 1724:Psychosocial Intervention 1649:peritoneal carcinomatosis 1517:peritoneal carcinomatosis 1237:National Cancer Institute 836:Approximately 70% of all 786:protein, produced by the 366:, often in the form of a 342:. Another risk factor is 269: 261: 248: 217: 206: 186: 151: 143: 122:change in bowel movements 108: 90: 85: 76: 56: 51: 13785:Motor vehicle collisions 13507:Mucinous cystic neoplasm 13357:Hepatocellular carcinoma 13211:sessile serrated adenoma 11963:Gastric dumping syndrome 11838:Laryngopharyngeal reflux 11825:Diffuse esophageal spasm 11685:templates for discussion 11452:10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878 11128:www.cancerresearchuk.org 10847:10.1136/pgmj.2007.059634 10538:Hong Y (June 30, 2020). 10000:10.1200/JCO.2005.04.0063 8903:10.3748/wjg.v25.i33.4850 8498:10.1200/JCO.2014.59.7633 8082:bowelcanceraustralia.org 7614:10.1177/0969141320980501 7237:10.1200/JCO.2011.35.7566 5445:Kimball's Biology Pages. 2798:Current Oncology Reports 1854:, required more than 18 1798:Carcinoembryonic antigen 1750:poorer quality of life. 1056:Genomics and epigenomics 790:gene, normally monitors 664:hepatocyte growth factor 491: 298:, is the development of 13546:Peritoneal mesothelioma 13295:Squamous cell carcinoma 13064:Squamous cell carcinoma 12579:Alcoholic liver disease 12112:Bile acid malabsorption 12056:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer 11219:10.3390/cancers13235933 10884:Psychology & Health 9003:10.21037/jtd.2019.12.12 8612:Yau TO (October 2019). 8454:Prescrire International 8127:Gastrointestinal Tumors 7883:10.1053/gast.2003.50044 6611:Gastrointestinal Tumors 5282:10.1126/science.1235122 4538:10.1126/science.aan2507 4493:10.1200/JCO.2004.02.019 3602:10.1186/1756-9966-30-11 3056:10.1186/1471-230X-11-65 2297:The Cancer Genome Atlas 1937:five-year survival rate 1767:Methods of Intervention 1742:Post-Treatment Distress 1663:While a combination of 1381:American Cancer Society 1326:right side of the colon 1170:squamous cell carcinoma 1155:characteristics of the 808:benign epithelial tumor 435:five-year survival rate 326:, smoking, and lack of 255:Five-year survival rate 13634:Cardiovascular disease 13387:Hepatocellular adenoma 13175:Pseudomyxoma peritonei 12589:Hepatic encephalopathy 11973:Buried bumper syndrome 11904:Peptic (gastric) ulcer 11788:Mallory–Weiss syndrome 11731:human digestive system 11345:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa203 9513:10.3390/ijerph16030411 9279:. ASCO. Archived from 9054:10.3390/cancers9050050 8479:Fakih MG (June 2015). 8214:(Suppl 3): S312–S314. 8179:. September 13, 2021. 8060:cancerscreening.nhs.uk 7749:. 2008. Archived from 7559:. September 13, 2021. 5796:10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943 5416:Wilbur B, ed. (2009). 5221:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1236 5165:10.1002/bies.201000067 3917:10.1186/1750-1172-4-22 2745:10.1001/jama.2016.5989 2130:Preventative screening 2044: 1959:preoperative treatment 1852:Wnt signalling pathway 1733:Depression and Anxiety 1534:In both cancer of the 1457: 1449: 1441: 1346:Other options include 1322:flexible sigmoidoscopy 1142: 1134: 1078: 983: 865:or borderline lesion. 812:epithelial cell cancer 743:protein. Without APC, 712:gastrointestinal tract 617:first-degree relatives 381:of the colon during a 39:Small intestine cancer 13812:Risky sexual behavior 13596:of medical conditions 12814:Pancreatic pseudocyst 12683:Porcelain gallbladder 11795:Zenker's diverticulum 10952:10536/DRO/DU:30050819 9894:Frontiers in Oncology 9211:10.1056/NEJMoa2201445 8088:on December 24, 2014. 6469:10.1056/nejmsr1606602 6419:10.3390/ijms232113128 5681:10.1093/mutage/gem009 5418:The World of the Cell 5335:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43 4448:10.1056/NEJMra0804588 3429:10.1093/annonc/mdq653 3266:10.1056/NEJMms2004740 3006:10.3399/bjgp11X572427 2436:. February 27, 2014. 2282:programmed cell death 2182:who had lived in the 1980: 1918:(after pre-treatment) 1867:PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway 1833:are not recommended. 1651:can be treated using 1520:cytoreductive surgery 1455: 1447: 1439: 1394:every two years, and 1145:Further information: 1140: 1128: 1076: 987:"field defect", and " 980: 780:Wnt signaling pathway 716:Wnt signaling pathway 13802:Periodontal diseases 13392:Cavernous hemangioma 13243:Familial adenomatous 13230:Polyposis syndromes: 12618:Hepatorenal syndrome 12557:Budd–Chiari syndrome 12514:Autoimmune hepatitis 12339:Intestinal adhesions 12097:Short bowel syndrome 11926:Functional dyspepsia 11844:Esophageal stricture 11810:Nutcracker esophagus 11057:on October 17, 2012. 10243:10.1200/CCI.22.00159 9091:The Lancet. Oncology 8259:10.1200/JGO.19.00367 6256:10.1038/bjc.2011.489 4394:(Suppl 1): S16–S23. 3043:BMC Gastroenterology 2599:(10053): 1545–1602. 2258:lactic acid bacteria 1856:Metabolic equivalent 1831:liver function tests 1827:complete blood count 1794:physical examination 1390:every 10 years with 1186:Colon cancer staging 1174:Immunohistochemistry 1168:, adenosquamous and 818:is mutated instead. 213:from age of 45 to 75 12757:Choledocholithiasis 12628:Metabolic disorders 12594:Acute liver failure 12567:Portal hypertension 12519:Alcoholic hepatitis 12362:Radiation proctitis 12281:Mesenteric ischemia 12253:Gastroenterocolitis 12082:Blind loop syndrome 11892:Ménétrier's disease 11800:Barrett's esophagus 10937:(9859): 2095–2128. 10557:10.14216/kjco.20002 10484:Anticancer Research 10141:10.1093/jnci/djs207 9182:. February 9, 2019. 8247:JCO Global Oncology 8185:10.3310/alert_47581 8024:10.1503/cmaj.151125 7753:on February 7, 2015 7565:10.3310/alert_47581 7329:Advances in Surgery 7261:Preventive Medicine 6552:World Cancer Report 6520:World Cancer Report 6514:Willett WC (2014). 6379:"Cancer prevention" 5938:"Colorectal Cancer" 5753:"Colorectal Cancer" 5721:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053 5274:2013Sci...339.1546V 5268:(6127): 1546–1558. 5212:2000PNAS...97.1236T 5031:10.1093/jnci/dji305 4634:10.1038/nature11252 4626:2012Natur.487..330T 4330:1993Natur.363..558I 4269:2020NatSR..1018713T 3778:Anticancer Research 3549:2015InfGE..33..419J 3185:(9719): 1030–1047. 2882:World Cancer Report 2401:World Cancer Report 2194:Society and culture 1819:ultrasound scanning 1348:virtual colonoscopy 1101:is determined by a 698:being more common. 440:developed countries 13768:Metabolic syndrome 13452:Gallbladder cancer 13434:Cholangiocarcinoma 13374:Liver angiosarcoma 13308:Upper and/or lower 13257:Serrated polyposis 12932:Undefined location 12923:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft 12824:Pancreatic fistula 12807:Pancreatic abscess 12762:Biliary dyskinesia 12733:Mirizzi's syndrome 12234:Large and/or small 11914:Dieulafoy's lesion 11783:Boerhaave syndrome 11601:External resources 11402:10.1593/neo.101588 10786:Women & Health 10751:10.1111/codi.12758 10739:Colorectal Disease 10083:(Suppl): S75–S87. 9283:on August 21, 2014 8953:10.7150/ijbs.15438 8739:20.500.13003/12309 8630:10.1002/jgh3.12153 7787:(apr09 1): g2467. 7718:10.3322/caac.21457 6846:Colorectal Disease 6674:(10170): 434–445. 6318:Rennert G (2007). 4531:(6352): eaan2507. 4369:Indian J. Med. Res 4257:Scientific Reports 3513:10.1093/cid/cir609 3416:Annals of Oncology 3097:Digestive Diseases 3000:(586): e231–e243. 2658:10.3322/caac.21492 2395:Bosman FT (2014). 2312:Fecal occult blood 2256:evidence suggests 2158:. You can help by 2045: 1458: 1450: 1442: 1318:fecal occult blood 1303:adenomatous polyps 1143: 1135: 1079: 984: 794:and induces their 584:ulcerative colitis 446:Signs and symptoms 433:and symptoms. The 379:obtaining a sample 352:ulcerative colitis 316:blood in the stool 265:9.4 million (2015) 13902:Colorectal cancer 13855: 13854: 13842:Teenage pregnancy 13728:Domestic violence 13723:Diabetes mellitus 13559: 13558: 13527: 13526: 13519:Pancreatoblastoma 13471:exocrine pancreas 13328: 13327: 13303: 13302: 13122: 13121: 13087:Gastric carcinoma 12996: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12832: 12831: 12434: 12433: 12291:Bowel obstruction 11993: 11992: 11690:Colorectal cancer 11663: 11662: 11654:Colorectal cancer 11643:Colorectal cancer 11445:(24): 7878–7886. 11282:(10): 1820–1826. 11163:978-1-74249-677-1 10995:(February 2010). 10524:978-0-7817-7153-5 10456:10.1002/ijc.34871 10449:(11): 1890–1899. 9993:(33): 8512–8519. 9846:(10): 5635–5652. 9627:(11): 1261–1270. 9568:(11): 8751–8766. 9353:Surgical Oncology 9205:(25): 2363–2376. 9097:(12): e731–e741. 8996:(12): 5187–5198. 8896:(33): 4850–4869. 8867:978-0-7817-7207-5 8491:(16): 1809–1824. 8140:10.1159/000507701 7972:10.1136/bmj.h1662 7845:on August 9, 2012 7793:10.1136/bmj.g2467 7301:. April 2, 2014. 7230:(28): 3775–3782. 7084:10.1111/apt.13857 6949:10.1136/bmj.i3857 6623:10.1159/000442831 6561:978-92-832-0443-5 6529:978-92-832-0443-5 6331:978-3-540-37696-5 6321:Cancer Prevention 6300:978-0-19-974797-9 6287:Searke D (2006). 6131:. October 4, 2018 6020:10.1148/rg.220135 5976:10.1148/rg.220135 5840:(11): 1350–1356. 5633:(12): 3446–3450. 5470:Clinical Genetics 5024:(18): 1317–1319. 4766:(11): 1756–1766. 4620:(7407): 330–337. 4487:(16): 3420–3428. 4442:(25): 2449–2460. 4324:(6429): 558–561. 3742:(21): 2960–2967. 3712:978-3-642-03502-9 3373:(9838): 219–229. 3109:10.1159/000323926 2918:978-1-4051-6910-3 2891:978-92-832-0443-5 2738:(23): 2564–2575. 2410:978-92-832-0443-5 2250: 2249: 2176: 2175: 1949:muscularis mucosa 1659:Radiation therapy 1597:used for CRC are 1260:Physical exercise 810:into an invasive 598:are recommended. 