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and received a soap massage. After the massage, the bathers swam in a pool heated approximately to body temperature. After the swim, the bathers rested for 15 to 20 minutes in the warm "Sprudel" room pool . This shallow pool's bottom contained an 8-inch (200 mm) layer of sand through with naturally carbonated water bubbled up. This was followed by a series of gradually cooler showers and pools. After that, the attendants rubbed down the bathers with warm towels and then wrapped them in sheets and covered them with blankets to rest for 20 minutes. This ended the bathing portion of the treatment. The rest of the cure consisted of a prescribed diet, exercise, and water-drinking program.
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receiving a massage, and resting — required separated rooms which the Romans built to accommodate those functions. The segregation of the sexes and the additions of diversions not directly related to bathing also had direct impacts on the shape and form of bathhouses. The elaborate Roman bathing ritual and its resultant architecture served as precedents for later
European and American bathing facilities. Formal garden spaces and opulent architectural arrangement equal to those of the Romans reappeared in Europe by the end of the 18th century. Major American spas followed suit a century later.
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465:(bathhouse, loosely translated), bathing chambers were cut into the hillside from which the hot springs issued. A series of niches cut into the rock above the chambers held bathers' clothing. One of the bathing chambers had a decorative mosaic floor depicting a driver and chariot pulled by four horses, a woman followed by two dogs, and a dolphin below. Thus, the early Greeks used the natural features, but expanded them and added their own amenities, such as decorations and shelves. During later Greek civilization, bathhouses were often built in conjunction with athletic fields.
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Next came a light breakfast, bath, and lunch. The doctors at
Karlsbad usually limited patients to certain foods for each meal. In the afternoon, visitors went sight-seeing or attended concerts. Nightly theatrical performances followed the evening meal. This ended around 9 pm with the patients returning to their boardinghouses to sleep until 6 the next morning. This regimen continued for as long as a month and then the patients returned home until the next year. Other 19th-century European spa regimens followed similar schedules.
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717:, prescribed that the mineral water be taken internally as well as externally. Patients periodically bathed in warm water for up to 10 or 11 hours while drinking glasses of mineral water. The first bath session occurred in the morning, the second in the afternoon. This treatment lasted several days until skin pustules formed and broke resulting in the draining of "poisons" considered to be the source of the disease. Then followed another series of shorter, hotter baths to wash the infection away and close the eruptions.
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957:) at a spa is generally covered to a large amount by both public and private health care insurance. Usually, a doctor prescribes a stay of three weeks at a mineral spring or other natural setting where a patient's condition will be treated with healing spring waters and natural therapies. While the insurance companies used to also cover meals and accommodation, many now only pay for the treatments and expect the patient to pay for transportation, accommodation, and meals. Most Germans are eligible for a
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1525:, a facility that operates under the full-time, on-site supervision of a licensed health care professional whose primary purpose is to provide comprehensive medical and wellness care in an environment that integrates spa services, as well as traditional, complementary and/or alternative therapies and treatments. The facility operates within the scope of practice of its staff, which can include both aesthetic/cosmetic and prevention/wellness procedures and services. These spas typically use
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governments even recognized the medical benefits of spa therapy and paid a portion of the patient's expenses. A number of these spas catered to those suffering from obesity and overindulgence in addition to various other medical complaints. In recent years, the elegance and style of earlier centuries may have diminished, but people still come to the natural hot springs for relaxation and health. In
Germany, the tradition survives to the present day. 'Taking a cure' (
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European architects looked back to Roman civilizations and carefully studied their fine architectural precedents. The
Europeans copied the same formality, symmetry, division of rooms by function, and opulent interior design in their bathhouses. They emulated the fountains and formal garden spaces in their resorts, and they also added new diversions. The tour books always mentioned the roomy, woodsy offerings in the vicinity and the faster-paced evening diversions.
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1155:. French Lick specialized in treating obesity and constipation through a combination of bathing and drinking the water and exercising. Hot Springs, Virginia, specialized in digestive ailments and heart diseases, and White Sulphur Springs, Virginia, treated these ailments and skin diseases. Both resorts offered baths where the water would wash continuously over the patients as they lay in a shallow pool. Warm Springs, Georgia, gained a reputation for treating
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boardinghouses where the patients drank physician-prescribed dosages in the solitude of their rooms. David
Beecher in 1777 recommended that the patients come to the fountainhead for the water and that each patient should first do some prescribed exercises. This innovation increased the medicinal benefits obtained and gradually physical activity became part of the European bathing regimen. In 1797, in England, James Currie published
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country's elite and a more middle-class audience. Although spa activity had been central to
Saratoga in the 1810s, by the 1820s the resort had hotels with great ballrooms, opera houses, stores, and clubhouses. The Union Hotel (first built in 1803 but steadily expanded over the coming decades) had its own esplanade, and by the 1820s had its own fountain and formal landscaping, but with only two small bathhouses.
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extensive. Although the ostensible purpose of the
Saratoga and other New York spas was to provide access to the healthful mineral waters, their real drawing card was a complex social life and a cultural cachet. However, the wider audience it garnered by the late 1820s began to take some of the bloom off the resort, and in the mid-1830s, as a successful bid to revive itself, it turned to horse racing.
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the waters with equal vigor. The next several hours of the day could be spent in shopping, visiting the lending library, attending concerts, or stopping at one of the coffeehouses. At 4:00 pm, the rich and famous dressed up in their finery and promenaded down the streets. Next came dinner, more promenading, and an evening of dancing or gambling.
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these arguments by developing better hydrotherapy for their patients. At the
Saratoga spa, treatments for heart and circulatory disorders, rheumatic conditions, nervous disorders, metabolic diseases, and skin diseases were developed. In 1910, the New York state government began purchasing the principal springs to protect them from exploitation.
