596:, a post specially created on 17 November 1934 that was first and foremost set aside for party business. He held that position until 23 April 1945. In this job, for instance, secret decrees might be prepared, or internal business managed, before being brought before Hitler. An example of such interactions occurred when Bouhler obtained Hitler's written authorization (a rare occurrence) for the expropriation of the villa that became the center of administrative operations for T4, an act veiled in the bureaucracy that characterized Hitler's leadership style. Meanwhile, Bouhler was also able to get Hitler to sign the document authorizing the euthanasia program itself and while not possessing the force of law, it provided the necessary protection to get once reluctant physicians to participate. Printed on white stationary bearing the German eagle and swastika with Hitler's name embossed, it read:
491:
698:
44:
614:
754:. Additional euthanasia facilities were established at Bernburg, Grafeneck, Brandenburg, Sonnenstein, and Hadamar between 1940 and 1941, where approximately 70,000 people were murdered in gas chambers using carbon-monoxide. The knowledge gained from the euthanasia program was later applied to the industrialized annihilation of other groups of people, especially the Jews.
647:
Bouhler's office was responsible for all correspondence for Hitler, which included private and internal communications as well as responding to public inquiries (for example, requests for material help, godfathership, jobs, clemency, NSDAP business, and birthday wishes). These types of responsibility
609:
The euthanasia program's first victims were children registered with conditions like "Down's syndrome, micro- and hydrocephaly, serious physical deformities...and cerebral palsy"; these children were examined by three decision makers (Werner Catel, Hans Heinze, and Ernst
Wentzler), who after
610:
conferral and agreement, put the child to death. For adults destined for euthanasia, Bouhler and Brandt established "secret-service-style" operations at the
Tiergartenstrasse 4 (from whence the program acquired its name) location in Berlin, disguising the murders as medical procedures.
545:
avows that because Hitler paid "little attention to administration and organization", he relied on the "indefatigable and subservient" yet "inwardly ambitious" Bouhler and other Party bosses like him. According historian Klaus
Fischer, the "owlish looking" Bouhler was part of
924:
That agreement was reached by simply checking a "plus or minus sign to indicate whether the particular child was to die or be allowed to live." According to historian Doris Bergen, the participating doctors "never saw the children whose fates they decided."
604:
are charged with the responsibility of enlarging the competence of certain physicians, designated by name, so that patients who, on the basis of human judgment, are considered incurable, can be granted mercy death after a discerning diagnosis. (signed) A.
1012:
Historian Henry
Friedlander writes that "14f included all files involving the death of prisoners. Thus, for example, 14f7 files concerned death through natural causes, 14f8 applied to suicides, and 14f14 involved executions".
785:
14f13". The combination of numbers and letters was derived from the SS record-keeping system and consists of the number "14" for the
Concentration Camps Inspector, the letter "f" for the German word "deaths"
934:
Bouhler was also asked by Brack—via an inquiry from
Himmler—to check with the array of doctors and scientists working in the euthanasia program if it was feasible to sterilize the Jews en masse using X-rays.
3913:
820:
began. During the
Nuremberg trials, Brack denied that both his and Bouhler's involvement—despite the fact that the two of them visited Globocnik in Lublin—through the KdF had anything to do with the
915:
German historian Peter
Longerich clarifies that this was Hitler's "personal writing paper". Recent biographer of Hitler, Volker Ullrich, called this stationary "Hitler's personal letterhead".
2365:
3633:
541:
Upon the refounding of the party on 27 February 1925, he immediately rejoined and was made
National Business Manager of the NSDAP, holding this post until November 1934. Historian
3868:
3660:
3295:
947:("the greater German freedom struggle"), an edited three volume series featuring the speeches given by Hitler from 1 September 1939, to 15 March 1942. See for instance:
3843:
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3873:
636:
Another of
Bouhler's additional duties was to act as chairman of the "Official Party Inspection Commission for the Protection of National Socialist Literature" (
3685:
3330:
454:, to a retired colonel, and spent five years in the Royal Bavarian Cadet Corps. He entered the 1st Royal Bavarian Foot Artillery Regiment in 1916 during the
3863:
3858:
550:'s early inner circle and as a "diffident and punctilious bureaucrat", the Führer could trust him to "carry out any order, no matter how outlandish".
971:
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people were killed. The actual implementation was supervised by Bouhler. Various methods of killing were tried out. The first killing facility was
766:
593:
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was opposed to this writ-large authority granted to Bouhler over all books, a concern he expressed in a personal diary entry from June 1941.