522:physical exercise 415:radiation therapy 346:, which includes 328:physical activity 286:), also known as 280:Colorectal cancer 277: 276: 230:radiation therapy 188:Diagnostic method 173:physical activity 52:Colorectal cancer 46:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 13924: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13872: 13871: 13863: 13773:Mental disorders 13586: 13579: 13572: 13563: 13562: 13339: 13338: 13238:MUTYH-associated 13223:Cronkhite–Canada 13194:Colorectal polyp 13133: 13132: 13109:Linitis plastica 13097:Gastric lymphoma 13052: 13051: 13043: 13042: 13023: 13016: 13009: 13000: 12999: 12984:Pneumoperitoneum 12841: 12840: 12751:Common bile duct 12633:Wilson's disease 12623:Peliosis hepatis 12492: 12491: 12369:Proctalgia fugax 12276:Abdominal angina 12201:Ogilvie syndrome 12150:Pseudomembranous 12008: 12007: 11968:Gastric volvulus 11933:Pyloric stenosis 11744: 11743: 11729:Diseases of the 11723: 11716: 11709: 11700: 11699: 11504: 11503: 11493: 11492: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11464: 11454: 11430: 11424: 11423: 11413: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11364: 11324: 11318: 11317: 11307: 11267: 11250: 11249: 11239: 11221: 11197: 11182: 11181: 11174: 11168: 11167: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11120: 11114: 11113: 11101: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11079: 11070: 11069: 11058: 11053:. Archived from 11046: 11040: 11039: 11019: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11008: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10964: 10954: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10875: 10869: 10868: 10858: 10841:(983): 612–614. 10826: 10820: 10819: 10809: 10777: 10771: 10770: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10586: 10580: 10579: 10569: 10559: 10535: 10529: 10528: 10516: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10458: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10360: 10342: 10322: 10313: 10312: 10287:(9): 1016–1025. 10272: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10245: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10204: 10172: 10163: 10162: 10152: 10120: 10111: 10110: 10100: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10051: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10002: 9978: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9955: 9947: 9938: 9937: 9927: 9909: 9885: 9872: 9871: 9831: 9825: 9824: 9784: 9775: 9774: 9764: 9745:10.1002/pon.2048 9724: 9707: 9706: 9666: 9655: 9654: 9644: 9633:10.1002/pon.3954 9612: 9606: 9605: 9595: 9577: 9562:Current Oncology 9553: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9515: 9491: 9478: 9477: 9467: 9449: 9425: 9412: 9411: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9323: 9299: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9273: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9222: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9155: 9145: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9086: 9077: 9076: 9066: 9056: 9032: 9026: 9025: 9015: 9005: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8964: 8947:(8): 1022–1031. 8932: 8926: 8925: 8915: 8905: 8881: 8872: 8871: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8741: 8731: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8690: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8641: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8592: 8582: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8541: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8500: 8476: 8470: 8469: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8408: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8391:Cleveland Clinic 8383: 8374: 8373: 8345: 8336: 8335: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8270: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8169: 8163: 8162: 8152: 8142: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8084:. Archived from 8074: 8068: 8067: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8035: 8003: 7994: 7993: 7983: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7934: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7885: 7870:Gastroenterology 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7844: 7838:. Archived from 7829: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7772: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7737: 7731: 7730: 7720: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7679: 7669: 7667:10.7326/M19-0642 7645: 7636: 7635: 7625: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7532: 7521:10.7326/M13-1484 7500: 7494: 7493: 7468:(6): 1541–1549. 7457: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7429:10.7326/M17-0859 7408: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7215: 7209: 7208: 7198: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7144: 7138: 7137: 7127: 7125:10.7326/M16-0577 7103: 7097: 7096: 7086: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7045: 7043:10.3310/hta14320 7021: 7015: 7014: 6995:10.7326/M14-1651 6977: 6971: 6970: 6960: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6740: 6708: 6702: 6701: 6683: 6659: 6653: 6652: 6642: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6503:. June 25, 2012. 6497: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6431: 6421: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6267: 6235: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5798: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5732: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5642: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5569: 5556: 5555: 5545: 5513: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5461: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5421: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5373:Modern Pathology 5364: 5358: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5293: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5206:(3): 1236–1241. 5191: 5185: 5184: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4984: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4912:Gastroenterology 4903: 4897: 4896: 4870: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4797: 4786: 4785: 4775: 4760:Modern Pathology 4751: 4745: 4744: 4716: 4705: 4704: 4694: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4605: 4594: 4593: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4540: 4516: 4505: 4504: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4459: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4338:10.1038/363558a0 4313: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4248: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4201: 4191: 4182:(9): 1709–1723. 4167: 4161: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4062: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3919: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3835: 3803: 3794: 3793: 3784:(7): 2727–2737. 3773: 3760: 3759: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3647: 3641: 3630: 3624: 3614: 3604: 3580: 3569: 3568: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3459:(5): R993–1004. 3448: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3422:(9): 1958–1972. 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3341: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3268: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3174: 3129: 3128: 3088: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3058: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3017: 2985: 2976: 2975: 2965: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2747: 2723: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2660: 2636: 2627: 2626: 2616: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2531:. May 12, 2014. 2521: 2502: 2501: 2491: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2426: 2415: 2414: 2392: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2349:. May 12, 2014. 2339: 2278:immunomodulation 2245: 2242: 2236: 2224: 2223: 2216: 2188:Ptolemaic period 2171: 2168: 2150: 2143: 2109:Incidence by age 2091:Papua New Guinea 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1893:Recurrence rates 1494:laparoscopically 1365:blood hemoglobin 1011:microenvironment 796:programmed death 728:intestinal crypt 708:epithelial cells 682:tumor suppressor 625:Gardner syndrome 605:cancer precursor 556:Escherichia coli 520:, and a lack of 423:targeted therapy 240:targeted therapy 97:Gastroenterology 81: 49: 48: 21: 13932: 13931: 13927: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13917:Rectal diseases 13892: 13891: 13890: 13880: 13878: 13866: 13858: 13856: 13851: 13597: 13590: 13560: 13555: 13523: 13456: 13414: 13324: 13299: 13281: 13179: 13156: 13145:Duodenal cancer 13137:Small intestine 13118: 13073: 13032: 13027: 12997: 12988: 12953: 12942:Internal hernia 12828: 12773: 12738:Biliary fistula 12696: 12687: 12673:Adenomyomatosis 12668:Cholesterolosis 12644: 12638:Hemochromatosis 12509:Viral hepatitis 12481: 12430: 12388: 12374:Rectal prolapse 12343: 12310:Fecal impaction 12300:Intussusception 12263:Crohn's disease 12229: 12212:Toxic megacolon 12124: 12122:Large intestine 12116: 12061:Curling's ulcer 12014: 12012:Small intestine 12001: 11989: 11897:Gastroenteritis 11868: 11733: 11727: 11688: 11664: 11659: 11658: 11596: 11595: 11515: 11501: 11496: 11483: 11482: 11478: 11431: 11427: 11396:(12): 957–968. 11382: 11378: 11325: 11321: 11268: 11253: 11198: 11185: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11164: 11152: 11151: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11102: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11073: 11068:on May 8, 2011. 11060: 11047: 11043: 11020: 11016: 11006: 11004: 10990: 10986: 10923: 10919: 10876: 10872: 10827: 10823: 10778: 10774: 10734: 10730: 10690: 10686: 10655: 10651: 10612: 10608: 10598: 10596: 10588: 10587: 10583: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10507: 10503: 10476: 10472: 10435: 10431: 10378: 10374: 10323: 10316: 10273: 10269: 10236:(7): e2200159. 10222: 10218: 10187:(5): CD012864. 