Body snatching - Knowledge

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hospital, known as In order to control the destruction of private property, the authorities participated in searches of local physicians' houses for medical students, professors, and stolen corpses. The mob was satisfied. Later, the mob reassembled to attack the jail where some of the medical students were being held for their safety. The militia was called, but few showed; this was perhaps due to the militia sharing the public's outrage. One small troop was harassed and quickly withdrew. Several prominent citizens–including Governor George Clinton; General Baron von Steuben, and John Jay–participated in the ranks of the militia protecting the doctors at the jail. Three rioters were killed when the embattled militia opened fire on the mob, and when militia members from the countryside joined the defense, the mob threat quickly dissipated.

617:. Body-snatching tended to vary between English and French speaking students. The French speaking students would steal bodies to pay for their schooling while the English speaking students stole bodies for fun and were usually caught. The students who stole the bodies for medical use would use elaborate measures to make sure the bodies could not be identified or found if a search was conducted at their residence. Facial identifiers and scars would be removed from the body so that they could not be identified. Students would make elaborate hiding places for the bodies such as using pulley systems to pull bodies up into chimneys or hide bodies under trap doors so that the bodies would not be found. When trying to find a body the robbers would be selective in that they would choose 536:

of grass or a shell to show whether the grave was tampered with or not. In his collection of Boston police force details, Edward Savage made notes of a reward offer on April 13, 1814: "The selectmen offer $ 100 reward for arrest of grave-robbers at South Burying-Ground". Iron fences were constructed around many burying grounds as a deterrent to body snatchers. "Burglar proof grave vaults made of steel" were sold with the promise that loved ones' remains would not be one of the 40,000 bodies "mutilated every year on dissecting tables in medical colleges in the United States." The medical appropriation of bodies aroused much popular resentment. Between 1765 and 1884, there were at least 25 documented crowd actions against American medical schools.

38: 703:. Although the practice has long been abandoned in modern China, some superstitious families in isolated rural areas still pay very high prices for the procurement of female corpses for deceased unmarried male relatives. It is speculated that the very high death toll among young male miners in these areas has led more and more entrepreneurial body snatchers to steal female cadavers from graves and then resell them through the black market to families of the deceased. In 2007, a previously convicted grave robber, Song Tiantang, was arrested by Chinese authorities for murdering six women and selling their bodies as "ghost brides". 145:-sized square of turf was removed 15 to 20 feet (5 to 6 m) away from the head of the grave, and a tunnel dug to intercept the coffin, which would be about 4 feet (1.2 m) down. The end of the coffin would be pulled off, and the corpse pulled up through the tunnel. The turf was then replaced, and any relatives watching the graves would not notice the small, remote disturbance. The article suggests that the number of empty coffins that have been discovered "proves beyond a doubt that at this time body snatching was frequent". 268:, in an effort to differentiate between the "true science" of medicine and "the assumptions of ignorance and empiricism" based on an education without the experience of human dissection. In addition, the medical community wanted to grow medical student's knowledge and improve their education by creating a licensing system to terminate those who only went to medical school for pleasantry. By requiring training in anatomy as a prerequisite, this demanded the need for cadavers for medical school students for their graduation. 691:'spirit marriage') is a practice originating in China in which either one or neither of the partners in the marriage is alive. The original purpose of ghost marriages is unclear but it has been utilized as a means of maintaining a family's honor and legacy in the event that their unwed relative is deceased. The practice has led to the theft of female corpses in order to arrange illicit ghost marriages and relocate the body. In 2006 there were reports of a resurgence in the northern coal-mining regions of 222:(1800–1850) was imprisoned for two months in the Worcester (Massachusetts) County Jail for "illegal dissection" in 1824, a couple of months after graduating with distinction from Dartmouth Medical School. His thesis defended dissection on the rationalist basis that "value of any art or science should be determined by the tendency it has to increase the happiness, or to diminish the misery, of mankind." Knowlton called for doctors to relieve "public prejudice" by donating their own bodies for dissection. 122: 1123:, was convicted along with three employees of illegally harvesting human bones, organs, tissue and other cadaver parts from individuals awaiting cremation, for forging numerous consent forms, and for selling the illegally obtained body parts to medical companies without consent of their families, and then sentenced to long prison terms. BTS sold its products to five companies, including Life Cell Corporation, of New Jersey, and Regeneration Technologies, of Florida. 736:.In China the illicit trading of human body parts has led to instances of body snatching for use in the Red Market. In order to meet the demand for transplantations China authorized the use of executed prisoners' organs. Consent of prisoners or prisoners' families, though required, has often been unverified in cases of executed prisoners' organs being harvested leading to accusations of illicit harvesting of corpses and transplantations. 1426: 189:

were undisturbed. Digging commenced at the head of the grave, clear to the coffin. The remaining earth on the coffin provided a counterweight which snapped the partially covered coffin lid (which was covered in sacking to muffle noise) as crowbars or hooks pulled the lid free at the head of the coffin. Usually, the body would be disrobed–the garments thrown back into the coffin before the earth was put back into place.

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700 to $ 1500 depending on the quality and size. In India, a full skeleton costs around $ 350 in the open market. Young Brothers, a Calcutta-based bone dealer, sells a human skeleton for $ 300. While the complete skeletons mostly find their way to medical laboratories mostly in the West, the assorted bones and skulls are used for religious rituals mostly in Hindu and Buddhist-dominated areas. As part of their

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lucrative business to run the risk of detection, particularly as the authorities tended to ignore what they considered a necessary evil. Body snatchers had a limited period in which they could dig up a body before it began decomposing, so that the body could be embalmed. They had to remain undetectable while exhuming the bodies and transporting them from the gravesites to the medical facilities.

760:, in the north-eastern region of India, has been known to be the center of a network of bone traders who remove skeletons from graveyards in order to sell them to universities and hospitals abroad. In colonial times, British doctors used to hire thieves to dig up bodies from Indian cemeteries. Despite changes in laws, a similar process is going strong today. According to journalist 400:

as well as slaves were buried there. In February 1787, a group of free blacks petitioned the city's common council about the medical students, who "under cover of night...dig up the bodies of the deceased, friends and relatives of the petitioners, carry them away without respect to age or sex, mangle their flesh out of wanton curiosity and then expose it to beasts and birds."

861:. Leiden Anatomical Theatre was amongst other theatres which was centers of arts and sciences, meeting places for artists and scientists, and places of public function. Leiden's contribution represented the model of the innovative academy and its clinical course, inaugurated in 1638, was widely seen as a center of excellence. At Leiden University Peter Paauw (1564–1617) and 426:, "from the peculiarity of our institutions , materials can be obtained in abundance, and we believe are not surpassed if equaled by any city in the country." In fact the ready availability of corpses was cited as a reason why Richmond would be a good place to found a medical school. The largest burial ground for enslaved and free people of color in the United States, the 1243:. One of the main characters Joseph Curwen is a merchant and slave trader who steals corpses of well-known individuals around the world and brings them to Providence to torture them until they share their secrets. This reflects the concept of body snatching as this character secretly removed a corpse from grave sites proving it as an unethical act. In the 1985 novel 1231:. This story accurately portrayed the act of body snatching and common uses in its background while adding a fictional plot of using murder to obtain the bodies for educational purposes. This story and film showed how body snatching was viewed as a dark practice with disturbing elements. Another novel mentioning the idea of robbing a grave is the series by 768:, who traditionally performed cremations, were pressed into service processing bones; skeletons were exported from India to be used in anatomy classes worldwide. In the 1850s, Calcutta Medical College processed 900 skeletons a year, but mostly for shipment abroad. A century later, a newly independent India dominated the world market for human bones. 1251:, one sees how in order to pay for his daughter's wedding, the dying rickshaw driver sells his bones for science. Hours after demise and before properly mourned, bone traders come to collect his bones. This provides the metaphorical practice of body snatching where a body is surrender, or stolen, and used for science such as in medical schools. 574:

coast, where the natives were forced to settle after being driven away from their ancestral land. The leader of this heist was W.E.L.H. Crowther, an 18-year-old medical student simply seeking the favor of one of his professors. After obtaining the bodies, Crowther and his associates took them back to Melbourne to undergo further examination.