491:, the Romans had enough water not only for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses, but also for their leisurely pursuits. The aqueducts provided water that was later heated for use in the baths. Today, the extent of the Roman bath is revealed at ruins and in archaeological excavations in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.
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heal wounds and the
American economy allowed more leisure time. Saratoga Springs in New York became one of the main centers for this type of activity. Bathing in and drinking the warm, carbonated spring water only served as a prelude to the more interesting social activities of gambling, promenading, horse racing, and dancing.
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Brook flowing beneath bridges of the fine roads. Full advantage has been taken of the natural beauty of the park, but no formal landscaping". Promotional literature again advertised the attractions directly outside the spa: shopping, horse races, and historic sites associated with revolutionary war history. New York
Governor
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staying from one to several months, to vacation at each resort. One season aristocrats occupied the resorts; at other times, prosperous farmers or retired military men took the baths. The wealthy and the criminals that preyed on them moved from one spa to the next as the fashionable season for that resort changed.
2346:... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ...
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By the late 1930s more than 2,000 hot- or cold-springs health resorts were operating in the United States. This number had diminished greatly by the 1950s and continued to decline in the following two decades. In the recent past, spas in the U.S. emphasized dietary, exercise, or recreational programs
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The spa was surrounded by a 1,200-acre (4.9 km) natural park that had 18 miles (29 km) of bridle paths, "with measured walks at scientifically calculated gradients through its groves and vales, with spouting springs adding unexpected touches to its vistas, with the tumbling waters of Geyser
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The European spa, then, started with structures to house the drinking function — from simple fountains to pavilions to elaborate Trinkhallen. The enormous bathhouses came later in the 19th century as a renewed preference for an elaborate bathing ritual to cure ills and improve health came into vogue.
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A typical day at Bath might be an early morning communal bath followed by a private breakfast party. Afterwards, one either drank water at the Pump Room (a building constructed over the thermal water source) or attended a fashion show. Physicians encouraged health resort patrons to bathe in and drink
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In the 17th century, most upper-class Europeans washed their clothes with water often and washed only their faces (with linen), feeling that bathing the entire body was a lower-class activity; but the upper-class slowly began changing their attitudes toward bathing as a way to restore health later in
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The popularity of the spas continued into the 20th century. Some medical critics, however, charged that the thermal waters in such renowned resorts as Hot Springs, Virginia, and Saratoga Springs, New York, were no more beneficial to health than ordinary heated water. The various spa owners countered
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By the beginning of the 19th century, the European bathing regimen consisted of numerous accumulated traditions. The bathing routine included soaking in hot water, drinking the water, steaming in a vapor room, and relaxing in a cooling room. In addition, doctors ordered that patients be douched with
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By the mid-19th century, the situation had changed dramatically. Visitors to the European spas began to stress bathing in addition to drinking the waters. Besides fountains, pavilions, and Trinkhallen, bathhouses on the scale of the Roman baths were revived. Photographs of a 19th-century spa complex
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During the 18th century, a revival in the medical uses of spring water was promoted by Enlightened physicians across Europe. This revival changed the way of taking a spa treatment. For example, in Karlsbad the accepted method of drinking the mineral water required sending large barrels to individual
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Spa therapies have existed since the classical times when taking bath with water was considered as a popular means to treat illnesses. The practice of traveling to hot or cold springs in hopes of effecting a cure of some ailment dates back to prehistoric times. Archaeological investigations near hot
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Some European colonists brought with them knowledge of the hot water therapy for medicinal purposes, and others learned the benefits of hot springs from the Native Americans. Europeans gradually obtained many of the hot and cold springs from the various Indian tribes. They then developed the spring
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The Baden-Baden bathing procedure began with a warm shower. The bathers next entered a room of circulating, 140 °F (60 °C) hot air for 20 minutes, spent another ten minutes in a room with 150 °F (66 °C) temperature, partook of a 154 °F (68 °C) vapor bath, then showered
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transformed Bath from a country spa into the social capital of England. Bath set the tone for other spas in Europe to follow. Ostensibly, the wealthy and famous arrived there on a seasonal basis to bathe in and drink the water; however, they also came to display their opulence. Social activities at
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in Hungary, among other locations. These baths became centers for recreational and social activities in Roman communities. Libraries, lecture halls, gymnasiums, and formal gardens became part of some bath complexes. In addition, the Romans used the hot thermal waters to relieve their suffering from
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Each European spa began offering similar cures while maintaining a certain amount of individuality. The 19th-century bathing regimen at Karlsbad can serve as a general portrayal of European bathing practices during this century. Visitors arose at 6 am to drink the water and be serenaded by a band.