10173: 10166: 10135:(11): 815–840. 10121: 10114: 10069: 10065: 10034:(9): CD002200. 10020: 10016: 9979: 9972: 9964: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9941: 9886: 9875: 9832: 9828: 9785: 9778: 9733:Psycho-Oncology 9725: 9710: 9667: 9658: 9621:Psycho-Oncology 9613: 9609: 9554: 9547: 9492: 9481: 9426: 9415: 9384: 9380: 9349: 9345: 9300: 9296: 9286: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9191: 9187: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9122: 9118: 9087: 9080: 9033: 9029: 8982: 8978: 8933: 8929: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8803: 8799: 8759: 8755: 8708: 8704: 8659: 8655: 8610: 8606: 8559: 8555: 8518: 8514: 8477: 8473: 8451: 8450: 8446: 8417:Acta Oncologica 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8377: 8346: 8339: 8288: 8284: 8239: 8235: 8204: 8200: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8119: 8115: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8054: 8053: 8049: 8004: 7997: 7952: 7948: 7911: 7907: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7842: 7827: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7773: 7766: 7756: 7754: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7697: 7693: 7646: 7639: 7594: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7501: 7497: 7458: 7454: 7409: 7405: 7368: 7364: 7325: 7318: 7308: 7306: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7257: 7253: 7216: 7212: 7181:(1): CD003548. 7167: 7163: 7145: 7141: 7118:(12): 836–845. 7104: 7100: 7063: 7059: 7022: 7018: 6978: 6974: 6929: 6925: 6885: 6881: 6841: 6837: 6806: 6802: 6762: 6758: 6709: 6705: 6660: 6656: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6586:. March 1, 2018 6578: 6577: 6573: 6562: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6449: 6445: 6398: 6394: 6384: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6362: 6360: 6359:. March 1, 2018 6351: 6350: 6343: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6250:(S2): S77–S81. 6236: 6232: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6176: 6172: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6121: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6047: 6043: 6003: 5999: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5875: 5871: 5846:10.1038/nm.3967 5834:Nature Medicine 5826: 5822: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5746: 5701: 5697: 5660: 5656: 5627:Cancer Research 5619: 5615: 5584:(12): 686–700. 5570: 5559: 5514: 5507: 5462: 5458: 5452:Wayback Machine 5443: 5439: 5423: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5365: 5361: 5314: 5307: 5254: 5247: 5192: 5188: 5148: 5144: 5139:28 minute video 5100: 5096: 5051: 5047: 5010: 5006: 4961: 4957: 4904: 4900: 4847: 4843: 4798: 4789: 4752: 4748: 4717: 4708: 4671:Familial Cancer 4663: 4659: 4606: 4597: 4562:Nature Medicine 4558: 4554: 4517: 4508: 4477: 4473: 4428: 4417: 4384: 4380: 4365: 4361: 4314: 4310: 4249: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4132:10.1038/nm.1889 4120:Nature Medicine 4116: 4112: 4080: 4076: 4031: 4027: 3990: 3986: 3947: 3943: 3896: 3892: 3853: 3849: 3818:(9): CD000279. 3804: 3797: 3774: 3763: 3732: 3728: 3713: 3691: 3687: 3648: 3644: 3581: 3572: 3533: 3529: 3492: 3488: 3449: 3445: 3408: 3404: 3359: 3355: 3302: 3298: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3214: 3175: 3132: 3089: 3082: 3035: 3031: 2986: 2979: 2934: 2930: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2874: 2867: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2724: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2637: 2630: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2523: 2522: 2505: 2460: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2428: 2427: 2418: 2411: 2393: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2325: 2308: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2202: 2196: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2156:needs expansion 2141: 2132: 2124: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2085: 2077: 2068: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1941:developed world 1933: 1901: 1895: 1879: 1843: 1790:medical history 1778: 1769: 1760: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1718:quality of life 1707:Palliative care 1704: 1702:Palliative care 1677: 1661: 1532: 1434: 1421: 1377: 1375:Recommendations 1299: 1272: 1253:umbrella review 1233:processed meats 1212: 1203: 1188: 1182: 1153:histopathologic 1149: 1131:adenocarcinomas 1123: 1088: 1086:Medical imaging 1071: 1058: 1019: 975: 928:Mismatch repair 872:Comprehensive, 704: 678:DNA methylation 660:transcriptional 633:proctocolectomy 613: 588:Crohn's disease 576: 510:processed meats 494: 482:Rectal bleeding 466:, blood in the 448: 431:quality of life 391:medical imaging 348:Crohn's disease 320:bowel movements 312:large intestine 244: 182: 139: 100:General surgery 72: 47: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13930: 13920: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13889: 13888: 13876: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13798: 13797: 13787: 13782: 13781: 13780: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13703: 13698: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13636: 13631: 13629:Binge drinking 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13605: 13603: 13599: 13598: 13589: 13588: 13581: 13574: 13566: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13537: 13535: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13476:Adenocarcinoma 13466: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13442: 13441: 13439:Klatskin tumor 13436: 13424: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13407: 13395: 13394: 13389: 13377: 13376: 13371: 13369:Hepatoblastoma 13366: 13365: 13364: 13347: 13345: 13336: 13330: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13311: 13309: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13267:Adenocarcinoma 13260: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13240: 13235: 13226: 13225: 13189: 13187: 13181: 13180: 13178: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13150:Adenocarcinoma 13141: 13139: 13130: 13124: 13123: 13120: 13119: 13117: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13105: 13104: 13094: 13089: 13083: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13069:Adenocarcinoma 13066: 13060: 13058: 13049: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13026: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13003: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12981: 12979:Hemoperitoneum 12976: 12975: 12974: 12963: 12961: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12849: 12847: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12783: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12703: 12701: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12654: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12614: 12613: 12608: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12581: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12547: 12546: 12545: 12535: 12534: 12533: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12500: 12498: 12489: 12483: 12482: 12480: 12479: 12478: 12477: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12450: 12448:Blood in stool 12444: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12423: 12421:Anal dysplasia 12418: 12413: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12353: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12336: 12335: 12334: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12288: 12286:Angiodysplasia 12283: 12278: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12255: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12221:Diverticulosis 12217:Diverticulitis 12214: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12194: 12184: 12179: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12142: 12136: 12134: 12118: 12117: 12115: 12114: 12109: 12107:Milroy disease 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12077:Tropical sprue 12074: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12053: 12052: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12030: 12028: 12005: 11999:Lower GI tract 11995: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11878: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11835: 11834: 11833: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11812: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11752: 11750: 11741: 11739:Upper GI tract 11735: 11734: 11726: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11670: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11656: 11645: 11634: 11617: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11582: 11571: 11570:(95% of cases) 11559: 11540: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11508: 11507:Classification 11500: 11499:External links 11497: 11495: 11494: 11476: 11425: 11376: 11339:(2): 346–355. 11319: 11251: 11183: 11169: 11162: 11145: 11115: 11096: 11071: 11041: 11030:(5): 607–628. 11014: 10984: 10917: 10890:(3): 350–374. 10870: 10821: 10792:(8): 608–624. 10772: 10728: 10701:(2): 257–266. 10684: 10649: 10606: 10581: 10530: 10523: 10501: 10490:(2): 653–660. 10470: 10429: 10372: 10314: 10267: 10216: 10164: 10112: 10063: 10014: 9970: 9939: 9873: 9826: 9799:(6): 883–891. 9776: 9708: 9681:(2): 122–130. 9675:Cancer Nursing 9656: 9607: 9545: 9479: 9413: 9394:(3): 467–477. 9378: 9359:(4): 299–310. 9343: 9314:(5): 423–435. 9308:Cancer Journal 9294: 9268: 9242: 9185: 9167: 9130:Cell Discovery 9116: 9078: 9027: 8976: 8927: 8873: 8866: 8846: 8817:(7): 683–691. 8797: 8770:(1): 128–133. 8753: 8702: 8653: 8624:(5): 361–369. 8604: 8573:(3): 308–318. 8553: 8512: 8471: 8444: 8403: 8375: 8337: 8302:(3): 481–490. 8282: 8253:(6): 414–438. 8233: 8198: 8164: 8113: 8091: 8069: 8047: 8018:(5): 340–348. 