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belongings back into the coffin before refilling the hole, and trying to smooth out the gravesite as much as possible to look undisturbed. What distinguished body snatching from grave-robbing was the practice of returning belongings to the gravesite before moving on. Removing belongings from the corpse would make them liable to prosecution.

84:, who often worked in teams and who primarily targeted more recently dug graves, would be hired in order to provide medical institutions and practitioners with a supply of fresh cadavers for the purpose of anatomical study. Despite a significant decline in body snatching as a practice, there are contemporary instances of body snatching. 379:

involved, and people began to set up grave watchers in graveyards to catch those who were snatching the bodies. This led the students to move to New York to find potential bodies for cadavers, which at this time was not the safest option. People were going to jail and were fined for disturbing the gravesites.

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resurrectionist, in possession of five bodies. When searched, his pockets were found to be full of teeth–in those days a set of teeth fetched £1 (about £50 in 2011). Many other graveyards were targets of the medical students or those who made robbing graves their profession. The largest cemetery in Ireland,

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citizens during autopsies, including many children, most often without their next of kin consenting or even being made aware. By the time the program ended in the early 1980s, the Australian government had stolen thousands upon thousands of body parts from deceased Australians to be used for research in

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In the first site the entire body was taken while in the second the head was cut off. Robert McKain was seen carrying the head back into the barracks with it wrapped in a handkerchief. It was shown that he had previously been accused of taking Indian heads from burial sites to give to paying surgeons.

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The debut single of experimental band Ralph and the Hexagons, "My Weekend Plans", is about an attempted act of body snatching, although this is referred to as grave robbing throughout the song. The 6th track of Creature Feature's album "It Was A Dark And Stormy Night..." is titled "Grave Robber

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in 1319. At this time, studying the anatomy of a human cadaver was not particularly favored once Rome fell, and it became prohibited by the Church. What was favored was animal dissections at this time. Until the 15th century, it had become legal in Italy to conduct up to two dissections in public per

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in China included a push for funeral reform which mandated the cremation of corpses. The enforcement of this mandate has varied, but there have been instances of body snatching for the purpose of meeting state-mandated quotas for cremation funeral practices. The act of body snatching for the purposes

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During the early 1800s in Michigan the first Indian graves were robbed. Even though it was known at the time that Indian burial sites were considered sacred and should not be tampered with, many still dug up skulls and skeletal remains. During this incident two Indian burial sites were tampered with.

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Public graveyards were not only arranged by social and economic standing, but also by race. New York was 15% black in the 1780s. "Bayley's dissecting tables, as well as those of Columbia College" often took bodies from the segregated section of Potter's Field, the Negroes Burying Ground. Free blacks

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was established November 22, 1782; John Warren was elected Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. When his son was in the college in 1796, the peaceful times provided few subjects. John Collins Warren Jr. wrote: "Having understood that a man without relations was to be buried in the North Burying-Ground,

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the experience he needed to begin his lectures on anatomy in 1781. His advertisement in the local paper stated the following: "A Course of lectures will be delivered this Winter upon the several Branches of Physick, for the Improvement of all such as are desirous of obtaining medical Knowledge: Those

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and demonstrates body-snatching as a loss of personal autonomy where aliens take over the bodies of the main characters loved ones. This allowed for publicity of body snatching and interest in the history of its uses outside a science-fiction context. Body snatching was portrayed in a new way of the

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campaign group (three men: Kerry Whitburn of Edgbaston, John Smith of Wolverhampton, John Ablewhite of Manchester; and one woman: Josephine Mayo of Staffordshire) were jailed for conspiracy to blackmail. The men received 12 years each and the woman received four years. The police said the conspiracy

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According to estimates, 20,000-25,000 human skeletons are smuggled out of India every year through Nepal, China, and Bangladesh. The skeletons reach markets in the US, Japan, Europe and the Middle East, mostly for medical institutions. The price for a complete skeleton in these markets ranges from $

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was a rich source of anatomical material as it was a communal burial ground and easily accessed. Soldiers attached to the nearby Royal Hospital were always on the alert for grave robbers mainly because many of their comrades were buried there. In November 1825 a sentry captured Thomas Tuite, a known

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burial sites have been used as a place for body-snatching. The bodies would be removed from their graves in the name of science. Usually the bodies would be removed without consent from relatives, and there was no attempt to reach relatives. When these bodies are removed they are given to museums to

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During this time, there was an intense growth in New England of medical programs, which led to an increase in the need for anatomy cadavers. To keep a good supply of bodies became a difficult endeavor. Students were sent away to Boston to seek subjects by grave-robbing. This caused the public to get

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in November 1762 announcing his lectures about the "art of dissecting, injections, etc." The cost was "five pistoles." In 1765, his house was attacked by a mob, claiming the doctor had desecrated a church's burying ground. The doctor denied this and made known that he only used bodies of "suicides,

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Large, gated, centralized cemeteries, which sometimes employed armed guards, emerged as a response to grave-robbing fears. Gated, "high-security" cemeteries were also a response to the discovery that many old urban and rural burying grounds were found to be practically empty of their human contents

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Prior to these measures allowing for more subjects, many tactics were employed to protect the bodies of relatives. Police were engaged to watch the burying grounds but were often bribed or made drunk. Spring guns were set in the coffins, and poorer families would leave items like a stone or a blade

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for dissection. Philadelphia's African Americans were outraged, and a crowd assembled at the city morgue, where the discovered bodies had been sent. Reportedly, one of the crowd urged the group to swear that they would seek revenge for those who participated in desecration of the graves. Another

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These medical colleges were targeted by the general public opposed to body snatching, but the medical colleges fought back. One argument was that the medical colleges tried to see them as doing a good thing for the body, since most of the bodies that were taken were ones who did not have loved ones

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The demand for cadavers for human dissection grew as medical schools were established in the United States. This was due to the demand for students to have more first-hand experiences with multiple cadavers, rather than observing dissections on only one specimen. The sudden advances in surgery were

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have also been known to hire women to act the part of grieving relatives and to claim the bodies of dead at poorhouses. Women were also hired to attend funerals as grieving mourners; their purpose was to ascertain any hardships the body snatchers may later encounter during the disinterment. Bribed

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Body snatchers generally worked in small groups, which scouted and pillaged fresh graves. Fresh graves were generally given preference since the earth had not yet settled, thus making digging easier work. The removed earth was often shoveled onto canvas tarp laid by the grave, so the nearby grounds

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as grave robbing does not explicitly involve the removal of the corpse, but rather theft from the burial site itself. The term 'body snatching' most commonly refers to the removal and sale of corpses primarily for the purpose of dissection or anatomy lectures in medical schools. The term was coined

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in Budapest was desecrated in early 2007. His skull has been stolen along with some of his other bones and his wife Mária Tamáska's urn. The act was politically motivated, as a message reading "murderers and traitors cannot rest in sacred ground 1956–2006" (taken from a song by far-right rock band

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At their height, in the early 1980s, Calcutta's bone factories took in an estimated $ 1 million a year by digging the graveyards of West Bengal after the mourners had left. In 1985 the Indian government banned the export of human bones after human rights groups raised questions about how the bones

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peered in. Accounts vary, but one of the boys saw what he thought were his mother's remains or that one of the students shook a dismembered arm at the boys. The boy, whose mother had recently died, told his father of the occurrence; the father, a mason, led a group of laborers in an attack on the

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Warren attempted to set up a cadaver provision system in Boston, similar to the systems already set up in New York and Philadelphia. Public officials and burial-ground employees were routinely bribed for entrance to Potter's Field to get bodies. Potter's Field was a public cemetery. These types of