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Some of the earliest descriptions of western bathing practices came from Greece. The Greeks began bathing regimens that formed the foundation for modern spa procedures. These Aegean people utilized small bathtubs, wash basins, and foot baths for personal cleanliness. The earliest such findings are
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was governor of New York, he pushed for a European type of spa development at Saratoga. The architects for the new complex spent two years studying the technical aspects of bathing in Europe. Completed in 1933, the development had three bathhouses — Lincoln, Washington, and Roosevelt — a drinking
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These resorts offered swimming, fishing, hunting, and horseback riding as well as facilities for bathing. The Virginia resorts, particularly White Sulphur Springs, proved popular before and after the Civil War. After the Civil War, spa vacations became very popular as returning soldiers bathed to
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By the mid-1850s hot and cold spring resorts existed in 20 states. Many of these resorts contained similar architectural features. Most health resorts had a large, two-story central building near or at the springs, with smaller structures surrounding it. The main building provided the guests with
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hotels. It grew rapidly, and by 1821 it had at least five hundred rooms for accommodation. Its relative proximity to New York City and access to the country's most developed steamboat lines meant that by the mid-1820s the spa became the country's most popular tourist destination, serving both the
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The European spas provided various other diversions for guests after the bath, including gambling, horse racing, fishing, hunting, tennis, skating, dancing, golf, and horseback riding. Sight-seeing and theatrical performances served as further incentives for people to go to the spa. Some European
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Similar activities occurred in health resorts throughout Europe. The spas became stages on which Europeans paraded with great pageantry. These resorts became infamous as places full of gossip and scandals. The various social and economic classes selected specific seasons during the year's course,
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With the decline of the Roman Empire, the public baths often became places of licentious behavior, and such use was responsible for the spread rather than the cure of diseases. A general belief developed among the European populace was that frequent bathing promoted disease and sickness. Medieval
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Destination spa, a facility with the primary purpose of guiding individual spa-goers to develop healthy habits. Historically a seven-day stay, this lifestyle transformation can be accomplished by providing a comprehensive program that includes spa services, physical fitness activities, wellness
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As the resort developed as a tourist destination mineral bathhouses became auxiliary structures and not the central features of the resort, although the drinking of mineral water was at least followed as a pro-forma activity by most in attendance, despite nightly dinners that were elaborate and
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in 1792 examined the water of Ballston Spa in New York and wrote of possible medicinal uses of the springs. Hotels were constructed to accommodate visitors to the various springs. Entrepreneurs operated establishments where the travelers could lodge, eat, and drink. Thus began the health resort
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Thus, the Romans elevated bathing to a fine art, and their bathhouses physically reflected these advancements. The Roman bath, for instance, included a far more complex ritual than a simple immersion or sweating procedure. The various parts of the bathing ritual — undressing, bathing, sweating,
945:, were directed to see a doctor before taking the baths. Once this occurred, the bathers proceeded to the main bathhouse where they paid for their baths and stored their valuables before being assigned a booth for undressing. The bathhouse supplied bathers with towels, sheets, and slippers.
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hot or cold water and given a select diet to promote a cure. Authors began writing guidebooks to the health resorts of Europe explaining the medical benefits and social amenities of each. Rich Europeans and Americans traveled to these resorts to take in cultural activities and the baths.
1536:"Balneotherapy treatments can have different purposes. In a spa setting, they can be used to treat conditions such as arthritis and backache, build up muscles after injury or illness or to stimulate the immune system, and they can be enjoyed as a relief from day-to-day stress."
728:. Dr Wittie's book about the spa waters published in 1660 attracted a flood of visitors to the town. Sea bathing was added to the cure, and Scarborough became Britain's first seaside resort. The first rolling bathing machines for bathers are recorded on the sands in 1735.
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The Romans emulated many of the Greek bathing practices. Romans surpassed the Greeks in the size and complexity of their baths. This came about by many factors: the larger size and population of Roman cities, the availability of running water following the building of
598:. Around these springs, a famous health resort eventually grew and the term "spa" came to refer to any health resort located near natural springs. During this period, individual springs became associated with the specific ailment that they could allegedly benefit.
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People continued to seek out a few select hot and cold springs, believed to be holy wells, to cure various ailments. In an age of religious fervor, the benefits of the water were attributed to God or one of the saints. In 1326, Collin le Loup, an iron-master from
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was primarily Neoclassical, but the literature seems to indicate that large bathhouses were not constructed until well into the 19th century. The emphasis on drinking the waters rather than bathing in them led to the development of separate structures known as
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facilities for dining, and possibly, dancing on the first floor, and the second story consisted of sleeping rooms. The outlying structures were individual guest cabins, and other auxiliary buildings formed a semicircle or U-shape around the large building.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, European spas combined a strict diet and exercise regimen with a complex bathing procedure to achieve benefits for the patients. One example will suffice to illustrate the change in bathing procedures. Patients at
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were blessed by the gods to cure disease. Around these sacred pools, Greeks established bathing facilities for those desiring healing. Supplicants left offerings to the gods for healing at these sites and bathed themselves in hopes of a cure. The
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to the West Coast. Many of these spas offered individual tub baths, vapor baths, douche sprays, needle showers, and pool bathing to their guests. The various railroads that spanned the country promoted these resorts to encourage train travel.
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to suit European tastes. By the 1760s, British colonists were traveling to hot and cold springs in Connecticut, Pennsylvania, New York, and Virginia in search of water cures. Among the more frequently visited of these springs were
770:. As shown by M D Eddy, this book, along with numerous local pamphlets on composition of spa water, stimulated additional interest in water cures and advocated the external and internal use of water as part of the curing process.
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that was the center of social activity. Baden-Baden featured golf courses and tennis courts, "superb roads to motor over, and drives along quaint lanes where wild deer are as common as cows to us, and almost as unafraid".
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Spa in the Republic of Srpska, BiH, where the thermal and healing springs were discovered in the Roman times. Development of the spa resort in Slatina began in the 1870s, when the first modern spa facilities were built.
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facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the early Middle Ages. Catholic religious orders of the
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every two to six years, depending on the severity of their condition. Germans do still get paid their regular salary during this time away from their job, which is not taken out of their vacation days.
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church authorities encouraged this belief and made every effort to close down public baths. Ecclesiastical officials believed that public bathing created an environment open to immorality and disease.
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in 1626, a Mrs. Elizabeth Farrow discovered a stream of acidic water running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town. This was deemed to have beneficial health properties and gave birth to
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taken in the 1930s, detailing the earlier architecture, show heavy use of mosaic floors, marble walls, classical statuary, arched openings, domed ceilings, segmental arches, triangular pediments,
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Up until recently, the public bathing industry in the U.S. remained stagnant. Nevertheless, in Europe, therapeutic baths have always been very popular, and remain so today. The same is true in
357:. These ceremonies reflect the ancient belief in the healing and purifying properties of water. Complex bathing rituals were also practiced in ancient Egypt, in prehistoric cities of the
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Many people around the world believed that bathing in a particular spring, well, or river resulted in physical and spiritual purification. Forms of ritual purification existed among the
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Resort/hotel spa, a spa owned by and located within a resort or hotel providing professionally administered spa services, fitness and wellness components and spa cuisine menu choices.