7995: 7946: 7925:(5): 378–386. 7905: 7876:(2): 544–560. 7856: 7816: 7764: 7732: 7711:(4): 250–281. 7691: 7660:(9): 643–654. 7637: 7608:(3): 277–285. 7585: 7544: 7495: 7452: 7423:(8): 602–603. 7403: 7382:(3): 411–416. 7362: 7316: 7286: 7267:(1–2): 10–16. 7251: 7210: 7161: 7139: 7098: 7077:(2): 193–204. 7057: 7016: 6989:(2): 123–132. 6972: 6923: 6896:(6): 492–505. 6879: 6852:(7): 689–701. 6835: 6816:(4): 977–978. 6800: 6773:(7): 861–874. 6756: 6723:(2): 275–289. 6703: 6654: 6597: 6571: 6560: 6535: 6528: 6506: 6492: 6463:(8): 794–798. 6443: 6392: 6370: 6341: 6330: 6310: 6299: 6279: 6230: 6205: 6170: 6142: 6114: 6084: 6057:(2): 183–189. 6041: 6014:(4): e220135. 5997: 5970:(4): e220135. 5954: 5926: 5889:(5): 938–949. 5869: 5820: 5789:(4): 943–956. 5769: 5744: 5695: 5674:(4): 247–253. 5654: 5613: 5557: 5505: 5476:(4): 303–311. 5456: 5437: 5408: 5359: 5305: 5245: 5186: 5159:(3): 224–231. 5142: 5094: 5059:Cancer Letters 5045: 5004: 4975:(5): 963–968. 4955: 4918:(2): 291–302. 4898: 4861:(7): 845–860. 4841: 4812:(3): 762–772. 4787: 4746: 4706: 4677:(3): 405–412. 4657: 4595: 4574:10.1038/nm1087 4568:(8): 789–799. 4552: 4506: 4471: 4415: 4378: 4359: 4308: 4238: 4213: 4162: 4153: 4110: 4074: 4045:(1): 182–202. 4025: 4004:(4): 777–779. 3984: 3941: 3890: 3863:(2): 117–122. 3847: 3795: 3761: 3726: 3711: 3685: 3658:(6): 317–318. 3642: 3570: 3527: 3506:(9): 870–878. 3486: 3443: 3402: 3353: 3316:(5): 551–559. 3296: 3259:(9): 874–882. 3239: 3212: 3130: 3103:(2): 222–228. 3080: 3029: 2977: 2948:(4): 471–479. 2928: 2917: 2897: 2890: 2865: 2831: 2804:(6): 533–540. 2784: 2759: 2705: 2693:www.cancer.org 2680: 2651:(6): 394–424. 2628: 2579: 2546: 2503: 2451: 2416: 2409: 2364: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2248: 2247: 2228: 2226: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2198:Main article: 2195: 2192: 2174: 2173: 2153: 2151: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2089: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2075:United Kingdom 2073: 2067: 2064: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1971: 1935:In Europe the 1932: 1931:Survival rates 1929: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1878: 1875: 1842: 1839: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1743: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1703: 1700: 1676: 1673: 1660: 1657: 1531: 1528: 1433: 1430: 1420: 1417: 1376: 1373: 1337:immunochemical 1298: 1295: 1271: 1268: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1162:adenocarcinoma 1122: 1121:Histopathology 1119: 1087: 1084: 1070: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1043:Carcinogenesis 1018: 1015: 974: 971: 965:cells such as 944:Lynch syndrome 932:tandem repeats 858:cell to divide 703: 700: 688:Ashkenazi Jews 612: 609: 575: 572: 493: 490: 447: 444: 336:processed meat 318:, a change in 310:(parts of the 275: 274: 273:551,000 (2018) 271: 267: 266: 263: 259: 258: 252: 246: 245: 243: 242: 237: 232: 227: 221: 219: 215: 214: 208: 204: 203: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 166: 161: 157: 155: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 138: 137: 134: 129: 125:unintentional 123: 120: 118:Blood in stool 114: 112: 106: 105: 94: 88: 87: 83: 82: 74: 73: 71: 70: 67: 64: 60: 58: 54: 53: 45: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13929: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13887: 13877: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13817:Schizophrenia 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13600: 13595: 13587: 13582: 13580: 13575: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13520: 13517: 13516: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13463: 13459: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13444: 13443: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13420:Biliary tract 13417: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13397: 13396: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13379: 13378: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13363: 13362:Fibrolamellar 13360: 13359: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13344: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13284: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13224: 13220: 13219:Peutz–Jeghers 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13191: 13190: 13188: 13186: 13182: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13163: 13159: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13125: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13103: 13102:MALT lymphoma 13100: 13099: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13076: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13061: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13019: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12973: 12970: 12969: 12968: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12960: 12956: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12929: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12909: 12908: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12874: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12859: 12856: 12855: 12854: 12853:Diaphragmatic 12851: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12842: 12839: 12835: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12694: 12690: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12658:Cholecystitis 12656: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12647: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12602: 12601:Liver abscess 12599: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12586: 12585: 12584:Liver failure 12582: 12580: 12577: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12484: 12476: 12473: 12472: 12471: 12468: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12391: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12346: 12340: 12337: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12241:Enterocolitis 12239: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12147: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12128: 12123: 12119: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12068:Malabsorption 12066: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12054: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12022: 12018: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12000: 11996: 11984: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11943:Gastroparesis 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11909:Cushing ulcer 11907: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11854:Megaesophagus 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11831: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11724: 11719: 11717: 11712: 11710: 11705: 11704: 11701: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11646: 11644: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11618: 11616: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11599: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11514: 11509: 11505: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11472: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11421: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11380: 11372: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11330: 11323: 11315: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11256: 11247: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11179: 11173: 11165: 11159: 11155: 11149: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11100: 11084: 11078: 11076: 11067: 11063: 11056: 11052: 11045: 11037: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11018: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10874: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10776: 10768: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10732: 10724: 10720: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10660: 10653: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10610: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10534: 10526: 10520: 10515: 10514: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10386:JAMA Oncology 10383: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10319: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10169: 10160: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10119: 10117: 10108: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10018: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9977: 9975: 9963: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9935: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9884: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9783: 9781: 9772: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9723: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9652: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9611: 9603: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9552: 9550: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9497: 9490: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9475: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9382: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9298: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9256: 9252: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9085: 9083: 9074: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8880: 8878: 8869: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8749: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8608: 8600: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8380: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8344: 8342: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8177:NIHR Evidence 8174: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8073: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8002: 8000: 7991: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7769: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7659: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7642: 7633: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7590: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557:NIHR Evidence 7554: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7321: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7053: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7036:(32): 1–206. 