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stated that alleged bone smuggler Kamal Sah was identified by civilians in Bihar state and handed over to police with two bags of human skulls and bones. When questioned on the subject, the police refused to acknowledge the authorities failure to stamp out the practice and simply claimed that the

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before he was buried, and the rest of his body was stolen after his burial. Truganini, who outlived Lanne by several years, had wished to avoid his fate and expressly asked to be cremated, but was buried anyway. The Royal Society of Tasmania exhumed her body and put it on display. 100 years after

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In New York, the bodies were divided into two groups–one group contained the bodies of those "most entitled to respect, or most likely to be called for by friends;" the other bodies were not exempt from exhumation. In Philadelphia's two public burying grounds, anatomists claimed bodies regularly,

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These two instances were not isolated. With the aboriginal Tasmanians being wiped out, other native Australians still faced the same threat of body snatching due to continued intrigue from the colonial British presence. In 1910, 12 aboriginal bodies were stolen from their burial places along the

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of 1832, the only legal supply of corpses for anatomical purposes in the UK were those condemned to death and dissection by the courts. Dissections, the main way doctors aimed to gain understanding, required fresh corpses. Those who were sentenced to dissection by the courts were often guilty of

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in an attempt to mitigate illicit burial practices. These regulations criminalized the mishandling of corpses, including the removal of a corpse. The term 'body snatching' as it regards China specifically can refer to a variety of rationales and specific cases of corpse removal which range from

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or execution. However, dissection of these bodies and theft of items within the graves was illegal. This caused the body snatchers to only take the body and leave everything else behind in the grave. Medical students and staff did not ask where the bodies came from. The trade was a sufficiently

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of 1832, which gave doctors and medical students the right to dissect donated bodies for education and research purposes. Although this act was created to stop the illegal tradeoff of corpses, it did not provide near enough corpses needed by medical schools annually, which could be up to 500 in

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was launched during the height of the Cold War as a series of multinational studies concerning the danger posed to humans by radioactive isotopes as a result of nuclear fallout. The Australian government became involved in the program during the mid-1950s, and began collecting body parts from

849:, medicine in Great Britain and the Netherlands was at the root of body-snatching with the goal of using the corpses to be used for anatomical and physiological learning. Among 17th-century medicine educators at universities the desire to educate the public, in particular, took place in the 132:

There were several methods used in obtaining a corpse. Once such was digging down to the head-end of the coffin and breaking the top open, using a rope or hook to grab the body by its neck and hoist it out of the coffin. Body snatchers were careful to put any clothing, jewelry, and personal

338:£1,000 for the creation of a Professorship in Anatomy in 1770. A year earlier, John Warren and his friends had created a secret anatomic society. This society's purpose was to participate in anatomic dissection, using cadavers that they themselves procured. The group's name was the " 869:(1577–1652) The anatomical theater developed into a place of universal knowledge and a representation of the macrocosmos as opposed to the microcosmos of the human body. After the death of Heurnius, Joannes van Horne (1621–1670) became the next caretaker for the anatomical theater. 469:

man screamed when he discovered the body of his 29-year-old brother. The Philadelphia Press broke the story when a teary elderly woman identified her husband's body, whose burial she had afforded only by begging for the $ 22 at the wharves where he had been employed. Physician

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Discusses death practices, role of dissection in medical professionalization and science, changes in the law concerning the disposition of bodies, riots against medical schools, popular anatomical texts, popular anatomical museums. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

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plays an anatomist who runs Edinburgh's School of Anatomy in the 19th century. The characters in this film steal corpses after murdering locals and use them for their medical school: this is the practice of body snatching. In another film involving stealing corpses,

497: 173:, an Irishman, was found guilty of murdering and selling the bodies of at least 16 people. Burke would pinch the nose of his victims and lay on their chest so that there was no physical damage to the bodies. He was hanged and dissected for his crimes in 1829. 1029:

are often responsible for body snatching and later process the procured cadavers for export. The Government of India had twice earlier banned exports, only to revoke its decision on each occasion. According to the Exporters Association, the

636:. The corpses of the victims were stolen by body snatchers before relatives arrived from the United States, causing an international scandal. Rewards were offered which students collected to return bodies to the families. Eventually the 211:

with several medical schools, were renowned for body snatching activity: all locales provided plenty of cadavers. Finding subjects for dissection proved to be "morally troubling" for students of anatomy. As late as the mid-19th century,

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without consideration. "If schools or physicians differed over who should get an allotment of bodies, the dispute was to be settled by the mayor–a high-reaching conspiracy that resulted in a harvest of about 450 bodies per school year."

516:, many editorial letters were written about the incident: one such writer named Humanio warned that "lives may be forfeit ... should persist." There was cause for concern: body snatching was perceived to be "a daily occurrence." 985:

journalist that, "during the interrogation the gang members confessed that the hollow human thigh bones were in great demand in monasteries and were used as blow-horns, and the skulls as vessels to drink from at religious ceremonies."

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Antje Kühnast: 'In the interest of science and the colony'. Truganini und die Legende von den aussterbenden Rassen. In: Entfremdete Körper. Rassismus als Leichenschändung . Ed by W. D. Hund. Bielefeld: Transcript 2009, pp. 205 -

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wrote, "No occurrences in the course of my life have given me more trouble and anxiety than the procuring of subjects for dissection." He continues to tell of the difficulty his father John Warren had finding subjects during the

606:, where religious customs as well as the lack of means of preservation made it hard for medical students to obtain a steady supply of fresh bodies. In many instances the students had to resort to fairly regular body snatching. 531:

To assuage the outraged public, legislation was enacted to thwart the activities of the body snatchers; eventually, anatomy acts, such as the Massachusetts Anatomy Act of 1831, allowed for the legalization of anatomy studies.

297:". Later in the 19th century, this school issued an anatomy law that would be state-wide, which was issued around the statement of grave-robbing. This was due to an organized group of grave robbers in Philadelphia. Senator 902:'s body from Italy. It was also an act of revenge for the previous removal of Evita's body. Once Evita's body arrived in Argentina, Montoneros gave up Aramburu's corpse and abandoned it in a street in Buenos Aires. 994:

police lacked "equipment, manpower and expertise to stop this practice". The criminal lawyer, Majid Menon, acknowledges that the dire economic conditions for vast numbers of people living in such states as Bihar,

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The Indian government banned the export of human remains in the mid-1980s, but body snatching is still thriving, even if secretly, in many parts of the country as a result of ineffective laws and poverty.

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who propose attending, are requested to make Application as soon as possible, as the Course will commence in a few days." It was dated and signed: "Boston 01/01/1781 John Warren, Sec'y, Medical Society."

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who grieved for them. These schools also attempted to convince the public that the bodies were from a source on the outside, rather than making it look like they had not got permission to take the body.

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On February 21, 1788, a body of a woman was taken from Trinity Church. A hundred-dollar reward was offered by the rector of the church for information leading to the arrest of grave robbers. In the

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Body snatching became so prevalent in the UK that it was not unusual for relatives and friends of someone who had just died to watch over the body until burial, and then to keep watch over the grave

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received the body of a warrior called "Cut Nose" and dissected it in the presence of other doctors. He then cleaned and articulated the skeleton and kept the bones in an iron kettle in his office.

360:, who wrote back: "Since the opening of our lectures, the town has been so uncommonly healthy, that I have not been able to obtain a fourth part of subjects required for our dissecting rooms." 953:

In 2007, the Indian police discovered a stash of hundreds of human skulls and thigh bones and arrested a gang for allegedly carrying out the practice of body snatching and indulging in bone

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Truganini's death, aboriginal descendants finally won the rights to their bodies following many years of petitioning the government, and their remains were cremated and spread in the ocean.