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801:
After the war, Brack claimed that in order to keep the euthanasia program personnel employed after it was halted, Bouhler—in conference with
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2360:
836:
near Zell-am-See on 10 May 1945. Helene jumped to her death from a window at Schloss Fischhorn. On 19 May, Bouhler killed himself using a
648:
and his direct access to Hitler made Bouhler one of the "major players in Hitler's propaganda system". Bouhler's personal adjutant was SS-
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3188:
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3325:
2252:
730:
Bouhler was responsible for the killing of disabled German citizens. By order of Hitler (backdated to 1 September 1939), Bouhler with
2548:
773:
to implement this order. Brack was already in charge of various front operations for the T4 program. The scheme operated under the
588:
From the end of August to the end of October 1934, Bouhler was police president of Munich. In September he was made a member of the
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2391:
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469:
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2008:
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1989:
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Der Chef der Kanzlei des Führers und Vorsitzender der Parteiamtlichen Prüfungskommission zum Schutze des NS-Schrifttums
522:(NSDAP) in July 1922 with membership number 12. By late 1922 he had become deputy business manager of the NSDAP under
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2312:
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633:
was being proposed during the summer of 1940, Bouhler was designated as the East African colony's future governor.
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Historian Michael Burleigh wrote that some "ninety-two T4 personnel were made available by Bouhler" to Globocnik.
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2723:
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2508:
2401:
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1786:
Heinemann, Isabel (2018). "Race". In Shelley Baranowski; Armin Nolzen; Claus‐Christian W. Szejnmann (eds.).
968:
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on 20 April 1933 with membership number: 54,932. On 30 January 1936, Bouhler was promoted to the rank of SS-
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43:
640:), which determined what writings were and were not suitable for Nazi society. Propaganda minister,
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1633:
The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942
559:
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210:
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17:
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589:
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Aside from securing the authorization for the T4 Program and overseeing it, when the plans to
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302:
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1961:
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Once the victims were murdered, their gold teeth were extracted and the bodies cremated.
978:
University of Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
581:
573:, the second highest political rank in the Nazi Party. He joined the SS in the rank of SS-
50:
8:
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3638:
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3071:
1726:
Friedlander, Henry (1994). "Euthanasia and the Final Solution". In David Cesarani (ed.).
499:
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906:
T4 initiative from Dr. Leonardo Conti, who Hitler originally asked to head the program.
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Bouhler and his wife, Helene, were arrested by American troops at Schloss Fischhorn in
817:
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182:
1962:"Nazi Party organizes; "Voelkischer Beobachter" office; newspapers; leading officials"
650:
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2004:
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1598:
956:
794:), and the number "13" for the means of killing, in this case, for gassing in the T4
713:
662:
840:
capsule while in the US internment camp at Zell-am-See. The couple had no children.
503:
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3115:
802:
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758:
747:
705:
527:
468:, 2nd class, and was hospitalized through the end of the war. In 1922, he left the
422:
2861:
2823:
1671:
Bending Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic
575:
530:
in Munich and when the Party was banned, became the Business Manager for the Nazi
3762:
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3595:
3412:
3315:
3173:
3153:
3066:
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2125:
2104:
975:
883:
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813:
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641:
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554:
507:
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407:
euthanasia program that killed more than 250,000 disabled adults and children in
3675:
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3469:
3440:
3132:
3096:
3051:
2761:
2668:
1938:
821:
739:
670:
511:
3056:
2876:
949:
https://archive.org/details/Bouhler-Philipp-Der-grossdeutsche-Freiheitskampf-3
3807:
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3494:
3385:
3253:
3083:
3040:
2886:
2871:
2169:
751:
292:
186:
953:
https://archive.org/details/Bouhler-Philipp-Der-grossdeutsche-Freiheitskampf
701:
689:(Napoleon – A Genius's Cometary Path), which became a favorite of Hitler's.
673:, who tried his best to limit all access to Hitler by other party leaders.