7035: 7031: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6707: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6540: 6531: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6412:(21): 13128. 6411: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6380: 6374: 6358: 6354: 6348: 6346: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6094: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6008:Radiographics 6001: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5964:Radiographics 5958: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5252: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065:(1–2): 1–10. 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4702: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4363: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4176:PLOS Genetics 4173: 4166: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3232: 3225: 3219: 3217: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3085: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2244: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2207: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2184:Dakhleh Oasis 2181: 2170: 2161: 2157: 2154:This section 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2136: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2066:United States 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2041: 330–533 2035: 245–329 2029: 163–244 1979: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1950: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:rectal cancer 1919: 1915: 1914:rectal cancer 1910: 1906: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1688:Pembrolizumab 1685: 1681: 1680:Immunotherapy 1675:Immunotherapy 1672: 1670: 1669:rectal cancer 1666: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1446: 1438: 1429: 1427: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388:sigmoidoscopy 1384: 1382: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1341:NHS England's 1338: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1320:testing, and 1319: 1314: 1312: 1311:sigmoidoscopy 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1218: 1207: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1083: 1075: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 995: 992: 990: 979: 973:Field defects 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:cell division 789: 785: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:transcription 750: 746: 742: 738: 737: 732: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 641: 639: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 608: 606: 601: 597: 596:colonoscopies 593: 589: 585: 581: 571: 569: 565: 562: 558: 557: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 443: 441: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 383:sigmoidoscopy 380: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 296:rectal cancer 293: 289: 285: 281: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 253: 251: 247: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 202: 198: 197:sigmoidoscopy 194: 193:Tissue biopsy 191: 189: 185: 179: 176: 174: 170: 167: 165: 162: 159: 158: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 135: 133: 130: 128: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 98: 95: 93: 89: 84: 80: 75: 68: 66:rectal cancer 65: 62: 61: 59: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 13847:Tuberculosis 13758:Malnutrition 13602:Health topic 13594:epidemiology 13487: 13469: 13445: 13427: 13398: 13380: 13350: 13263: 13229: 13203:hyperplastic 13192: 13185:Colon/rectum 13184: 12931: 12910: 12787:Pancreatitis 12749: 12699:biliary tree 12572:Nutmeg liver 12549: 12475:Hematochezia 12426:Pruritus ani 12411:Anal abscess 12406:Anal fistula 12402:Anal fissure 12315:Constipation 12269: 12140:Appendicitis 11948:Gastroptosis 11938:Achlorhydria 11777: 11766:Eosinophilic 11678: 11647: 11636: 11619: 11608: 11584: 11573: 11561: 11542: 11519: 11479: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11336: 11332: 11322: 11279: 11275: 11212:(23): 5933. 11209: 11205: 11177: 11172: 11153: 11148: 11136:. Retrieved 11127: 11118: 11110:YaleMedicine 11109: 11099: 11087:. Retrieved 11066:the original 11055:the original 11044: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11005:. Retrieved 10987: 10934: 10930: 10920: 10887: 10883: 10873: 10838: 10834: 10824: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10745:(1): 26–37. 10742: 10738: 10731: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10597:. Retrieved 10593: 10584: 10547: 10543: 10533: 10512: 10504: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10392:(1): 54–62. 10389: 10385: 10375: 10330: 10284: 10280: 10270: 10253:10852/108838 10233: 10229: 10219: 10184: 10180: 10132: 10128: 10080: 10076: 10066: 10031: 10027: 10017: 9990: 9986: 9957: 9897: 9893: 9843: 9839: 9829: 9796: 9792: 9739:(1): 65–73. 9736: 9732: 9678: 9674: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9565: 9561: 9503: 9499: 9437: 9433: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9311: 9307: 9297: 9285:. Retrieved 9281:the original 9271: 9259:. Retrieved 9245: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9179: 9170: 9136:(114): 114. 9133: 9129: 9119: 9094: 9090: 9044: 9040: 9030: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8944: 8940: 8930: 8893: 8889: 8856: 8849: 8814: 8811:JAMA Surgery 8810: 8800: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8719: 8715: 8705: 8673:(1): 29–44. 8670: 8666: 8656: 8621: 8617: 8607: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8529: 8525: 8515: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8394:. Retrieved 8390: 8356:: CD008368. 8353: 8349: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8250: 8246: 8236: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8176: 8167: 8133:(3): 62–73. 8130: 8126: 8116: 8103: 8094: 8086:the original 8081: 8072: 8059: 8050: 8015: 8011: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7873: 7869: 7859: 7847:. Retrieved 7840:the original 7831: 7819: 7784: 7780: 7757:December 19, 7755:. Retrieved 7751:the original 7744: 7735: 7708: 7704: 7694: 7657: 7653: 7605: 7601: 7576:. Retrieved 7556: 7547: 7512: 7508: 7498: 7465: 7461: 7455: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7379: 7375: 7365: 7332: 7328: 7307:. Retrieved 7298: 7289: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7156: 7142: 7115: 7111: 7101: 7074: 7070: 7060: 7033: 7029: 7019: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6940: 6936: 6926: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6813: 6810:Meat Science 6809: 6803: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6750: 6720: 6716: 6706: 6671: 6667: 6657: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6588:. Retrieved 6583: 6574: 6565: 6551: 6519: 6509: 6495: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6383:. Retrieved 6373: 6361:. Retrieved 6356: 6320: 6313: 6289: 6282: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6223:February 24, 6221:. Retrieved 6217: 6208: 6186:(1): 52–53. 6183: 6179: 6173: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6133:. Retrieved 6126: 6117: 6099: 6087: 6054: 6050: 6044: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5945:. Retrieved 5941: 5886: 5882: 5872: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5760:. Retrieved 5756: 5747: 5715:(1): 51–58. 5712: 5708: 5698: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5581: 5577: 5528:(1): 66–81. 5525: 5521: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5440: 5417: 5411: 5379:(1): 14–29. 5376: 5372: 5362: 5328:(3): 43–49. 5325: 5321: 5265: 5261: 5203: 5199: 5189: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5116:10.3791/1931 5110:(41): 1931. 5107: 5097: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5021: 5017: 5007: 4972: 4968: 4958: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4809: 4805: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4724: 4720: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4617: 4613: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4528: 4524: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4439: 4435: 4391: 4381: 4375:(7): 95–102. 4372: 4368: 4362: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4263:(1): 18713. 4260: 4256: 4229:. Retrieved 4225: 4216: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4156: 4126:(1): 59–67. 