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The Anatomy Murders: Being the True and Spectacular History of Edinburgh's Notorious Burke and Hare and of the Man of Science Who Abetted Them in the Commission of Their Most Heinous Crimes

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be put on display. Even if the tribe or relatives found out about the bodies being on display, they did not have the authority to have the bodies removed and returned. In November 1990 the

3995:. Mrs Carver. Gothic novel about the terror inflicted upon a young woman when she is locked inside a crumbling Abbey used by resurrection men and body snatchers. Published by Zittaw Press. 1160: 199:

Although medical research and education lagged in the United States compared to medical colleges' European counterparts, the interest in anatomical dissection grew in the United States.

1262:, set in Boston in 1830, the protagonist Norris Marshall, a talented but poor medical student, attempts to pay his college tuition by working as a "resurrectionist". The main character 1025:

And even though to date police have been unable to unearth any irregularity in the skeleton trade, the exporter-turned-moralist, Sanker Narayan Sen, maintains that the people from the

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who suggested that Warren employ the services of James Henderson, "a trusty old friend and servant" who could "at any time, and almost to any number, obtain the articles you desire."

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throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. However, there have been cases of body snatching in many countries, with the first recorded case dating back to 1319 in Bologna, Italy.

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what brought on this demand for cadavers for medical school students to learn more about internal anatomy. Between the years of 1758 and 1788, only 63 of the 3500 physicians in the

842:, poorhouses were accustomed to receiving a small fee by undertakers who paid a fine for ignoring burial laws and resold the bodies (especially those with no family) to doctors. 250: 3088: 946:

Though it banned the export of human remains in the mid-1980s, India continues to maintain a robust, if under the table, international trade in human skeletons, as journalist

3952:. London. Contains a full bibliography and the regulations in force in foreign countries for the supply of bodies for anatomical purposes, as of its date of publish. 981:, by fellow passengers who had noticed a jagged bone sticking out of a bag beneath his seat. The investigating officer of the incident, Ravinder Nalwa, reported to a 1066:

recovered the skull in September 2000 and found that the thieves were two local brothers who were sentenced in November 2006 to 6-month prison, substituted with

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Thomas Williams, John Bishop and James May, murderers: miscellaneous papers relating to murder of persons in Smithfield area and sale of corpses for dissection.

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in the 1830s and 1840s were African American. The ready availability of such bodies was cited as an incentive to enroll by Southern medical schools such as the

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In rural parts of northern India, the lowest classes sometimes cannot obtain wood for cremation or ground for burial, and the exposure of bodies is the result.

2179: 938:(a scandal involving a party widely held to be the ideological successor to that of Kádár). As of 2022, the bones and the perpetrators have not been found. 213: 1314:

is titled "Bodysnatchers 4 Ever", and it talks about a man and his lover taking fresh bodies and somehow using them to live forever. The second track on

865:(1614–1672), who were medical professors who used practical skills which became an integral basic part of the academic curriculum under the direction of 349:

I formed a party ... When my father came up in the morning to lecture, and found that I had been engaged in this scrape, he was very much alarmed."

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was the person behind the upbringing of the state-wide anatomy law and was involved in grave-robbing himself after this act was finalized to the public.

3962: 1758: 1515:"The Criminal Corpse, Anatomists and the Criminal Law: Parliamentary Attempts to Extend the Dissection of Offenders in Late Eighteenth-Century England" 989:

Buddhist monks in India likewise admitted that human thigh bones and skulls were used by followers of a Tibetan school of Buddhism. A 2009 report from

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servants would sometimes offer body snatchers access to their dead master or mistress lying in state; the removed body would be replaced with weights.

1290:, Jerry Cruncher works as a "resurrection man" stealing bodies to resurrect them in addition to his work as a porter and messenger at Tellson's Bank. 3290: 331: 1441: 3835: 3756: 3507: 3042: 3324: 264:. Study of anatomy legitimized the medical field, setting it apart from homeopathic and botanical studies. Later, in 1847, physicians formed the 169:

In relation to body snatching, murder for the purpose of selling the corpses to medical schools also occurred. The term "burked" was coined after

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district, and smuggled the skeletons not just to medical institutions in need of cadavers across the world, but also to the Himalayan kingdom of

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In February 2006, Michael Mastromarino, then a 42-year-old former New Jersey-based oral surgeon and CEO and executive director of operations at

2796: 216:, a prominent aptly named professor and medical physician wondered how any ethical physician could participate in the traffic of dead bodies. 372: 364: 353: 180:

created the first overarching law that required informed personal consent to be needed for body or organ donation within medical facilities.

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burial, to stop it being violated. Iron coffins, too, were used frequently, or the graves were protected by a framework of iron bars called

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At Large". It is about a stereotypical early 19th century body snatcher, featuring the hook "Death is my business, and business is good!".

3188: 410:, bodies of enslaved workers were routinely used for anatomical study; in one case that has been studied, 80% of the corpses dissected at 808:

In Dublin, the medical schools of the 18th and 19th centuries were on a constant hunt for bodies. The Bullys' Acre or Hospital Fields at

1446: 817:, laid out in the 18th century, had a high wall with strategically placed watch-towers as well as blood-hounds to deter body snatchers. 342:"; however, speaking or writing the name was prohibited. Often the group used shovels to obtain fresh corpses for its anatomical study. 339: 1034:

in 2014 had once again recently concluded its investigations and submitted a report exonerating such body snatchers and exporters.

970: 562: 480:, a group of doctors removed the bodies under cover of darkness from their riverside grave, and each took some for himself. Doctor 310: 2216: 791: 1488: 1078:

Rare reports of body snatching continue to occur. One prominent case involved the removal of the remains of Gladys Hammond from

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American Social Sciences Association - "Journal of Social Sciences: Containing the Transactions of the American Association

415: 3924: 2408:"Savage, Edward H. "Police Records and Recollections, or Boston by Daylight and Gaslight: For Two Hundred and Forty Years" 2074: 1302:' song "The Resurrectionist" which appeared as a bonus track on "I'm with Stupid", the first single from their 2006 album 1111:

included the removal of Hammond's remains, which were recovered by police following information given by one of the four.

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for scientific research. Hammond was the mother-in-law of one of the farm's co-owners. After a four-year investigation by

3909:"My Weekend Plans (2021 Remaster)", My Weekend Plans (2021 Remaster), RouteNote, 2021, retrieved 2023-06-01. Available at 427: 97:

capital crimes, such as murder, burglary, rape, and arson. However, in 1832, Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the

3957: 4164: 1730: 3169: 2407: 1134:. Modern body snatchers meet this demand. Tissue gained in this way is medically unsafe and unusable. The broadcaster 716:

of meeting such quotas has become a lucrative business in China. In 2014 two local funerary practice officials in the

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The bodies of criminals about to be executed were routinely requested of authorities for this purpose. In 1859, after

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In Boston, medical students faced similar issues with procuring subjects for dissection. In his biographical notes,

2944: 4023:. Contains excellent information regarding the Anatomy Act and the Resurrectionist's influence upon the urban poor. 319: 3999:

MacDonald, Helen (2003). "Legal Bodies: Dissecting Murderers at the Royal College of Surgeons, London 1800–1832".

1306:. The track is inspired by the book The Italian Boy: Murder and Grave-Robbery in 1830s London by Sarah Wise. (See 894:. The organization had already kidnapped and murdered Aramburu in 1970. The corpse was to be held until President 72:

Those who practiced the act of body snatching and sale of corpses during this period were commonly referred to as

4117: 3614:

Dominique Lapierre's no. 1 international bestseller, City of joy : an epic venture into the soul of humanity

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province of China were arrested for hiring body snatchers to acquire corpses in order to meet cremation quotas.