438:. He committed suicide on 19 May 1945, while in the U.S. internment camp at
3777:
2927:
2912:
2907:
2881:
2834:
2766:
2728:
2478:
1478:
770:
762:
717:
569:
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414:
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386:
65:
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1000:
860:
854:
731:
601:
542:
439:
343:
3772:
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3158:
849:
816:"; thereafter, the use of gas chambers for the "specially constructed"
743:
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622:
564:
519:
473:
465:
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in July 1917, and was badly wounded the next month. He was awarded the
380:
363:
277:
228:
138:
685:(Fight for Germany) in 1938. Then in 1942, he also published the book
3612:
3418:
523:
402:
202:
120:
3273:
765:. They instructed the head of the Hauptamt II ("main office ll") of
3138:
2938:
1750:
The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution
460:
321:
1597:(Second, revised ed.). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
1367:
1365:
3914:
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
837:
2138:
1845:
Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich: Wer war was vor und nach 1945
3648:
1362:
1155:
806:
451:
206:
178:
1966:
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum—Holocaust Encyclopedia
1538:
1466:
3013:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1389:
1302:
1215:
1191:
1449:
1437:
1425:
681:
Bouhler produced a history of the Nazi movement entitled,
2001:
SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard
1526:
1251:
1090:
1068:
1066:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1413:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1227:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1616:. Bloomington; Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1502:
1314:
1041:
1039:
396:
3869:
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
3531:
1652:
Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide
1595:
War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust
1401:
1239:
1203:
1143:
1063:
379:(11 September 1899 – 19 May 1945) was a German senior
1673:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
1569:
1550:
1377:
1338:
1326:
1263:
1179:
1167:
1131:
1119:
1102:
2039:
The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945
1514:
1490:
1350:
1290:
1085:
USHMM, "Nazi Party organizes Voelkischer Beobachter"
1036:
850:
Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) 1914
843:
631:
ship all of Europe's Jewish population to Madagascar
1752:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1654:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
393:
Chief of the Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP
2056:Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1991).
957:https://archive.org/details/dergrossdeutsche00hitl
1051:
967:View the following website for more information:
427:('special treatment'), that killed 15,000–20,000
3805:
2055:
2041:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1866:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1371:
1161:
557:in 1933, Bouhler was elected as a member of the
3306:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare
1690:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews, 1933–1945
734:developed the Nazis' early euthanasia program,
3884:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
3874:Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
1728:The Final Solution: Origins and Implementation
103:Chief of NSDAP Censorship in the Reichsleitung
3844:Greater German People's Community politicians
3666:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law
2154:
1790:. Hoboken, NJ; West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
2062:. (2 vols.) New York: MacMillan Publishing.
1902:The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History
420:
412:
400:
384:
3864:Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
3365:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust
1883:Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1
1766:
1744:
1725:
1532:
1484:
1472:
1460:
1431:
1395:
1257:
1221:
476:department and became a contributor to the
3859:Militant League for German Culture members
2161:
2147:
332:1st Royal Bavarian Foot Artillery Regiment
42:
2126:Newspaper clippings about Philipp Bouhler
1861:
1785:
1635:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1419:
1308:
1233:
152:27 March 1925 – 17 November 1934
98:17 November 1934 – 23 April 1945
2119:Adolf Hitler: A Short Sketch of His Life
2017:
1998:
1828:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
1687:
1649:
1630:
1508:
1320:
1197:
1149:
1113:
1072:
696:
612:
563:for electoral constituency 18, Southern
489:
1937:
1823:
1804:
1706:
1668:
1407:
1344:
1332:
1245:
1209:
1137:
1125:
805:—ordered him "to send the personnel to
567:. In June 1933, Hitler appointed him a
434:Bouhler was arrested on 10 May 1945 by
266: 1934; died 1945)
14:
3806:
1923:. New York and Boston: Mariner Books.
1880:
1592:
1575:
1563:
1544:
1383:
1272:
1185:
1173:
1096:
1045:
827:
661:office functions were absorbed by the
86:Chancellery of the Führer of the NSDAP
3849:Members of the Academy for German Law
3530:
3351:
2982:
2473:
2472:
2142:
2036:
1979:
1918:
1899:
1611:
1520:
1496:
1443:
1356:
1296:
1284:
687:"Napoleon – Kometenbahn eines Genies"
625:with his wife Inge; Munich, July 1939
114:October 1936 – 23 April 1945
3909:Nazis who died by suicide in Austria
3834:German Army personnel of World War I
2953:Reich Association of Jews in Germany
1921:The Holocaust: An Unfinished History
1847:(in German). Hamburg: Nikol Verlag.
1842:
1807:The Destruction of the European Jews
1769:Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945
1057:
79:2 June 1933 – 23 April 1945
29:German senior Nazi Party functionary
3758:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
2059:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
2003:. Vol. I. Fonthill Media LLC.
969:"The 'euthanasia" crime in Hadamar"
485:
24:
3929:Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945
3924:Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938
3919:Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936
3352:
1730:. London and New York: Routledge.
943:During the war, Bouhler published
600:Reich Leader Bouhler and Dr. med.
25:
3940:
3889:Recipients of the War Merit Cross
2168:
2109:Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library
2099:Information about Philipp Bouhler
2092:
1982:Army of Evil: A History of the SS
1885:. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender.
1631:Browning, Christopher R. (2004).
1614:The Holocaust: History and Memory
844:Awards and Nazi Party decorations
592:. He was next appointed chief of
536:Greater German People's Community
242:Greater German People's Community
3321:Polish leaders and intellectuals
2811:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
1809:. New York: Holmes & Meier.
