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were forced to take cover from their own artillery. With supplies on the North Knob running low, efforts were made by U.S. troops to bring ammunition, food and water forward; this required soldiers to carry the heavy loads forward under fire. The carrying parties were supported by covering fire from protection parties. By midday, a sufficient quantity of supplies had been brought forward for the
Americans to launch an attack. This involved one company (A Company, 1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment) providing supporting fire from the North Knob while another (B Company, 1st Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment) carried out a flanking move to attack the South Knob from the west with flamethrowers and indirect fire support. After initial gains, this attack was held up. In an effort to hold the ground that had been gained, a third company (A Company, 1st Battalion, 132nd Infantry Regiment) was dispatched to reinforce B Company, but it too came under heavy fire and was held up. As a result, B Company had to be withdrawn back to the North Knob for the night. As local U.S. commanders calculated the cost of continuing to hold Hill 260, the Americal Division sought permission to withdraw. This was refused by the XIV Corps headquarters.
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area around the OP tree. Upon being informed of the attack, Griswold ordered that Hill 260 be held at all costs; up to this time the
Americal Division's headquarters had not planned to retain the position. E and F Companies of the 2nd Battalion, 182nd Infantry Regiment were subsequently dispatched to the hill. Most of F Company reinforced the survivors of G Company on Hill 260, and E Company and a platoon from F Company counterattacked to retake the lost ground. The American infantrymen regained some ground but suffered heavy casualties from Japanese fire and exhaustion before the attack was broken off in the evening of 10 March. The Japanese attacked E Company early in the morning of 11 March but were beaten back. G Company (less its platoon in defensive positions) attempted to relieve E Company later that day but also came under attack. B Company of the 182nd Infantry Regiment was moved forward to assist the other two companies in breaking contact with the Japanese forces and retiring to the main perimeter on Hill 260's North Knob, and this was successfully achieved during the morning.
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the South Knob after patrols discovered that the
Japanese had no reserves left to reinforce the position. From this it was assessed that their effort in the sector had been spent, and regardless of whether they managed to hold the South Knob, they would be unable to exploit the position further. This assessment was correct, as the Japanese had begun transferring troops from this sector to reinforce the Magata Unit around the northern perimeter. It was hoped that these transfers would concentrate enough force to achieve a break-in. Consequently, only a small Japanese force remained on the South Knob. Over the following days this force was subjected to heavy bombardment and flame attacks, which lasted until the Japanese withdrew from the position on 27 March. Casualties in the Hill 260 sector amounted to 98 U.S. servicemen killed, 24 missing, and 581 wounded. A total of 560 Japanese dead were found on top of the South Knob when the U.S. forces reoccupied it on 28 March.
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support. Even if XIV Corps had been as weak as the
Japanese believed, the force committed to the attack did not include enough troops or artillery to penetrate the well-prepared defenses. Miller argues further that the attack might have achieved a degree of success, at least in terms of inflicting heavy casualties on the U.S. forces, had Hyakutake concentrated his forces prior to the attack, rather than building them up over the course of the fighting. This would have potentially produced a break in the U.S. line, which the Japanese might have been able to exploit to penetrate into the rear areas and cause considerable destruction before the U.S. forces regrouped. This did not happen, and the veteran U.S. troops held their positions. Miller opines that had the offensive been successful, it would have had a serious effect on the campaign in the Solomons, resulting in a large drain on Allied resources, but would most likely not have altered the wider course of the war.
1687:, the official historian of the U.S. Navy in World War II, reaches similar conclusions. He judges that while a successful attack on the airfields would have "cut the most important link in the Allied armed chain around Rabaul", the Japanese offensive failed because of the strength of the Allied defenses and the determined resistance put up by the garrison. In his analysis Morison also highlights the advantages the Allies gained from having air and naval superiority at Bougainville. Regardless of the reasons the counterattack failed, Shindo contends that the Japanese commanders never believed they would be successful in recapturing Bougainville. This is supported by Tanaka who wrote that Imamura's decision to attack had been based upon a desire to make "some contribution to general military situation", and to attack while they still could, rather than an assessment that they could force the Allies to withdraw from Bougainville.
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advancing southwest and capturing Hill 700, at the middle of the U.S. perimeter line, on 8 March. It would then rest for two days before advancing against the Piva airfields. The Muda Unit was to launch its attack on the east side of the perimeter 10 March by advancing west and capturing Hills 260 and 309. On 12 March it and a battalion from the Iwasa Unit would capture Hill 608. The attack would then switch to the west, and the Magata Unit would begin its attack on 11 March and move south through low-lying terrain to assault the 129th Infantry
Regiment. After defeating this unit, the Magata Unit would join the Iwasa Unit's advance on the airfields. Once these airfields were secured, the three units would advance to Cape Torokina and capture it by 17 March. Because of their inadequate supply of rations, the Japanese needed to achieve a rapid victory.
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the
Japanese. Their attack recommenced just before dawn the next morning and recaptured another bunker. As morning progressed, the U.S. commander requested tank support, and four tanks from the 754th Tank Battalion were dispatched. In the meantime, minor counterattacks regained part of the line; by mid-morning the tanks joined the fighting and several more positions were retaken by the U.S. troops in several attacks before and after noon. Having run out of ammunition and running low on fuel, the first group of tanks was withdrawn and replaced with a fresh platoon with which the attack was resumed in the mid-afternoon. Fighting continued throughout the day until 19:30 when the Japanese retired from the position for the evening, having been forced to give up all of their earlier gains.
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145th Infantry, Colonel Cecil
Whitcomb, was also relieved of command after Beightler learned that he was suffering from extreme combat fatigue. Following an artillery bombardment, elements of the 2nd Battalion, 148th Infantry Regiment attacked Japanese positions during the afternoon and captured some ground. This battalion made further progress against Japanese-held bunkers the next day and recaptured the original perimeter lines. The Iwasa Unit began to withdraw on 13 March. The Japanese had suffered heavy losses during the fighting around Hill 700, and the Americans counted 309 bodies near the area recaptured on 11 and 12 March; two prisoners were also taken. The 37th Division's fatalities amounted to five officers and 73 enlisted men.
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Nevertheless, the
Japanese captured several forward positions. In the daylight on 24 March, U.S. troops launched a strong counterattack, supported by tanks and seven artillery battalions, after large numbers of reserves were poured in to the sector. Casualties amongst the Japanese were heavy. Air attacks fell on the Iwasa Unit's rear area and amidst intense fighting, a battalion of the Japanese 45th Infantry Regiment was completely destroyed, while another from the 53rd almost suffered the same fate. This offensive halted the Japanese for good. Finally, Hyakutake called an end to the operation. As the Japanese began to withdraw, Fijian troops and U.S. soldiers from Griswold's reserve pursued the withdrawing troops on 25 March.
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Torokina grew considerably, eventually stretching 6 mi (9.7 km) along the coast, and 5 mi (8.0 km) inland. Well-stocked with supplies, equipment and amenities, including medical and recreation facilities, it became a symbol of Allied power and wealth that was used to impress the local
Bougainvilleans. The U.S. forces on the island assumed a largely defensive posture following the defeat of the Japanese attack, with the perimeter around Torokina being further fortified. Apart from limited patrolling, the Americans did not pursue an offensive campaign throughout 1944, preferring to contain the Japanese rather than attempting to destroy them. This situation began to change in late 1944, when the Australian
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11 March, the main elements of the Magata Unit concentrated around their assembly area on Mount Nampei in preparation for an assault. As they began advancing southwest, the U.S. outposts were withdrawn and heavy barrages of fire were laid down in front of the
American positions. By early evening the two forces were engaged in a heavy exchange of fire along the Logging Trail, which lasted until darkness had fallen. Throughout the night, small parties of Japanese troops attempted to infiltrate the American positions, cutting the wire in several places and successfully capturing several bunkers around the junction of Taylor's Creek and the Logging Trail, as well as several more further to the east.
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were fought between these units and elements of the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment on 8 March, and the 37th Division's artillery bombarded areas from where the Japanese could potentially launch an attack on the 2nd Battalion, 145th Infantry. The 23rd Infantry Regiment belatedly began to attack just after midnight on 9 March amidst heavy rain but failed to penetrate far into the American defenses. After daybreak on 9 March, elements of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 145th Infantry Regiment counterattacked the Japanese and regained most of the terrain which had been lost. Two
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troops chosen for the attack spent 40 days throughout January and into February conducting unit level training, perfecting jungle assault techniques. All of the units selected for the offensive departed their bases by mid-February and advanced along the eastern and western coasts. Barges moved artillery, other equipment and 1,400 soldiers to a point east of Cape Torokina, around the Jaba–Mosigeta area; the guns and supplies were then carried overland into the hills. Only two weeks worth of rations were assembled, although Japanese planners believed these provisions would be sufficient to sustain 12,000 men for about one month.
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3,500 men killed and another 5,500 wounded" and noted that many of the wounded subsequently died from starvation or disease. Shindo stated in 2016 that of those directly involved in the battle 2,700 were killed; however, he provides total figures of 5,400 dead and 7,100 wounded, which include units other than the 6th Division involved in fighting around the same time. Shindo's figures of 12,500 killed or wounded over this period are also supported by Kengoro Tanaka. Several units were disbanded because of these losses, and morale among the surviving Japanese personnel on Bougainville slumped.
