32:
182:
In 1832 Boehm introduced a new conical-bore flute, which achieved a fair degree of success. Boehm, however, continued to look for ways to improve the instrument. Finding that an increased volume of air produced a stronger and clearer tone, he replaced the conical bore with a cylindrical bore, finding
198:
The cylindrical Boehm flute was introduced in 1847, with the instrument gradually being adopted almost universally by professional and amateur players in Europe and around the world during the second half of the 19th century. The instrument was adopted for the performance of orchestral and chamber
174:
In addition to large holes, Boehm provided his flute with "full venting", meaning that all keys were normally open (previously, several keys were normally closed, and opened only when the key was operated). Boehm also wanted to locate tone holes at acoustically optimal points on the body of the
171:, who, with his father in the 1820s, had introduced a flute constructed with larger tone holes than were used in previous designs. This large-holed instrument could produce greater volume of sound than other flutes, and Boehm set out to produce his own large-holed design.
207:). Many further refinements have been made, and countless design variations are common among flutes today (the "offset G" key, addition of the low B foot, etc.) The concepts of the Boehm system have been applied across the range of flutes available, including
179:, German for "eyeglasses", as they resembled the type of eyeglass frames common during the 19th century) that were fitted around other tone holes, such that the closure of one tone hole by a finger would also close a key placed over a second hole.
191:. He also found that optimal tone was produced when the tone holes were too large to be covered by the fingertips, and he developed a system of finger plates to cover the holes. These new flutes were at first made of
167:(the openings where the fingers are placed to produce specific notes) that were small in size, and thus easily covered by the fingertips. Boehm's work was inspired by an 1831 concert in London, given by soloist
175:
instrument, rather than locations conveniently covered by the player's fingers. To achieve these goals, Boehm adapted a system of axle-mounted keys with a series of "open rings" (called
219:, and so on, as well as other wind instruments. The material of the instrument may vary (many piccolos are made of wood, some very large flutes are wooden or even made of
409:
199:
music, opera and theater, wind ensembles (e.g., military and civic bands), and most other music which might be loosely described as relating to "
230:
is perhaps the oldest musical instrument, other than the human voice itself. There are very many flutes, both traversely blown and end-blown "
326:
426:
920:
402:
96:
304:
159:
Immediately prior to the development of the Boehm system, flutes were most commonly made of wood, with an inverse conical
68:
377:
115:
75:
395:
828:
53:
82:
49:
672:
168:
750:
64:
910:
874:
527:
607:
915:
765:
246:
200:
160:
42:
20:
334:
562:
369:
687:
449:
418:
780:
737:
707:
89:
8:
879:
859:
617:
597:
557:
479:
727:
454:
287:
905:
785:
692:
612:
517:
250:
755:
542:
502:
494:
469:
373:
362:
622:
265:
have been made, but non-Boehm systems remain predominant for these instruments. The
854:
770:
745:
592:
474:
188:
133:
900:
632:
552:
484:
808:
803:
697:
677:
652:
602:
567:
537:
253:
and not Boehm himself. The Boehm system was also adapted for a small number of
148:
894:
844:
818:
775:
722:
717:
712:
702:
682:
627:
582:
547:
444:
266:
241:
closely resembles the Boehm system. A key system inspired by Boehm's for the
823:
813:
667:
662:
647:
587:
577:
572:
532:
512:
507:
439:
384:(republication of third edition, 1967, as reprinted with corrections, 1977)
760:
657:
642:
637:
387:
869:
522:
464:
459:
216:
212:
184:
864:
254:
238:
234:" flutes, currently produced which are not built on the Boehm model.
164:
19:
This article is about the flute system. For the clarinet system, see
31:
242:
145:
141:
434:
258:
208:
231:
192:
227:
137:
262:
204:
220:
195:, although Boehm later produced wooden versions.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
361:
183:that a parabolic contraction of the bore near the
892:
403:
327:"Boehm-System Bassoons in the 19th Century"
417:
410:
396:
302:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
269:is another key system for the clarinet.
893:
364:Woodwind Instruments and Their History
359:
391:
285:
257:. Boehm did work on a system for the
303:Pentreath, Rosie (27 October 2023).
279:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
324:
13:
353:
305:"Why are flutes held to the side?"
14:
932:
292:. London: Rudall, Carte & Co.
249:", although it was developed by
30:
187:hole improved the instrument's
41:needs additional citations for
16:System of keywork for the flute
921:Musical performance techniques
318:
296:
1:
272:
245:family is also known as the "
237:The fingering system for the
368:. New York: Dover. pp.
7:
286:Welch, Christopher (1883).
203:" (including, for example,
10:
937:
875:National Flute Association
289:History of the Boehm flute
154:
18:
837:
794:
736:
608:Jacques-Martin Hotteterre
493:
425:
766:Jupiter Band Instruments
360:Baines, Anthony (1991).
201:Western classical music
151:between 1831 and 1847.