3991: 1279: 1174: 1165: 1107: 233:, was snatched in 1878 for Ohio Medical College, and discovered by his son John Harrison, brother of President 31: 17: 3006: 561:(Palawa), were both exhumed from their graves. Lanne's head, hands and feet were removed illegally by surgeon 4124: 3359: 2781: 1572:"Popular Attitudes to Death and Dissection in Early Nineteenth Century Britain: The Anatomy Act and the Poor" 3911: 2830: 2145: 1267: 931: 524: 265: 4169: 2076:

Body Snatching: The Robbing of Graves for the Education of Physicians in Early Nineteenth Century America

1240: 3111: 3230: 1120: 1091: 1006:, have favored the practice of body snatching till date and given room for bone smugglers to flourish. 438: 357: 315: 285: 159: 2141: 1183: 858: 566: 465: 450: 446: 276:

The University of Pennsylvania was the first medical school in America in the 18th century. In 1762,

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places were favored by medical doctors who were in search of bodies to use for their dissections.

37: 4159: 2848: 2041: 1311: 411: 277: 3394: 3316: 2242:. Rochester, Minnesota: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. pp. 36–37, 91. 1400: 1394: 1216: 1043: 887: 434: 345: 230: 2685:"The Afterlife of Corpses: A Social History of Unburied Dead Bodies in Qing China (1644-1911)" 2381: 2057: 1182:

moral consequences and surrounding effect it has on the stolen body's loved ones. In the film

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A Traffic of Dead Bodies: Anatomy and Embodied Social Identity in Nineteenth-century America

1804:

A traffic of dead bodies: anatomy and embodied social identity in nineteenth-century America

1431:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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when downtown areas were re-developed and old pioneer cemeteries moved, as in Indianapolis.

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was amended to prevent a recurrence, effectively ending medical body snatching in Quebec.

8: 4179: 4056:"A traffic of dead bodies": Anatomy and embodied social identity in 19th-century America. 3547: 2524:"Project Sunshine and the Slippery Slope: The Ethics of Tissue Sampling for Strontium-90" 2224: 1131: 1063: 846: 745: 712: 687: 281: 226: 56:

from graves, morgues, and other burial sites. Body snatching is distinct from the act of

3535: 3407: 3372: 1489:"East End of London history, bodysnatchers, resurrection men, the jago, boundary estate" 918: 3069: 3022: 2982: 2957: 2775: 2723: 2567: 2551: 2501: 2329: 2282: 1998: 1943: 1918: 1896: 1595: 1547: 1514: 1275: 1248: 862: 814: 732:

refers to the trade of human organs or other body parts with the primary purpose being

477: 423: 4030:. Contains humorous information regarding the study of anatomy before the Anatomy Act. 1688: 825:

The first recorded case of body snatching is attributed to four medical students from

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were being collected and pointed towards the greater need for institutions to obtain

470: 454: 404: 294: 234: 3073: 2571: 906: 4095: 3543: 3096: 3051: 3018: 2977: 2715: 2535: 2485: 2313: 2266: 1982: 1938: 1930: 1888: 1684: 1579: 1542: 1526: 1341: 1196: 1139: 1095: 781: 587: 582: 461: 219: 3977:

Digging up the Dead: The Life and Times of Astley Cooper, an Extraordinary Surgeon

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R v Lynn (1788) 100 All ER 395 made taking a body from a churchyard a misdemeanour

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http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/body-snatching-around-the-world/

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of 1788. On April 13, a group of boys playing near the dissection room window of

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Many laws passed by Parliament covered body snatching or similar practices. The

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Prizzi, Michelle. "Body Brokerage: Inside the Trafficking of Human Materials."

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number. This led to increased numbers of body snatching in the United Kingdom.

62: 4144: 3791: 3702: 3597: 3488: 2539: 2270: 1986: 1919:"Two hundred years ago: origins and early years of the Harvard Medical School" 1892: 1827: 460:

In December 1882, it was discovered that six bodies had been disinterred from

4153: 4012: 3890: 3860: 3816: 3737: 3667: 3632: 3454:"Invasion of the Body Snatchers | film by Siegel [1956] | Britannica" 3007:"Michel Foucault, Body Politics and the Rise and Expansion of Modern Anatomy" 2973: 2602: 2547: 2497: 2325: 2278: 1994: 1591: 1538: 1437: 1432: 1389: 1378: 1299: 1298:

In popular culture, music referencing the act of body snatching includes the

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both requested the cadavers of those about to be hanged. Four, three black (

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Body Snatching Around The World | History Detectives | PBS. Available at:

2563: 1556: 1357: 1047: 947: 761: 453:'s son Watson Brown), were obtained by the latter college. In retaliation, 318:: many soldiers who had died were without relation. These experiences gave 200: 106: 3203: 2876: 1952: 1657:

John Fleetwood, The Irish Body Snatchers, Tomar Publishing, Dublin, 1988.

934:(Kádár played a major role in the suppression of the revolution), and the 899: 113:, and therefore punishable only with a fine and imprisonment rather than 3912:

https://open.spotify.com/track/1axz3FkY6xGCNfjrbIzDOl?si=78f945d33e6d4678

2991: 1530: 1319: 1271: 1244: 1228: 1212: 1099: 995: 973:. Kamal Sah was caught carrying 67 human skulls and 10 bones on a bus in 957:. This gang was arrested after they exhumed dozens of graves from Muslim 954: 839: 785: 729: 368: 98: 93: 3430:"Regina Jeffers's Blog - History of Body Snatching - May 09, 2013 09:06" 2744: 2586: 2555: 2523: 2333: 2301: 2002: 1970: 1599: 1571: 1159: 352:

John Warren's quest for subjects led him to consult with his colleague,

298: 4071: 2727: 2703: 2505: 2473: 1450:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 1178: 891: 809: 476:

After the public hanging of 39 Dakota warriors in the aftermath of the

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before his cremation. The director Toby Dye made a documentary titled

473:

was indicted, and the case led to passage of various Anatomical Acts.

3880: 3850: 3806: 3717: 3647: 3612: 3208: 3038:"The Glorious Revolution and Medicine in Britain and the Netherlands" 2317: 1583: 1315: 1263: 1083: 1011: 999: 962: 717: 554: 457:

troops burned Winchester Medical College in 1862; it never reopened.

204: 163: 4077:

The Italian boy: a tale of murder and body snatching in 1830s London

2719: 2489: 2383:

The white African American body: a cultural and literary exploration

2194:"A "Malicious Design" : Burning the Winchester Medical College" 1014:

rituals, many tantrics drink wine in human skulls in places such as

41:

Body snatchers at work. A painting on the wall of a public house in

2691:– via Washington University in St. Louis Arts & Sciences. 958: 700: 625: 614: 257: 154: 125: 42: 784:

before remains were used for medical research. However, the human

4139: 3958:

En guettant les ours : mémoires d'un médecin des Laurentides

1363: 1051: 982: 974: 826: 757: 142: 3524:

McQuaid, G. (Director). (2009). I Sell The Dead . Glass Eye Pix.

4112: 3112:"The finger of God: anatomical practice in 17th century Leiden" 1079: 966: 692: 676: 610: 603: 251:

Sociopolitical issues of anatomy in America in the 19th century

53: 1050:, Spain. The thieves sent an anonymous letter to the mayor of 771: 488:

received their first lessons in osteology from this skeleton.

3961:. Montréal : Éditions Édouard Garand. Digitized by the 2138:

Educated in Tyranny: Slavery at Thomas Jefferson's University

1856:

Hoosier State Chronicles: Indiana's Digital Newspaper Program

1203:

play two men who make a living stealing and selling corpses.

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A famous case of body snatching in the United States was the

3170:"Grave of Hungarian Communist leader Janos Kadar vandalized" 3089:"Dutch Anatomy and Clinical Medicine in 17th-Century Europe" 1462:"Body Snatching Around The World | History Detectives | PBS" 271: 1270:, takes the opportunity to murder Dr. Robinson when he and 1067: 1059: 4125:

Injunction: Stolen body burial blocked by executor of will

3684:

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : Tom Sawyer's comrade

1964: 1962: 3984:

Things for the Surgeon: A History of the Resurrection Men

1282:, the eponymous protagonist practices body snatching. In 1138:'s bones were removed in New York City and replaced with 830:

year after the first body-snatching in the 14th century.