1023:. The small number of Australian public servants and plantation managers on Bougainville fled the island in January 1942, and it came under Japanese control that March. Few Japanese troops arrived until 1943, when the island's garrison was expanded to a peak strength of 65,000. After their arrival, the Japanese conscripted some of the locals to work as laborers. Conditions were harsh and often they were not paid. As the Allied bombing campaign in the Pacific intensified throughout 1943, the conditions imposed on the locals grew more harsh as food supplies dwindled and instances of disease grew.
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outpost and began to attack the U.S. Army units which were protecting its supply lines. All of the Fijian troops, along with 200 Bougainvillean civilians who had chosen to evacuate with them, reached the coast on 19 February. Other American patrols and positions to the north and northeast of the perimeter were also attacked, and the Allies concluded that the Japanese force was being concentrated in this area. Papers taken from the bodies of Japanese soldiers killed in this fighting also allowed the Allies to build up an accurate appreciation of the Japanese plan of attack as well as the
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their movement. The next day Hill 260 was retaken by American troops. Meanwhile, the Japanese withdrew, largely in an orderly fashion, to the positions they had occupied prior to the battle. In the following weeks, the U.S. forces expanded their perimeter and harassed the Japanese. This operation sought to occupy key terrain and establish outposts and blocking positions along potential Japanese avenues of advance. It involved the African American troops of the 24th Infantry Regiment and
948:, which accommodated three strategically important airfields. The Japanese mistakenly believed that their forces were about as large as the units deployed to defend the Allied positions. The Allies detected Japanese preparations for the attack shortly after they began in early 1944 and strengthened the base's defenses. None of the three Japanese forces which conducted the attack was able to penetrate far into the Allied perimeter, although there was intense fighting for several positions.
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1320:, had taken over responsibility for the Torokina perimeter from the Marines in mid-December 1943. They greatly outnumbered the Japanese force and enjoyed much stronger artillery support. At the time of the attack, the corps had a total strength of 62,000 men. It comprised two divisions and a large number of support units; both of the divisions were veteran units which had seen combat elsewhere in the Solomon Islands. The
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airfields. This movement was not completed until 23 March, by which time the Japanese had concentrated around 4,850 troops. Fighting was limited to patrol actions in the intervening period during which time the defending U.S. troops worked to improve the perimeter defenses. A general attack began after sundown that day with shelling and skirmishes prior to a series of assaults through the low ground.
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between 3 and 16 March. As it was believed that the Japanese would attempt to use barges to land a force inside the perimeter, the destroyers and PT boats stationed at Bougainville patrolled along the coast of Empress Augusta Bay each night. U.S. Navy Seabees also manned several of the defensive positions which had been established along beaches within the perimeter.
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Japanese positions by 36 aircraft. At 17:00 parts of the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 145th Regiment launched a well-coordinated attack and managed to recapture more of the area lost on 9 March. The remaining men of the Iwasa Unit conducted an offensive against Hill 700 on the night of 10/11 March but only managed to capture a single
1012:. At the time of World War II, most of Bougainville's population of about 50,000 lived in small settlements in the north of the island and along its northeastern coast. The area in and around the American perimeter in March 1944 was lightly populated. There were no formed roads, although a track ran along the coast and another crossed the interior.
1297:. According to U.S. Army official historian John Miller, the total number of men in the attacking force was either 15,400 or 19,000, although Shindo states that only 9,548 were directly committed to the fighting. The Japanese did not have any air support, as it had been diverted to make up for losses on Truk. Similarly, the
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the area in a series of battles in November and December. Most of the Japanese units involved in these engagements were destroyed, but the casualties inflicted on the 17th Army were not crippling; the Americans captured 25 prisoners and a small amount of equipment and estimated that over 2,458 Japanese had been killed.
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been forced to withdraw to the North Knob. The fighting on Hill 260 died down in the evening of 11 March as neither the Japanese nor U.S. forces attempted any offensive action. Muda took the opportunity to concentrate his forces to fully occupy the South Knob, and several bunkers were established overnight.
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The counterattack drew to a close on 27 March, as Hyakutake gave the order for his forces to cease the attack and withdraw. As they began to move, elements of the Japanese 6th Cavalry Regiment and the 2nd Battalion, 4th South Seas Garrison Unit, acted as a screening force to cover
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tanks arrived during the afternoon. At around 15:00 the tanks attacked the Japanese with supporting artillery fire and regained more of the perimeter. From there, the battle followed a similar pattern, with a lull in the fighting on 16 March, followed by a renewed effort by the Japanese the next
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Throughout the following day, the U.S. forces attempted to retake the lost positions to restore the integrity of their line. Fighting raged into the early afternoon, by which time the Americans had recaptured several bunkers. In the evening, the Americans used indirect fire and searchlights to harass
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The Iwasa Unit attacked again at 06:45 on 10 March but did not make any progress. Its attack was repelled by heavy indirect fire as well as small arms fire. U.S. forces then prepared a counterattack and were reorganized to do so throughout the afternoon. Meanwhile, airstrikes were carried out on
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tanks from the 754th Tank Battalion supported the attack but proved ineffective on the steep terrain. Meanwhile, the Japanese took advantage of the terrain to bring machine gun and mortar fire down on the U.S. supply route dubbed McClelland Road. Two destroyers provided fire support for the U.S.
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The next day Japanese artillery targeted the fighter strip at Torokina. Few shells landed on the American front-line positions on either day. All of the U.S. and New Zealand fighter units on Bougainville operated from Torokina throughout the Japanese offensive, though they were sent to nearby islands
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The Japanese attack was focused on three separate areas around the U.S.-held perimeter: Hill 700 in the center, Hill 260 in the east, and around Taylor's and Cox's Creeks in the north. The offensive began with an artillery bombardment on 8 March. At 05:45 Japanese artillery began firing into the
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The American perimeter was strengthened ahead of the attack. The size of the perimeter had been expanded slightly since late 1943 and was 23,000 yd (21,000 m) long. The defensive positions along the front line were further developed, and reserve positions were constructed. An outpost to the
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were placed on other routes which might be used by the Japanese. Artillery and mortars were emplaced in positions where they could support any part of the defensive perimeter, and fire plans were developed to allow for rapid bombardments of all possible approach routes. Several searchlights were also
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After the defeat of the counterattack and the brief U.S. pursuit that followed in April, the focus of Japanese operations on Bougainville turned largely to subsistence. The incidence of illness began to rise as a result of the severance of the supply line from Rabaul. In contrast, the Allied base at
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Allied losses were much lighter. The U.S. Army official history states that XIV Corps suffered 263 fatalities. A monograph prepared by the Office of the U.S. Army's Surgeon General in 1962 puts the total Allied casualties on Bougainville between 15 February and 21 April 1944 as 2,335. These included
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in the 37th Division's sector. Following the commencement of the Japanese counterattack in the central and southern sectors on 8/9 March, the northern perimeter came under bombardment from Japanese indirect fire. Initially there were several small scale actions but no major engagements. On
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Japanese indirect fire opened the fighting early on 12 March, falling across the Americal Division's front. U.S. artillery and mortars fired back, targeting the Muda Unit on the South Knob. Such was the proximity of their position to the U.S. defenders on the North Knob that the Americans there
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teams from the 132nd Infantry Regiment also arrived. In the afternoon American forces attempted to regain the South Knob. While this effort was initially successful and led to the extraction of several American soldiers who had been isolated on the position, by late afternoon the U.S. units had
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between two knolls, Hill 700 proved difficult to both defend and to attack. For several days prior to the attack there had been clashes between U.S. and Japanese patrols in the front of the position, and Japanese patrols had been engaged in wire cutting around the perimeter. Several small skirmishes
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As well as providing fire support for Army units, the U.S. Navy forces at Bougainville sought to prevent other Japanese offensives throughout the battle. Four destroyers bombarded Japanese supply dumps and troop concentrations near the mouth of the Reini River to the east of the perimeter every day
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The Japanese offensive plans specified that the three units would make a series of coordinated but separate attacks on the American perimeter. These involved capturing strategically significant hills within the perimeter and then assaulting the airfields. The Iwasa Unit would begin the offensive by
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and forces dispatched directly from Rabaul. After these attacks were defeated, a local counterattack with four battalions was planned for 22 November, but this plan was scrapped by the Eighth Area Army. The United States forces subsequently expanded their beachhead and defeated the Japanese in
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The Magata Unit approached Cape Torokina from the north by moving along the Logging Trail which had been built by U.S. engineers and entered the northwestern sector of the perimeter near Taylor's Creek. Between 11 and 17 March troops from the Magata Unit attacked the positions occupied by the
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The U.S. forces made further attempts to secure Hill 260 on 13 March, but several attacks were defeated after the American troops crested the South Knob. As casualties mounted, McCulloch resolved to abandon the direct approach, instead deciding that he would seek to wear down the defenders on
1496:. U.S. Navy destroyers provided fire support from their anchorage in Empress Augusta Bay, and American aircraft bombed several of the hills outside the perimeter. As a result of the bombardment, all aircraft based at the Piva airfields other than six TBF Avengers were moved to the nearby island of
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Preparations for the counterattack were made during the first months of 1944. As the bulk of the 17th Army was stationed in northern and southern Bougainville, engineers needed to develop roads and bridges to allow the troops to move to the hills inland from the American perimeter. The combat
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to the southeast, fell into an ideal defensive area about 6 mi (9.7 km) deep and 8 mi (13 km) long which could be defended by the Allied forces then available". The planners judged that any force large enough to pose a threat to the beachhead would need at least three months to
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Figures for Japanese casualties during the attack differ. The U.S. Army's official history, which was published in 1959, puts Japanese losses at "over 5,000 men killed, more than 3,000 wounded". In contrast, Australian historian Karl James wrote in 2012 that "the Japanese estimated that they lost
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Japanese forces began their attack on Hill 260 shortly after 06:00 on 10 March, with the intention of using it to launch follow-up attacks on Hills 309 and 608 inside the U.S. perimeter. The initial assault was made by all or part of the 3rd Battalion, 13th Infantry Regiment and captured the
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from G Company, 2nd Battalion, 182nd Regiment and a party of artillery observers; the total strength of this isolated force on 10 March was about 80 men. An observation platform had been erected 150 ft (46 m) up a tree (called "OP tree"), and the heavily forested hill was
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In late December 1943 Hyakutake and the other senior Japanese officers on Bougainville concluded that the Allies did not intend to advance from their perimeter at Empress Augusta Bay or land elsewhere on the island, and they began planning a counterattack. Their plans were based around a mistaken
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forces in fighting which lasted until 25 March. The attack was hampered by inaccurate intelligence and poor planning and was pushed back by the well-prepared Allied defenders, who greatly outnumbered the Japanese force. The Japanese suffered severe casualties, while Allied losses were light.