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1641:) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.
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2288:... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...
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In most instances, the formal architectural development of European spas took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The architecture of Bath, England, developed along
1120:'s Neoclassical buildings were laid out in a grand manner, with formal perpendicular axes, solid brick construction, and stone and concrete Roman-revival detailing.
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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, George Rosen, Yale University Dept. of the History of Science and Medicine, Project Muse, H. Schuman, 1954
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978:, Warm Springs, Virginia, built in 1761, is the oldest spa building in the United States. The spa waters flow through the centre of the building. President
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by a procedure of baths and exercise. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who earlier supported Saratoga, became a frequent visitor and promoter of this spa.
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expanded, the idea of the public bath spread to all parts of the Mediterranean and into regions of Europe and North Africa. With the construction of the
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1011:(now in West Virginia) in Virginia. In the last decade of the 1700s, New York spas were beginning to be frequented by intrepid travelers, most notably
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spa, a spa aboard a cruise ship providing professionally administered spa services, fitness and wellness components and spa cuisine menu choices.
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A 'body treatment', 'spa treatment', or 'cosmetic treatment' is non-medical procedure to help the health of the body. It is often performed at a
365:. Most often these ancient people did little building construction around the water, and what they did construct was very temporary in nature.
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as there is no evidence of acronyms passing into the language before the 20th century; nor does it match the known Roman name for the location.
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1116:. Four additional buildings composed the recreation area and housed arcades and a swimming pool decorated with blue faience terra-cotta tile.
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In the Southeastern Europe, development of the spa resorts took place mostly in the second half of the 19th century. So it was also with the
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weapons and offerings. In Great Britain, ancient legend credited early Celtic kings with the discovery of the hot springs in Bath, England.
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In the 19th century, bathing became a more accepted practice as physicians realized some of the benefits that cleanliness could provide. A
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The Romans also developed baths in their colonies, taking advantage of the natural hot springs occurring in Europe to construct baths at
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236:, meaning "health through water". This is very unlikely: the derivation does not appear before the early 21st century and is probably a
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1623:, rules and regulations governing the provision of treatments and services as required by their local government in which they operate.
1450:- places devoted to overall well-being through a variety of professional services that encourage the renewal of mind, body and spirit.
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came to Bath. By the force of his personality, Nash became the arbiter of good taste and manners in England. He along with financier
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is supplied by thermal wells that produce high sulphide content chloride water containing sodium-, calcium- and hydrogen carbonate.
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During the last half of the 19th century, western entrepreneurs developed natural hot and cold springs into resorts — from the
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goes back to prehistoric times. Such practices have been popular worldwide, but are especially widespread in Europe and Japan.
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columns, and all the other trappings of a Neoclassical revival. The buildings were usually separated by function — with the
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1567:) is an international association for spas and body wrap centers around the world. The main concern of the ISBWA is the
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But also in the U.S., with the increasing focus on health and wellness, such treatments are again becoming popular.
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Healing springs: the ultimate guide to taking the waters : from hidden springs to the world's greatest spas.
2737:"The increasing focus on fitness and wellness has fuelled the reemergence of the spa industry..." Anne Williams,
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The healing power of mineral water is used to treat patients and other users in the lazy river section in
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including hot baths incorporated into Christian Church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as "
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385:. An ancient Roman city was built in the 1st century AD because of the mineral springs in the vicinity.
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epidemics from sweeping Europe. Overall, this period represented a time of decline for public bathing.
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that emerged was the "crescent" — a semi-elliptical street plan used in many areas of England. The
440:; both date from the mid-2nd millennium BC. They established public baths and showers within their
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or pool and which offers a variety of professionally administered spa services on a day-use basis.
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Out of the Vapors: A Social and Architectural History of Bathhouse Row, Hot Springs National Park
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that century. The wealthy flocked to health resorts to drink and bathe in the waters. In 1702,
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Drinking the Waters: Creating an American Leisure Class at Nineteenth-Century Mineral Springs.
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The Birth of American Tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American Culture, 1790-1830.
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Leisure, pleasure, and healing: spa culture and medicine in ancient eastern Mediterranean.
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for general health, or to address a variety of medical conditions. This is also known as '
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Bath included dances, concerts, playing cards, lectures, and promenading down the street.
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Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.
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Medical Hydrology, Sidney Licht, Sidney Herman Licht, Herman L. Kamenetz, E. Licht, 1963
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Bathing procedures during this period varied greatly. By the 16th century, physicians at
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For instance, 'Leisure and Recreation Management', George Torkildsen, Routledge, 2005,
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2438:"The Sparkling Nectar of Spas: The Medical and Commercial Relevance of Mineral Water"
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Ladies and Gentlemen on Display: Planter Society at the Virginia Springs, 1790-1860.
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Ursula Klein and E. C. Spary (Eds.), Materials and Expertise in Early Modern Europe
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Mobile spa, a spa which provides services at home, hotels, or wherever you are.
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spa, in which treatments are inspired by traditional Indian medical practices.
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in 1842 resulted in a sanitation renaissance, facilitated by the overlapping
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The Effects of Water, Cold and Warm, as a Remedy in Fever and other Diseases
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resorts) typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as
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Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion
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This article is about balneotherapy resorts. For balneotherapy itself, see
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209:, the first resort in England for drinking medicinal waters, then in 1596
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Colonial doctors gradually began to recommend hot springs for ailments.
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Location where mineral-rich spring water is used to give medicinal baths
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2514:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.
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officials even banned public bathing in an unsuccessful effort to halt
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Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000, Parti 400–1000
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that combines traditional dental treatment with the services of a spa.
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45:"Thermal bath" redirects here. For the concept in thermodynamics, see
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2706:"Cervical spine waterfall - Picture of Bio Spa Carera, Rota d'Imagna"
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900:, the bathhouse, the inhalatorium (for inhaling the vapors), and the
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also played a prominent role in the development of the British spas.
