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526:. On the night of 10/11 July 1944, 84 MAAF Wellingtons bombed the Lambrate railway station once again, but this time the damage was not heavy (and one of the planes was lost); three nights later, 89 Wellingtons attacked the same target, but two were hit by AA fire and the marshalling yard suffered limited damage. On 10 September, 71 MAAF bombers launched one more strike against the Lambrate station, which was hit along with the surrounding city (52 casualties).
19:
141:
83:
386:
The RAF lost three bombers. On the night of 14/15 August, fires were still raging when another bombing was carried out by 134 Lancasters (ouf of 140 which had originally taken off; one was lost), which dropped 415 more tons of bombs. Several factories (Breda, Pirelli, Innocenti, Isotta
Fraschini) and the Farini marshalling yard were badly hit; the Sforza Castle and the Royal Palace were further damaged, and
298:
parts of the city centre were set ablaze; 600 buildings were destroyed, with 161 victims and 281 wounded among the population. The only factory that was damaged was the
Pirelli plant. The headquarters of the Corriere della Sera were hit again and partly destroyed; among the public and historical buildings that suffered heavy damage were the
361:, which however did not materialize (owing to the humid climate, in addition to the previously mentioned urbanistic traits typical of Italian cities, and the fact that the raid was heavy but not very concentrated). Most of Milan's most famous buildings were hit during the raid; the Sforza Castle was further damaged,
631:
was hit the hardest; three quarters of the historical buildings suffered various extents of damage, including the
Cathedral, the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, Santa Maria delle Grazie, the Sforza Castle, the Royal Palace, La Scala and the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. The industry and transport system,
430:
At this point, Bomber
Command halted its attacks, as it was thought that the "persuasive" effect had been achieved, and further bombings could have instead fueled anti-British sentiment. The four August raids had caused over 1,000 dead and hit half of the buildings in the city, destroying or heavily
517:
and over 5 km of rails; 59 people were killed. No planes were shot down in either instance. On April 30 a new bombing by the
Fifteenth Air Force destroyed the Breda factory and inflicted further damage on the Lambrate marshalling yard (32 locomotives and 100 wagons were destroyed); in addition
74:
carried out by small numbers of planes, mainly with industrial objectives, which caused little damage and few casualties. The first raid happened in the night of 15/16 June 1940, five days after Italy entered the war; a few buildings were hit and one person was killed. On the following night, eight
385:
were also damaged. The death toll, although never fully ascertained, was an estimated 700 deaths; casualties were not higher because about 900,000 of the city's 1,150,000 inhabitants had already left after the previous attacks. Most of those who were still in Milan evacuated the city on August 13.
297:
government to surrender. On the night of 7/8 August 1943, 197 bombers took off from bases in
England to carry out a simultaneous bombing of Milan, Turin, and Genoa. Milan was bombed by 72 aircraft (two of which were shot down by AA fire), which dropped 201 tons of bombs, mainly incendiaries. Large
562:, which received a direct hit while the children and school personnel were going downstairs to the air raid shelter. The only two survivors were students, Noemi Cappellini and Antonio Skomina, both 7 years old at the time, who both refused the orders of the nuns to remain in the air raid shelter.
632:
having been prime targets for the whole duration of the war, also suffered heavy damage; the main factories (Caproni, Innocenti, Pirelli, Breda, Alfa Romeo, Isotta
Fraschini) suffered heavy damage, as did most of the railway stations. Public transport inside the city was completely disrupted.