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and to prevent the Japanese from using it for the same purpose. The only weaknesses in the American position were that the number of troops and artillery available were smaller than what the U.S. Army would normally use to defend a perimeter of that length, and that the Japanese held hills which
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Several small clashes were fought between Allied and Japanese forces during February. The Fijian force at Ibu was reinforced to a strength of about 400 personnel on 3 February but was withdrawn to the perimeter in the middle of the month after a larger body of Japanese troops surrounded the
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At this point, the Japanese commanders decided to concentrate their efforts in the northern sector along the frontage held by the 129th Infantry Regiment. They began moving the Iwasa and Muda Units to link up with the Magata Unit, in order to launch an all-out assault aimed at reaching the
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Although there were minor exchanges of fire and some patrol activity, there was a lull in the battle on 14 March in the northern sector. The following day, three Japanese infantry battalions fell on the U.S. positions before dawn. They gained some ground around Cox's Creek, but U.S. forces
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While the Iwasa Unit arrived at its attack position on 8 March, its assault on the American perimeter was delayed until the next day. Hill 700, in the 37th Division's sector, was held by the 2nd and 3rd Battalions of the U.S. Army's 145th Infantry Regiment. Very steep with a deep
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This proved the final element of the Japanese counterattack. Forewarned by captured plans, the U.S. troops had been expecting the attack. A heavy American artillery barrage fell on the main Japanese assault forces as they formed up, which disrupted their advance by inflicting heavy casualties.
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along with supporting artillery, mortars and engineers. Colonel Muda Toyoharei led the Muda Unit, which comprised the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 13th Infantry Regiment and some engineers. The 17th Army Artillery Group was commanded by Colonel Saito and was equipped with four 15 cm
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on 9 January 1944. These were the closest Allied airfields to Rabaul and were used to greatly intensify the air campaign against the Japanese positions there. The Japanese air units stationed at Rabaul were worn down by frequent Allied aerial raids during early 1944, and the Japanese high
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In summing up the counterattack, U.S. Army official historian John Miller argues that the Japanese offensive failed because of poor planning and intelligence. The Japanese commanders underestimated the strength of the U.S. defenders, who greatly outnumbered them and had far superior artillery
1564:, infiltrated the 800 yd (730 m) gap between Hill 260 and the main American perimeter, and the main body of the Japanese force moved into its jumping off position east of the hill. During the night American artillery also bombarded the approaches to the southern end of the hill.
1555:-shaped feature consisting of two rounded hills to the north and south—dubbed "North Knob" and "South Knob"—the position was essentially a saddle, albeit one separated by a very narrow handle. The U.S. forces had established an outpost on the feature which was occupied by a reinforced
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Beightler, the commander of the 37th Division, was frustrated by the 145th Infantry's failure to reestablish its original perimeter and reinforced the regiment on 11 March with the 2nd Battalion, 148th Infantry Regiment. During that day the commander of the
1192:, the commander of the Eighth Area Army, directed that the offensive should be launched in early March. Japanese historian Hiroyuki Shindo states that this date was chosen solely based on ration availability; the Japanese supply line from Rabaul had been cut when the Allies had
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and support other operations in the region. The Allies did not intend to conquer the entire island, and the invasion area was mainly selected on the grounds that it was lightly defended and distant from the main Japanese bases at the northern and southern ends of Bougainville.
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for machine guns and artillery. Barbed wire was strung along the 22,500 yd (20,600 m) horseshoe-shaped perimeter, and fields of fire were cleared 100 yd (91 m) ahead of all positions. All trails leading to the area were blocked with obstacles, and
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each evening to ensure that they were not attacked on the ground. Each day, American SBD and TBF aircraft flew more than 100 sorties over Bougainville in direct support of the ground troops, and USMC and RNZAF fighter bombers attacked Japanese supply lines.
1703:. After taking over the U.S. base around Torokina, the Australians subsequently began a three-pronged offensive to secure the island, with heavy fighting taking place from December 1944 until close to the end of the war. Major actions were fought around
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The 6th Cavalry Regiment had left behind most of its horses when it deployed to the South Pacific, and was formally converted to a dismounted unit as part of Army-wide reforms to divisional cavalry regiments in August 1943. Its soldiers fought as
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Leo Kreber, the 37th Division's senior artillery officer, was appointed to command all of the artillery units within the perimeter, including the eight battalions which formed part of the infantry divisions. Six of these units were equipped with
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aircraft patrolled the coast of Bougainville and attacked Japanese barges but were unable to stop the movement of supplies and equipment by sea. American warships and aircraft also periodically bombarded the main Japanese bases on Bougainville.
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deployed to illuminate the front lines. An outpost was established around Ibu, to the north of the perimeter, for early warning. The U.S. Army's official history of operations on Bougainville describes the American defenses as "formidable".
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assessment that there were 30,000 Allied personnel on the island, of whom 20,000 were combat troops with the remainder aircraft ground crews; the American combat strength was actually over 60,000. As a result of its experiences in the
1207:, patrols conducted by U.S. Army troops into the interior of the island, aerial and naval patrols, and the interrogation of Japanese prisoners. Japanese troops were also detected around the outpost at Ibu, which was held by the
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of the forces involved. Intelligence information detailing the Japanese plans was then distributed to American soldiers holding the perimeter through various means, including notices posted on unit bulletin boards.
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Army forces and fired a total of 400 rounds during the day. As night fell, forward movement largely ceased. Both sides maintained a defensive posture throughout the night, exchanging small arms and indirect fire.
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protected by a network of bunkers which had been constructed out of sandbags and logs. During the night of 9/10 March small parties from the Muda Unit, having assembled at Peko before moving along the
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during 1942 and 1943, the 17th Army decided to conduct a single major attack against the perimeter rather than a series of offensives. During a visit to Bougainville on 21 January 1944, General
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After pushing the Japanese back, the American forces began work on building defense lines to protect the airfield complex in late November. These defenses were completed by 15 December and comprised
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Map of Japanese troop movements on Bougainville during the fighting on the island between November 1943 and March 1944. The black lines indicate Japanese movements, the red lines indicate Allied landing
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area, and only limited fighting took place until late 1944, when Australian troops took over from the Americans and began a series of advances across the island until the end of the war in August 1945.
1089:, initially believed that the landing at Empress Augusta Bay was a diversion and would be followed by a direct assault on the south of the island. However, he conducted several small and unsuccessful
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beachhead; the Piva airfields were the main targets of this shelling, and three aircraft were destroyed and 19 damaged. The Americans quickly located the Japanese guns, and their artillery began
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was unable to provide any assistance. The Japanese did, however, hold the high ground overlooking the perimeter around Torokina, giving them the ability to observe the US dispositions.
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of U.S. Marine Corps fighters began operating from it the next day. Two airfields capable of accommodating large numbers of light and medium bombers were subsequently completed:
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Hill 260 was located in the Americal Division's sector, about 800 yd (730 m) outside the main perimeter line, on the southern approaches to the Torokina perimeter. An
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The construction of several airfields within the perimeter at Empress Augusta Bay began shortly after the landing. This work was conducted by eight United States Navy
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reach the area by travelling overland from the Japanese bases. While a Japanese counter-landing could potentially deposit a large force in the Cape Torokina area, the
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1289:; an American post-battle account states that the group had 168 of these weapons. The 17th Army's reserve comprised part of the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the
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The Japanese counterattack on Bougainville between 9 and 17 March 1944. The U.S. perimeter is marked in blue and Japanese troop movements are shown in red.
1268:, and two batteries of artillery, as well as engineers and other support troops. The Magata Unit was commanded by Colonel Magata Isaoshi and was made up of the
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3016:. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Department of the Army.
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3298:. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Vol. II. Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
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The Allied force on Bougainville detected the Japanese buildup. Information on the movement of the 17th Army was gained from many sources, including
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1256:. These troops were divided into three separate groups, each named for its commander, as well as an artillery group and a reserve force. Major General
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Shindo, Hiroyuki (2016). "Holding on to the Finish: The Japanese Army in the South and Southwest Pacific, 1944–45". In Dean, Peter J. (ed.).
4952:
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The assistant U.S. divisional commander, Brigadier General William A. McCulloch, arrived in the afternoon to direct the battle on Hill 260.
5330:
5186:
5170:
5142:
4390:
3597:
2985:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. VII. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial.
