991:
increased application of nitrogen fertilizer, which favors the development of the fungus. Severe symptoms of powdery mildew can cause stunting of wheat. If unmanaged, this disease can reduce yields significantly by reducing photosynthetic areas and causes non-seed producing tillers. Powdery mildew causes reduced kernel size and lower yields. The sooner powdery mildew begins to develop and how high on the plant it develops by flowering the larger the yield loss. Yield Losses up to 45 percent have been shown in Ohio on susceptible varieties when plants are infected early and weather favors disease.
44:
740:. Signs on the foliage of wheat are white, powdery mycelium and conidia. As the disease progresses, the patches turn gray and small dark black or brown cleistothecia form in the mycelium mass. Symptoms progress from lower to upper leaves. Symptoms of powdery mildew are chlorotic areas surrounding the infected areas. The lower leaf surface corresponding to the mycelial mat will also show
674:(diverged 2-10 mya) allows for the infection of both domesticated hexaploid wheat species. Additionally, it has been seen that there is a positive selective pressure acting on genes that code for candidate secretor proteins and non-secreted candidate secretor proteins, indicating that these might participate in the
785:
fungus produces haustoria inside of the wheat cells and mycelium grows on the plant's outer surface. Powdery mildew of wheat produces conidia during the growing season as often as every 7 to 10 days. These conidia function as secondary inoculum as growth and reproduction repeat throughout the growing season.
775:
in wheat debris left in the field. Ascospores are sexual spores produced from the cleistothecia. These spores, as well as conidia, serve as the primary inoculum and are dispersed by wind. Neither spore requires free water to germinate, only high relative humidity. Wheat powdery mildew thrives in cool
848:
has long been popular with home gardeners and small-scale organic growers as a treatment for powdery mildew. Milk is diluted with water (typically 1:10) and sprayed on susceptible plants at the first sign of infection, or as a preventative measure, with repeated weekly application often controlling
793:
Powdery mildew of wheat thrives in cool, humid climates and proliferates in cloudy weather conditions. The pathogen can also be an issue in drier climates if wheat fields are irrigated. Ideal temperatures for growth and reproduction of the pathogen are between 60 °F (16 °C) and 70 °F
1293:
Wicker, Thomas; Simone
Oberhaensli; Francis Parlange; Jan P. Buchmann; Margarita Shatalina; Stefan Roffler; Roi Ben-David; Jaroslav Doležel; Hana Šimková; Paul Schulze-Lefert; Pietro D. Spanu; Rémy Bruggmann; Joelle Amselem; Hadi Quesneville; Emiel Ver Loren van Themaat; Timothy Paape; Kentaro K.
990:
Powdery mildew can be found in all wheat growing areas of the United States but usually will be most severe in the east and southeast. It is more common in areas with a humid or semi-arid environment where wheat is grown. Powdery mildew has become a more important disease in some areas because of
888:
Another way to control wheat powdery mildew is breeding in genetic resistance, using "R genes" (resistance genes) to prevent infection. There are at least 25 loci on the wheat genome that encode resistance to powdery mildew. If the particular variety of wheat has only one loci for resistance, the
784:
and conidia germinate directly with a germ tube. Conidia can recognize the host plant and within one minute of initial contact, the direction of germ tube growth is determined. The development of appressoria then begins infection following the growth of a germ tube. After initial infection, the
615:, was seen to be the result of mildew genomes being mosaics of ancient haplogroups that existed before wheat domestication. This has allowed wheat powdery mildew to maintain genetic flexibility, variability and thus a great potential for pathogen variation. It is hypothesized that this
776:
humid conditions and cloudy weather increases chances of disease. When conidia land on a wheat leaf's hydrophobic surface cuticle, they release proteins which facilitate active transport of lightweight anions between leaf and fungus even before germination. This process helps
642:
Wheat powdery mildew is an obligate biotroph with a poorly understood evolutionary history. Sequencing its genome in 2013, many aspects of the evolution of its parasitism were unveiled. Obligate biotrophy has appeared multiple times in evolution in both
810:
encourage dense leafy growth, nitrogen should be applied at precise rates, less than 70 pounds per acre, to control decrease severity. Crop rotation with non-host plants is another way to keep mildew infection to a minimum, however the aerial nature of
1084:
545:
It is biotrophic, and does not grow on synthetic media. Relatively cool and humid conditions are favourable for its growth. Its relatively great genetic variability enables it often to infect previously resistant plant varieties.