4123: 4119: 4113: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3907: 3903: 3893: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3815: 3811: 3781: 3777: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3694: 3688: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3625: 3592: 3588: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3503: 3499: 3489: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3313: 3309: 3299: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3182: 3178: 3100: 3096: 3046: 3042: 3032: 2997: 2993: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2907: 2900: 2881: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2777:December 30, 2775:. Retrieved 2771: 2762: 2735: 2731: 2696:. Retrieved 2692: 2683: 2648: 2644: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2570:. Retrieved 2561: 2537:. Retrieved 2528: 2471: 2467: 2442:. Retrieved 2433: 2400: 2355:. Retrieved 2346: 2280:, promoting 2266:streptococci 2262:lactobacilli 2252:Preliminary 2251: 2241:January 2024 2238: 2230: 2203: 2177: 2167:January 2024 2164: 2160:adding to it 2155: 2133: 2125: 2122:Risk factors 2116: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2086: 2078: 2069: 2060:liver cancer 2049: 2046: 2023: 78–162 1973:Epidemiology 1967: 1963: 1953: 1945: 1934: 1926: 1921: 1913: 1905:colon cancer 1904: 1902: 1880: 1871: 1860: 1844: 1835: 1823:chest X-rays 1812: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1692: 1678: 1662: 1646: 1635: 1579:fluorouracil 1575:capecitabine 1563:capecitabine 1559:fluorouracil 1552: 1548: 1544:chemotherapy 1533: 1530:Chemotherapy 1505:Chemotherapy 1502: 1482:blood supply 1459: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1385: 1378: 1345: 1333:guaiac-based 1330: 1315: 1300: 1284: 1273: 1257: 1245: 1242: 1225:whole grains 1221: 1217:healthy diet 1213: 1204: 1189: 1150: 1115: 1097:Presence of 1096: 1089: 1080: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1040: 1031: 1027:Pathogenesis 1020: 1007: 1002: 998: 996: 993: 989:field effect 985: 958: 955:pathogenesis 952: 947: 939: 926: 871: 863:hyperplastic 835: 820: 803: 787: 777: 734: 705: 702:Pathogenesis 686: 672: 668:cell culture 655: 653: 642: 614: 594:and regular 578:People with 577: 555: 552: 547: 543: 539: 535: 529: 495: 480: 464:constipation 449: 419:chemotherapy 412: 376: 364:benign tumor 295: 292:colon cancer 291: 288:bowel cancer 287: 283: 279: 278: 235:chemotherapy 153:Risk factors 69:bowel cancer 63:Colon cancer 43: 18:Bowel cancer 13738:Hepatitis D 13733:Hepatitis C 13701:Chikungunya 13447:gallbladder 13400:hyperplasia 12967:Peritonitis 12729:Cholestasis 12707:Cholangitis 12650:Gallbladder 12538:Fatty liver 12458:Hematemesis 12440:GI bleeding 12246:Necrotizing 12175:Lymphocytic 12170:Collagenous 12165:Microscopic 12102:Steatorrhea 12003:Enteropathy 11849:Inlet patch 11771:Herpetiform 11756:Esophagitis 11673:‹ The 11610:MedlinePlus 11104:Katella K. 10665:: 205–211. 8423:(1): 5–16. 6590:October 26, 6385:October 27, 6363:October 26, 6135:January 16, 5668:Mutagenesis 4231:October 17, 4091:: 242–248. 3957:(1): 9–16. 3543:: 419–436. 2698:February 8, 2474:: 293–320. 2274:antioxidant 2186:during the 2135:screening. 2017: 55–77 2011: 37–54 2005: 28–36 1999: 22–27 1993: 18–21 1807:colonoscopy 1696:dostarlimab 1638:neoadjuvant 1631:panitumumab 1623:aflibercept 1615:bevacizumab 1587:oxaliplatin 1567:oxaliplatin 1555:lymph nodes 1486:lymph nodes 1396:colonoscopy 1369:colonoscopy 1307:colonoscopy 1035:methylation 1017:Epigenetics 838:human genes 554:Pathogenic 526:adenomatous 387:colonoscopy 201:colonoscopy 178:alcohol use 127:weight loss 57:Other names 32:Anal cancer 13896:Categories 13822:Snakebites 13718:Depression 13664:esophageal 13659:colorectal 13533:Peritoneum 12959:Peritoneal 12937:Incisional 12858:Congenital 12802:Hereditary 12779:Pancreatic 12743:Haemobilia 12416:Hemorrhoid 12394:Anal canal 12332:Infectious 12320:Functional 12155:Ulcerative 12039:Duodenitis 11978:Gastrinoma 11638:Patient UK 11586:DiseasesDB 11007:January 5, 10550:(1): 3–8. 9506:(3): 411. 9440:(1): 119. 9261:August 20, 8722:(8): 666. 7849:August 17, 7515:(3): 171. 7349:2328/11906 2470:(Review). 2323:References 2290:epigenetic 2276:activity, 2270:lactococci 1987: 3–17 1583:irinotecan 1571:palliative 1490:laparotomy 1426:metastases 1357:biomarkers 1201:Prevention 1195:TNM system 1099:metastases 1022:Epigenetic 963:dysplastic 957:. In this 936:epigenetic 912:, SLC9A9, 674:Epigenetic 600:Endoscopic 568:colibactin 564:metabolite 460:metastasis 406:and other 207:Prevention 13807:Pneumonia 13795:childhood 13492:neoplasms 13429:bile duct 13352:malignant 13334:Accessory 13264:Neoplasm: 13247:Gardner's 13170:Carcinoid 13056:Esophagus 12947:Richter's 12904:Spigelian 12899:Obturator 12889:Umbilical 12722:Ascending 12693:Bile duct 12526:Cirrhosis 12504:Hepatitis 12487:Accessory 12357:Proctitis 12208:Megacolon 12182:Dysentery 12092:Whipple's 12044:Jejunitis 12034:Enteritis 11921:Dyspepsia 11882:Gastritis 11815:Achalasia 11748:Esophagus 11621:eMedicine 11390:Neoplasia 11353:1101-1262 11296:0017-5749 11228:2072-6694 10912:231771176 10644:149443256 10622:: 47–54. 10406:2374-2437 10349:1068-9265 9916:2234-943X 9860:1433-7339 9813:1462-3889 9753:1057-9249 9695:0162-220X 9584:1718-7729 9522:1660-4601 9456:1477-7525 9287:20 August 9237:249395846 9047:(5): 50. 8316:1432-1262 8193:239113610 7966:: h1662. 7578:August 5, 7573:239113610 7335:: 31–44. 7157:2010/2011 6943:: i3857. 6795:251280745 6631:2296-3774 6159:(4): 56. 6036:257583845 5992:257583845 5921:235269540 5426:cite book 5153:BioEssays 4932:0016-5085 4877:0007-1323 4727:: 38–57. 4590:205383514 4285:2045-2322 3680:216033220 3637:CC BY 2.0 3595:(1): 11. 3330:0012-3706 3291:221359557 3275:0028-4793 2772:ThedaCare 2083:Australia 1877:Prognosis 1780:The U.S. 1776:Follow-up 1665:radiation 1642:colostomy 1627:cetuximab 1607:FOLFOXIRI 1498:colostomy 1478:mesocolon 1474:colectomy 1419:Treatment 1297:Screening 1291:Vitamin D 1279:celecoxib 1210:Lifestyle 1069:Diagnosis 842:oncogenes 825:and DCC ( 800:cell line 757:oncogenes 755:of proto- 745:β-catenin 741:β-catenin 731:stem cell 720:inherited 561:genotoxic 395:Screening 372:cancerous 302:from the 262:Frequency 250:Prognosis 218:Treatment 211:Screening 195:during a 92:Specialty 13886:Medicine 13837:Syphilis 13748:HIV/AIDS 13706:Dementia 13679:prostate 13674:lymphoma 13654:cervical 13624:Bed bugs 13462:Pancreas 13233:Juvenile 13207:juvenile 13162:Appendix 13038:GI tract 12877:Indirect 12872:Inguinal 12606:Pyogenic 12551:Vascular 12327:Diarrhea 12305:Volvulus 12271:Vascular 12210: / 12199: / 12160:Ischemic 12127:Appendix 12017:Duodenum 11887:Atrophic 11761:Candidal 11675:template 11632:ped/3037 11629:med/1994 11489:Archived 11471:24976724 11420:21170260 11371:33313657 11314:31097539 11246:34885046 11132:Archived 11036:20952724 11001:Archived 10997:"Cancer" 10971:23245604 10962:10790329 10904:33499649 10865:17823231 10816:20183104 10767:42069306 10759:25156386 10723:29087556 10715:26298182 10679:26521054 10636:31071604 10576:36945303 10496:20332485 10465:38323453 10424:37971197 10415:10654928 10367:38853216 10358:11300512 10309:51934598 10301:30086050 10262:36821799 10211:32361988 10159:22570317 10107:22610066 10058:31483854 10009:16260687 9962:Archived 9958:nccn.org 9934:37213277 9925:10196487 9868:33786669 9821:23759360 9771:21954081 9703:23047793 9651:26315692 9602:36421342 9540:30709020 9474:29884182 9408:15236729 9373:17913495 9338:39881122 9330:20890138 9255:Archived 9229:35660797 9162:37968259 9153:10652011 9111:29208439 9073:28492495 9022:32030236 8971:27489505 8922:31543678 8841:37099280 8832:10134040 8792:21282326 8784:17072675 8748:32686435 8697:26941982 8648:31633039 8618:JGH Open 8599:23997942 8548:19365574 8507:25918280 8466:21180382 8439:25430983 8370:23235660 8332:57427824 8324:30607579 8277:32150483 8228:21943995 8159:32903904 8108:Archived 8064:Archived 8042:26903355 7990:25881903 7941:22393133 7900:29354772 7892:12557158 7811:24922745 7727:29846947 7686:31683290 7632:33342370 7539:24658694 7490:26338156 7482:18479499 7447:28828493 7398:22219318 7357:21954677 7309:March 5, 7303:Archived 7281:21672549 7246:21876081 7205:18254022 7153:Archived 7134:27064677 7093:27859394 7052:20594533 7003:25599350 6967:27510511 6918:24764995 6910:23591454 6866:19207713 6830:22196090 6787:35920747 6747:30031175 6698:58632705 6690:30638909 6649:27722153 6487:27557308 6438:36361914 6336:Archived 6305:Archived 6274:22158327 6106:Archived 6079:34693873 6071:16845516 6028:36927125 5984:36927125 5947:July 10, 5913:34059508 5864:26457759 5815:24574767 5762:July 22, 5739:21278452 5690:17412712 5649:27256564 5608:22009203 5552:22389639 5500:22082348 5448:Archived 5403:24925058 5354:23671730 5300:23539594 5240:10655514 5181:44981539 5173:21254148 5134:20689513 5089:18164807 5040:16174847 4991:13094644 4950:31622622 4893:36456541 4885:12081733 4836:25492499 4782:29955148 4741:28693799 4701:26875156 4652:22810696 4582:15286780 4547:28818916 4501:15310786 4466:20018966 4410:21472043 4303:33127962 4208:17892325 4140:19098908 4105:28427513 4069:29445907 4020:31520728 3979:21385340 3971:12690475 3936:19822006 3885:36836169 3877:20141232 3842:28922695 3790:19596953 3756:26004415 3721:21822822 3672:32317778 3639:license. 3621:21247505 3565:25233845 3522:21960713 3473:12376390 3438:21307158 3397:22818936 3348:23575393 3283:32853499 3231:Archived 3207:25299272 3199:20304247 3117:21734388 3075:21624112 3024:21619747 2972:30065255 2923:Archived 2860:Archived 2856:17668849 2826:40187047 2818:24114189 2754:27304597 2675:52188256 2667:30207593 2623:27733282 2572:June 18, 2566:Archived 2539:June 29, 2533:Archived 2498:28826375 2444:June 29, 2438:Archived 2357:June 29, 2351:Archived 2306:See also 2254:in-vitro 2212:Research 1841:Exercise 1813:Routine 1595:regimens 1229:red meat 1166:lymphoma 1047:Neoplasm 1003:in vitro 967:adenomas 724:acquired 696:APC gene 692:adenomas 611:Genetics 528:polyps. 