371:) to procure subjects for dissection. Revere called upon 3397:, Times online December 22, 2005, retrieved 18 May 2006. 3291:"El robo del cráneo del Papa Luna se queda en una multa" 2689:

Arts & Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations.

2255:"Body Snatching & Grave Robbing: Bodies for Science" 1877:"Body Snatching & Grave Robbing: Bodies for Science" 1852:

Ghoul Busters: Indianapolis Guards its Dead: Or Does It?

363:

Warren later enlisted the help of an old family friend,

158:, well-preserved examples of which may still be seen in 2818:

Locus: The Seton Hall Journal of Undergraduate Research

2648:"Proceedings of the 9th Annual History of Medical Days" 1959: 1386: – Ceremonial mutilation of a corpse as punishment 748:'s body was stolen from his grave on 11 December 2009. 3477:(Firm), Infobase, film distributor. 20th Century Fox, 3362:, CNNMoney.com October 7, 2005, retrieved 18 May 2006. 2018: 1975:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

1838:"The Graveyard Robbers," New York Times, May 31, 1878 3540:

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Other Tales

1971:"A Body Snatcher Sponsors Pennsylvania's Anatomy Act" 1177:

is an American science-fiction film, was directed by

3926:

Creature Feature - It Was A Dark And Stormy Night...

2349: 30:"Body snatcher" redirects here. For other uses, see 4145:

Video footage of precautions against body snatching

3349:

CNNMoney.com October 5, 2005, retrieved 18 May 2006

3204:"Inside India's Underground Trade in Human Remains" 2877:"Inside India's Underground Trade in Human Remains" 2353:

Purified by fire: a history of cremation in America

598:The practice was also common in other parts of the 557:(1812–1876), considered at the time to be the last 4040:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 4001:Traffic: An Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Journal 2849:"Into the Heart of India's Underground Bone Trade" 2379: 2132:van Daacke, Kirt (2019). "Anatomical Theater". In 3246: 3244: 2761: 2704:"35. Ghost Marriages Among the Singapore Chinese" 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1397: – Theory to explain the empty tomb of Jesus 4151: 3998: 3043:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 2386:. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. 2302:"Indian-Grave Robbing at Sault Ste. Marie, 1826" 1756: 1247:written by French Author and Fulbright Scholar, 1046:was stolen from the ruined palace of Argillo in 3025:– via 10.1111/j.1467-6443.1992.tb00022.x. 2797:"Why stealing corpses is big business in China" 1800: 909:were stolen from his grave by unknown persons. 498:Native American Protection and Repatriation Act 293:executed felons, and now and then one from the 3808:Fundamental : further listening 2005-2007 3241: 1861: 1807:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 930:) was left nearby. The two dates refer to the 872: 1752: 1750: 4033: 3834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3755:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3395:"Bodysnatchers steal Alistair Cooke's bones" 3135:Necromanía: Historia de una pasión argentina 2770:. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. 2424:The Last Man: A British Genocide in Tasmania 2375: 2373: 2356:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4070: 3955:Vieux Doc (docteur Edmond Grignon) (1930). 3680: 3270:"Government bans export of human skeletons" 3093:Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG) 2345: 2343: 2237: 2036: 2034: 2032: 1828:http://www.danallosso.com/Graverobbing.html 1777: 845:During the 17th century, the period of the 437:, Virginia, the University of Virginia and 27:Secret removal of corpses from burial sites 4028:Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers 3510:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3116:Leinden University: Scholarly Publications 2414: 2131: 1968: 1912: 1910: 1747: 394: 3645: 3533: 3360:"Body snatchers tied to allograft firms?" 3283: 3055: 2981: 2958:"Body snatching: a grave medical problem" 2831:"Grave robbers steal ex-president's body" 2370: 1942: 1846: 1844: 1546: 1310:.) The 9th track of leATHERMØUTH's album 449:, and Jeremiah Anderson), and one white ( 326: 272:University of Pennsylvania Medical School 244: 3610: 3252:"Ban fails to stop sales of human bones" 3228: 3118:: 19–20 – via Universiteit Leiden. 3035: 2962:The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 2622:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 2340: 2178:. March 29, 1838. p. 1 – via 2029: 1916: 1763:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1436: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1274:are hired by him for body snatching. In 1158: 1126:There is still a demand for corpses for 790: 770: 609:The first medical school established in 304: 120: 36: 4131:Echoes of the Scottish Resurrection Men 3769: 3231:"Human bone smuggling racket uncovered" 3128: 3109: 2871: 2869: 2794: 2739: 2737: 2584: 2014: 2012: 1907: 288:. Shippen put an advertisement in the 14: 4152: 3878: 3849:group), Leathermouth (Musical (2009), 3848: 3804: 3575: 3534:Stevenson, Robert Louis (2008-05-08), 3347:"Tissue from corpses in strong demand" 3086: 2701: 2615: 2420: 2299: 2252: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2099: 2072: 1874: 1841: 1154: 803: 657:political to spiritual in motivation: 262:University of Edinburgh Medical School 82:Resurrectionists in the United Kingdom 4136:Richmond, Virginia's Resurrection Man 3805:performer., Pet Shop Boys, composer, 2955: 2812: 2810: 2678: 2676: 2517: 2515: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 1700: 1698: 1569: 1412: 1149: 4021:Death, Dissection, and the Destitute 3004: 2866: 2795:Tharoor, Ishaan (November 3, 2014). 2764:"China's grave offense: Ghost wives" 2734: 2521: 2471: 2009: 1760:Death, dissection, and the destitute 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1512: 1483: 1481: 61:primarily in regard to cases in the 4127:, March 6, 2008, New Zealand Herald 3972:. Dorset Press, New York (1989 ed.) 3879:group), Radiohead (Musical (2008), 3576:I.N.J., Culbard (2 November 2020). 3410:. BBC News online. 23 February 2006 3375:. BBC News online. 22 December 2005 3317:"Police comb desecrated grave site" 3158:"Ex-Hungary ruler's remains stolen" 2682: 2653:. 2000. p. 132. Archived from 2214: 2120: 1073: 706: 577: 428:Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground 24: 3942: 3715: 3548:10.1093/owc/9780199536221.003.0012 3476: 3408:"Four charged over US bones theft" 3201: 3023:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1992.tb00022.x 2927:, Tomar Publishing, Dublin, 1988. 2807: 2762:Antoaneta Bezlova (26 July 2007). 2673: 2512: 2458: 2062:. Vol. 19. 1918. p. 288. 1695: 1114: 1090:. Hammond's remains were taken by 851:Dutch Republic of the Netherlands. 833: 728:The Red Market, also known as the 660: 539: 435:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 284:founded the medical department of 260:had studied abroad, namely at the 25: 4191: 4106: 3681:Twain, Mark (21 September 2021). 3373:"Alistair Cooke's bones 'stolen'" 3327:from the original on 3 April 2015 3036:Schaffer, Simon (July 31, 1989). 2073:Shultz, Suzanne M. (2005-02-24). 2059:Colonial Society of Massachusetts 1618: 1606: 1478: 648:Burial customs were regulated in 416:Medical College of South Carolina 128:in Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh 87: 4111: 4080:. New York: Metropolitan Books. 3229:Majumdar, Bappa (19 June 2007). 2619:The Alarming History of Medicine 2474:"Headhunters and Body-Snatchers" 2427:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 166–168. 1935:10.1097/00000658-198211000-00004 1424: 1223:", adapted into a film starring 1098:, a licensed facility that bred 756:For over 200 years, the city of 744:In Cyprus, the former President 507: 183: 3917: 3902: 3872: 3842: 3798: 3763: 3719:Johannes Cabal, the necromancer 3709: 3674: 3639: 3604: 3579:The Case of Charles Dexter Ward 3569: 3527: 3518: 3470: 3446: 3422: 3400: 3387: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3309: 3262: 3222: 3195: 3179: 3174:(International Herald Tribune), 3163: 3151: 3122: 3103: 3080: 3029: 3011:Journal of Historical Sociology 2998: 2956:Frank, J. B. (September 1976). 2949: 2937: 2917: 2893: 2841: 2823: 2788: 2755: 2695: 2664: 2640: 2609: 2578: 2528:Medicine, Conflict and Survival 2448: 2400: 2293: 2253:Highet, Megan J. (2005-12-01). 2246: 2231: 2208: 2186: 2162: 2093: 2066: 2050: 2019:Keen, William Williams (1905). 1832: 1821: 1723: 1513:Ward, Richard M. (2015-01-01). 1266:in the popular literature work 1237:The Case of Charles Dexter Ward 1163:Screenshot from the trailer of 775:A cadaver in a dissecting room. 105:Interfering with a grave was a 3992:The Horrors of Oakendale Abbey 3979:. Chatto & Windus, London. 3950:The Diary of a Resurrectionist 2410:. John P. Dale & Co. 1873. 2106:. Princeton University Press. 2025:. W.B. Saunders & Company. 1668: 1651: 1563: 1519:The Journal of British Studies 1506: 1454: 1280:Johannes Cabal the Necromancer 1175:Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1166:Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1108:Save the Newchurch Guinea Pigs 917:The grave of Communist leader 788:was only forced underground. 764:, historically members of the 32:Body Snatcher (disambiguation) 13: 1: 3948:J. B. Bailey, editor (1896). 3716:L., Howard, Jonathan (2009), 3087:Knoeff, Rina (June 6, 2012). 2585:Francis, Deepa (2001-02-20). 2350:Prothero, Stephen R. (2001). 2196:. Historical Markers Database 1689:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)00256-8 1635:"body snatching | Britannica" 1406: 1206: 1094:who were campaigning against 723: 225:The body of Ohio congressman 3687:. Univ of California Press. 3611:Lapierre, Dominique (1992). 3137:(in Spanish). Sudamericana. 3129:Negrete, Claudio R. (2010). 2146:University of Virginia Press 2046:. Leypoldt & Holt. 1879. 1875:Highet, Megan (2005-12-01). 1491:. 2007-02-13. Archived from 1268:The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 1042:In April 2000, the skull of 932:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 877: 544: 266:American Medical Association 7: 3968:Ball, James Moores (1928). 3542:, Oxford University Press, 3110:Huisman, T. (May 8, 2008). 2380:Martin, Charles C. (2002). 2300:Peters, Bernard C. (1997). 2238:Clapesattle, Helen (1969). 2136:; Nelson, Louis P. (eds.). 1969:MONTGOMERY, HORACE (1966). 1710:The University of Edinburgh 1401:1862 Wardsend Cemetery riot 1330: 873:Contemporary body snatching 628:during the winter of 1875, 549:In Tasmania, the bodies of 141:reported another method. A 10: 4196: 3963:National Library of Quebec 3097:urn:nbn:de:0159-2012060623 2522:ROFF, SUE RABBITT (2002). 2421:Lawson, Tom (2014-03-27). 2306:Michigan Historical Review 2022:Addresses and Other Papers 1917:Moore FD (November 1982). 1121:Biomedical Tissue Services 1054:asking for 1,000,000 941: 912: 863:Francisus dele Boё Sylvius 664: 439:Winchester Medical College 358:University of Pennsylvania 356:, professor of anatomy at 286:University of Pennsylvania 248: 52:is the illicit removal of 29: 4165:Cultural aspects of death 4094:In the collection of the 4019:Richardson, Ruth (2001). 3989:C W Herr, editor (1799). 3770:Dickens, Charles (2022). 2780:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2745:"Wet goods and dry goods" 2702:Topley, Marjorie (1955). 2587:"Bodysnatching in Canada" 2540:10.1080/13623690208409637 2271:10.1080/02757200500390981 2142:Charlottesville, Virginia 1893:10.1080/02757200500390981 1757:Richardson, Ruth (2000). 1184:The Doctor and the Devils 1146:about this case in 2010. 1144:Body Snatcher of New York 859:Leiden Anatomical Theatre 739: 593: 567:Royal Society of Tasmania 466:Jefferson Medical College 447:John Anthony Copeland Jr. 4054:Sappol, Michael (2002). 3646:Gerritsen, Tess (2008). 3297:(in Spanish). 2006-11-07 2925:The Irish Body Snatchers 2616:Gordon, Richard (1994). 2259:History and Anthropology 2100:Sappol, Michael (2002). 1881:History and Anthropology 1801:Sappol, Michael (2002). 1293: 1037: 936:2006 protests in Hungary 820: 751: 667:Ghost marriage (Chinese) 643: 430:is located in Richmond. 3582:. Metro Media Limited. 3160:, BBC News, 3 May 2007. 