1598:
Wright, Alison J.; Carver, Tim L.W.; Thomas, Barry J.; Fenwick, Nick I.D.; Kunoh, Hitoshi; Nicholson, Ralph L. (December 2000). "The rapid and accurate determination of germ tube emergence site by
1658:
Huang, X. Q.; Hsam, S. L. K.; Zeller, F. J.; Wenzel, G.; Mohler, V. (2000). "Molecular mapping of the wheat powdery mildew resistance gene Pm24 and marker validation for molecular breeding".
819:
dispersal makes it of limited use. Wheat powdery mildew can also be controlled by eliminating the presence of volunteer wheat in agricultural fields as well as tilling under crop residues.
542:
Conidia are mainly distributed by wind, pests, or human activities. The water initiating ascospores are hypothesized to be dispersed not only by wind but also by splashing water-droplets.
1131:
1567:
Nielsen, Kirsten A.; Nicholson, Ralph L.; Carver, Tim L.W.; Kunoh, Hitoshi; Oliver, Richard P. (February 2000). "First touch: An immediate response to surface recognition in conidia of
771:
dormant in plant debris. Under warmer conditions, however, the fungus can overwinter as asexual conidia or mycelium on living host plants. It can persist between seasons most likely as
1638:
1144:
Zhu, Mo; Riederer, Markus; Hildebrandt, Ulrich (2017). "Very-long-chain aldehydes induce appressorium formation in ascospores of the wheat powdery mildew fungus
Blumeria graminis".
1739:
972:
830:. Another chemical treatment involves treating wheat with a silicon solution or calcium silicate slag. Silicon helps the plant cells defend against fungal attack by degrading
2299:
624:
525:
167:
802:
Controlling the disease involves eliminating conducive conditions as much as possible by altering planting density and carefully timing applications and rates of
583:, has allowed inference of important aspects of its evolution. It has been seen that it is the most repetitive fungal genome sequenced as of March 2013 with 90%
794:(21 °C) with growth ceasing above 77 °F (25 °C). Dense, genetically similar plantings provide opportune conditions for growth of powdery mildew.
1952:
890:
459:
hyaline, ellipsoid, 20–30 x 10–13 μm in size. Anamorph produces on hyaline conidiophores catenate conidia of oblong to cylindrical shape, not including
1237:
Lo, Libera; Lanver, Daniel; Schweizer, Gabriel; Tanaka, Shigeyuki; Liang, Liang; Tollot, Marie; Zuccaro, Alga; Reissmann, Stefanie; Kahmann, Regine (2015).
1946:
Pietro D. Spanu et al., Genome
Expansion and Gene Loss in Powdery Mildew Fungi Reveal Functional Tradeoffs in Parasitism, in: Science. December 10, 2010
2518:
592:
1465:
2007:
2619:
2454:
2170:
502:
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have been distinguished, each of which is parasitic on a particular genus or pareticular genera of grasses. Those that infect crop plants are
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or eliminating the disease. Studies have shown milk's effectiveness as comparable to some conventional fungicides, and better than
1693:
Bennett, Fiona G. A. (1984). "Resistance to powdery mildew in wheat: A review of its use in agriculture and breeding programmes".
666:
s genome is a mosaic of haplogroups with different divergence times, which explains its unique pathogen adaptability. Haplogroup H
907:. With these markers established, researchers will then be able to determine the most effective combination of resistance genes.
1719:
Belanger, R. r. et al. (April 2003). Cytological
Evidence of an Active Role of Silicon in Wheat Resistance to Powdery Mildew (
2271:
1100:
1760:
1732:
1513:
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which means it only grows on living tissue. Though present throughout wheat growing regions, it especially favors the
1008:
Glawe, Dean (2008). "The
Powdery Mildews: A Review of the World's Most Familiar (Yet Poorly Known) Plant Pathogens".