1360:. Almost all of the infantry regiments on the perimeter had been assigned additional machine guns, and each regiment received a battery of
981:. The island is 125 mi (201 km) long and 38 mi (61 km) wide at its broadest point. The island is roughly shaped like a
3172:
1009:
6087:
5154:
5066:
5010:
4973:
4255:
3089:
3025:
3229:. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs.
2840:
2831:. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs.
5059:
3791:
3238:
529:
431:
6565:
5193:
3583:
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1424:, arrived to augment the XIV Corps' artillery. This became the first African American unit to see combat in the South Pacific.
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4007:
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4247:
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4078:
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3701:
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3282:
3201:
3114:
3107:
Rikugun: Guide to Japanese Ground Forces, 1937–1945: Tactical Organization of Imperial Japanese Army & Navy Ground Forces
3083:
3057:
2994:
2884:
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2815:
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1249:
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4266:
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1700:
1417:
806:
574:
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315:
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which was mainly being used for laboring), the 1st Fiji Battalion and several engineer units. U.S. Army and Navy and
1252:, a veteran formation that had seen action previously in China, although there were also elements (two battalions) of the
6256:
5720:
5052:
5038:
4251:
1421:
1427:
The American troops were supported by air and naval units. The U.S. Navy force assigned to the island comprised the six
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5456:
5214:
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4021:
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3708:
3562:
3365:. Reports of General MacArthur. Vol. II. Part I. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
1049:
In addition to the advantages to be gained from distance from the Japanese bases, the American planners judged that a
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339:
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on the west coast of the Japanese-held island. The Allied invasion aimed to establish a defensive perimeter around
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5419:
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1613:
799:
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1211:. In response, Allied aircraft attacked bridges and areas in which Japanese troops were believed to be located.
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5442:
5045:
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4597:
3650:
2762:. Army Historical Series (Online ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
1057:
of the fighting on the island states that "the Cape Torokina plain, bordered by the natural obstacles of the
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1385:
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1111:
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1435:, a squadron of PT boats, a small number of Landing Craft Infantry fitted as gunboats and several armed
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6423:
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3405:
721:
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5887:
5859:
5692:
5597:
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4820:
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available for ground support tasks. Two RNZAF fighter squadrons were also stationed at Bougainville.
1369:
1313:
1223:
1094:
1030:
1027:
886:
823:
779:
726:
711:
421:
391:
252:
4092:
3344:
Operations of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the Papua New Guinea Theater During World War II
3196:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History.
1465:
6064:
6041:
5293:
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1843:
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240:
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1404:. A provisional corps artillery unit was also formed which comprised two batteries of long-ranged
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5498:
5394:
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4736:
4706:
4670:
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4527:
4419:
4397:
4343:
4329:
4311:
3975:
3756:
3484:
3433:
1373:
1020:
936:. The Japanese attack began on 8 March 1944 after months of preparation and was repulsed by
716:
696:
686:
606:
186:
1388:(RNZAF) security units were deployed within the perimeter to protect the airfields from attack.
1073:
6178:
6071:
5873:
5824:
5727:
5620:
5590:
5373:
5261:
4987:
4778:
4369:
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3158:
1708:
1298:
1278:
1216:
1208:
917:
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636:
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1617:
Troops from the 129th Infantry Regiment advance with armoured support, 16 March 1944
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4841:
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3729:
3715:
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2826:
1444:
1432:
1409:
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985:. The interior of Bougainville is dominated by two ranges of mountains that are covered with
969:
706:
691:
672:
621:
497:
450:
406:
363:
49:
32:
4287:
3224:
1663:
U.S. Army soldiers from the 93rd Infantry Division patrol the Numa Numa Trail, May 1944
1571:
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6348:
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5926:
5852:
5662:
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4567:
4044:
3722:
3041:
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1601:
U.S. 129th Infantry Regiment in the vicinity of Cox's and Taylor's Creeks west of the
1493:
1365:
1204:
1184:
818:
762:
662:
657:
560:
416:
3124:
Oughterson, Ashley W.; Hull, Harry C.; Sutherland, Francis A.; Greiner, Daniel J. (1962).
1196:
in mid-February, and Japanese commanders wanted to attack before supplies were exhausted.
8:
6611:
6385:
6263:
6219:
5741:
4875:
4641:
4168:
3998:
3982:
3931:
3132:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army. pp. 282–436.
1451:
1440:
1341:
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1086:
1034:
994:
974:
956:
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209:
79:
2932:
1308:
Soldiers from the 24th Infantry Regiment plotting defensive positions in March 1944
6604:
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6034:
5699:
5583:
5477:
5428:
5366:
5122:
5073:
4882:
4506:
4161:
3959:
2954:. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. Washington, DC: Center of Military History.
1413:
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5484:
5337:
4931:
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3924:
3903:
3613:
3366:
3347:
3328:
3299:
3293:
3278:
3259:
3230:
3197:
3164:
3133:
3110:
3079:
3053:
3017:
2986:
2955:
2924:
2902:
2880:
2861:
2832:
2811:
2792:
2763:
1514:
1078:
838:
789:
755:
738:
3189:
6514:
6507:
6451:
6115:
5880:
5866:
5769:
5706:
5657:
5470:
5323:
5270:
5080:
5031:
4945:
4175:
4152:
3685:
2875:
James, Karl (2016). "More Than Mopping Up: Bougainville". In Dean, Peter J. (ed.).
2771:
1716:
1479:
1132:
1054:
998:
881:
591:
555:
484:
3694:
2980:
1659:
6537:
6249:
6164:
6122:
6020:
5963:
5831:
5613:
5604:
5133:
4715:
4691:
3945:
3163:. Washington, D.C.: Historical Branch, Headquarters, United States Marine Corps.
2923:. United States Army in World War II. Washington DC: Center of Military History.
1602:
1561:
1405:
1232:
1189:
864:
850:
828:
813:
774:
626:
611:
596:
235:
204:
143:
6649:
6544:
6080:
6006:
4058:
3917:
1696:
1454:
1317:
1245:
1062:
1026:
The Bougainville campaign began on 1 November 1943 when the United States
857:
745:
426:
221:
172:
1539:. Further Japanese attacks on the morning of 11 March were unsuccessful.
6685:
6355:
4280:
4129:
3968:
3370:
3303:
3234:
3137:
3021:
2990:
2959:
2928:
2836:
2767:
1436:
1397:
1361:
1325:
1173:
1157:
1038:
921:
247:
216:
160:
100:
87:
55:
1530:
Light tanks from the 754th Tank Battalion around Hill 700, 9 March 1944
951:
The Bougainville counterattack was the last major Japanese offensive in the
6654:
6458:
4758:
4663:
4294:
3657:
3421:
3351:
3168:
2906:
1580:
1286:
1153:
1058:
1041:
within which airfields would be built to attack the major Japanese base at
986:
933:
40:
2879:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–251.
6293:
6279:
5941:
4617:
4438:
4423:
3777:
3067:
2914:
1497:
1447:
1016:
929:
36:
3327:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–76.
331:
5648:
5401:
5380:
4273:
3606:
3534:
1627:
1364:
on 3 March. The support units available to the corps included the
1257:
1140:
58:
firing at close range at a Japanese position on Hill 260 in March 1944
5911:
5316:
5113:
4924:
4722:
4677:
1552:
1519:
1428:
1144:
1116:
1053:
in the Cape Torokina area would be defensible. The U.S. Marine Corps
1050:
1005:
1001:
with heavy rain being common at all times of the year, producing the
945:
4198:
3275:
Japanese Army in World War II: South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–44
4182:
3910:
1328:, held the eastern portion of the perimeter and was made up of the
1274:
1097:, his superior headquarters. These involved units from Hyakutake's
990:
1699:, started to relieve the U.S. forces, who were transferred to the
1623:
1556:
1420:
and the marine defense battalion. In February the 2nd Battalion,
1376:(which was equipped with mortars), the 1st Battalion of the
1219:
1212:
1131:
of engineers from New Zealand. An airfield capable of supporting
1128:
2858:
The Hard Slog: Australians in the Bougainville Campaign, 1944–45
1478:
east of the perimeter on Hill 260 was held both as an artillery
955:. Following the engagement the Japanese force withdrew from the
4792:
3390:
3123:
1536:
1340:. The remainder of the perimeter was defended by Major General
1244:
The Japanese force was drawn primarily from Lieutenant General
1124:
1107:
1042:
982:
527:
4980:
1626:
and flamethrowers, and retook part of the line. A platoon of
3194:
The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944
1439:. Most of the air units on Bougainville were drawn from the
1575:
The scene on the North Knob (Hill 260) following the battle
1085:
The Japanese commander on Bougainville, Lieutenant General
1019:, Bougainville formed part of the Australian-administrated
3346:. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Papua New Guinea Goodwill Society.
3050:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
1391:
XIV Corps did not have its own corps artillery, but
989:. The coastal plains are swampy and largely covered with
2860:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
1656:
who were committed to battle to gain combat experience.
3256:
World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study
4052:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1093:
in early November after being ordered to do so by the
3052:. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
2810:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky.
1070:
was confident that it could stop any such operation.
916:, was an unsuccessful Japanese offensive against the
944:
The goal of the offensive was to destroy the Allied
6707:
Battles of World War II involving the United States
3192:. In Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (eds.).
3074:. In Regan, Anthony J.; Griffin, Helga M. (eds.).
1955:
1953:
306:
3362:Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area
3126:"Study on Wound Ballistics-Bougainville Campaign"
3109:. Vol. I. Solihull, United Kingdom: Helion.