21:Boehm system (clarinet)
419:Western concert flutes
688:Johann Joachim Quantz
261:, and Boehm-inspired
829:List of compositions
781:Sankyo Flute Company
372:–323, 326–328, 336.
50:improve this article
880:Simple system flute
860:French Flute School
618:Rahsaan Roland Kirk
598:Severino Gazzelloni
558:Leonardo De Lorenzo
480:Subcontrabass flute
786:Yamaha Corporation
693:Jean-Pierre Rampal
163:, eight keys, and
911:Music performance
888:
887:
708:Karl-Heinz SchĂĽtz
673:Charles Nicholson
543:Giulio Briccialdi
503:List of flautists
470:Contra-alto flute
331:idrs.colorado.edu
169:Charles Nicholson
126:
125:
118:
100:
928:
855:Flute beatboxing
771:Muramatsu Flutes
746:Brannen Brothers
728:Karlheinz Zöller
593:Philippe Gaubert
475:Contrabass flute
412:
405:
398:
389:
388:
383:
367:
347:
346:
344:
342:
333:. Archived from
322:
316:
315:
313:
311:
300:
294:
293:
283:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
936:
935:
931:
930:
929:
927:
926:
925:
916:Musical systems
891:
890:
889:
884:
833:
796:
790:
732:
633:Robert Langevin
613:SĂ©bastian Jacot
553:Carmine Coppola
528:William Bennett
518:Georges Barrère
489:
485:Hyperbass flute
421:
416:
380:
356:
354:Further reading
351:
350:
340:
338:
337:on 4 March 2006
325:Ventzke, Karl.
323:
319:
309:
307:
301:
297:
284:
280:
275:
251:Hyacinthe Klosé
157:
132:is a system of
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
934:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
886:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
841:
839:
835:
834:
832:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
809:Flute ensemble
806:
804:Flute concerto
800:
798:
792:
791:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
740:
734:
733:
731:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
698:Nelson Rangell
695:
690:
685:
680:
678:Emmanuel Pahud
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
653:Demarre McGill
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Ernesto Köhler
620:
615:
610:
605:
603:Viviana Guzman
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Mathieu Dufour
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
538:Theobald Boehm
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
429:
423:
422:
415:
414:
407:
400:
392:
386:
385:
378:
355:
352:
349:
348:
317:
295:
277:
276:
274:
271:
156:
153:
149:Theobald Boehm
124:
123:
65:"Boehm system"
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
933:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
896:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
845:Albert system
843:
842:
840:
836:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
819:Flute quartet
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
799:
795:Ensembles and
793:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Powell Flutes
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Haynes Flutes
754:
752:
751:Albert Cooper
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
739:
735:
729:
726:
724:
723:Ransom Wilson
721:
719:
718:Nestor Torres
716:
714:
713:Paul Taffanel
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Paula Robison
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:Greg Pattillo
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
628:Brian Landrus
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Peter Gabriel
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:Richard Carte
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
498:
496:
492:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Flûte d'amour
453:
451:
450:Concert flute
448:
446:
445:Soprano flute
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
413:
408:
406:
401:
399:
394:
393:
390:
381:
379:9780486268859
375:
371:
366:
365:
358:
357:
336:
332:
328:
321:
306:
299:
291:
290:
282:
278:
270:
268:
267:Albert system
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
180:
178:
172:
170:
166:
162:
152:
150:
147:
143:
140:, created by
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2024
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
850:Boehm system
849:
824:Flute sonata
814:Flute method
797:compositions
738:Flute makers
668:James Newton
663:Marcel Moyse
648:Alain Marion
588:James Galway
578:Dieter Flury
573:Louis Fleury
533:Andreas Blau
513:Julius Baker
508:Ian Anderson
440:Treble flute
427:Flute family
363:
339:. Retrieved
335:the original
330:
320:
308:. Retrieved
298:
288:
281:
247:Boehm system
236:
225:
197:
189:low register
181:
176:
173:
158:
130:Boehm system
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
761:Gemeinhardt
658:Louis Moyse
643:Herbie Mann
638:Hubert Laws
563:Robert Dick
217:bass flutes
213:alto flutes
895:Categories
870:Jazz flute
523:Tim Barsky
465:Bass flute
460:Alto flute
341:8 February
310:8 February
273:References
255:flageolets
185:embouchure
165:tone holes
76:newspapers
906:Clarinets
865:Gizmo key
239:saxophone
495:Flutists
243:clarinet
209:piccolos
146:flautist
142:inventor
136:for the
435:Piccolo
259:bassoon
155:History
134:keywork
90:scholar
901:Flutes
376:
232:fipple
193:silver
177:brille
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
838:Other
263:oboes
228:flute
138:flute
97:JSTOR
83:books
374:ISBN
343:2024
312:2024
226:The
205:jazz
161:bore
144:and
128:The
69:news
370:320
223:).
221:PVC
52:by
897::
329:.
215:,
211:,
411:e
404:t
397:v
382:.
345:.
314:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