2905:Encyclopedia Britannica 1987:10.1093/jhmas/XXI.4.374 1731:"Human Tissue Act 2004" 1447:Encyclopædia Britannica 1241:Herbert West–Reanimator 1128:transplantation surgery 1092:animal rights activists 412:Transylvania University 395:Race and body snatching 311:John Collins Warren Jr. 3722:, Random House Audio, 3295:El Periódico de Aragón 3057:10.1098/rsnr.1989.0013 1395:Stolen body hypothesis 1217:Robert Louis Stevenson 1170: 1044:antipope Benedict XIII 890:'s body was stolen by 888:Pedro Eugenio Aramburu 853:The Dutch Province of 796: 776: 346:Harvard Medical School 327:Harvard Medical School 299:William James McKnight 245:Use in medical schools 231:William Henry Harrison 129: 46: 4120:at Wikimedia Commons 4034:Rosner, Lisa (2010). 3982:Cole, Hubert (1964). 3975:Burch, Druin (2007). 3480:Doctor and the Devils 2170:"Benefits of slavery" 1683:(3777): 185–7. 1896. 1162: 794: 774: 654:Great Qing Legal Code 638:Anatomy Act of Quebec 559:Aboriginal Tasmanians 464:and were en route to 305:Boston Medical School 178:Human Tissue Act 2004 124: 40: 4026:Roach, Mary (2003). 3986:. Heinemann, London. 3773:A Tale of Two Cities 2837:. December 11, 2009. 2683:Suh, Joohee (2019). 2472:Urry, James (1989). 2175:The Colored American 2148:. pp. 171–198. 1850:Stephen J. Taylor, " 1570:Knott, John (1985). 1531:10.1017/jbr.2014.167 1384:Posthumous execution 1288:A Tale of Two Cities 1106:four leaders of the 1104:Staffordshire Police 971:Buddhist monasteries 482:William Worrall Mayo 334:, a physician, left 290:Pennsylvania Gazette 115:penal transportation 3965:. French language. 3536:"The Body Snatcher" 3172:, Associated Press 3131:"Canjeando muertos" 2180:Accessible Archives 1858:(January 24, 2015). 1276:Jonathan L. Howards 1155:Appearances in film 1064:Spanish Civil Guard 921:(1912–1989) at the 907:hands of Juan Perón 847:Glorious Revolution 804:Republic of Ireland 746:Tassos Papadopoulos 713:Cultural Revolution 565:and members of the 282:William Shippen Jr. 227:John Scott Harrison 4170:History of anatomy 3970:The Body Snatchers 3458:www.britannica.com 3323:. 9 October 2004. 3005:Rupp, Jan (1992). 2478:Anthropology Today 2134:McInnis, Maurie D. 1639:www.britannica.com 1337:1788 Doctors' riot 1249:Dominique Lapierre 1171: 1150:In popular culture 1002:and some parts of 977:, in the state of 815:Glasnevin Cemetery 797: 777: 478:Dakota War of 1862 424:Richmond, Virginia 214:John Gorham Coffin 130: 47: 4116:Media related to 4065:978-0-691-11875-8 4047:978-0-8122-4191-4 3885:, Radiohead/Ato, 3783:978-1-7225-2445-6 3776:. G&D Media. 3729:978-1-4159-6376-0 3694:978-0-520-34364-1 3659:978-1-4070-3341-9 3589:978-1-910593-95-0 3557:978-0-19-953622-1 3434:www.goodreads.com 3272:. 21 January 2014 2113:978-0-691-05925-9 2086:978-0-7864-2232-6 1675:"Thomas Wakley". 1221:The Body Snatcher 1018:and the state of 923:Kerepesi Cemetery 690: 652:as a part of the 471:William S. Forbes 316:Revolutionary War 235:Benjamin Harrison 16:(Redirected from 4187: 4115: 4102:1831. (MS.7058). 4096:Wellcome Library 4091: 4051: 4016: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3649:Bone Garden, the 3643: 3637: 3636: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3440: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3404: 3398: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3095:: 3 – via 3084: 3078: 3077: 3059: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2923:John Fleetwood, 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911: 2901:"Body snatching" 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2873: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2741: 2732: 2731: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2469: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2318:10.2307/20173675 2297: 2291: 2290: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2240:The Doctors Mayo 2235: 2229: 2228: 2223:. Archived from 2221:legalaffairs.org 2215:Bazelon, Emily. 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2129: 2118: 2117: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2038: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2007: 2006: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1946: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1872: 1859: 1848: 1839: 1836: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1798: 1775: 1774: 1754: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1702: 1693: 1692: 1672: 1666: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1631: 1616: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1584:10.2307/27508747 1567: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1430: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1342:Anatomy Act 1832 1324:"Bodysnatchers". 1197:Dominic Monaghan 1096:Darley Oaks Farm 1082:Churchyard near 882:In 1974, former 857:was home to the 782:informed consent 707:Cremation Quotas 686: 588:Project Sunshine 583:Project Sunshine 578:Project Sunshine 563:William Crowther 553:(1835–1869) and 514:Daily Advertiser 462:Lebanon Cemetery 220:Charles Knowlton 193:Resurrectionists 78:resurrection men 74:resurrectionists 21: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4150: 4149: 4140:Virginia Memory 4109: 4088: 4048: 3945: 3943:Further reading 3940: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3893: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3863: 3847: 3843: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3625: 3609: 3605: 3590: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3475: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3263: 3258:. Feb 13, 2009. 3250: 3249: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3202:Carney, Scott. 3200: 3196: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3104: 3085: 3081: 3034: 3030: 3003: 2999: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2938: 2922: 2918: 2909: 2907: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2885: 2883: 2875: 2874: 2867: 2858: 2856: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2808: 2801:Washington Post 2793: 2789: 2773: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2751:. 26 July 2007. 2743: 2742: 2735: 2720:10.2307/2794516 2700: 2696: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2614: 2610: 2583: 2579: 2520: 2513: 2490:10.2307/3032960 2470: 2459: 2453: 2449: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2394: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2348: 2341: 2298: 2294: 2251: 2247: 2236: 2232: 2217:"Grave Offense" 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2130: 2121: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2017: 2010: 1967: 1960: 1915: 1908: 1873: 1862: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1799: 1778: 1771: 1755: 1748: 1739: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1713: 1706:"William Burke" 1704: 1703: 1696: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1656: 1652: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1568: 1564: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1440:, ed. (1911). " 1425: 1423: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1374:Murder Act 1751 1369:Anatoly Moskvin 1352:Eloise Cemetery 1333: 1296: 1284:Charles Dickens 1260:The Bone Garden 1233:H. P. Lovecraft 1209: 1201:Larry Fessenden 1193:I Sell the Dead 1157: 1152: 1130:in the form of 1117: 1076: 1040: 944: 915: 880: 875: 840:The Netherlands 836: 834:The Netherlands 823: 806: 754: 742: 734:transplantation 726: 709: 669: 663: 661:Ghost Marriages 646: 596: 580: 547: 542: 540:Other countries 510: 493:Native American 491:For many years 418:. According to 397: 336:Harvard College 332:Ebenezer Hersey 329: 307: 274: 253: 247: 186: 90: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4193: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4160:Body snatching 4148: 4147: 4142: 4133: 4128: 4118:Body snatchers 4108: 4107:External links 4105: 4104: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4068: 4052: 4046: 4031: 4024: 4017: 3996: 3987: 3980: 3973: 3966: 3953: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3916: 3901: 3871: 3841: 3797: 3782: 3762: 3728: 3708: 3693: 3673: 3658: 3652:. Transworld. 3638: 3623: 3603: 3588: 3568: 3556: 3526: 3517: 3469: 3445: 3421: 3399: 3386: 3364: 3351: 3338: 3308: 3282: 3261: 3240: 3221: 3194: 3186:(in Hungarian) 3178: 3162: 3150: 3143: 3121: 3102: 3079: 3050:(2): 167–190. 3028: 2997: 2968:(4): 399–410. 2948: 2936: 2916: 2892: 2865: 2840: 2822: 2820:2.1 (2019): 5. 2806: 2787: 2754: 2733: 2694: 2672: 2670:Jack 1981, 130 2663: 2660:on 2008-09-09. 2639: 2632: 2608: 2577: 2534:(3): 299–310. 2511: 2457: 2447: 2433: 2413: 2399: 2392: 2369: 2362: 2339: 2292: 2265:(4): 415–440. 2245: 2230: 2227:on 2009-10-15. 2207: 2185: 2161: 2154: 2119: 2112: 2092: 2085: 2065: 2049: 2028: 2008: 1981:(4): 374–393. 1958: 1906: 1887:(4): 415–440. 1860: 1840: 1831: 1820: 1813: 1776: 1769: 1746: 1735:www.hta.gov.uk 1722: 1694: 1667: 1650: 1617: 1605: 1576:Labour History 1562: 1505: 1477: 1453: 1442:Body-Snatching 1438:Chisholm, Hugh 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1349: 1347:Anatomy murder 1344: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1318:'s 2007 album 1308:London Burkers 1295: 1292: 1258:'s 2007 novel 1256:Tess Gerritsen 1208: 1205: 1188:Timothy Dalton 1173:The 1956 film 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1136:Alistair Cooke 1116: 1113: 1075: 1074:United Kingdom 1072: 1039: 1036: 943: 940: 914: 911: 879: 876: 874: 871: 835: 832: 822: 819: 805: 802: 753: 750: 741: 738: 725: 722: 708: 705: 675:(Chinese: 冥婚; 673:Ghost marriage 662: 659: 645: 642: 634:convent school 600:British Empire 595: 592: 579: 576: 546: 543: 541: 538: 509: 506: 420:Hampden-Sydney 408:American South 396: 393: 328: 325: 306: 303: 295:Potter's Field 273: 270: 246: 243: 185: 182: 89: 88:United Kingdom 86: 63:United Kingdom 50:Body snatching 26: 18:Body snatchers 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4192: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4087:0-8050-7537-2 4083: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3928: 3927: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3875: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3766: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3624:0-09-914091-8 3620: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3403: 3396: 3390: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3358:Aaron Smith, 3355: 3348: 3345:Aaron Smith, 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3271: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3182: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3146: 3144:9789500737692 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2933:1-871793-00-9 2930: 2926: 2920: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2749:The Economist 2746: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2667: 2656: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2633:0-312-10411-1 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2451: 2436: 2434:9781780766263 2430: 2426: 2425: 2417: 2409: 2403: 2395: 2393:0-8135-3032-6 2389: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2363:0-520-23688-2 2359: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2195: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2155:9780813942865 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2082: 2079:. 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