506:red meat 476:vomiting 332:red meat 257:65% (US) 171:lack of 132:vomiting 110:Symptoms 103:Oncology 13874:Biology 13860:Portals 13827:Suicide 13790:Obesity 13763:Measles 13753:Leprosy 13694:ovarian 13689:stomach 13644:bladder 13592:Global 13199:adenoma 13079:Stomach 12918:Petit's 12894:Femoral 12797:Chronic 12611:Amoebic 12379:Anismus 12145:Colitis 12072:Coeliac 12049:Ileitis 12021:Jejunum 11874:Stomach 11778:Rupture 11677:below ( 11626:med/413 11568:M8140/3 11462:4069315 11411:3003131 11362:8071594 11305:6839794 11237:8657307 11206:Cancers 11138:May 12, 11089:May 13, 11024:In Vivo 10979:1541253 10856:2600007 10807:2836795 10567:9942716 10202:7196359 10150:3465697 10098:3638811 10049:6726414 9762:6000725 9642:4894828 9593:9689519 9531:6388369 9465:5994008 9220:9492301 9064:5447960 9041:Cancers 9013:6988072 8962:4971740 8913:6737323 8688:4754302 8639:6788378 8590:3712296 8539:2666834 8396:July 9, 8268:7124947 8150:7445682 8104:rivm.nl 8033:4786388 7981:4399600 7802:3980789 7677:8152103 7623:8366184 7530:4189821 7438:5823607 7196:8719254 7011:7256176 6958:4979358 6874:8026021 6738:6314893 6640:5040877 6478:6754861 6429:9655590 6265:3252065 6200:9767106 5904:8745382 5855:4636487 5806:3921546 5730:3030973 5599:3391545 5543:3277709 5491:3590802 5394:4265316 5345:3648662 5291:3749880 5270:Bibcode 5262:Science 5208:Bibcode 5125:3149991 5080:2744582 4999:6736946 4941:6981255 4827:4779895 4692:4901118 4643:3401966 4622:Bibcode 4525:Science 4457:2843693 4401:3047031 4354:4254940 4346:8505985 4326:Bibcode 4294:7599243 4265:Bibcode 4199:1988850 4148:8854895 4060:6284520 3927:2772987 3833:6483622 3612:3032743 3545:Bibcode 3481:2256436 3388:3645500 3339:3673550 3125:7640363 3066:3120795 3015:3080228 2963:6133998 2614:5055577 2489:6143166 2260:(e.g., 2231:updated 2139:History 2056:stomach 1802:CT-scan 1611:FOLFIRI 1470:margins 1432:Surgery 1352:CT scan 1287:calcium 1275:Aspirin 1264:Sitting 1191:Staging 1180:Staging 1103:CT scan 1092:CT scan 999:in vivo 882:FAM123B 749:nucleus 592:aspirin 518:smoking 514:obesity 502:alcohol 454:in the 404:Aspirin 340:alcohol 324:obesity 225:Surgery 168:smoking 164:obesity 136:fatigue 13832:Stroke 13743:Herpes 13649:breast 13639:Cancer 13619:Autism 13609:Asthma 13489:cystic 13382:benign 12912:Lumbar 12882:Direct 12865:Hiatus 12845:Hernia 12697:Other 12463:Melena 12349:Rectum 11832:(GERD) 11694:Curlie 11680:Curlie 11615:000262 11580:114500 11469: 11459: 11418: 11408: 11369: 11359: 11351: 11312: 11302: 11294: 11244: 11234: 11226: 11160: 11034: 10977: 10969: 10959: 10931:Lancet 10910: 10902: 10863: 10853: 10814: 10804: 10765: 10757: 10721: 10713: 10677: 10642: 10634: 10599:May 9, 10574: 10564: 10521: 10494: 10463: 10422: 10412: 10404: 10365: 10355: 10347: 10307: 10299: 10260: 10209: 10199: 10157: 10147: 10105: 10095: 10056: 10046: 10007: 9932: 9922: 9914: 9866: 9858: 9819: 9811: 9769: 9759: 9751: 9701: 9693: 9649: 9639: 9600: 9590: 9582: 9538: 9528: 9520: 9472: 9462: 9454: 9406: 9371: 9336: 9328: 9235: 9227: 9217: 9160: 9150: 9109: 9071: 9061: 9020: 9010: 8969: 8959: 8920: 8910: 8864: 8839: 8829: 8790: 8782: 8746: 8695: 8685: 8646: 8636: 8597: 8587: 8546: 8536: 8505: 8464: 8437: 8368: 8330: 8322: 8314: 8275: 8265: 8226: 8191: 8157: 8147: 8040: 8030: 7988: 7978: 7939: 7898: 7890: 7809: 7799: 7725: 7684: 7674: 7630: 7620: 7571: 7537: 7527: 7488: 7480: 7445: 7435: 7396: 7355: 7279: 7244: 7203: 7193: 7132: 7091: 7050: 7009: 7001: 6965: 6955: 6916: 6908: 6872: 6864: 6828: 6793: 6785: 6745: 6735: 6696: 6688: 6668:Lancet 6647: 6637: 6629: 6558: 6526: 6485: 6475: 6436: 6426: 6328: 6297: 6272: 6262: 6198: 6077: 6069: 6034: 6026: 5990: 5982: 5919: 5911: 5901: 5862: 5852: 5813: 5803: 5737: 5727: 5688: 5647: 5606: 5596: 5550: 5540: 5498: 5488: 5401: 5391: 5352: 5342: 5298: 5288: 5238: 5228: 5179: 5171: 5132: 5122: 5087: 5077: 5038: 4997: 4989: 4969:Cancer 4948: 4938: 4930: 4891: 4883: 4875: 4834: 4824: 4780: 4739: 4699: 4689: 4650: 4640: 4614:Nature 4588: 4580: 4545: 4499: 4464: 4454: 4408: 4398: 4352: 4344: 4318:Nature 4301: 4291: 4283: 4206: 4196: 4146: 4138: 4103: 4067: 4057: 4018: 3977: 3969: 3934: 3924: 3910:: 22. 3883: 3875: 3840: 3830: 3788: 3754: 3719: 3709: 3678: 3670: 3619: 3609: 3563: 3520: 3479: 3471: 3436: 3395: 3385: 3367:Lancet 3346: 3336: 3328: 3289: 3281: 3273: 3205: 3197: 3179:Lancet 3123: 3115: 3073: 3063: 3049:: 65. 3022: 3012: 2970: 2960: 2915: 2888: 2854: 2824: 2816: 2752: 2673: 2665: 2621: 2611: 2593:Lancet 2496: 2486: 2407: 2288:, and 2058:, and 2039: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1848:CTNNB1 1758:Stigma 1609:, and 1603:FOLFOX 1540:rectum 1515:. For 916:, and 914:TCF7L2 902:TGFBR2 898:ACVR2A 894:ARID1A 892:, and 878:CTNNB1 874:genome 852:, and 769:TCF7L2 486:anemia 472:nausea 421:, and 400:biopsy 338:, and 308:rectum 300:cancer 270:Deaths 144:Causes 13778:child 13669:liver 13343:Liver 13128:Lower 13047:Upper 12837:Other 12792:Acute 12543:MASLD 12496:Liver 12470:Lower 12453:Upper 12295:Ileus 12131:Colon 12025:Ileum 11840:(LPR) 11563:ICD-O 11557:154.1 11553:153.0 10975:S2CID 10908:S2CID 10763:S2CID 10719:S2CID 10640:S2CID 10305:S2CID 9965:(PDF) 9954:(PDF) 9334:S2CID 9233:S2CID 8788:S2CID 8328:S2CID 8189:S2CID 7896:S2CID 7843:(PDF) 7828:(PDF) 7569:S2CID 7486:S2CID 7007:S2CID 6914:S2CID 6870:S2CID 6791:S2CID 6694:S2CID 6109:(PDF) 6096:(PDF) 6075:S2CID 6032:S2CID 5988:S2CID 5917:S2CID 5231:15581 5177:S2CID 4995:S2CID 4889:S2CID 4586:S2CID 4350:S2CID 4226:WebMD 4144:S2CID 3975:S2CID 3881:S2CID 3676:S2CID 3477:S2CID 3287:S2CID 3234:(PDF) 3227:(PDF) 3203:S2CID 3121:S2CID 2822:S2CID 2671:S2CID 2180:mummy 1909:stage 1653:HIPEC 1599:CAPOX 1536:colon 1524:HIPEC 1513:lungs 1509:liver 1157:tumor 823:TGF-β 771:, or 765:AXIN2 761:AXIN1 656:MACC1 649:POLD1 498:sugar 492:Cause 468:stool 456:bowel 452:tumor 368:polyp 304:colon 294:, or 13684:skin 13287:Anus 12225:SCAD 11591:2975 11575:OMIM 11548:9-CM 11467:PMID 11416:PMID 11367:PMID 11349:ISSN 11310:PMID 11292:ISSN 11242:PMID 11224:ISSN 11158:ISBN 11140:2017 11091:2022 11032:PMID 11009:2011 10967:PMID 10900:PMID 10861:PMID 10812:PMID 10755:PMID 10711:PMID 10675:PMID 10632:PMID 10601:2021 10572:PMID 10519:ISBN 10492:PMID 10461:PMID 10420:PMID 10402:ISSN 10363:PMID 10345:ISSN 10297:PMID 10258:PMID 10207:PMID 10185:2020 10155:PMID 10103:PMID 10054:PMID 10032:2019 10005:PMID 9930:PMID 9912:ISSN 9864:PMID 9856:ISSN 9817:PMID 9809:ISSN 9767:PMID 9749:ISSN 9699:PMID 9691:ISSN 9647:PMID 9598:PMID 9580:ISSN 9536:PMID 9518:ISSN 9470:PMID 9452:ISSN 9404:PMID 9369:PMID 9326:PMID 9289:2014 9263:2014 9225:PMID 9158:PMID 9107:PMID 9069:PMID 9018:PMID 8967:PMID 8918:PMID 8862:ISBN 8837:PMID 8780:PMID 8744:PMID 8693:PMID 8644:PMID 8595:PMID 8544:PMID 8503:PMID 8462:PMID 8435:PMID 8398:2021 8366:PMID 8320:PMID 8312:ISSN 8273:PMID 8224:PMID 8155:PMID 8038:PMID 8012:CMAJ 7986:PMID 7937:PMID 7888:PMID 7851:2012 7807:PMID 7759:2011 7723:PMID 7682:PMID 7628:PMID 7580:2022 7535:PMID 7478:PMID 7443:PMID 7394:PMID 7353:PMID 7311:2015 7277:PMID 7242:PMID 7201:PMID 7179:2010 7130:PMID 7089:PMID 7048:PMID 6999:PMID 6963:PMID 6906:PMID 6862:PMID 6826:PMID 6783:PMID 6743:PMID 6686:PMID 6645:PMID 6627:ISSN 6592:2018 6556:ISBN 6524:ISBN 6483:PMID 6434:PMID 6387:2018 6365:2018 6326:ISBN 6295:ISBN 6270:PMID 6225:2019 6196:PMID 6137:2020 6067:PMID 6024:PMID 5980:PMID 5949:2021 5909:PMID 5860:PMID 5811:PMID 5764:2021 5735:PMID 5686:PMID 5645:PMID 5604:PMID 5548:PMID 5496:PMID 5432:link 5399:PMID 5350:PMID 5296:PMID 5236:PMID 5169:PMID 5130:PMID 5085:PMID 5036:PMID 4987:PMID 4946:PMID 4928:ISSN 4881:PMID 4873:ISSN 4832:PMID 4778:PMID 4737:PMID 4697:PMID 4648:PMID 4578:PMID 4543:PMID 4497:PMID 4462:PMID 4406:PMID 4342:PMID 4299:PMID 4281:ISSN 4233:2019 4204:PMID 4136:PMID 4101:PMID 4065:PMID 4016:PMID 3967:PMID 3932:PMID 3873:PMID 3838:PMID 3816:2017 3786:PMID 3752:PMID 3717:PMID 3707:ISBN 3668:PMID 3633:text 3617:PMID 3561:PMID 3518:PMID 3469:PMID 3434:PMID 3393:PMID 3344:PMID 3326:ISSN 3279:PMID 3271:ISSN 3195:PMID 3113:PMID 3071:PMID 3020:PMID 2968:PMID 2913:ISBN 2886:ISBN 2852:PMID 2814:PMID 2779:2022 2750:PMID 2732:JAMA 2700:2023 2663:PMID 2619:PMID 2574:2014 2541:2014 2494:PMID 2446:2014 2405:ISBN 2359:2014 2052:lung 1792:and 1784:and 1629:and 1589:and 1538:and 1511:and 1480:and 1363:and 1277:and 1247:The 1231:and 1151:The 1109:and 1045:and 948:i.e. 940:e.g. 918:BRAF 910:MSH6 906:MSH3 886:SOX9 867:PTEN 854:PI3K 846:KRAS 831:SMAD 804:TP53 788:TP53 773:NKD1 647:and 645:POLE 627:and 586:and 358:and 350:and 160:Diet 12531:PBC 12258:IBD 12192:IBS 11692:at 11649:NCI 11544:ICD 11538:C20 11534:C19 11530:C18 11521:ICD 11457:PMC 11447:doi 11406:PMC 11398:doi 11357:PMC 11341:doi 11300:PMC 11284:doi 11276:Gut 11232:PMC 11214:doi 10993:WHO 10957:PMC 10947:hdl 10939:doi 10935:380 10892:doi 10851:PMC 10843:doi 10802:PMC 10794:doi 10747:doi 10703:doi 10667:doi 10624:doi 10620:242 10562:PMC 10552:doi 10451:doi 10447:154 10410:PMC 10394:doi 10353:PMC 10335:doi 10289:doi 10248:hdl 10238:doi 10197:PMC 10189:doi 10145:PMC 10137:doi 10133:104 10093:PMC 10085:doi 10044:PMC 10036:doi 9995:doi 9920:PMC 9902:doi 9848:doi 9801:doi 9757:PMC 9741:doi 9683:doi 9637:PMC 9629:doi 9588:PMC 9570:doi 9526:PMC 9508:doi 9460:PMC 9442:doi 9396:doi 9361:doi 9316:doi 9215:PMC 9207:doi 9203:386 9148:PMC 9138:doi 9099:doi 9059:PMC 9049:doi 9008:PMC 8998:doi 8957:PMC 8949:doi 8908:PMC 8898:doi 8827:PMC 8819:doi 8815:158 8772:doi 8734:hdl 8724:doi 8720:112 8683:PMC 8675:doi 8634:PMC 8626:doi 8585:PMC 8575:doi 8534:PMC 8493:doi 8425:doi 8358:doi 8304:doi 8263:PMC 8255:doi 8216:doi 8181:doi 8145:PMC 8135:doi 8028:PMC 8020:doi 8016:188 7976:PMC 7968:doi 7964:350 7960:BMJ 7927:doi 7923:156 7878:doi 7874:124 7797:PMC 7789:doi 7785:348 7781:BMJ 7713:doi 7672:PMC 7662:doi 7658:171 7618:PMC 7610:doi 7561:doi 7525:PMC 7517:doi 7513:160 7470:doi 7466:103 7433:PMC 7425:doi 7421:167 7384:doi 7345:hdl 7337:doi 7269:doi 7232:doi 7191:PMC 7183:doi 7120:doi 7116:164 7079:doi 7038:doi 6991:doi 6987:162 6953:PMC 6945:doi 6941:354 6937:BMJ 6898:doi 6854:doi 6818:doi 6775:doi 6733:PMC 6725:doi 6676:doi 6672:393 6635:PMC 6619:doi 6473:PMC 6465:doi 6461:375 6424:PMC 6414:doi 6260:PMC 6252:doi 6248:105 6188:doi 6161:doi 6157:221 6059:doi 6016:doi 5972:doi 5899:PMC 5891:doi 5883:Gut 5850:PMC 5842:doi 5801:PMC 5791:doi 5725:PMC 5717:doi 5676:doi 5635:doi 5594:PMC 5586:doi 5538:PMC 5530:doi 5486:PMC 5478:doi 5389:PMC 5381:doi 5340:PMC 5330:doi 5286:PMC 5278:doi 5266:339 5226:PMC 5216:doi 5161:doi 5120:PMC 5112:doi 5075:PMC 5067:doi 5063:260 5026:doi 4977:doi 4936:PMC 4920:doi 4916:158 4863:doi 4822:PMC 4814:doi 4768:doi 4729:doi 4725:116 4687:PMC 4679:doi 4638:PMC 4630:doi 4618:487 4570:doi 4533:doi 4529:357 4489:doi 4452:PMC 4444:doi 4440:361 4396:PMC 4334:doi 4322:363 4289:PMC 4273:doi 4194:PMC 4184:doi 4128:doi 4093:doi 4089:113 4055:PMC 4047:doi 4006:doi 3959:doi 3955:388 3922:PMC 3912:doi 3865:doi 3828:PMC 3820:doi 3744:doi 3699:doi 3660:doi 3607:PMC 3597:doi 3553:doi 3508:doi 3461:doi 3457:283 3424:doi 3383:PMC 3375:doi 3371:380 3334:PMC 3318:doi 3261:doi 3257:383 3187:doi 3183:375 3105:doi 3061:PMC 3051:doi 3010:PMC 3002:doi 2958:PMC 2950:doi 2946:119 2806:doi 2740:doi 2736:315 2653:doi 2609:PMC 2601:doi 2597:388 2562:NCI 2529:NCI 2484:PMC 2476:doi 2347:NCI 2268:or 2162:. 