1487:, pp. 40–41, 68–69, 72, 78.
872:Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
676:
655:Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling
619:Karl Freiherr Michel von Tüßling
1585:
1016:
1006:
1003:term for execution or killing.
990:
981:
961:
945:Der großdeutsche Freiheitskampf
937:
928:
918:
909:
896:
263:
3249:Attack on the twentieth convoy
3062:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland
1984:. New York: Caliber Printing.
1771:. New York: Harper Perennial.
999:("special treatment") was the
902:Bouhler took control over the
482:, the Nazi Party's newspaper.
13:
1:
3904:Suicides by cyanide poisoning
3854:Members of the Reichstag 1933
1029:
775:Concentration Camps Inspector
692:
526:. He took part in the failed
445:
411:, as well as co-initiator of
399:official responsible for the
3586:Jewish war conspiracy theory
2777:Extermination through labour
1669:Bytwerk, Randall L. (2004).
1372:Zentner & Bedürftig 1991
1162:Zentner & Bedürftig 1991
818:Reinhard extermination camps
809:...under the supervision of
7:
3768:Righteous Among the Nations
2983:
2454:Righteous Among the Nations
2130:20th Century Press Archives
1943:Hitler: Downfall, 1939–1945
1788:A Companion to Nazi Germany
1709:Nazi Germany: A New History
877:
383:functionary who was both a
10:
3945:
3505:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
3475:Lithuanian Security Police
3394:Reich Security Main Office
2361:Evidence and documentation
1904:. New York: Enigma Books.
1767:Friedländer, Saul (2009).
1692:. New York: St. Martin’s.
1650:Burleigh, Michael (1997).
716:(from left), listening to
594:Adolf Hitler's Chancellery
3721:Books and other resources
3708:
3624:
3553:
3549:
3526:
3460:
3432:
3373:
3360:
3347:
3286:
3234:
3187:
3124:
3094:
3032:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2936:
2895:
2847:
2833:
2795:
2754:
2654:
2611:
2489:
2485:
2468:
2384:
2353:
2253:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
2180:
2176:
2101:in the Reichstag database
2020:Who's Who In Nazi Germany
2018:Wistrich, Robert (1995).
1862:Longerich, Peter (2019).
1826:Hitler: 1889–1936, Hubris
726:exhibition, 20 March 1941
370:
359:
336:
328:
316:
308:
298:
288:
283:
273:
247:
235:
224:
216:
192:
165:
160:
156:
145:
141:National Business Manager
137:
126:
118:
107:
102:
91:
83:
72:
63:
59:
41:
34:
3311:People with disabilities
3244:Aid and Rescue Committee
2082:: CS1 maint: location (
1900:Orlow, Dietrich (2010).
1881:Miller, Michael (2006).
1688:Cesarani, David (2016).
1547:, pp. 155, 159–160.
889:
458:, was commissioned as a
217:Cause of death
3452:Order Police battalions
2105:Phillipp Bouhler Papers
2022:. New York: Routledge.
1711:. New York: Continuum.
1707:Fischer, Klaus (1995).
769:, the Oberdienstleiter
657:. By 1944, many of the
211:Allied-occupied Austria
3301:Soviet urban residents
2392:International response
2366:Contemporary knowledge
1999:Williams, Max (2015).
1980:Weale, Adrian (2012).
1805:Hilberg, Raul (1985).
1612:Black, Jeremy (2016).
1593:Bergen, Doris (2009).
857:(World War I) in Black
727:
626:
607:
590:Academy for German Law
515:
514:; Munich, October 1938
421:
413:
401:
391:(National Leader) and
385:
349:Battle of Arras (1917)
3748:Memorials and museums
3686:Reparations Agreement
3681:Holocaust restitution
3259:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
2782:Human experimentation
2621:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
1824:Kershaw, Ian (1999).
1446:, pp. 35, 54–56.
757:In 1941, Bouhler and
700:
617:(from left) Bouhler,
616:
598:
493:
479:Völkischer Beobachter
309:Years of service
3899:SS-Obergruppenführer
3839:German police chiefs
2948:Jewish Ghetto Police
2817:Politische Abteilung
2712:Risiera di San Sabba
2573:Natzweiler-Struthof
2113:Princeton University
2037:Yahil, Leni (1990).
1843:Klee, Ernst (2016).
1099:, pp. 155, 160.
974:12 June 2011 at the
767:Hitler's Chancellery
683:Kampf um Deutschland
470:University of Munich
450:Bouhler was born in
303:Imperial German Army
3829:Aktion T4 personnel
3726:Days of remembrance
3639:Holocaust survivors
3634:Depopulated shtetls
3485:Rollkommando Hamann
3331:Jehovah's Witnesses
3149:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2211:Bohemia and Moravia
1945:. New York: Knopf.