655:, thus different selective pressure must have acted in the different organisms through time. It has been seen that
2670:
2526:
2307:
2498:
2240:
1010:
893:, the crop may be protected for around 15 years. Because finding these loci can be difficult and time-consuming,
711:
1863:
1508:
1243:
2480:
2222:
1349:
Wicker, T.; Oberhaensli, S.; Parlange, F.; Buchmann, J. P.; Shatalina, M.; Roffler, S.; Keller, B. (2013).
1889:
Berka, Miroslav; Kopecká, Romana; Berková, Veronika; Brzobohatý, Břetislav; Černý, Martin (5 April 2022).
1066:
2183:
2060:
1980:
1473:
1971:
1789:
Bettiol, Wagner (September 1999). "Effectiveness of cow's milk against zucchini squash powdery mildew (
1252:
1019:
686:
Powdery mildew of wheat is relatively easy to diagnose due to the characteristic little white spots of
675:
600:
521:
1765:) on Pumpkins and Evaluation of Horticultural Pots Made from Recyclable Fibers Under Field Conditions"
2647:
2598:
2531:
2508:
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2250:
2136:
1795:
1737:
http://www.siliforce.com/pdf/7c/Belanger-%20%20evedence%20silicon%20powdery%20mildew%20on%20wheat.pdf
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pathogen may be controlled only for a couple years. If, however, the variety of wheat has multiple
604:
17:
2420:
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1309:
2675:
2624:
2175:
2022:
1292:
1181:"Genome Expansion and Gene Loss in Powdery Mildew Fungi Reveal Tradeoffs in Extreme Parasitism"
2459:
967:
146:
2289:
2389:
2105:
1947:
1194:
1180:
1027:
921:
842:. With silicon treatment, epidermal cells are less susceptible to powdery mildew of wheat.
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1417:
1261:
1238:
8:
882:
250:
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and 165 for non-secreted candidate secretor proteins. These were shown to be subject to
2354:
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when exposed to sunlight, and contact with these radicals is damaging to the fungus.
707:
447:
can cover the plant surface almost completely, especially the upper sides of leaves.
1679:
1351:"The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph"
1296:"The wheat powdery mildew genome shows the unique evolution of an obligate biotroph"
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1222:
780:
recognize that it is on the correct host and directs growth of the germ tube. Both
2585:
2381:
1984:
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1387:
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have recently been sequenced. Sequencing of the genome of the wheat powdery mildew
297:
2097:
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at higher concentrations. Milk has proven effective in treating powdery mildew of
2558:
2339:
2258:
2012:
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1300:
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588:
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510:
389:
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1642:
901:. One organization working towards identifying these molecular markers is the
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1996:
1916:
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1043:
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874:
858:
839:
827:
768:
86:
1957:
Edwards, H H (2002-10-01). "Development of primary germ tubes by conidia of
1206:
670:(diverged 40-80 mya) allows for the infection of wild tetraploid wheat and H
2188:
1934:
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1615:
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can be maintained through clonal reproduction in populations with a small
2441:
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2054:
873:. The exact mechanism of action is unknown, but one known effect is that
823:
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98:
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of the leaves. As the disease progresses they become a light tan color.
2611:
2433:
2149:
1891:"Regulation of heat shock proteins 70 and their role in plant immunity"
807:
772:
764:
74:
2446:
2162:
1130:
Who's who in
Switzerland Including the Principality of Liechtenstein.
43:
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2016:
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329:
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744:. Lower leaves are commonly the most infected because of higher
2110:
1080:
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431:
403:
342:
199:
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bodies, 32–44 x 12–15 μm in size. Haustoria are palmate.
1888:
1085:
Botanic Garden and
Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin
916:
452:
318:
258:
254:
203:
62:
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878:
870:
845:
354:
1518:"Powdery Mildew of Wheat Key words: Plant Disease, Wheat,
1512:
1440:
Department of Plant
Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science
539:
asexually produces conidia and sexually forms ascospores.