619:
At the end of the war, Milan had suffered heavy damage from the air raids; out of 930,000 rooms that existed before the war, 360,000 were destroyed or heavily damaged, and over 200,000 suffered lighter damage. Overall, about one third of the buildings were destroyed or had to be subsequently
540:
The last heavy bombing suffered by Milan took place on 20 October 1944. On this day, a group of 111 USAAF bombers were sent to bomb the Breda, Isotta
Fraschini and Alfa Romeo plants; while the groups assigned to attack the Isotta Fraschini and Alfa Romeo hit their targets, the 36
410:
pipes hampered the efforts. The official death toll of this raid was of only nine killed, presumably due to the small number of people who were still in the city. On the following night, 186 Lancasters (13 more bombers did not reach the target; 7 were lost, mainly to
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and some members of parliament. Another raid with 71 planes was planned for the following night, but poor weather dispersed the formation and only 39 bombers reached Milan (six were lost, and many others randomly dropped their bombs on several towns and villages of
225:
After a pause of nearly four months, Milan suffered a new area bombing on the night of 14/15 February 1943, when 142 Lancasters dropped 110 tons of explosive bombs and 166 tons of incendiary bombs over the city. Several factories were damaged, including
545:
of the 451st Bomb Group missed the Breda factory due to a navigation error, and their commander, upon realizing the mistake, decided to release the bombs immediately. This resulted in about 80 tons of bombs falling over the heavily populated
190:
Although over 330 fires were started, it was judged that the incendiaries were much less effective than in previous raids on German cities; as it had already been shown by the bombing of Genoa, Italian cities were less vulnerable to
876:, pp. 9-25-29-40-46-71-73-83-86-97-100-112-113-116-119-176 to 179-196 to 202-221-222-227 to 229-235-236-265-273-293-295-298-326 to 328-339-344-346 to 354-371 to 373-381-383 to 385-423-431-442 to 445-447-458 to 460-465-487-488-493.
205:
was designated by Harris as the 'aiming point' for the area bombing. Although the cathedral was not hit during this raid, Harris's decision to centre the raid on a major religious building drew criticism from his superior,
94:; the target was again the Caproni plant which however was not hit, while several buildings along a few streets were, with 15 killed and 44 wounded. On the night of 15/16 August another raid ensued, but the reaction of the
518:
to these targets, the city was also hit, resulting in 40 civilian casualties. On the night of 13 May eight MAAF bombers, sent to attack the
Lambrate marshalling yard, missed their target and dropped their bombs over
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and 380,000 incendiary devices, over the city. This was the second heaviest air raid ever suffered by an
Italian city. The bombing caused massive fires in many parts of Milan; the fires drew air from the surrounding
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Although a reliable and complete count has never been made, it has been estimated that at least 2,200 people were killed in the bombings of Milan; the second heaviest death toll in Northern Italy (
179:
dropped 135 tons of bombs, including 30,000 incendiaries, over the city, in a rare case of RAF diurnal bombing. 441 buildings were hit, including the San Vittore jail, the headquarters of the
415:
fighters on the way back) carried out a final raid, during which they dropped an additional 601 tons of bombs. Several districts suffered further damage; the cathedral was hit again, and the
2570:
2511:
624:. The heavy destruction of the areas surrounding the city centre and the unregulated building that ensued in the reconstruction years left this part of Milan heavily disfigured.
993:
474:, the Bomber Command ended its area bombing campaign over Northern Italy. Milan was not bombed for several months thereafter, but in spring 1944, with the progress of the
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344:) took off from English bases, and 478 of them reached Milan and dropped 1,252 tons of bombs (670 explosive bombs and 582 incendiary bombs), including 245 4,000-lb
2485:
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were also hit. Residential areas were also badly damaged, with 203 houses destroyed, 596 heavily damaged and over 3,000 slightly damaged; the headquarters of
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164:
during the spring and summer of 1942, in autumn 1942 an area bombing campaign was launched against the three cities of Italy's "industrial triangle", Milan,
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2595:
986:
509:, but bombs also fell on the surrounding areas, killing 18 inhabitants and wounding 45. On the morning of 29 March, a further 139 bombers of the USAAF
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While Turin and Genoa suffered seven and six raids, respectively, Milan was in this phase the least targeted city. Nonetheless, on 24 October 1942, 73
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558:; 614 civilians were killed, among them 184 children, 14 teachers, the school director, 4 janitors and a health assistant of the "Francesco Crispi"
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On the night of 12/13 August 1943, Bomber Command launched its heaviest raid on Milan and any Italian city. 504 bombers (321 Lancasters and 183
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After 20 October 1944, no more bombings were carried out on Milan. Countless minor air attacks, mainly strafing and bombing actions by
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than the German ones. This was mainly due to wider streets, which prevented fires from spreading across them, and minimal use of
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1268:
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1218:
1508:
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At the beginning of 1943 the Italian anti-aircraft defenses, which had proved not to be very effective, were joined by German
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1423:
1338:
1333:
1002:
399:
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2320:
2213:
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1998:
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2003:
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were attacked. Dozens more civilians were killed, as it was not possible to distinguish trains and vehicles used by the
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After this attack, Milan was not bombed for six more months, but at the beginning of August 1943, following the fall of
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and factories, but inaccuracy in bombing often caused severe damage to residential areas and civilian casualties.