6683:
2901:. Melbourne, Victoria: Grayflower Publications.
2619:
2617:
2006:
2004:
1813:
1811:
1631:day, with several U.S. positions being overrun.
1285:and a large number of 7.5 cm (3.0 in)
1061:to the northwest, the mountains inland, and the
2808:Bougainville, 1943–1945: The Forgotten Campaign
2090:
1950:
1156:in mid-February. This gave the Allies complete
2415:
2413:
2125:
2123:
2099:
1976:
1974:
1911:
1260:commanded the Iwasa Unit, which comprised the
3406:
2614:
2481:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2439:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2403:
2401:
2364:
2362:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2237:
2235:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2001:
1825:
1823:
1808:
1135:opened at Cape Torokina on 9 December, and a
513:
347:
177:
2113:
2111:
2018:
2016:
1866:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1595:
2410:
2296:
2171:
2169:
2120:
1971:
1763:
1761:
1418:251st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment
1414:90 mm (3.5 in) anti-aircraft guns
1148:command decided to withdraw them following
6712:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
3413:
3399:
3358:
3258:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
3187:
2560:
2506:
2488:
2476:
2464:
2434:
2422:
2398:
2359:
2280:
2232:
2187:
2132:
2054:
2045:
2025:
1820:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1695:, under the command of Lieutenant General
1077:U.S. Marine Corps fighters and bombers at
531:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
520:
506:
354:
340:
3325:Australia 1944–45: Victory in the Pacific
3292:Shaw, Henry I.; Kane, Douglas T. (1963).
3078:. Canberra: ANU Press. pp. 168–198.
2877:Australia 1944–45: Victory in the Pacific
2824:
2596:
2108:
2013:
1770:
361:
3291:
2786:
2350:
2305:
2244:
2166:
1758:
1658:
1612:
1570:
1525:
1483:overlooked almost all of the perimeter.
1464:
1400:and the other two operated short-ranged
1303:
1172:
1072:
6702:Battles of World War II involving Japan
3272:
3253:
3040:
2947:
2753:
1784:
134:
16:1944 Japanese offensive in World War II
6684:
5260:
5238:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3341:
3322:
3160:Bougainville and the Northern Solomons
3066:
3009:
2805:
6109:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
5541:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
5187:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
5143:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
4248:Rape during the occupation of Germany
3394:
3210:from the original on 26 November 2006
3156:
2893:
2874:
2855:
2756:"World War II: The War Against Japan"
1316:, under the command of Major General
1283:7 cm (2.8 in) infantry guns
501:
335:
5231:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
4263:Rape during the liberation of France
3359:Willoughby, Charles A., ed. (1966).
3241:from the original on 30 October 2013
3222:
3104:
3028:from the original on 4 February 2012
2978:
2843:from the original on 1 February 2023
2548:Miller (1959), pp. 370–371 & 377
1908:Nelson (2015), pp. 182–183 & 187
1837:
1835:
977:lies at the northwestern end of the
2913:
1925:. Department of Veterans' Affairs.
1854:from the original on 7 October 2022
1402:155 mm (6.1 in) howitzers
1398:105 mm (4.1 in) howitzers
1112:foxholes and fortified emplacements
13:
5457:German invasion of the Netherlands
3737:Weather events during World War II
3013:Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul
1923:Australia and the Second World War
1672:395 deaths and 1,940 men wounded.
1622:counterattacked with air support,
1422:54th Coast Artillery Regiment
1279:10 cm (3.9 in) howitzers
1239:
432:Hellzapoppin Ridge & Hill 600A
14:
6733:
6088:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3310:from the original on 9 March 2012
3277:. Battle Orders. Oxford: Osprey.
3175:from the original on 9 March 2012
3092:from the original on 12 June 2018
2966:from the original on 6 March 2018
2641:Ness (2014), pp. 111–113, 126–127
1998:Shaw and Kane (1963), pp. 280–281
1929:from the original on 7 April 2020
1841:
1832:
1460:
1370:3rd Marine Defense Battalion
6648:
3420:
3144:from the original on 8 July 2018
3076:Bougainville Before the Conflict
2997:from the original on 9 July 2015
2704:Morison (1958), pp. 425, 430–431
2677:Oughterson et al. (1962), p. 312
2452:Gailey (1991), pp. 136 & 154
1919:"In the Shadows of Bougainville"
1264:, the 2nd Battalion of the
1021:Mandated Territory of New Guinea
807:Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
544:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
319:Location within Papua New Guinea
305:
298:
246:
234:
215:
203:
179:
166:
153:
136:
48:
2746:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2605:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2497:
2455:
2446:
2389:
2380:
2371:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2271:
2262:
2259:Miller (1959), pp. 352–355, 357
2253:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2196:
2178:
2157:
2148:
2081:
2072:
2063:
1992:
1983:
1962:
1941:
1902:
1893:
1733:
1348:, whose main elements were the
1168:
6335:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
4045:Territorial changes of Germany
3953:Indonesian National Revolution
3188:Rohfleisch, Kramer J. (1950).
3072:"Bougainville in World War II"
3046:Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier
2920:The Employment of Negro Troops
2791:. New York: Harper Perennial.
1884:
1875:
1675:
1:
5735:Japanese invasion of Thailand
5686:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
5450:German invasion of Luxembourg
3831:Mediterranean and Middle East
2825:Gillespie, Oliver A. (1952).
2154:Gillespie (1952), pp. 278–280
1844:"Solomon Islands Rainforests"
1747:
1358:148th Infantry Regiments
1338:182nd Infantry Regiments
1091:attacks against the beachhead
963:
5642:Invasion of the Soviet Union
5331:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
4649:Independent State of Croatia
3128:. In Beyer, James C. (ed.).
1968:Shaw and Kane (1963), p. 176
1752:
1726:
1646:
1374:82nd Chemical Battalion
1003:Solomon Islands rain forests
7:
6626:End of World War II in Asia
6466:Western invasion of Germany
5973:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
5950:Second Battle of El Alamein
5520:Hundred Regiments Offensive
5492:Battle of the Mediterranean
5345:Italian invasion of Albania
3519:Air warfare of World War II
3254:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
3226:Royal New Zealand Air Force
2754:Coakley, Robert W. (1989).
2078:Morison (1958), pp. 402–403
2069:Morison (1958), pp. 394–399
1881:Rottman (2002), pp. 136–137
1817:Rottman (2002), pp. 135–136
1654:93rd Infantry Division
1546:
1507:
1406:155 mm "Long Tom" guns
1386:Royal New Zealand Air Force
1378:24th Infantry Regiment
1295:81st Infantry Regiment
1293:as well as elements of the
1291:53rd Infantry Regiment
1270:45th Infantry Regiment
1266:13th Infantry Regiment
1262:23rd Infantry Regiment
979:Solomon Islands archipelago
10:
6738:
6552:Naval bombardment of Japan
5920:First Battle of El Alamein
5839:Battle of Christmas Island
5784:Japanese invasion of Burma
5548:Italian invasion of Greece
5464:German invasion of Belgium
5436:German invasion of Denmark
5409:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
5278:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
3542:Comparative military ranks
2899:South West Pacific 1941–45
2713:Nelson (2015), pp. 188–189
2686:Miller (1959), pp. 356–357
2650:Miller (1959), pp. 377–378
2632:Tanaka (1980), pp. 274–275
2623:Miller (1959), pp. 375–378
2593:Miller (1959), pp. 374–375
2539:Miller (1959), pp. 368–369
2530:Miller (1959), pp. 367–368
2503:Miller (1959), pp. 366–367
2461:Miller (1959), pp. 363–364
2395:Miller (1959), pp. 359–361
2338:Miller (1959), pp. 351–378
2329:Miller (1959), pp. 354–355
2320:Tanaka (1980), pp. 261–262
2087:Miller (1959), pp. 351–352
2010:Miller (1959), pp. 265–266
1899:Nelson (2015), pp. 179–182
1410:3rd Defense Battalion
1194:captured the Green Islands
1163:
967:
910:Bougainville counterattack
568:Dutch East Indies campaign
26:Bougainville counterattack
6641:
6473:Bratislava–Brno offensive
6413:
6404:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
6141:
6028:Allied invasion of Sicily
5982:
5888:Aleutian Islands campaign
5860:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
5807:
5798:Greek famine of 1941–1944
5693:Second Battle of Changsha
5598:German invasion of Greece
5566:
5443:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
5418:
5356:
5251:
5132:
4858:
4768:
4616:
4319:
4310:
4068:
3893:
3785:North and Central Pacific
3746:
3508:
3501:
3428:
3010:Miller, John Jr. (1959).
2948:Lofgren, Stephen (1993).
2806:Gailey, Harry A. (1991).
2789:The Pacific War 1941–1945
2760:American Military History
2668:James (2012), pp. 155–156
2105:Willoughby (1966), p. 246
1989:Rottman (2005), pp. 70–72
1596:Taylor's and Cox's Creeks
1486:
1362:75 mm pack howitzers
1028:I Marine Amphibious Corps
914:Second Battle of Torokina
539:
373:
293:
271:
258:
227:
196:
128:
62:
47:
30:
25:
6697:1944 in Papua New Guinea
6065:Allied invasion of Italy
6042:Solomon Islands campaign
5791:Third Battle of Changsha
5388:First Battle of Changsha
5294:Second Sino-Japanese War
4234:German military brothels
4100:United States war crimes
3342:Tanaka, Kengoro (1980).
3273:Rottman, Gordon (2005).