257:
of its own. In 1975, it was moved to the new monospecific
1597:
417:
366:
163:
1637:
Lipps, Patrick E. (n.d). "Powdery Mildew of Wheat," The
1507:
Partridge, Dr. J. E. (2008). "Powdery Mildew of Wheat,"
1178:
284:
is also considered to be phylogenetically distinct from
1236:
1143:
1657:
822:
Chemical control is possible with fungicides such as
451:
is dark brown, globose with filamentous appendages,
1855:Griffey, Carl; Hall, Marla; Sherman, Jamie (2007).
763:has a polycyclic life cycle typical of its phylum,
1854:
1761:"Compost Tea and Milk to Suppress Powdery Mildew (
2662:
1229:
1068:Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen
1511:Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved from
1884:
1882:
1880:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1001:
1643:http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0010.htmltm
1604:Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology
1573:Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology
1429:
1427:
1407:
1239:"Fungal Effectors and Plant Susceptibility"
904:Coordinated Agricultural Project for Wheat
1408:Maloy, Otis C.; Inglis, Debra Ann (1993).
694:. These can appear on the upper and lower
627:in populations with large effective size.
373:are pathogenic on wild grasses, including
42:
2003:NIAES, Microbial Systematics Lab page on
1924:
1906:
1877:
1488:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1369:
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1064:
767:. Powdery mildew of wheat overwinters as
549:
288:as it solely infects the true grasses of
1822:
1820:
1818:
1784:
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1754:
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1653:
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1629:
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1625:
1470:University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension
1424:
321:and infects other grasses in the genera
1956:
1788:
1692:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
919:– a family of heat shock proteins – in
14:
2663:
1463:
1450:
1179:Spanu, Pietro D.; et al. (2010).
1137:
1028:10.1146/annurev.phyto.46.081407.104740
2021:
2020:
1815:
1779:
1749:
1648:
1622:
1433:
1262:10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114623
1007:
721:
712:eastern seaboard of the United States
528:in Sydowia Vol.27 on page 2 in 1975.
2648:a16ad6b8-36d4-4311-95b9-11c1a4f7723f
2509:59a1db3e-23c5-4035-b34d-1bad95766b13
2251:a0c66f9c-9b30-47ac-a0cb-4dbcb40c58f8
1464:Wegulo, Stephen N. (February 2010).
1394:
1073:Encyclopedia of Eponymic Plant Names
2686:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
1758:
591:, from which 437 encoded candidate
24:
1826:
1733:American Phytopathological Society
1707:10.1111/j.1365-3059.1984.tb01324.x
1342:
1132:International Publications Service
714:as well as coastal regions of the
599:, due to their implication in the
25:
2702:
1857:"Wheat Cap Facts: Powdery Mildew"
1829:"A Dairy Solution to Mildew Woes"
957:infection, is protective against
317:, which causes powdery mildew of
1660:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
751:
202:. It is the only species in the
1848:
1713:
1686:
1639:Ohio State University Extension
1591:
1560:
1442:. Virginia Tech. Archived from
1011:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1895:Journal of Experimental Botany
1864:University of California-Davis
1514:University of Nebraska–Lincoln
1509:University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1244:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1172:
1124:
1058:
788:
253:studies have placed it into a
243:was included within the genus
234:
13:
1:
1809:10.1016/s0261-2194(99)00046-0
1793:) in greenhouse conditions".
1294:Shimizu; Beat Keller (2013).
994:
985:
949:, 2011. They find that it is
797:
678:of plant disease resistance.
505:(b. 1895), a Swiss botanist (
438:
1158:10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.003
973:systemic induced resistsance
732:(wheat) is the only host of
681:
7:
1981:Canadian Science Publishing
1965:on leaf epidermal cells of
1767:. University of Connecticut
1414:Washington State University
899:combining resistant genomes
554:
492:
10:
2707:
1972:Canadian Journal of Botany
945:) is disclosed by Molitor
676:gene-for-gene relationship
601:gene-for-gene relationship
531:
209:. It has also been called
190:) is a fungus that causes
27:Fungal pathogen of grasses
2542:
2323:
2029:
1466:"Powdery Mildew of Wheat"
1065:Burkhardt, Lotte (2022).