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It is commonly claimed, in a commercial context, that the word is an
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times, illnesses caused by iron deficiency were treated by drinking
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are also quite popular, and offer various personal care treatments.
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Ladies' Sulphur Vapor Baths in the Hotel Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, 1919
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1389:, a town visited for the supposed healing properties of the water.
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education, healthful cuisine and special interest programming.
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monks played a role in the development and promotion of spa.
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Make a commitment to improving its services and treatments.
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through water can be found in the religious ceremonies of
2552:"London Gazette listings for 'Baths and Wash-houses Act'"
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in all client interactions, and will not engage in any
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Adhere to the highest standards of professionalism and
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Other leading spas in the U.S. during this period were
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encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing;
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Specialized Hydro-, Balneo-and Medicinal Bath Therapy.
2880:
Jane Crebbin-Bailey, John W. Harcup, John Harrington,
2800:
Jane Crebbin-Bailey, John W. Harcup, John Harrington,
2601:"Welche Kosten Krankenkassen bei einer Kur ĂĽbernehmen"
1128:
opened the new facilities to the public in July 1935.
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hall, the Hall of Springs, and a building housing the
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ideas of medicinal bathing were revived at towns like
2300:
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1519:, an outdoor spa used for bathing and self cleansing
1356:, where the traditional hot springs baths, known as
205:. He built an enclosed well at what became known as
2962:
Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002 (out of print).
2531:. Vol. 1. London: The Co-operative Printing Co
2505:"Baths § Action of Baths on the Human System"
368:
213:after discovering a second well called the resort
193:who had been to the Belgian town (which he called
2765:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. p. 173.
2741:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. p. 173.
2524:
2293:
1505:, a facility under the supervision of a licensed
135:The term is derived from the name of the town of
3209:
2882:The Spa Book: The Official Guide to Spa Therapy.
2804:Publisher: Cengage Learning EMEA, 2005. p. 1959
2802:The Spa Book: The Official Guide to Spa Therapy.
2210:Paige, John C; Laura Woulliere Harrison (1987).
653:maintained their baths in their residences, and
2265:
1583:Provide treatments and products that are safe,
649:functioning in eighth and ninth centuries. The
444:complexes for relaxation and personal hygiene.
3203:International Spa Association Official website
2323:
1483:Club spa, a facility whose primary purpose is
731:
3010:
2996:
2927:Spa bodywork: a guide for massage therapists.
2854:Inner Traditions / Bear & Company, 2000.
2822:"International Spa and Body Wrap Association"
2763:Spa bodywork: a guide for massage therapists.
2739:Spa bodywork: a guide for massage therapists.
1977:Van Tubergen, A.; Van Der Linden, S. (2002).
1554:
1303:, often in combination with herbal compounds.
1063:, which, by 1815, had two large, four-story,
2518:
2467:Eddy (2008). "The Sparkling Nectar of Spas".
2410:
2360:The English Spa, 1560-1815: A Social History
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2838:International Spa and Body Wrap Association
2541:Full text at Internet Archive (archive.org)
2334:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11.
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2151:
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2104:Van Tubergen, A; Van Der Linden, S (2002).
2053:"Sanitas+Per+Aqua"&pg=PA37 Google Books
1945:Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code
1630:Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code
1561:International Spa and Body Wrap Association
3003:
2989:
2276:. Cambridge University Press. p. 54.
1349:more than traditional bathing activities.
448:specified that certain natural springs or
2929:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.
2869:2nd ed., McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001.
2329:
2271:
2129:
2038:
2002:
1443:International Spa Association definitions
1043:Bathing in 19th- and 20th-century America
189:(named for its Roman baths), and in 1596
155:meaning to scatter, sprinkle or moisten.
147:, sometimes incorrectly connected to the
2884:Publisher: Cengage Learning EMEA, 2005.
2498:
2413:Perception and Action in Medieval Europe
2146:
2028:
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1463:
1383:, a resort for personal care treatments.
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635:allocated to the Romans bathing through
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1362:, always attracted plenty of visitors.
1334:, the removal of body hair with hot wax
98:. The belief in the curative powers of
38:. For the hydrotherapy water pool, see
14:
3210:
2712:from the original on 4 September 2014.
2456:from the original on 4 September 2015.
2450:10.7208/chicago/9780226439709.003.0008
2357:
2075:from the original on 9 September 2006.
1368:
965:
790:Bathing in the 19th and 20th centuries
113:
2984:
2382:
2226:from the original on 25 February 2009
2023:
2019:from the original on 8 February 2006.
457:developed a primitive vapor bath. At
2969:University of Virginia Press, 2001.
2828:from the original on 16 October 2013
2466:
2435:
2415:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61.
1601:Respect the right of its clients to
1207:or soaking in any of the following:
645:baths, or even a myriad of monastic
2867:The complete book of water healing.
2656:Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002
2385:The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions
2219:. U.S. Department of the Interior.
832:hydropathy and sanitation movements
420:the baths in the palace complex at
24:
2362:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
2093:from the original on 24 July 2011.
1871:Gellért baths in Budapest, Hungary
228:of various Latin phrases, such as
25:
3244:
3184:
2945:University of Massachusetts Press
2791:The International SPA Association
2562:from the original on 18 June 2010
694:and spas were common in medieval
397:, the Netherlands (reconstructed)
70:is a location where mineral-rich
3190:
2588:from the original on 2 May 2014.
2528:Sanitus Sanitum et omnia Sanitus
2106:"A brief history of spa therapy"
1983:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1979:"A brief history of spa therapy"
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1822:
1803:
1784:
1768:
1745:
1730:
1705:
1693:
1674:
1651:
1343:
941:, which specialized in treating
698:larger towns and cities such as
369:Bathing in Greek and Roman times
217:, beginning the use of the word
2844:
2814:
2794:
2775:
2761:) for healing." Anne Williams,
2751:
2731:
2716:
2698:
2685:
2680:Ladies and Gentlemen on Display
2672:
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2620:
2607:
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2351:
1114:Simon Baruch Research Institute
1039:industry in the United States.