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2031:
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suffered 2,481 casualties). At least 400,000 people, more than one third of the population, were left homeless.
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2432:
1483:
267:
259:
184:
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was no longer possible in the city centre, as most of the streets were obstructed by ruins or sprinkled with
958:"Milano, un libro racconta la cittĂ devastata dalla guerra (Milan, a book recalls a city devastated by war)"
406:, National Anti-Aircraft Protection Union) in the attempts to control the fires, but the destruction of the
1986:
1724:
395:
334:
2357:
1744:
1734:
1110:
542:
215:), causing little more damage. Two more people were killed, and thousands started to flee from the city.
91:
458:
286:
had to close down, and more citizens evacuated the city. The only RAF loss was one Lancaster shot down.
187:. 171 people were killed and about 300 wounded. Four Lancasters were lost, only one of them to AA fire.
90:
Bombings were renewed during August 1940. On the night of 13/14 August, three bombers dropped bombs and
2108:
1991:
307:
1313:
250:
suffered heavy damage. Several historical buildings suffered various extents of damage, including the
1228:
551:
381:
suffered heavy damage. The Milan Cathedral was also hit by some bombs. The Alfa Romeo plant and the
1812:
431:
damaging 15% of them and leaving over 250,000 people homeless. The work of 5,000 workers and 1,700
1673:
1503:
2438:
1643:
1558:
1120:
450:
No more raids were carried out during the rest of 1943, and life in the city was slowly resumed.
407:
293:, it was decided to start a series of heavy bombings on the main Italian cities, to persuade the
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2404:
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2136:
1023:
502:
471:
263:
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batteries. The success rate of the anti-aircraft fire, however, did not improve significantly.
129:
plant but instead causing slight damage to a few houses and killing eight people, wounding 16.
1213:
2545:
2043:
1822:
1433:
586:
523:
282:. 133 people were killed in the attack, 442 were wounded and over 10,000 were left homeless.
255:
251:
95:
1528:
1353:
1308:
885:
Giorgio Bonacina, "La RAF cancella intere città ", on "Storia Illustrata" n. 172 – March 1972
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573:, took place throughout the autumn of 1944, the subsequent winter and the spring of 1945;
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One final bombing (by three planes) was carried out on 18/19 December 1940, targeting the
8:
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2162:
1729:
1413:
1293:
510:
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2238:
2198:
2146:
1760:
1137:
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374:
99:
63:
2019:
1468:
1157:
2383:
2308:
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2141:
2049:
1960:
1875:
1840:
1573:
1068:
1033:
628:
582:
559:
420:
71:
1683:
1663:
1603:
1563:
1453:
1182:
2378:
2283:
2263:
1945:
1935:
1870:
1709:
1588:
1538:
1458:
1303:
1243:
1063:
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535:
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The first bombing of 1944 took place in the night between 28 and 29 March, when 78
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107:
23:
1714:
1653:
1368:
1278:
1248:
58:
During the first years of war (until 1943/1944), Milan could only be reached by
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1950:
1910:
1900:
1880:
1845:
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supply resumed within 48 hours, while public transport was nearly annihilated.
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also suffered heavy damage. The few remaining citizens helped firefighters and
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207:
176:
115:
47:
1348:
329:
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1965:
1940:
1890:
1885:
1865:
962:
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1203:
1905:
1855:
570:
382:
153:
43:
2088:
1920:
1115:
350:
271:
192:
132:
No bombings were carried out during 1941, and until the autumn of 1942.
1915:
1860:
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Bombardate l'Italia. Storia della guerra di distruzione aerea 1940–1945
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demolished; the ruins were used to create the artificial hill known as
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514:
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that reached a speed of 50 km/h, an event that usually heralded a
227:
140:
110:. On the night of 18/19 August another bombing by four planes hit the
18:
1930:
1850:
1038:
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412:
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119:
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bomber, and induced the others to drop their load over the towns of
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275:
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613:
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39:
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896:"The massacre of Gorla and the sad story of its little martyrs"
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59:
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35:
22:
Buildings destroyed in Milan after the August 1943 bombings.