3105:Ness, Leland S. (2014).
2787:Costello, John (2009) .
2740:James (2016), pp 232–249
2268:Gillespie (1952), p. 280
1829:Costello (2009), p. 421.
1721:along the Hongorai River
1143:on 30 December and
953:Solomon Islands campaign
785:Neutralisation of Rabaul
651:Solomon Islands campaign
56:75 mm pack howitzer
6487:Second Guangxi campaign
6342:Philippines (1944–1945)
5846:Battle of the Coral Sea
5749:Fall of the Philippines
5395:Battle of South Guangxi
5301:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
4707:Italian Social Republic
3157:Rentz, John M. (1946).
1412:and eight batteries of
1209:1st Fiji Battalion
1031:landed at Cape Torokina
1015:At the outbreak of the
6072:Armistice of Cassibile
5874:Battle of Dutch Harbor
5825:Battle of the Java Sea
5728:Attack on Pearl Harbor
5628:Syria–Lebanon campaign
5621:Battle of South Shanxi
5591:Invasion of Yugoslavia
5374:Battle of the Atlantic
4988:Korean Liberation Army
4701:(until September 1943)
4658:(until September 1944)
4636:(until September 1944)
2419:Morison (1958), p. 429
2302:Morison (1958), p. 428
2202:Morison (1958), p. 430
2129:Morison (1958), p. 427
1980:Morison (1958), p. 426
1664:
1618:
1576:
1531:
1470:
1346:37th Infantry Division
1324:, under Major General
1309:
1299:Imperial Japanese Navy
1217:Landing Craft Infantry
1179:
1082:
197:Commanders and leaders
6236:Second Battle of Guam
6132:Bengal famine of 1943
6102:Second Battle of Kiev
6058:Battle of the Dnieper
5763:Battle of Wake Island
5635:East African campaign
5577:Battle of South Henan
5222:atrocities by Germans
4995:Korean Volunteer Army
3976:Occupation of Germany
3730:Music in World War II
3223:Ross, J.M.S. (1955).
3042:Morison, Samuel Eliot
2695:Miller (1959), p. 378
2659:Tanaka (1980), p. 275
2611:Gailey (1991), p. 165
2602:Gailey (1991), p. 164
2584:Miller (1959), p. 374
2575:Miller (1959), p. 373
2566:Miller (1959), p. 372
2557:Gailey (1991), p. 161
2521:Gailey (1991), p. 160
2512:Miller (1959), p. 367
2494:Miller (1959), p. 366
2485:Miller (1959), p. 365
2473:Miller (1959), p. 364
2443:Miller (1959), p. 363
2431:Miller (1959), p. 362
2407:Miller (1959), p. 361
2386:Gailey (1991), p. 151
2377:Gailey (1991), p. 150
2368:Miller (1959), p. 359
2347:Gailey (1991), p. 149
2293:Miller (1959), p. 358
2241:Gailey (1991), p. 133
2211:Lofgren (1993), p. 26
2193:Miller (1959), p. 357
2184:Miller (1959), p. 351
2163:Gailey (1991), p. 140
2145:Miller (1959), p. 356
2117:Tanaka (1980), p. 258
2096:Rottman (2005), p. 72
2060:Miller (1959), p. 271
2051:Miller (1959), p. 269
2042:Miller (1959), p. 352
2022:Tanaka (1980), p. 264
1959:Rottman (2005), p. 70
1890:Nelson (2015), p. 172
1805:Shindo (2016), p. 62.
1781:Miller (1959), p. 377
1662:
1616:
1574:
1529:
1468:
1433:Destroyer Squadron 22
1382:African American unit
1307:
1176:
1076:
997:. Bougainville has a
970:Bougainville campaign
365:Bougainville campaign
280:At least 3,500 killed
272:Casualties and losses
101:6.19000°S 155.08000°E
33:Bougainville campaign
6717:Fiji in World War II
6522:Surrender of Germany
6000:Battle of West Hubei
5957:Guadalcanal campaign
5927:Battle of Stalingrad
5853:Battle of Madagascar
4627:Albania protectorate
4414:(formerly Swaziland)
4123:Wehrmacht war crimes
3939:Expulsion of Germans
3723:Art and World War II
3621:British contribution
3570:Governments in exile
2979:Long, Gavin (1963).
2856:James, Karl (2012).
2731:Keogh (1965), p. 396
2722:Shindo (2016), p. 63
2229:James (2016), p. 234
2175:Tanaka (1980), p. 81
1947:Shindo (2016), p. 61
1767:James (2012), p. 155
1685:Samuel Eliot Morison
1494:counter-battery fire
1366:754th Tank Battalion
1205:signals intelligence
1185:Guadalcanal campaign
1010:two active volcanoes
912:, also known as the
763:New Britain campaign
316:class=notpageimage|
70:8–25 March 1944
6612:Potsdam Declaration
6501:Italy (Spring 1945)
6264:Liberation of Paris
5721:Siege of Sevastopol
4739:(until August 1944)
4642:Wang Jingwei regime
4464:from September 1943
4424:from September 1944
4362:from September 1944
4222:Romanian war crimes
4213:Persecution of Jews
4199:Croatian war crimes
4169:Japanese war crimes
3983:Occupation of Japan
3932:First Indochina War
3644:Military production
3556:Declarations of war
3295:Isolation of Rabaul
2982:The Final Campaigns
2774:on 21 February 2014
2356:Ross (1955), p. 246
2311:Ross (1955), p. 244
2250:Ross (1955), p. 245
2220:Rentz (1946), p. 90
1872:James (2012), p. 53
1441:1st Marine Air Wing
1342:Robert S. Beightler
1152:on the key base at
1087:Harukichi Hyakutake
1035:Empress Augusta Bay
995:lowland rainforests
987:montane rainforests
975:Bougainville Island
957:Empress Augusta Bay
926:Bougainville Island
770:Operation Cartwheel
680:New Guinea campaign
397:Empress Augusta Bay
210:Harukichi Hyakutake
106:-6.19000; 155.08000
97: /
80:Bougainville Island
6605:Surrender of Japan
6438:Battle of Iwo Jima
6287:Belgrade offensive
5700:Siege of Leningrad
5584:Battle of Shanggao
5513:British Somaliland
5478:Dunkirk evacuation
5429:Norwegian campaign
5367:Invasion of Poland
5194:Japanese prisoners
4162:Italian war crimes
4093:British war crimes
4008:Soviet occupations
3792:South-West Pacific
3679:Allied cooperation
3637:Military equipment
3377:on 8 February 2009
2277:Lee (1966), p. 502
1665:
1619:
1577:
1532:
1471:
1310:
1254:17th Division
1180:
1083:
1068:United States Navy
938:United States Army
707:Nassau Bay Landing
6722:March 1944 events
6692:Conflicts in 1944
6679:
6678:
6637:
6636:
6480:Battle of Okinawa
6379:Burma (1944–1945)
6213:Mariana and Palau
5993:Tunisian campaign
5818:Fall of Singapore
5742:Fall of Hong Kong
5485:Battle of Britain
5338:Operation Himmler
5247:
5246:
4911:Dutch East Indies
4554:Southern Rhodesia
4306:
4305:
4206:Genocide of Serbs
4109:German war crimes
4086:Soviet war crimes
4079:Allied war crimes
3925:Division of Korea
3904:Chinese Civil War
3702:Strategic bombing
3614:Manhattan Project
3334:978-1-107-08346-2
3284:978-1-84176-870-0
3203:978-0-912799-03-2
3116:978-1-909982-00-0
3085:978-1-921934-24-7
3059:978-0-252-06997-0
2951:Northern Solomons
2886:978-1-107-08346-2
2867:978-1-107-01732-0
2817:978-0-8131-9047-1
2798:978-0-68-801620-3
1713:Porton Plantation
1393:Brigadier General
1322:Americal Division
1160:over the region.