849:structures. The most important
720:In the English coastal town of
143:, when the location was called
2250:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
2238:
2079:
2057:
1970:
1961:
1883:Couple relaxing in Jacuzzi spa
13:
1:
2899:, Brill, 2007 (illustrated).
2782:http://www.experienceispa.com
2582:"'Baths and Wash-houses Act'"
2436:Eddy, Matthew Daniel (2010).
2411:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005).
1837:
1660:Flamingo Entertainment Centre
1162:
814:Turkish spa Sina (Hammam) in
2914:Publisher: iUniverse, 2005.
1658:Flamingo Spa, a part of the
1190:Typical treatments include:
739:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
7:
2252:, Oxford University Press,
2087:"Hexmaster's Factoids: Spa"
1941:, a municipality of Belgium
1907:
1023:were yet to be discovered.
845:lines, generally following
732:Bathing in the 18th century
393:Coriovallum Roman baths in
139:, whose name is known from
10:
3249:
3063:Emergency medical services
2641:Birth of American Tourism,
2525:Metcalfe, Richard (1877).
2307:Water: A Spiritual History
1644:
1555:Regulation of the industry
1413:, from the sources in Spa.
781:Baths on the banks of the
562:
467:
243:
221:as a generic description.
117:
44:
29:
3018:
3012:Allied health professions
2667:Birth of American Tourism
2615:Birth of American Tourism
2309:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2272:Squatriti, Paolo (2002).
1529:, employing a variety of
1407:, in United States usage.
1377:, a form of beauty salon.
1109:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
547:Bathing in medieval times
285:in Bosnia and Herzegovina
3103:Music and arts therapist
2387:. ABC-CLIO. p. 61.
2358:Hembry, Phyllis (1990).
2330:Thurlkill, Mary (2016).
2065:"World Wide Words: Golf"
1955:
1775:Medicinal water bath in
1453:
974:Gentlemen's Pool House,
920:Waterfall, Carolus Spa,
3068:Hemodialysis technician
2511:Encyclopædia Britannica
2383:Black, Winston (2019).
1834:Louis Michel Eilshemius
1575:and the welfare of the
1118:Saratoga Spa State Park
479:, and the invention of
3113:Occupational therapist
2965:Charlene Boyer Lewis,
2480:Cite journal requires
1538:
1479:
1235:(Japanese Hot Springs)
1144:
1052:
983:
925:
819:
807:
800:Széchenyi thermal bath
786:
785:river, in Paris (1797)
612:
560:
432:bathtubs excavated in
416:
398:
386:
290:springs in France and
286:
274:
260:
174:word for "fountain").
132:
63:
34:. For other uses, see
3163:Respiratory therapist
3098:Medical transcription
3048:Clinical psychologist
3023:Anesthesia technician
2865:Dian Dincin Buchman,
2787:27 March 2009 at the
2305:Bradley, Ian (2012).
1895:Modern Spa Center in
1534:
1467:
1153:Warm Springs, Georgia
1134:
1090:Hot Springs, Arkansas
1050:
1009:White Sulphur Springs
999:in Pennsylvania; and
973:
919:
813:
797:
776:
604:
572:Roman Catholic Church
554:
470:Ancient Roman bathing
406:Roman Baths of Alange
404:
392:
376:
280:
266:
251:
127:
58:The medicinal spa of
57:
3199:at Wikimedia Commons
3093:Medical technologist
3043:Cardiac physiologist
2654:Drinking the Waters,
2628:Drinking the Waters,
2122:10.1136/ard.61.3.273
1995:10.1136/ard.61.3.273
1950:Water cure (therapy)
1859:Spa in Hungary, 1939
1700:Spa in Hungary, 1939
1211:Artificial waterfall
1149:French Lick, Indiana
943:rheumatoid arthritis
428:, and the luxurious
363:Aegean civilizations
179:16th-century England
36:Spa (disambiguation)
3153:Radiation therapist
3128:Pharmacy technician
2693:Drinking the Waters
1542:Mineral springs spa
1422:Spas usually offer
1411:Spa (mineral water)
1369:Types of treatments
1241:(Roman Hot Springs)
1157:infantile paralysis
1057:American Revolution
966:In colonial America
816:TrenÄŤianske Teplice
743:Richard (Beau) Nash
676:ritual purification
537:Emperor Constantine
335:ritual purification
114:Origins of the term
2850:Nathaniel Altman,
2246:Kazhdan, Alexander
1480:
1316:Nail care such as
1145:
1053:
984:
926:
851:architectural form
828:Liverpool, England
820:
808:
787:
680:Benedict of Nursia
678:, and inspired by
674:' rules contained
613:
561:
417:
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387:
287:
275:
261:
133:
78:) is used to give
64:
3195:Media related to
3181:
3180:
3088:Medical physicist
3078:Medical assistant
3073:Massage therapist
3028:Aquatic therapist
2958:Thomas Chambers,
2895:Esti Dvorjetski,
2259:978-0-19-504652-6
1919:List of spa towns
1419:, a hot stone spa
1263:jet hydro massage
1257:Jet hydro massage
1085:Mississippi River
715:Karlsbad, Bohemia
621:Byzantine centers
590:, discovered the
461:, an early Greek
234:sanitas per aquam
47:thermal reservoir
16:(Redirected from
3240:
3194:
3173:Speech therapist
3053:Dental hygienist
3033:Athletic trainer
3005:
2998:
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2982:
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2940:Richard Gassan,
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2069:World Wide Words
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2020:
2006:
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1897:Andorra la Vella
1892:
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1655:
1587:, and effective.