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World War II operations and battles of the Italian Campaign
513:
attacked the same target, destroying 500 more wagons, five
354:
219:
196:
1001:
748:"Storia di Milano ::: Bombardamenti aerei su Milano"
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Due to the area bombing focusing on the city centre, the
270:. To extinguish the many fires, it was necessary to call
118:. On the night of 26 August, eleven bombers bombed the
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486:(by night). The bombings mainly targeted the city's
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478:, a new bombing campaign was started, this time by
50:and one of the most bombed cities in the country.
2586:World War II strategic bombing by populated place
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501:. The target was hit, with the destruction of
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30:As the main economic and industrial center in
987:
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427:store was destroyed. 183 people were killed.
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980:
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926:
2219:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
34:, and the country's second largest city,
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156:as it main tactic, under the command of
139:
81:
53:
17:
2591:Italy–United Kingdom military relations
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923:
2596:Italy–United States military relations
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1003:Strategic bombing during World War II
975:
497:of the RAF MAAF bombers attacked the
404:Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea
2096:
392:UniversitĂ Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
160:, and after a series of bombings on
2538:
934:"MILANO in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
872:Marco Gioannini, Giulio Massobrio,
529:
13:
146:Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
14:
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950:
470:After the Summer of 1943 and the
390:was partly destroyed, as was the
268:Church of Santa Maria del Carmine
435:was needed to remove the ruins.
46:, being the most bombed city in
499:Milano Lambrate railway station
240:Milano Centrale railway station
910:"Archivio Corriere della Sera"
902:
888:
879:
593:and those carrying civilians.
148:after the August 1943 bombings
79:plant, causing little damage.
75:aircraft dropped bombs on the
1:
968:— old photographs of the city
635:
466:after the August 1943 bombing
464:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
454:1944–1945, the USAAF bombings
379:Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II
183:, two train stations and the
152:After Bomber Command adopted
543:Consolidated B-24 Liberators
86:Destroyed factories in Milan
7:
373:were partly destroyed, the
136:The area bombing, 1942–1943
114:and Caproni plants and the
10:
2612:
533:
423:were heavily damaged; the
308:Villa Belgiojoso Bonaparte
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396:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
335:Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio
1019:Aerial bombing of cities
371:Santa Maria delle Grazie
260:Basilica of San Lorenzo
96:anti-aircraft batteries
70:. The first raids were
38:was subjected to heavy
1024:Area bombing directive
609:
587:targets of opportunity
472:armistice of Cassibile
467:
337:
304:Natural History Museum
274:from all neighbouring
264:San Giorgio al Palazzo
149:
87:
27:
2581:Milan in World War II
604:
597:Damage and casualties
524:Cernusco sul Naviglio
461:
332:
252:Royal Palace of Milan
143:
85:
54:The first raids, 1940
21:
1389:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
1121:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
185:Cimitero Monumentale
2464:Mandatory Palestine
585:and more generally
511:Fifteenth Air Force
316:Pinacoteca di Brera
248:Corriere della Sera
92:propaganda leaflets
1740:Rotterdam (Allied)
966:. 5 February 2015.
898:. 20 October 2019.
610:
583:modes of transport
495:Vickers Wellington
468:
338:
199:in the buildings.
150:
100:Vickers Wellington
88:
72:precision bombings
64:RAF Bomber Command
28:
26:in the background.