1127:battalions and a
1079:Torokina Airfield
900:
899:
800:Wide Bay–Open Bay
722:Admiralty Islands
493:
492:
480:Porton Plantation
446:2nd Cape Torokina
402:Koromokina Lagoon
392:1st Cape Torokina
378:Japanese Invasion
327:
326:
264:15,400–19,000 men
124:
123:
6729:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6655:World portal
6653:
6652:
6628:
6621:
6614:
6607:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6575:
6568:
6561:
6554:
6547:
6540:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6515:Prague offensive
6510:
6508:Battle of Berlin
6503:
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6452:Vienna offensive
6447:
6440:
6433:
6431:Battle of Manila
6426:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6381:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6321:
6312:
6305:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6275:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6208:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6174:
6172:Korsun–Cherkassy
6167:
6156:
6134:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6044:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6016:
6014:Bombing of Gorky
6009:
6002:
5995:
5975:
5968:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5881:Battle of Midway
5876:
5869:
5867:Battle of Gazala
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5800:
5793:
5786:
5779:
5777:Battle of Borneo
5772:
5770:Malayan campaign
5765:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5714:Bombing of Gorky
5709:
5707:Battle of Moscow
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5579:
5559:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5471:Battle of France
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5324:Munich Agreement
5319:
5312:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5280:
5273:
5258:
5257:
5240:
5233:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5209:Soviet prisoners
5203:
5196:
5189:
5180:
5173:
5164:
5157:
5150:
5149:German prisoners
5145:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4702:
4694:
4687:
4685:French Indochina
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4609:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4532:from August 1944
4523:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4317:
4316:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4258:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4176:Nanjing Massacre
4171:
4164:
4155:
4153:Nuremberg trials
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3994:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3886:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3759:
3757:Asia and Pacific
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3688:
3686:Mulberry harbour
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3373:. Archived from
3355:
3338:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3288:
3269:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3130:Wound Ballistics
3120:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3063:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2931:. Archived from
2910:
2890:
2871:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2821:
2802:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:. Archived from
2741:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2432:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2130:
2127:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1782:
1779:
1768:
1765:
1741:
1737:
1480:observation post
1095:Eighth Area Army
1055:official history
999:tropical climate
668:Treasury Islands
534:
532:
522:
515:
508:
499:
498:
368:
366:
356:
349:
342:
333:
332:
309:
308:
302:
251:
250:
239:
238:
220:
219:
208:
207:
189:
185:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
159:
157:
156:
146:
142:
140:
139:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
64:
63:
52:
23:
22:
6737:
6736:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6647:
6645:
6633:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6571:
6566:Atomic bombings
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6409:
6402:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6324:
6315:
6308:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6269:
6262:
6257:Eastern Romania
6255:
6250:Warsaw Uprising
6248:
6243:Tannenberg Line
6241:
6234:
6229:Western Ukraine
6227:
6218:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6177:
6170:
6159:
6150:
6137:
6130:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6047:
6040:
6033:
6026:
6021:Battle of Kursk
6019:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5978:
5971:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5909:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5832:St Nazaire Raid
5830:
5823:
5816:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5656:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5614:Anglo-Iraqi War
5612:
5605:Battle of Crete
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5562:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5534:Eastern Romania
5532:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5352:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5276:
5269:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5220:
5213:
5208:
5199:
5192:
5185:
5176:
5169:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5128:
5121:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5095:Western Ukraine
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5039:Northeast China
5037:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5009:
5002:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4777:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4745:Slovak Republic
4743:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4716:Empire of Japan
4714:
4705:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4625:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4418:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4302:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4261:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4228:Sexual violence
4227:
4220:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3997:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3958:
3951:
3946:Greek Civil War
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3889:
3882:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3771:South-East Asia
3769:
3762:
3755:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3630:Military awards
3628:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3524:
3517:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3455:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3419:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3335:
3313:
3311:
3285:
3266:
3244:
3242:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3178:
3176:
3147:
3145:
3117:
3095:
3093:
3086:
3060:
3031:
3029:
3000:
2998:
2969:
2967:
2938:
2936:
2935:on 27 July 2021
2887:
2868:
2846:
2844:
2818:
2799:
2777:
2775:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1785:
1780:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1678:
1649:
1603:Numa Numa Trail
1598:
1562:East–West Trail
1549:
1510:
1489:
1463:
1455:torpedo bombers
1443:, which had 64
1242:
1240:Opposing forces
1233:order of battle
1190:Hitoshi Imamura
1171:
1166:
1158:air superiority
1081:, December 1943
972:
966:
930:Pacific Theater
906:
905:
904:
901:
896:
851:Borneo campaign
780:Cape Gloucester
535:
530:
528:
526:
494:
489:
422:Cape St. George
369:
364:
362:
360:
323:
322:
321:
320:
318:
312:
311:
310:
286:
245:
233:
214:
202:
192:
180:
178:
167:
165:
154:
152:
137:
135:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
82:
53:
37:Pacific Theater
17:
12:
11:
5:
6735:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6585:
6582:South Sakhalin
6578:
6577:
6576:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6419:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6382:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6322:
6313:
6306:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6232:
6225:
6216:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6157:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6119:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6076:
6075:
6061:
6054:
6045:
6038:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6007:Battle of Attu
6003:
5996:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5969:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5756:Battle of Guam
5752:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5679:Battle of Kiev
5675:
5668:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5432:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5341:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5297:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5266:
5264:
5255:
5249:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5218:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5190:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:United Kingdom
5174:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5146:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4991:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:British Empire
4575:United Kingdom
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4416:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4391:Czechoslovakia
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4288:Rape of Manila
4284:
4277:
4270:
4259:
4244:
4237:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4165:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4140:
4126:
4119:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4059:United Nations
4055:
4048:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4004:
3995:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3918:Decolonization
3914:
3907:
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3864:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3752:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3591:United Kingdom
3587:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3514:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3356:
3339:
3333:
3320:
3289:
3283:
3270:
3264:
3251:
3220:
3202:
3190:"Bougainville"
3185:
3154:
3121:
3115:
3102:
3084:
3064:
3058:
3038:
3007:
2976:
2945:
2911:
2895:Keogh, Eustace
2891:
2885:
2872:
2866:
2853:
2822:
2816:
2803:
2797:
2784:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2724:
2715:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2634:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2475:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2358:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1970:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1842:Olsen, David.
1831:
1819:
1807:
1783:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1705:Slater's Knoll
1697:Stanley Savige
1677:
1674:
1648:
1645:
1597:
1594:
1548:
1545:
1509:
1506:
1488:
1485:
1462:
1461:Opposing plans
1459:
1318:Oscar Griswold
1312:The U.S. Army
1273:(5.9 in)
1246:Masatane Kanda
1241:
1238:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1150:a major attack
1099:17th Army
1063:Torokina River
968:Main article:
965:
962:
903:
902:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
862:
854:
853:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:2nd Corregidor
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
809:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
765:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
736:
729:
724:
719:
717:Huon Peninsula
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
682:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
653:
647:
646:
645:
644:
642:2nd Balikpapan
639:
634:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
588:
587:
585:1st Balikpapan
582:
571:
570:
564:
563:
561:1st Corregidor
558:
553:
547:
546:
540:
537:
536:
525:
524:
517:
510:
502:
495:
491:
490:
488:
487:
482:
477:
475:Hongorai River
472:
470:Slater's Knoll
467:
461:
460:
458:
454:
453:
448:
442:
441:
439:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
385:
381:
380:
374:
371:
370:
359:
358:
351:
344:
336:
328:
325:
324:
314:
313:
304:
303:
297:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
285:
284:
281:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
243:
230:
229:
228:Units involved
225:
224:
222:Oscar Griswold
212:
199:
198:
194:
193:
191:
190:
175:
163:
149:
147:
131:
130:
126:
125:
122:
121:
120:Allied victory
118:
114:
113:
78:
76:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
45:
44:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6734:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6644:
6643:
6640:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:Kuril Islands
6586:
6583:
6579:
6574:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6563:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6412:
6405:
6401:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:Syrmian Front
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6302:Market Garden
6298:
6295:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6161:Monte Cassino
6158:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5935:
5931:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5882:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5840:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:Baltic states
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5355:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5172:
5171:United States
5168:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:Quốc dân Đảng
5104:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4807:Liechtenstein
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:United States
4588:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:Comfort women
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4265: /
4264:
4260:
4257:
4254: /
4253:
4250: /
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:Camp brothels
4238:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:The Holocaust
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4116:forced labour
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3969:Marshall Plan
3966:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3822:Eastern Front
3819:
3816:
3815:Western Front
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3709:Puppet states
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3651:Naval history
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3598:United States
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3265:0-313-31395-4
3261:
3257:
3252:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3008:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1944:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:II Corps
1688:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:SBD Dauntless
1442:
1438:
1437:landing craft
1434:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:John R. Hodge
1323:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1287:mountain guns
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1222:supported by
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:Cape Torokina
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1008:. There were
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
961:
958:
954:
949:
947:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:Cape Torokina
919:
915:
911:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
867:
863:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
848:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:Lingayen Gulf
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
796:
795:Jacquinot Bay
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
760:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
741:
737:
735:
734:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
681:
678:
677:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
652:
649:
648:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Badung Strait
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
545:
542:
541:
538:
533:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
503:
500:
496:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
459:
456:
455:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Coconut Grove
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283:5,500 wounded
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161:United States
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42:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
6663:Bibliography
6646:
6459:Project Hula
6424:Vistula–Oder
6393:
6326:
6317:
6301:
6271:
6220:
6204:
6195:
6186:
6152:
6049:
5964:
5940:
5910:
5661:
5554:
5499:North Africa
5201:Soviet Union
5155:Soviet Union
5081:Soviet Union
4849:Vatican City
4759:Vichy France
4664:German Reich
4561:Soviet Union
4547:South Africa
4540:Sierra Leone
4493:Newfoundland
4312:Participants
4295:Marocchinate
3999:
3990:
3960:
3838:North Africa
3799:Indian Ocean
3658:Nazi plunder
3549:Cryptography
3422:World War II
3379:. Retrieved
3375:the original
3361:
3343:
3324:
3312:. Retrieved
3294:
3274:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3225:
3212:. Retrieved
3193:
3177:. Retrieved
3159:
3146:. Retrieved
3129:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3075:
3068:Nelson, Hank
3045:
3030:. Retrieved
3012:
2999:. Retrieved
2981:
2968:. Retrieved
2950:
2937:. Retrieved
2933:the original
2919:
2915:Lee, Ulysses
2898:
2876:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2827:
2807:
2788:
2776:. Retrieved
2772:the original
2759:
2747:Bibliography
2736:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
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2655:
2646:
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2628:
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2180:
2159:
2150:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
1994:
1985:
1964:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1847:
1735:
1709:Tsimba Ridge
1689:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1650:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1581:Flamethrower
1578:
1566:
1550:
1541:
1533:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1476:
1472:
1448:dive bombers
1426:
1390:
1311:
1250:6th Division
1243:
1229:
1224:PBY Catalina
1202:
1198:
1181:
1169:Preparations
1122:
1104:
1084:
1059:Laruma River
1048:
1025:
1014:
973:
950:
943:
934:World War II
913:
909:
907:
877:North Borneo
865:
858:
739:
732:
727:Aitape-Wewak
712:Salamaua-Lae
702:Bismarck Sea
692:Kokoda Track
673:Bougainville
637:North Borneo
465:Tsimba Ridge
445:
129:Belligerents
54:A U.S. Army
41:World War II
31:Part of the
18:
6394:Bodenplatte
6280:Gothic Line
5506:West Africa
5053:Philippines
5032:Netherlands
4897:Czech lands
4835:Switzerland
4779:Afghanistan
4730:Philippines
4598:Puerto Rico
4514:Philippines
4500:New Zealand
4486:Netherlands
4439:Free France
4190:Prosecution
3991:Osoaviakhim
3861:West Africa
3845:East Africa
3492:Conferences
3214:12 December
2970:27 December
2828:The Pacific
1701:Philippines
1676:Assessments
1498:New Georgia
1452:TBF Avenger
1281:, eighteen
1178:operations.