1430:'. A variety of
1061:Saratoga Springs
1036:Valentine Seaman
1017:Saratoga Springs
980:Thomas Jefferson
906:Conversationhaus
855:spa architecture
377:The spa town of
315:Native Americans
215:The English Spaw
191:William Slingsby
21:
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3208:
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3138:Physiotherapist
3014:
3009:
2925:Anne Williams,
2910:Carola Koenig,
2847:
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2799:
2795:
2789:Wayback Machine
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2617:, 2008, pp. 1-9
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1845:Brooklyn Museum
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1737:Balneo area in
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1607:confidentiality
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1445:
1432:medicinal clays
1381:Destination spa
1371:
1346:
1173:destination spa
1165:
1045:
997:Bristol Springs
976:Jefferson Pools
968:
798:A thermal spa (
792:
734:
726:Scarborough Spa
567:
559:, Germany, 1682
555:Hot springs at
549:
472:
446:Greek mythology
371:
246:
230:salus per aquam
197:) discovered a
122:
116:
74:(and sometimes
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3185:External links
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2759:medicinal clay
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2697:
2684:
2671:
2669:, pp. 125-157.
2658:
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2632:
2619:
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2592:
2573:
2556:London Gazette
2543:
2517:
2502:, ed. (1911).
2500:Chisholm, Hugh
2491:
2482:|journal=
2459:
2428:
2421:
2403:
2393:
2375:
2368:
2350:
2341:978-0739174531
2340:
2322:
2315:
2292:
2282:
2264:
2258:
2248:, ed. (1991),
2237:
2145:
2116:(3): 273–275.
2096:
2078:
2056:
2037:
2022:
1989:(3): 273–275.
1969:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1906:
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1894:
1887:
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1828:
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1809:
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1800:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1729:
1727:
1716:swimming pools
1711:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1681:Spa center in
1680:
1673:
1671:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1625:
1624:
1619:Adhere to the
1617:
1614:
1599:
1588:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1455:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1401:Sauna services
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1370:
1367:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:(Korean Sauna)
1269:
1267:Peat pulp bath
1264:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1225:
1222:
1202:
1197:
1164:
1161:
1126:Herbert Lehman
1044:
1041:
967:
964:
791:
788:
749:and architect
733:
730:
692:Public bathing
663:public bathing
625:Constantinople
619:were built in
606:Bagno del Papa
548:
545:
520:Baden, Austria
468:Main article:
370:
367:
292:Czech Republic
268:Byzantine Bath
245:
242:
211:Timothy Bright
145:Aquae Spadanae
115:
112:
100:mineral waters
26:
18:Body treatment
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3245:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Balneotherapy
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3168:Social worker
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Public health
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3083:Medical coder
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
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3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2976:
2975:0-8139-2079-5
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2953:1-55849-665-3
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:0-7817-5578-6
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:0-595-36508-6
2917:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:90-04-15681-X
2902:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:1-86152-917-1
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:0-658-01378-5
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:0-89281-836-0
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2810:1-86152-917-1
2807:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2771:0-7817-5578-6
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:0-7817-5578-6
2744:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2678:Boyer-Lewis,
2675:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2561:
2557:
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2530:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2474:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2424:
2422:9781843831464
2418:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2394:9781440862328
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2369:9780838633915
2365:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2316:9781441167675
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2283:9780521522069
2279:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
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2222:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
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2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:Ann Rheum Dis
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2050:0-415-30995-6
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
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1920:
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1911:
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1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1713:Mineral water
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1649:
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1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1527:balneotherapy
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
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1403:
1400:
1397:
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1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1344:Recent trends
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1302:
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1283:
1278:
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1274:
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1255:
1253:
1250:
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1234:
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1230:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
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1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
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1110:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1065:Greek revival
1062:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:Samuel Tenney
1029:
1028:Benjamin Rush
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
981:
977:
972:
963:
960:
956:
950:
946:
944:
940:
934:
930:
923:
918:
914:
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903:
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895:
889:
886:
881:
879:
878:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
829:
825:
817:
812:
805:
801:
796:
784:
780:
775:
771:
769:
763:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
740:
729:
727:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:Protestantism
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
659:charity baths
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:, or private
640:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
593:
589:
585:
579:
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538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
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460:
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411:
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396:
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384:
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366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
311:Ottoman Turks
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
284:
279:
273:
269:
265:
259:
258:Bath, England
255:
250:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
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184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
131:
126:
121:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:balneotherapy
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
56:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
32:balneotherapy
19:
3158:Radiographer
3133:Phlebotomist
3108:Nutritionist
2966:
2959:
2941:
2926:
2911:
2896:
2881:
2866:
2851:
2845:Bibliography
2830:. Retrieved
2816:
2801:
2796:
2777:
2762:
2753:
2738:
2733:
2718:
2700:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2603:(in German).
2595:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2533:. Retrieved
2527:
2520:
2509:
2494:
2473:cite journal
2462:
2441:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2398:
2384:
2378:
2359:
2353:
2345:
2331:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2249:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2212:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2081:
2068:
2059:
2040:
2034:Google Books
1986:
1982:
1972:
1963:
1939:Spa, Belgium
1829:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1535:
1447:
1446:
1428:fangotherapy
1364:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1327:Electrolysis
1290:Vichy shower
1221:) waterfall.
1195:Aromatherapy
1189:
1181:beauty salon
1166:
1146:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1034:in 1783 and
1025:
1013:Ballston Spa
1001:Warm Springs
985:
982:bathed here.
958:
954:
951:
947:
935:
931:
927:
911:
905:
901:
897:
890:
882:
875:
843:Neoclassical
836:
826:epidemic in
821:
767:
764:
760:
756:
735:
719:
712:
672:Benedictines
668:Augustinians
636:
614:
605:
596:Spa, Belgium
580:
568:
541:
518:in Germany,
510:in England,
493:
485:Roman Empire
473:
462:
418:
359:Indus Valley
300:
288:
272:Thessaloniki
233:
229:
223:
218:
214:
194:
176:
167:
157:
152:
144:
137:Spa, Belgium
134:
130:Spa, Belgium
128:The town of
72:spring water
67:
65:
51:
3143:Prosthetist
3118:Optometrist
3038:Audiologist
2727:fr:PĂ©diluve
2444:: 198–226.