1919:Stone, Dan (2023).
1864:Hitler: A Biography
1475:, pp. 142–143.
1311:, pp. 700–702.
1287:, pp. 177–178.
1200:, pp. 282–283.
828:Capture and suicide
744:physically disabled
659:Kanzlei des Führers
538:, based in Munich.
518:Bouhler joined the
500:Baldur von Schirach
3879:People from Munich
3709:History and memory
3613:Forced euthanasia
3561:Nazi racial policy
3264:Danish underground
3111:Operation Reinhard
3106:Wannsee Conference
1746:Friedlander, Henry
811:SS-Brigadierführer
728:
627:
532:front organization
516:
429:concentration camp
395:. He was also the
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3644:Sh'erit ha-Pletah
3591:Jewish emigration
3581:Hitler's prophecy
3576:Haavara Agreement
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3510:Ypatingasis būrys
3407:Sicherheitsdienst
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3282:
3281:
3202:Bielski partisans
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2805:Totenkopfverbände
2464:
2463:
2029:978-0-41511-888-0
2010:978-1-78155-433-3
1952:978-1-10187-400-4
1930:978-0-06334-903-2
1911:978-1-92963-157-5
1892:978-93-297-0037-2
1873:978-0-19005-673-5
1854:978-3-86820-311-0
1835:978-0-39304-671-7
1797:978-1-11893-688-7
1778:978-0-06135-027-6
1759:978-0-80782-208-1
1737:978-0-41515-232-7
1718:978-0-82640-797-9
1699:978-1-25000-083-5
1661:978-0-52158-816-4
1623:978-0-25302-214-1
1604:978-0-7425-5715-4
1398:, pp. 86–92.
1224:, pp. 66–67.
868:2nd and 1st Class
783:Special Treatment
714:Reinhard Heydrich
663:Party Chancellery
582:Obergruppenführer
374:
373:
176:11 September 1899
51:Obergruppenführer
48:Bouhler as an SS-
16:(Redirected from
3936:
3693:Holocaust denial
3671:Nuremberg trials
3661:Postwar violence
3616:
3551:
3550:
3528:
3527:
3490:Special Brigades
3480:Nederlandsche SS
3447:Police Regiments
3371:
3370:
3349:
3348:
3209:Ghetto uprisings
3197:Jewish partisans
3144:Harvest Festival
3116:Holocaust trains
3002:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2980:
2979:
2845:
2844:
2741:
2719:
2701:
2682:
2664:
2487:
2486:
2470:
2469:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2087:
2081:
2073:
2052:
2033:
2014:
1995:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1956:
1934:
1915:
1896:
1877:
1858:
1839:
1820:
1801:
1782:
1763:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1684:
1665:
1646:
1627:
1608:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1533:Friedlander 1994
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1485:Friedlander 1995
1482:
1476:
1473:Friedlander 1995
1470:
1464:
1461:Friedlander 1995
1458:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:Friedländer 2009
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1396:Friedlander 1995
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1258:Friedlander 1995
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1222:Friedlander 1995
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
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1177:
1171:
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1076:
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1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1004:
997:Sonderbehandlung
994:
988:
985:
979:
965:
959:
941:
935:
932:
926:
922:
916:
913:
907:
900:
781:under the name "
759:Heinrich Himmler
748:Schloss Hartheim
706:Heinrich Himmler
555:seizure of power
528:Beer Hall Putsch
486:Nazi functionary
426:
423:Sonderbehandlung
418:
406:
390:
284:Military service
267:
265:
199:
175:
173:
161:Personal details
150:
131:
112:
96:
77:
46:
32:
31:
21:
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3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3789:
3704:
3620:
3614:
3603:Madagascar Plan
3596:Kindertransport
3545:
3544:
3514:
3456:
3428:
3413:Ordnungspolizei
3369:
3356:
3335:
3278:
3230:
3183:
3154:Maly Trostenets
3125:Mass executions
3120:
3090:
3028:
2987:
2962:
2932:
2891:
2829:
2791:
2750:
2739:
2717:
2699:
2680:
2662:
2650:
2607:
2481:
2460:
2380:
2371:Hidden children
2349:
2207:Czechoslovakia
2172:
2167:
2095:
2090:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2049:
2030:
2011:
1992:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1939:Ullrich, Volker
1931:
1912:
1893:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1817:
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1037:
1032:
1027:
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1021:
1017:
1011:
1007:
995:
991:
986:
982:
976:Wayback Machine
966:
962:
942:
938:
933:
929:
923:
919:
914:
910:
901:
897:
892:
884:Action Reinhard
880:
866:War Merit Cross
846:
830:
796:killing centers
779:Reichsführer-SS
723:Generalplan Ost
695:
679:
651:Sturmbannführer
642:Joseph Goebbels
508:Joseph Goebbels
488:
456:First World War
448:
436:American troops
377:Philipp Bouhler
355:
269:
261:
257:
254:
237:
236:Other political
225:Political party
201:
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177:
171:
169:
151:
146:
132:
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113:
108:
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92:
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73:
55:
37:
36:Philipp Bouhler
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3702:
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3698:trivialization
3690:
3689:
3688:
3678:
3676:Eichmann trial
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
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3622:
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3619:
3618:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Nuremberg Laws
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3554:Early elements
3547:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:Early elements
3532:
3524:
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3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3470:Arajs Kommando
3466:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3441:Einsatzgruppen
3436:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3354:Responsibility
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
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3251:
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3227:
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3216:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3133:Einsatzgruppen
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3097:Final Solution
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3049:
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3034:
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3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:Ústredňa Židov
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:Theresienstadt
2920:
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2828:
2827:
2820:
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2808:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Einsatzgruppen
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