625:quasi-clonal reproduction
607:. The ability to infect
381:on grasses in the genera
152:
145:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
611:as well as domesticated
605:plant disease resistance
2671:Fungi described in 1815
1310:Nature Publishing Group
1207:10.1126/science.1194573
897:are used to facilitate
295:Eight special forms or
1791:Sphaerotheca fuliginea
1616:10.1006/pmpp.2000.0304
1585:10.1006/pmpp.1999.0241
1436:"Wheat Powdery Mildew"
550:Genetics and Evolution
276:and in details of the
1834:Science News Magazine
1672:10.1007/s001220051497
1291:...cites this study:
968:Piriformospora indica
587:. Additionally, 6540
585:transposable elements
184:barley powdery mildew
1951:British Erysiphales
1420:on 23 December 2002.
961:infection, and that
589:genes were annotated
517:(Universität Bern).
481:and finger-shaped ("
469:is unique among the
1908:10.1093/jxb/erab549
1763:Podosphaera xanthii
1199:2010Sci...330.1543S
1193:(6010): 1543–1546.
1093:10.3372/epolist2022
891:loci for resistance
1759:DeBacco, Matthew.
1742:2016-03-04 at the
1540:Oidium monilioides
881:, produces oxygen
722:Hosts and symptoms
597:positive selection
515:University of Bern
497:The genus name of
222:Oidium monilioides
2658:
2657:
2544:Erysiphe graminis
2300:blumeria-graminis
2285:Open Tree of Life
2061:Blumeria graminis
2031:Blumeria graminis
2023:Taxon identifiers
2011:Costamilan, 2005
1959:Blumeria graminis
1735:. Retrieved from
1721:Blumeria graminis
1641:. Retrieved from
1600:Blumeria graminis
1569:Blumeria graminis
1532:Erysiphe graminis
1524:Blumeria graminis
1434:Stromberg, Erik.
1102:978-3-946292-41-8
895:molecular markers
834:and by producing
806:. Since nitrogen
708:obligate parasite
633:Blumeria graminis
593:secretor proteins
435:spp. (ryegrass).
212:Erysiphe graminis
182:(commonly called
179:Blumeria graminis
175:
174:
156:Blumeria graminis
36:Blumeria graminis
16:(Redirected from
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2486:NHMSYS0001475823
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2228:NBNSYS0000016820
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2000:
1939:
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1901:(7): 1894–1909.
1886:
1875:
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1872:
1866:. Archived from
1861:
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1841:
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1544:. Archived from
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1483:
1481:
1476:on 15 April 2012
1472:. Archived from
1461:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1416:. Archived from
1410:"Powdery Mildew"
1405:
1392:
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905:
665:
649:B. graminis
501:is in honour of
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413:
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379:
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371:formae speciales
363:
362:
351:
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339:
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315:
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298:formae speciales
272:in its digitate
158:
138:B. graminis
46:
32:
31:
21:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2681:Cereal diseases
2661:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2530:
2525:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2479:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2259:Observation.org
2257:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2174:
2169:
2161:
2156:
2148:
2143:
2135:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2025:
1989:10.1139/b02-092
1967:Hordeum vulgare
1943:
1942:
1887:
1878:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1827:Raloff, Janet.
1825:
1816:
1796:Crop Protection
1787:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1750:
1744:Wayback Machine
1718:
1714:
1695:Plant Pathology
1691:
1687:
1656:
1649:
1636:
1623:
1596:
1592:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1506:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1451:
1432:
1425:
1406:
1395:
1371:10.1038/ng.2704
1358:Nature Genetics
1353:
1347:
1343:
1319:10.1038/ng.2704
1301:Nature Genetics
1235:This review...