1841: 1920
1791:Bathing in
1720:Blagoevgrad
1523:Medical spa
1491:Cruise ship
1417:Ganban'yoku
1398:Steam Rooms
1277:Jjimjilbang
1005:Hot Springs
939:Baden-Baden
877:Trinkhallen
871:Baden-Baden
867:Franzensbad
777:Poster for
747:Ralph Allen
722:Scarborough
696:Christendom
684:Benedictine
655:bath houses
647:bath houses
594:springs of
502:in France,
450:tidal pools
410:Extremadura
319:Babylonians
283:Slatina Spa
254:Roman Baths
141:Roman times
120:Mineral spa
92:hot springs
90:(including
88:spa resorts
3212:Categories
2832:16 October
2691:Chambers,
2652:Chambers,
2626:Chambers,
2566:5 November
2535:4 November
1756:garden in
1722:district,
1598:practices.
1569:regulation
1503:Dental spa
1297:Body wraps
1285:Steam bath
1228:Hot spring
1163:Treatments
1055:After the
1021:Kinderhook
898:Trinkhalle
894:Corinthian
818:, Slovakia
704:Regensburg
631:, and the
617:bathhouses
592:chalybeate
563:See also:
529:rheumatism
347:Christians
296:Bronze Age
201:spring in
199:chalybeate
181:, the old
164:chalybeate
118:See also:
3123:Orthotist
3058:Dietitian
2723:de:FuĂźbad
1810:Japanese
1797:West Java
1779:, Hungary
1596:unethical
1577:consumers
1469:Ayurvedic
1460:Ayurvedic
1424:mud baths
1322:pedicures
1318:manicures
1312:Hair care
1301:mud wraps
1261:swan-neck
1094:St. Louis
1015:. Nearby
924:, Germany
863:Marienbad
847:Palladian
806:, Hungary
751:John Wood
533:arthritis
516:Wiesbaden
489:aqueducts
477:aqueducts
459:Serangeum
442:gymnasium
438:Santorini
430:alabaster
361:, and in
351:Buddhists
333:. Today,
323:Egyptians
294:revealed
238:backronym
207:Harrogate
203:Yorkshire
84:Spa towns
80:medicinal
2947:, 2008.
2826:Archived
2785:Archived
2710:Archived
2665:Gassan,
2639:Gassan,
2613:Gassan,
2586:Archived
2560:Archived
2454:Archived
2221:Archived
2140:11830439
2091:Archived
2073:Archived
2017:Archived
2013:11830439
1908:See also
1816:Hokkaido
1724:Bulgaria
1687:Bulgaria
1683:Varshets
1585:sanitary
1573:industry
1438:is used.
1395:Head spa
1392:Foot spa
1387:Spa town
1252:Mud bath
1224:Feetbath
1215:cervical
1200:Ayurveda
1137:VuÄŤkovec
859:Carlsbad
839:Georgian
804:Budapest
638:diaconia
623:such as
576:syphilis
524:Aquincum
455:Spartans
434:Akrotiri
383:Bulgaria
307:Persians
252:Ancient
160:medieval
153:spargere
104:Day spas
76:seawater
3233:Bathing
3223:Therapy
2695:, 2002.
2682:, 2001.
2230:3 March
2131:1754027
2004:1754027
1929:Peloids
1924:Massage
1914:Jacuzzi
1901:Andorra
1830:Bathers
1762:Belgium
1668:Finland
1645:Gallery
1635:USPSHTC
1611:privacy
1603:dignity
1592:honesty
1571:of the
1531:peloids
1517:Hot tub
1507:dentist
1497:Day spa
1485:fitness
1471:spa in
1405:Hot tub
1375:Day spa
1307:Massage
1247:Hot tub
1239:Thermae
1205:Bathing
1177:day spa
1141:Croatia
1098:Chicago
902:Kurhaus
885:Slatina
824:cholera
643:Lateran
629:Antioch
610:Viterbo
588:Belgium
463:balneum
422:Knossos
395:Heerlen
379:Hisarya
339:Muslims
244:History
226:acronym
172:Walloon
108:medspas
82:baths.
60:Harkány
40:hot tub
2973:
2951:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2858:
2808:
2769:
2745:
2419:
2391:
2366:
2338:
2313:
2280:
2256:
2138:
2128:
2048:
2011:
2001:
1754:casino
1739:Alange
1664:Vantaa
1609:, and
1338:Facial
1332:Waxing
1185:school
1169:resort
1007:, and
995:, and
993:Yellow
922:Aachen
869:, and
779:Vigier
708:Naples
670:' and
615:Great
565:Hammam
557:Aachen
522:, and
512:Aachen
508:Buxton
481:cement
355:Hindus
353:, and
331:Romans
329:, and
327:Greeks
158:Since
2224:(PDF)
2217:(PDF)
1956:Notes
1934:Sauna
1814:, in
1812:Onsen
1793:Bogor
1639:IAPMO
1565:ISBWA
1477:India
1454:Types
1436:peats
1359:onsen
1354:Japan
1272:Sauna
1259:, as
1233:Onsen
1219:spine
1213:, as
1107:When
802:) in
783:Seine
700:Paris
651:Popes
633:popes
584:Liège
500:Vichy
426:Crete
414:Spain
303:Arabs
183:Roman
151:word
149:Latin
3218:Spas
3197:Spas
2971:ISBN
2949:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2916:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2834:2013
2806:ISBN
2767:ISBN
2743:ISBN
2643:2008
2630:2002
2568:2009
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