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2554:
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2525:
2524:
2454:Mediterranean and
2448:
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2082:
1856:Barrow-in-Furness
1841:Battle of Britain
1517:
1516:
1294:Freiburg (Allies)
1034:Strategic bombing
629:cultural heritage
607:Ospedale Maggiore
560:elementary school
488:marshalling yards
421:Ospedale Maggiore
375:San Fedele Church
158:Sir Arthur Harris
2603:
2536:
2535:
2461:
2460:
2358:Allied Singapore
2327:
2326:
2094:
2093:
2052:(Czechoslovakia)
1735:Rotterdam (Axis)
1134:
1133:
1054:
1053:
1049:European theatre
1014:Area bombardment
996:
989:
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536:Bombing of Gorla
530:Bombing of Gorla
476:Italian Campaign
419:theatre and the
388:Teatro Dal Verme
320:Public transport
244:marshalling yard
232:Isotta Fraschini
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2008:
1972:
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1827:
1796:
1775:
1749:
1693:
1639:Reggio Calabria
1513:
1494:Wiener Neustadt
1299:Friedrichshafen
1289:Freiburg (Axis)
1192:
1139:
1125:
1094:
1073:
1043:
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956:
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762:
752:
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746:
745:
642:
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599:
567:fighter-bombers
538:
532:
456:
312:Palazzo Sormani
242:and the Farini
203:Milan cathedral
177:Avro Lancasters
138:
108:Mariano Comense
56:
24:Milan Cathedral
12:
11:
5:
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2363:Axis Singapore
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605:Damage to the
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455:
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363:Palazzo Marino
333:Damage of the
318:was also hit.
278:and even from
208:Charles Portal
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116:Linate Airport
98:shot down one
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571:light bombers
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2531:North Africa
2433:Kuala Lumpur
2414:Other cities
2400:Pearl Harbor
2056:Schaffhausen
2013:Other cities
1801:Soviet Union
1608:
1234:Braunschweig
1214:Aschersleben
1197:Other cities
961:
937:. Retrieved
913:. Retrieved
904:
890:
881:
873:
751:. Retrieved
626:
622:Monte Stella
618:
611:
564:
539:
492:
469:
449:
429:
403:
346:blockbusters
339:
288:
272:firefighters
224:
217:
201:
189:
174:
154:area bombing
151:
131:
124:
89:
66:coming from
57:
44:World War II
29:
15:
2495:Other areas
2456:Middle East
2429:(Sri Lanka)
2089:Pacific War
1961:Southampton
1876:Bournemouth
1698:Netherlands
1529:Alessandria
1469:Schweinfurt
1464:SaarbrĂĽcken
1309:Halberstadt
1269:Dietzenbach
1219:Baden-Baden
939:28 November
915:28 November
753:28 November
515:locomotives
383:fair ground
353:, creating
351:countryside
230:, Caproni,
193:firebombing
2565:Categories
2435:(Malaysia)
2423:(Thailand)
2304:Utsunomiya
2064:(Bulgaria)
2032:Hammerfest
1977:Yugoslavia
1946:Nottingham
1936:Manchester
1871:Birmingham
1823:Stalingrad
1725:Middelburg
1444:PeenemĂĽnde
1424:Nordhausen
1374:Königsberg
1339:Hildesheim
1254:Crailsheim
1168:DĂĽsseldorf
636:References
520:Gorgonzola
228:Alfa Romeo
2546:Fort Lamy
2512:Gibraltar
2372:Australia
2351:Singapore
2321:Yokkaichi
2314:June 1944
2294:Toyohashi
2214:Hiratsuka
2209:Hamamatsu
2156:Indonesia
2137:Hong Kong
2132:Chongqing