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2656:
2652:
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2649:
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2643:
2638:
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2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Mittelbau-Dora
2565:
2556:
2551:
2549:Kraków-Płaszów
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:Rescue of Jews
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2388:
2386:
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2143:
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2136:
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2115:
2102:
2094:
2093:External links
2091:
2089:
2088:
2068:
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2047:
2034:
2028:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1991:978-0451237910
1990:
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1935:
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1680:978-0870137105
1679:
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1647:
1641:
1628:
1622:
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1603:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:, p. 160.
1568:
1566:, p. 159.
1549:
1537:
1525:
1523:, p. 192.
1513:
1511:, p. 127.
1501:
1499:, p. 309.
1489:
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1465:
1463:, p. 142.
1448:
1436:
1434:, p. 151.
1424:
1422:, p. 507.
1420:Heinemann 2018
1412:
1410:, p. 226.
1400:
1388:
1386:, p. 158.
1376:
1374:, p. 104.
1361:
1359:, p. 221.
1349:
1337:
1325:
1323:, p. 106.
1313:
1309:Longerich 2019
1301:
1299:, p. 179.
1289:
1277:
1275:, p. 127.
1262:
1250:
1248:, p. 244.
1238:
1236:, p. 671.
1234:Longerich 2019
1226:
1214:
1212:, p. 389.
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 157.
1178:
1176:, p. 156.
1166:
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1154:
1152:, p. 148.
1142:
1140:, p. 195.
1130:
1128:, p. 300.
1118:
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1075:, p. 147.
1062:
1050:
1048:, p. 155.
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869:
863:
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845:
842:
829:
826:
822:Final Solution
694:
691:
678:
675:
671:Martin Bormann
512:Martin Bormann
504:Hermann Göring
487:
484:
447:
444:
419:, also called
372:
371:
368:
367:
361:
357:
356:
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340:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
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299:Branch/service
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200:(aged 45)
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167:
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3897:
3895:
3894:Reichsleiters
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
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3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:1945 suicides
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
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3759:
3756:
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3719:
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3707:
3699:
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3695:
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3691:
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3679:
3677:
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3669:
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3664:
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3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
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3627:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Nazi eugenics
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Topf and Sons
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3462:Collaborators
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:Referat IV B4
3398:
3397:
3396: (RSHA)
3395:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:Schutzstaffel
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:Organizations
3372:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Romani people
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Working Group
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:Kastner train
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3225:
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3207:
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3200:
3199:
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3177:
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3064:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3041:Kristallnacht
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
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2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2824:Sanitätswesen
2821:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2787:Death marches
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
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2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2715:
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2705:
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2696:
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2689:
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2677:
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2667:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2613:Extermination
2610:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Sachsenhausen
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Herzogenbusch
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Bergen-Belsen
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2491:Concentration
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:United States
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
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2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:and colonies
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2170:The Holocaust
2164:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2069:0-02-897500-6
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2048:0-19-504522-X
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1816:0-8419-0910-5
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1642:0-8032-1327-1
1638:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1541:
1535:, p. 54.
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1509:Burleigh 1997
1505:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 58.
1346:
1341:
1335:, p. 65.
1334:
1329:
1322:
1321:Browning 2004
1317:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1260:, p. 67.
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:Cesarani 2016
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1150:Williams 2015
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1116:, p. 20.
1115:
1114:Wistrich 1995
1110:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1073:Williams 2015
1069:
1067:
1060:, p. 67.