1863:p27 1829:or 1817:or 1815:PET 1591:UFT 1565:or 1492:or 1464:or 1361:DNA 1335:or 1309:or 1111:MRI 1107:PET 922:MYC 890:ATM 850:RAF 816:BAX 784:p53 736:APC 722:or 680:of 484:or 474:or 385:or 306:or 284:CRC 199:or 13898:: 13495:: 13221:, 13217:, 13213:, 13209:, 13205:, 13201:, 12695:/ 12293:: 12274:: 12070:: 11652:: 11641:: 11624:: 11613:: 11589:: 11578:: 11566:: 11551:: 11536:, 11532:, 11528:: 11525:10 11487:. 11465:. 11455:. 11443:20 11441:. 11437:. 11414:. 11404:. 11394:12 11392:. 11388:. 11365:. 11355:. 11347:. 11337:31 11335:. 11331:. 11308:. 11298:. 11290:. 11280:68 11278:. 11274:. 11254:^ 11240:. 11230:. 11222:. 11210:13 11208:. 11204:. 11186:^ 11130:. 11126:. 11108:. 11074:^ 11059:; 11028:24 11026:. 10973:. 10965:. 10955:. 10945:. 10933:. 10929:. 10906:. 10898:. 10888:37 10886:. 10882:. 10859:. 10849:. 10839:83 10837:. 10833:. 10810:. 10800:. 10790:49 10788:. 10784:. 10761:. 10753:. 10743:17 10741:. 10717:. 10709:. 10699:31 10697:. 10673:. 10663:21 10661:. 10638:. 10630:. 10618:. 10592:. 10570:. 10560:. 10548:16 10546:. 10542:. 10488:30 10486:. 10482:. 10459:. 10445:. 10441:. 10418:. 10408:. 10400:. 10390:10 10388:. 10384:. 10361:. 10351:. 10343:. 10333:. 10329:. 10317:^ 10303:. 10295:. 10285:61 10283:. 10279:. 10256:. 10246:. 10232:. 10228:. 10205:. 10195:. 10183:. 10179:. 10167:^ 10153:. 10143:. 10131:. 10127:. 10115:^ 10101:. 10091:. 10081:30 10079:. 10075:. 10052:. 10042:. 10030:. 10026:. 10003:. 9991:23 9989:. 9985:. 9973:^ 9960:. 9956:. 9942:^ 9928:. 9918:. 9910:. 9900:. 9898:13 9896:. 9892:. 9876:^ 9862:. 9854:. 9844:29 9842:. 9838:. 9815:. 9807:. 9797:17 9795:. 9791:. 9779:^ 9765:. 9755:. 9747:. 9737:22 9735:. 9731:. 9711:^ 9697:. 9689:. 9679:36 9677:. 9673:. 9659:^ 9645:. 9635:. 9625:25 9623:. 9619:. 9596:. 9586:. 9578:. 9566:29 9564:. 9560:. 9548:^ 9534:. 9524:. 9516:. 9504:16 9502:. 9498:. 9482:^ 9468:. 9458:. 9450:. 9438:16 9436:. 9432:. 9416:^ 9402:. 9392:13 9390:. 9367:. 9357:16 9355:. 9332:. 9324:. 9312:16 9310:. 9306:. 9231:. 9223:. 9213:. 9201:. 9197:. 9178:. 9156:. 9146:. 9132:. 9128:. 9105:. 9095:18 9093:. 9081:^ 9067:. 9057:. 9043:. 9039:. 9016:. 9006:. 8994:11 8992:. 8988:. 8965:. 8955:. 8945:12 8943:. 8939:. 8916:. 8906:. 8894:25 8892:. 8888:. 8876:^ 8835:. 8825:. 8813:. 8809:. 8786:. 8778:. 8768:14 8766:. 8742:. 8732:. 8718:. 8714:. 8691:. 8681:. 8669:. 8665:. 8642:. 8632:. 8620:. 8616:. 8593:. 8583:. 8569:. 8565:. 8542:. 8528:. 8524:. 8501:. 8489:33 8487:. 8483:. 8458:19 8456:. 8433:. 8421:54 8419:. 8415:. 8389:. 8378:^ 8364:. 8354:12 8352:. 8340:^ 8326:. 8318:. 8310:. 8300:34 8298:. 8294:. 8271:. 8261:. 8249:. 8245:. 8222:. 8212:47 8210:. 8187:. 8175:. 8153:. 8143:. 8129:. 8125:. 8106:. 8102:. 8080:. 8062:. 8058:. 8036:. 8026:. 8014:. 8010:. 7998:^ 7984:. 7974:. 7962:. 7958:. 7935:. 7921:. 7917:. 7894:. 7886:. 7872:. 7868:. 7834:. 7830:. 7805:. 7795:. 7783:. 7779:. 7767:^ 7743:. 7721:. 7709:68 7707:. 7703:. 7680:. 7670:. 7656:. 7652:. 7640:^ 7626:. 7616:. 7606:28 7604:. 7600:. 7588:^ 7567:. 7555:. 7533:. 7523:. 7511:. 7507:. 7484:. 7476:. 7464:. 7441:. 7431:. 7419:. 7415:. 7392:. 7380:21 7378:. 7374:. 7351:. 7343:. 7333:45 7331:. 7319:^ 7297:. 7275:. 7265:53 7263:. 7240:. 7228:29 7226:. 7222:. 7199:. 7189:. 7177:. 7173:. 7128:. 7114:. 7110:. 7087:. 7075:45 7073:. 7069:. 7046:. 7034:14 7032:. 7028:. 7005:. 6997:. 6985:. 6961:. 6951:. 6939:. 6935:. 6912:. 6904:. 6894:22 6892:. 6868:. 6860:. 6850:11 6848:. 6824:. 6814:90 6812:. 6789:. 6781:. 6771:73 6769:. 6749:. 6741:. 6731:. 6721:17 6719:. 6715:. 6692:. 6684:. 6670:. 6666:. 6643:. 6633:. 6625:. 6613:. 6609:. 6582:. 6564:. 6538:^ 6481:. 6471:. 6459:. 6455:. 6432:. 6422:. 6410:23 6408:. 6404:. 6355:. 6344:^ 6334:. 6303:. 6268:. 6258:. 6246:. 6242:. 6216:. 6194:. 6182:. 6155:. 6125:. 6104:. 6098:. 6073:. 6065:. 6055:22 6053:. 6030:. 6022:. 6012:43 6010:. 5986:. 5978:. 5968:43 5966:. 5940:. 5929:^ 5915:. 5907:. 5897:. 5887:71 5885:. 5881:. 5858:. 5848:. 5838:21 5836:. 5832:. 5809:. 5799:. 5787:20 5785:. 5781:. 5755:. 5733:. 5723:. 5711:. 5707:. 5684:. 5672:22 5670:. 5666:. 5643:. 5631:76 5629:. 5625:. 5602:. 5592:. 5580:. 5576:. 5560:^ 5546:. 5536:. 5524:. 5520:. 5508:^ 5494:. 5484:. 5474:81 5472:. 5468:. 5428:}} 5424:{{ 5397:. 5387:. 5377:28 5375:. 5371:. 5348:. 5338:. 5324:. 5320:. 5308:^ 5294:. 5284:. 5276:. 5264:. 5260:. 5248:^ 5234:. 5224:. 5214:. 5204:97 5202:. 5198:. 5175:. 5167:. 5157:33 5155:. 5128:. 5118:. 5106:. 5083:. 5073:. 5061:. 5057:. 5034:. 5022:97 5020:. 5016:. 4993:. 4985:. 4971:. 4967:. 4944:. 4934:. 4926:. 4914:. 4910:. 4887:. 4879:. 4871:. 4859:89 4857:. 4853:. 4830:. 4820:. 4810:60 4808:. 4804:. 4790:^ 4776:. 4764:31 4762:. 4758:. 4735:. 4723:. 4709:^ 4695:. 4685:. 4675:15 4673:. 4669:. 4646:. 4636:. 4628:. 4616:. 4612:. 4598:^ 4584:. 4576:. 4566:10 4564:. 4541:. 4527:. 4523:. 4509:^ 4495:. 4485:22 4483:. 4460:. 4450:. 4438:. 4434:. 4418:^ 4404:. 4390:. 4373:86 4371:. 4348:. 4340:. 4332:. 4320:. 4297:. 4287:. 4279:. 4271:. 4261:10 4259:. 4255:. 4241:^ 4224:. 4202:. 4192:. 4178:. 4174:. 4142:. 4134:. 4124:15 4122:. 4099:. 4087:. 4063:. 4053:. 4043:16 4041:. 4037:. 4014:. 4002:18 4000:. 3996:. 3973:. 3965:. 3953:. 3930:. 3920:. 3906:. 3902:. 3879:. 3871:. 3861:11 3859:. 3836:. 3826:. 3814:. 3810:. 3798:^ 3782:29 3780:. 3764:^ 3750:. 3740:21 3738:. 3715:. 3705:. 3674:. 3666:. 3656:17 3654:. 3615:. 3605:. 3593:30 3591:. 3587:. 3573:^ 3559:. 3551:. 3541:33 3539:. 3516:. 3504:53 3502:. 3498:. 3475:. 3467:. 3455:. 3432:. 3420:22 3418:. 3414:. 3391:. 3381:. 3369:. 3365:. 3342:. 3332:. 3324:. 3314:56 3312:. 3308:. 3285:. 3277:. 3269:. 3255:. 3251:. 3215:^ 3201:. 3193:. 3181:. 3133:^ 3119:. 3111:. 3101:29 3099:. 3095:. 3083:^ 3069:. 3059:. 3047:11 3045:. 3041:. 3018:. 3008:. 2998:61 2996:. 2992:. 2980:^ 2966:. 2956:. 2944:. 2940:. 2921:. 2868:^ 2858:. 2848:76 2846:. 2842:. 2820:. 2812:. 2802:15 2800:. 2796:. 2770:. 2748:. 2734:. 2730:. 2708:^ 2691:. 2669:. 2661:. 2649:68 2647:. 2643:. 2631:^ 2617:. 2607:. 2595:. 2591:. 2564:. 2560:. 2549:^ 2527:. 2506:^ 2492:. 2482:. 2472:37 2466:. 2454:^ 2432:. 2419:^ 2367:^ 2345:. 2330:^ 2284:, 2264:, 2208:. 2190:. 2054:, 1825:, 1821:, 1633:. 1625:, 1605:, 1601:, 1585:, 1581:, 1577:, 1561:, 1542:, 1500:. 1219:. 1094:. 1029:. 942:, 908:, 904:, 900:, 888:, 884:, 880:, 848:, 775:. 767:, 763:, 570:. 566:, 516:, 512:, 508:, 504:, 500:, 417:, 374:. 334:, 290:, 13862:: 13585:e 13578:t 13571:v 13473:: 13449:: 13431:: 13402:: 13384:: 13354:: 13245:/ 13196:: 13022:e 13015:t 13008:v 12731:/ 12404:/ 12223:/ 12219:/ 12133:) 12129:/ 12125:( 12027:) 12023:/ 12019:/ 12015:( 11722:e 11715:t 11708:v 11555:- 11546:- 11523:- 11513:D 11473:. 11449:: 11422:. 11400:: 11373:. 11343:: 11316:. 11286:: 11248:. 11216:: 11166:. 11142:. 11112:. 11093:. 11038:. 11011:. 10981:. 10949:: 10941:: 10914:. 10894:: 10867:. 10845:: 10818:. 10796:: 10769:. 10749:: 10725:. 10705:: 10681:. 10669:: 10646:. 10626:: 10603:. 10578:. 10554:: 10527:. 10498:. 10467:. 10453:: 10426:. 10396:: 10369:. 10337:: 10311:. 10291:: 10264:. 10250:: 10240:: 10234:7 10213:. 10191:: 10161:. 10139:: 10109:. 10087:: 10060:. 10038:: 10011:. 9997:: 9936:. 9904:: 9870:. 9850:: 9823:. 9803:: 9773:. 9743:: 9705:. 9685:: 9653:. 9631:: 9604:. 9572:: 9542:. 9510:: 9476:. 9444:: 9410:. 9398:: 9375:. 9363:: 9340:. 9318:: 9291:. 9265:. 9239:. 9209:: 9164:. 9140:: 9134:9 9113:. 9101:: 9075:. 9051:: 9045:9 9024:. 9000:: 8973:. 8951:: 8924:. 8900:: 8870:. 8843:. 8821:: 8794:. 8774:: 8750:. 8736:: 8726:: 8699:. 8677:: 8671:7 8650:. 8628:: 8622:3 8601:. 8577:: 8571:4 8550:. 8530:1 8509:. 8495:: 8468:. 8441:. 8427:: 8400:. 8372:. 8360:: 8334:. 8306:: 8279:. 8257:: 8251:6 8230:. 8218:: 8195:. 8183:: 8161:. 8137:: 8131:7 8044:. 8022:: 7992:. 7970:: 7943:. 7929:: 7902:. 7880:: 7853:. 7813:. 7791:: 7761:. 7729:. 7715:: 7688:. 7664:: 7634:. 7612:: 7582:. 7563:: 7541:. 7519:: 7492:. 7472:: 7449:. 7427:: 7400:. 7386:: 7359:. 7347:: 7339:: 7313:. 7283:. 7271:: 7248:. 7234:: 7207:. 7185:: 7136:. 7122:: 7095:. 7081:: 7054:. 7040:: 7013:. 6993:: 6969:. 6947:: 6920:. 6900:: 6876:. 6856:: 6832:. 6820:: 6797:. 6777:: 6727:: 6700:. 6678:: 6651:. 6621:: 6615:3 6594:. 6532:. 6489:. 6467:: 6440:. 6416:: 6389:. 6367:. 6276:. 6254:: 6227:. 6202:. 6190:: 6184:3 6167:. 6163:: 6139:. 6081:. 6061:: 6038:. 6018:: 5994:. 5974:: 5951:. 5923:. 5893:: 5866:. 5844:: 5817:. 5793:: 5766:. 5741:. 5719:: 5713:3 5692:. 5678:: 5651:. 5637:: 5610:. 5588:: 5582:8 5554:. 5532:: 5526:8 5502:. 5480:: 5434:) 5405:. 5383:: 5356:. 5332:: 5326:5 5302:. 5280:: 5272:: 5242:. 5218:: 5210:: 5183:. 5163:: 5136:. 5114:: 5091:. 5069:: 5042:. 5028:: 5001:. 4979:: 4973:6 4952:. 4922:: 4895:. 4865:: 4838:. 4816:: 4784:. 4770:: 4743:. 4731:: 4703:. 4681:: 4654:. 4632:: 4624:: 4592:. 4572:: 4549:. 4535:: 4503:. 4491:: 4468:. 4446:: 4412:. 4356:. 4336:: 4328:: 4305:. 4275:: 4267:: 4235:. 4210:. 4186:: 4180:3 4150:. 4130:: 4107:. 4095:: 4071:. 4049:: 4022:. 4008:: 3981:. 3961:: 3938:. 3914:: 3908:4 3887:. 3867:: 3844:. 3822:: 3792:. 3758:. 3746:: 3723:. 3701:: 3682:. 3662:: 3623:. 3599:: 3567:. 3555:: 3547:: 3524:. 3510:: 3483:. 3463:: 3440:. 3426:: 3399:. 3377:: 3350:. 3320:: 3293:. 3263:: 3209:. 3189:: 3127:. 3107:: 3077:. 3053:: 3026:. 3004:: 2974:. 2952:: 2894:. 2828:. 2808:: 2781:. 2756:. 2742:: 2702:. 2677:. 2655:: 2625:. 2603:: 2576:. 2543:. 2500:. 2478:: 2448:. 2413:. 2361:. 2243:) 2239:( 2169:) 2165:( 1133:. 582:( 282:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index