2076:(Croatia)
2070:(Austria)
2040:(Finland)
2028:(Ireland)
2022:(Hungary)
1999:Podgorica
1983:Belgrade
1956:Sheffield
1926:Liverpool
1896:Clydebank
1851:The Blitz
1813:Leningrad
1787:Bucharest
1745:The Hague
1720:Enkhuizen
1710:Eindhoven
1705:Amsterdam
1544:Benevento
1479:Stuttgart
1449:Pforzheim
1439:Paderborn
1434:OsnabrĂĽck
1429:Nuremberg
1399:Magdeburg
1359:Karlsruhe
1344:Innsbruck
1334:Heilbronn
1284:Frankfurt
1259:Darmstadt
1188:Wuppertal
1138:Battle of
1039:V-weapons
1029:Firestorm
591:Wehrmacht
413:Luftwaffe
367:city hall
359:firestorm
342:Halifaxes
291:Mussolini
276:provinces
120:Idroscalo
112:Innocenti
2486:Tel Aviv
2405:Unalaska
2339:(Taiwan)
2330:Colonies
2299:Toyokawa
2279:Shizuoka
2168:Surabaya
2163:Sukabumi
2147:Shanghai
2109:Mandalay
2046:(Norway)
2038:Helsinki
2034:(Norway)
2020:Budapest
2004:Sarajevo
1951:Plymouth
1911:Greenock
1901:Coventry
1881:Brighton
1792:Ploiești
1730:Nijmegen
1715:Enschede
1594:Grosseto
1579:Frascati
1554:Cagliari
1509:WĂĽrzburg
1404:Mannheim
1329:Hannover
1249:Chemnitz
1209:Augsburg
1163:Duisburg
1158:Dortmund
1140:the Ruhr
1111:Le Havre
579:vehicles
556:Precotto
484:RAF MAAF
433:soldiers
417:La Scala
408:aqueduct
377:and the
295:Badoglio
266:and the
213:Lombardy
2502:Bahrain
2427:Colombo
2421:Bangkok
2337:Taihoku
2259:Okazaki
2239:Nagaoka
2199:Fukuoka
2142:Nanjing
1966:Swansea
1941:Norwich
1891:Cardiff
1886:Bristol
1866:Belfast
1834:Kingdom
1780:Romania
1761:Frampol
1684:Viterbo
1679:Vicenza
1664:Trieste
1659:Treviso
1629:Pescara
1624:Palermo
1604:Messina
1599:Livorno
1569:Ferrara
1564:Catania
1559:Cassino
1549:Bologna
1459:Rostock
1454:Potsdam
1414:MĂĽnster
1379:Leipzig
1319:Hamburg
1304:Giessen
1274:Dresden
1244:Breslau
1229:Bocholt
1183:Krefeld
1153:Cologne
1130:Germany
1090:Tallinn
1078:Estonia
1057:Denmark
614:Bologna
548:suburbs
324:craters
284:Schools
280:Bologna
162:Germany
127:Pirelli
77:Caproni
68:England
62:of the
60:bombers
42:during
40:bombing
2507:Cyprus
2439:Manila
2384:Darwin
2379:Broome
2309:Yawata
2274:Sendai
2269:Rabaul
2254:Numazu
2244:Nagoya
2189:Aomori
2074:Zagreb
2068:Vienna
2050:Prague
2044:Namsos
2026:Dublin
1931:London
1906:Exeter
1832:United
1771:Wieluń
1766:Warsaw
1754:Poland
1674:Verona
1644:Rimini
1614:Naples
1574:Foggia
1534:Ancona
1474:Siegen
1419:Munich
1384:LĂĽbeck
1364:Kassel
1264:Dessau
1239:Bremen
1224:Berlin
1204:Aachen
1148:Bochum
1099:France
575:trains
507:wagons
394:. The
369:) and
314:. The
306:, the
302:, the
258:, the
254:, the
238:; the
181:Hoepli
168:, and
104:Merate
2517:Malta
2481:Jaffa
2476:Haifa
2284:Tokyo
2264:Osaka
2194:Fukui
2184:Akita
2177:Japan
2125:China
2097:Burma
2062:Sofia
1921:Leeds
1818:Minsk
1808:Gorky
1689:Zadar
1669:Turin
1654:Terni
1619:Padua
1609:Milan
1589:Gorla
1584:Genoa
1522:Italy
1504:Worms
1489:Wesel
1409:Moers
1394:Mainz
1369:Kleve
1324:Hanau
1314:Halle
1279:Emden
1173:Essen
1116:Royan
1085:Narva
1069:Rønne
552:Gorla
503:rails
480:USAAF
441:light
437:Water
365:(the
355:winds
236:Breda
170:Genoa
166:Turin
36:Milan
32:Italy
2539:Chad
2471:Acre
2249:Naha
2234:Kure
2229:KĹŤfu
2224:Kobe
2204:Gifu
1992:1944
1987:1941
1916:Hull
1861:Bath
1649:Rome
1634:Pisa
1539:Bari
1349:Jena
1106:Caen
1064:Nexø
941:2016
917:2016
755:2016
569:and
554:and
522:and
462:The
443:and
400:UNPA
310:and
234:and
220:Flak
197:wood
144:The
106:and
1484:Ulm
550:of
445:gas
2567::
960:.
925:^
763:^
643:^
581:,
577:,
439:,
326:.
262:,
172:.
122:.
2290:)
2286:(
995:e
988:t
981:v
943:.
919:.
757:.
402:(
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