1059:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1019:
1009:
1002:
998:
993:
984:
977:
973:
970:
964:
958:
954:
950:
946:
940:
931:
921:
912:
905:
899:
895:
885:
882:
881:
873:
870:
867:
864:
862:
859:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
841:
839:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
791:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
752:Upper Austria
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
725:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
690:
688:
684:
677:Authored work
674:
672:
668:
667:Parteikanzlei
664:
660:
656:
653:
652:
645:
643:
639:
634:
632:
624:
620:
615:
611:
606:
603:
597:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:
578:
577:
576:Gruppenführer
572:
571:
566:
562:
561:
556:
551:
549:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:Bouhler with
492:
483:
481:
480:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
443:
441:
437:
432:
430:
425:
424:
417:
416:
410:
405:
404:
398:
394:
389:
388:
382:
378:
369:
365:
362:
358:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
294:
293:German Empire
291:
287:
282:
279:
276:
272:
250:
246:
243:
240:
234:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
195:
191:
188:
187:German Empire
184:
180:
168:
164:
159:
155:
149:
144:
140:
136:
130:
125:
122:
117:
111:
106:
101:
95:
90:
87:
84:Chief of the
82:
76:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
53:
52:
45:
40:
33:
27:
19:
3778:Yizkor books
3439:
3386:
3131:
3079:in Lithuania
3039:
2937:
2822:
2815:
2804:
2738:
2716:
2697:
2678:
2661:
2444:by Catholics
2313:Soviet Union
2181:By territory
2118:
2057:
2038:
2019:
2000:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1942:
1920:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1844:
1825:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1749:
1727:
1708:
1689:
1670:
1651:
1632:
1613:
1594:
1586:Bibliography
1571:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1408:Hilberg 1985
1403:
1391:
1379:
1352:
1345:Bytwerk 2004
1340:
1333:Bytwerk 2004
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1253:
1246:Ullrich 2020
1241:
1229:
1217:
1210:Fischer 1995
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1138:Fischer 1995
1133:
1126:Kershaw 1999
1121:
1092:
1080:
1053:
1018:
1008:
996:
992:
983:
963:
944:
939:
930:
920:
911:
903:
898:
831:
810:
800:
789:
787:
778:
771:Viktor Brack
763:Aktion 14f13
756:
740:mentally ill
735:
729:
721:
718:Konrad Meyer
686:
682:
680:
666:
658:
649:
646:
637:
635:
628:
608:
599:
587:
580:
574:
570:Reichsleiter
568:
558:
552:
548:Adolf Hitler
540:
517:
496:Adolf Hitler
477:
459:
449:
442:in Austria.
433:
415:Aktion 14f13
409:Nazi Germany
387:Reichsleiter
376:
375:
337:Battles/wars
320:
253:Helene Majer
238:affiliations
198:(1945-05-19)
147:
128:
109:
93:
74:
66:Reichsleiter
64:
49:
26:
3824:1945 deaths
3814:1899 births
3784:Never again
3615:(Action T4)
3541:Remembrance
3326:Homosexuals
3296:Soviet POWs
3224:Częstochowa
2772:Gas chamber
2583:Ravensbrück
2524:Gross-Rosen
2519:Flossenbürg
2402:Philippines
2334:Yugoslavia
2293:Netherlands
2221:Sudetenland
2121:by Bouhler
1971:7 September
1576:Miller 2006
1564:Miller 2006
1545:Miller 2006
1384:Miller 2006
1273:Bergen 2009
1186:Miller 2006
1174:Miller 2006
1097:Miller 2006
1046:Miller 2006
1001:euphemistic
861:Blood Order
855:Wound Badge
732:Karl Brandt
708:, Bouhler,
543:Ian Kershaw
440:Zell am See
431:prisoners.