1017:Pacific War
928:during the
740:Persecution
663:New Georgia
658:Guadalcanal
632:2nd Tarakan
580:1st Tarakan
451:Pearl Ridge
427:Koiari Raid
187:New Zealand
104: /
92:155°04′48″E
6686:Categories
6494:West Hunan
6327:Pointblank
5663:Silver Fox
5649:Summer War
5402:Winter War
5381:Phoney War
5162:Azerbaijan
5123:Yugoslavia
5018:Luxembourg
4860:Resistance
4607:Yugoslavia
4472:Luxembourg
4274:Sook Ching
4070:War crimes
3672:Technology
3665:Opposition
3607:Lend-Lease
3584:Australian
3577:Home front
3535:Blitzkrieg
3485:Casualties
3476:Commanders
3448:Operations
2847:2 February
1748:References
1628:M4 Sherman
1429:destroyers
1258:Shun Iwasa
1141:Piva Uncle
1117:land mines
964:Background
892:Balikpapan
819:Leyte Gulf
627:2nd Borneo
575:1st Borneo
556:1st Bataan
417:Piva Forks
407:Piva Trail
289:263 killed
267:62,000 men
89:06°11′24″S
6559:Manchuria
6445:Indochina
6221:Bagration
5672:Lithuania
5317:Anschluss
5114:Viet Minh
5011:Lithuania
4953:Hong Kong
4723:Manchukuo
4678:Azad Hind
4337:Australia
4137:Aftermath
4000:Paperclip
3895:Aftermath
3695:Total war
3563:Diplomacy
3526:In Europe
3371:187072014
3304:568751111
3235:846940113
3138:647272700
3044:(2001) .
3022:569056928
2991:570202673
2960:835434865
2929:835790673
2837:250593791
2768:706013347
1848:One Earth
1753:Citations
1740:riflemen.
1727:Footnotes
1647:Aftermath
1553:hourglass
1520:M3 Stuart
1416:from the
1408:from the
1314:XIV Corps
1275:howitzers
1145:Piva Yoke
1051:beachhead
1033:, around
1006:ecoregion
991:mangroves
946:beachhead
733:Recklesss
697:Buna–Gona
687:Coral Sea
551:Lamon Bay
253:XIV Corps
241:17th Army
6670:Category
6619:document
6529:document
6386:Ardennes
6370:Budapest
6318:Crossbow
6196:Overlord
6035:Smolensk
5253:Timeline
5088:Slovakia
5074:Thailand
4925:Ethiopia
4890:Bulgaria
4814:Portugal
4752:Thailand
4634:Bulgaria
4412:Eswatini
4405:Ethiopia
4358:Bulgaria
4183:Unit 731
4144:Response
3961:Keelhaul
3911:Cold War
3884:Americas
3875:timeline
3868:Atlantic
3748:Theaters
3308:Archived
3239:Archived
3208:Archived
3173:Archived
3142:Archived
3090:Archived
3070:(2015).
3026:Archived
2995:Archived
2964:Archived
2917:(1966).
2897:(1965).
2841:Archived
1927:Archived
1858:16 March
1852:Archived
1624:bazookas
1547:Hill 260
1508:Hill 700
1220:gunboats
1213:PT boats
1137:squadron
1133:fighters
1108:trenches
920:base at
887:Beaufort
844:Mindanao
751:Noemfoor
617:Java Sea
259:Strength
75:Location
6596:Shumshu
6363:Hungary
6310:Estonia
6294:Lapland
6272:Dragoon
6205:Neptune
6187:Ichi-Go
6153:Tempest
6095:Changde
6050:Cottage
5942:Jubilee
5658:Finland
5556:Compass
5262:Prelude
5215:Finland
5101:Vietnam
5067:Romania
4939:Germany
4918:Estonia
4904:Denmark
4883:Belgium
4876:Austria
4869:Albania
4800:Ireland
4786:Andorra
4770:Neutral
4737:Romania
4671:Hungary
4656:Finland
4528:Romania
4420:Finland
4398:Denmark
4344:Belgium
4330:Algeria
4036:Romania
4022:Hungary
3778:Pacific
3502:General
3456:Leaders
3441:Battles
3434:Outline
3381:9 April
3352:9206229
3314:9 April
3245:10 June
3169:1313812
3096:11 June
3032:9 April
2939:11 June
2907:7185705
1933:10 June
1557:platoon
1450:and 32
1164:Prelude
1129:brigade
872:Tarakan
839:Visayas
790:Talasea
756:Morotai
602:Sumatra
35:of the
6573:Debate
6545:Taipei
6538:Borneo
6116:Tarawa
5310:Europe
5271:Africa
5060:Poland
5046:Norway
5025:Malaya
5004:Latvia
4946:Greece
4932:France
4828:Sweden
4793:Bhutan
4521:Poland
4507:Norway
4479:Mexico
4446:Greece
4432:France
4370:Canada
4351:Brazil
4321:Allies
4267:Serbia
4256:Poland
4029:Poland
4015:Baltic
3808:Europe
3510:Topics
3462:Allied
3369:
3350:
3331:
3302:
3281:
3262:
3233:
3200:
3167:
3148:8 July
3136:
3113:
3082:
3056:
3020:
3001:12 May
2989:
2958:
2927:
2905:
2883:
2864:
2835:
2814:
2795:
2766:
1719:, and
1717:Ratsua
1715:, and
1537:bunker
1515:saddle
1487:Battle
1277:, two
1125:Seabee
1043:Rabaul
983:fiddle
918:Allied
882:Labuan
592:Manado
485:Ratsua
184:
158:
141:
117:Result
6349:Leyte
6179:Narva
6165:Anzio
6123:Makin
6081:Burma
5965:Torch
5934:Rzhev
5895:Kiska
4981:Korea
4967:Japan
4960:Italy
4842:Tibet
4821:Spain
4699:Italy
4460:Italy
4453:India
4377:China
4252:Japan
3852:Italy
3764:China
3716:Women
3179:8 May
2778:8 May
1354:145th
1350:129th
1334:164th
1330:132nd
866:Semut
829:Luzon
814:Leyte
775:Arawe
612:Timor
597:Ambon
144:Japan
6415:1945
6143:1944
5984:1943
5912:Blue
5902:Attu
5809:1942
5568:1941
5420:1940
5358:1939
5287:Asia
5134:POWs
4974:Jews
4692:Iraq
4618:Axis
4568:Tuva
4384:Cuba
3469:Axis
3383:2012
3367:OCLC
3348:OCLC
3329:ISBN
3316:2012
3300:OCLC
3279:ISBN
3260:ISBN
3247:2018
3231:OCLC
3216:2011
3198:ISBN
3181:2016
3165:OCLC
3150:2018
3134:OCLC
3111:ISBN
3098:2018
3080:ISBN
3054:ISBN
3034:2012
3018:OCLC
3003:2016
2987:OCLC
2972:2017
2956:OCLC
2941:2018
2925:OCLC
2903:OCLC
2881:ISBN
2862:ISBN
2849:2023
2833:OCLC
2812:ISBN
2793:ISBN
2780:2016
2764:OCLC
1935:2018
1860:2023
1380:(an
1356:and
1336:and
1215:and
1154:Truk
993:and
908:The
859:Agas
746:Biak
622:Java
457:1945
438:1944
384:1943
173:Fiji
67:Date
1500:.
1431:of
1344:'s
1248:'s
932:of
924:on
6688::
6163:/
3306:.
3237:.
3206:.
3171:.
3140:.
3088:.
3048:.
3024:.
2993:.
2962:.
2839:.
2758:.
2616:^
2478:^
2466:^
2436:^
2424:^
2412:^
2400:^
2361:^
2282:^
2234:^
2168:^
2134:^
2122:^
2110:^
2027:^
2015:^
2003:^
1973:^
1952:^
1921:.
1850:.
1846:.
1834:^
1822:^
1810:^
1786:^
1772:^
1760:^
1723:.
1711:,
1707:,
1372:,
1368:,
1352:,
1332:,
1110:,
5666:)
5660:(
4534:)
4530:(
4466:)
4462:(
4426:)
4422:(
4364:)
4360:(
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3385:.
3354:.
3337:.
3318:.
3287:.
3268:.
3249:.
3218:.
3183:.
3152:.
3119:.
3100:.
3062:.
3036:.
3005:.
2974:.
2943:.
2909:.
2889:.
2870:.
2851:.
2820:.
2801:.
2782:.
1937:.
1862:.
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43:)
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.