366:, 2nd class
344:World War I
196:19 May 1945
3808:Categories
3773:Yad Vashem
3753:Uniqueness
3608:Nisko Plan
3381:Nazi Party
3189:Resistance
3159:Ninth Fort
3024:Vel' d'Hiv
2796:Nazi units
2734:Westerbork
2724:Amersfoort
2578:Neuengamme
2559:Mauthausen
2539:Kaiserwald
2509:Buchenwald
2288:Luxembourg
1521:Stone 2023
1497:Yahil 1990
1444:Black 2016
1357:Orlow 2010
1297:Weale 2012
1285:Weale 2012
1030:References
761:initiated
710:Fritz Todt
702:Rudolf Heß
693:War crimes
623:Robert Ley
565:Westphalia
553:After the
520:Nazi Party
474:philosophy
466:Iron Cross
446:Early life
381:Nazi Party
364:Iron Cross
289:Allegiance
278:Philosophy
229:Nazi Party
172:1899-09-11
139:Nazi Party
3731:Education
3626:Aftermath
3538:Aftermath
3500:Trawnikis
3424:Wehrmacht
3419:Waffen-SS
3219:Białystok
3047:Bucharest
3019:Marseille
2896:Elsewhere
2857:Białystok
2669:Breendonk
2646:Treblinka
2499:Auschwitz
2283:Lithuania
2078:cite book
1058:Klee 2016
814:Globocnik
738:in which
736:Aktion T4
560:Reichstag
524:Max Amann
403:Aktion T4
312:1912–1917
274:Education
203:Altaussee
148:In office
133:1939–1941
129:In office
121:Action T4
119:Chief of
110:In office
94:In office
75:In office
3716:Academia
3169:Piaśnica
3139:Babi Yar
3067:Jedwabne
3006:Roundups
2939:Judenrat
2903:Budapest
2674:Mechelen
2636:Majdanek
2593:Stutthof
2554:Majdanek
2449:by Poles
2407:Portugal
2385:Response
2376:Timeline
2354:Overview
2216:Slovakia
2203:Bulgaria
1941:(2020).
1748:(1995).
972:Archived
955: ;
951: ;
878:See also
777:and the
669:) under
461:Leutnant
322:Leutnant
3743:Lessons
3179:Rumbula
3052:Dorohoi
3033:Pogroms
2985:Victims
2835:Ghettos
2767:Gas van
2755:Methods
2729:Schoorl
2707:Bolzano
2655:Transit
2641:Sobibor
2631:Chełmno
2598:Vaivara
2534:Hinzert
2479:ghettos
2432:Vatican
2338:Croatia
2328:Ukraine
2318:Belarus
2308:Romania
2260:Hungary
2243:Germany
2233:Estonia
2228:Denmark
2198:Belgium
2193:Austria
2188:Albania
2132:of the
2128:in the
2107:at the
1960:USHMM.
838:cyanide
803:Himmler
268:
260:
256:
231:(NSDAP)
220:Suicide
183:Bavaria
54:in 1936
18:Bouhler
3649:Bricha
3415:(Orpo)
3288:Others
3274:Żegota
3236:Rescue
3214:Warsaw
3174:Ponary
3084:Kaunas
2887:Warsaw
2872:Lublin
2862:Kraków
2849:Poland
2693:Drancy
2626:Belzec
2603:Warsaw
2514:Dachau
2422:Turkey
2417:Sweden
2343:Serbia
2323:Russia
2303:Poland
2298:Norway
2278:Latvia
2248:Greece
2238:France
2066:
2045:
2026:
2007:
1988:
1949:
1927:
1908:
1889:
1870:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1734:
1715:
1696:
1677:
1658:
1639:
1620:
1601:
904:Aktion
807:Lublin
605:Hitler
602:Brandt
534:, the
510:, and
452:Munich
360:Awards
248:Spouse
207:Styria
179:Munich
3763:Humor
3736:Films
3433:Units
3164:Odesa
3014:Izieu
2928:Vilna
2913:Minsk
2908:Kovno
2882:Radom
2746:Sereď
2563:Gusen
2544:Kauen
2475:Camps
2412:Spain
2397:Japan
2271:Libya
2265:Italy
890:Notes
834:Bruck
788:Todes
720:at a
262:(
258:
3654:List
3409:(SD)
3389:(SS)
3072:Lviv
3057:Iași
2997:Jews
2918:Riga
2877:Lwów
2867:Łódź
2839:list
2688:Gurs
2561:and
2477:and
2084:link
2064:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2024:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1973:2024
1947:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1773:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1732:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1599:ISBN
792:älle
742:and
712:and
329:Unit
317:Rank
193:Died
166:Born
2803:SS-
2134:ZBW
750:in
472:'s
3810::
2740:sk
2718:nl
2700:it
2681:fr
2663:be
2111:,
2080:}}
2076:{{
1964:.
1552:^
1451:^
1364:^
1265:^
1104:^
1065:^
1038:^
824:.
798:.
704:,
621:,
585:.
506:,
502:,
498:,
397:SS
264:m.
209:,
205:,
185:,
181:,
3786:"
3782:"
3099:"
3095:"
2841:)
2837:(
2162:e
2155:t
2148:v
2086:)
2072:.
2051:.
2032:.
2013:.
1994:.
1975:.
1955:.
1933:.
1914:.
1895:.
1876:.
1857:.
1838:.
1819:.
1800:.
1781:.
1762:.
1740:.
1721:.
1702:.
1683:.
1664:.
1645:.
1626:.
1607:.
1087:.
790:f
786:(
665:(
174:)
170:(
20:)
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