1234:
1230:
1177:
1173:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1076:
1063:
1059:
1006:
1002:
997:
988:
982:
965:infection with
953:in response to
943:Hordeum vulgare
930:
929:
911:
910:
903:
902:
877:, a protein in
800:
791:
754:
724:
684:
673:
669:
663:
640:
613:hexaploid wheat
559:The genomes of
557:
552:
534:
495:
477:with a primary
441:
424:
423:
410:
409:
396:
395:
376:
375:
360:
359:
348:
347:
336:
335:
312:
311:
237:
171:
160:
154:
141:
127:
113:
101:
89:
77:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2691:Fungus species
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2548:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2523:
2513:
2503:
2490:
2477:
2464:
2451:
2438:
2425:
2412:
2399:
2386:
2373:
2360:
2345:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2304:
2294:
2281:
2268:
2255:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2079:
2066:
2051:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1876:
1873:on 2013-05-17.
1847:
1814:
1803:(8): 489–492.
1778:
1748:
1729:Phytopathology
1712:
1701:(3): 279–300.
1685:
1666:(3): 407–414.
1647:
1621:
1610:(6): 281–301.
1590:
1559:
1487:
1449:
1446:on 7 May 2012.
1423:
1393:
1341:
1253:Annual Reviews
1228:
1171:
1152:(8): 716–728.
1146:Fungal Biology
1136:
1123:
1101:
1057:
1020:Annual Reviews
999:
998:
996:
993:
987:
984:
799:
796:
790:
787:
753:
750:
723:
720:
716:United Kingdom
683:
680:
671:
667:
653:basidiomycetes
639:
629:
621:effective size
556:
553:
551:
548:
533:
530:
524:by Golovin ex
520:The genus was
511:Phytopathology
494:
491:
440:
437:
236:
233:
228:Oidium tritici
192:powdery mildew
173:
172:
161:
150:
149:
143:
142:
135:
133:
129:
128:
121:
119:
115:
114:
109:
107:
103:
102:
97:
95:
91:
90:
85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
59:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2676:Leotiomycetes
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:: 1121–1125.
1982:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1548:on 2012-08-19
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1364:(9): 1092–6.
1363:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1312:: 1092–1096.
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:(in German).
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
983:
980:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
908:
900:
896:
892:
886:
884:
880:
876:
875:ferroglobulin
872:
868:
864:
860:
859:summer squash
856:
852:
847:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:propiconazole
825:
820:
818:
814:
809:
805:
795:
786:
783:
779:
774:
770:
769:cleistothecia
766:
762:
758:
752:Disease cycle
749:
748:around them.
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
729:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
679:
677:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
634:
631:Evolution of
628:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
547:
543:
540:
538:
529:
527:
523:
522:circumscribed
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:Samuel Blumer
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
436:
434:
433:
428:
420:
419:
414:
406:
405:
400:
392:
391:
386:
385:
380:
372:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
340:
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
316:
308:
304:
301:(ff.spp.) of
300:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:differs from
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
242:
232:
230:
229:
224:
223:
218:
214:
213:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:
169:
165:
159:
157:
151:
148:
147:Binomial name
144:
140:
139:
134:
131:
130:
126:
125:
120:
117:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:Leotiomycetes
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2543:
2324:
2030:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1898:
1894:
1868:the original
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1832:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1769:. Retrieved
1762:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1663:
1659:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1579:(2): 63–70.
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1478:. Retrieved
1474:the original
1469:
1444:the original
1439:
1418:the original
1413:
1361:
1357:
1344:
1305:
1299:
1248:
1242:
1231:
1190:
1184:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1072:
1067:
1060:
1015:
1009:
1003:
989:
981:
976:
966:
963:prophylactic
958:
954:
946:
942:
931:
920:
909:
887:
844:
821:
801:
792:
777:
760:
756:
755:
737:
733:
726:
725:
703:
699:
685:
660:
656:
648:
641:
636:
632:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
544:
541:
536:
535:
519:
498:
496:
466:
465:
442:
430:
422:
416:
408:
402:
394:
388:
382:
374:
370:
358:
346:
334:
328:
322:
310:
306:
302:
296:
294:
285:
281:
269:
265:
261:
244:
240:
238:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:and (by its
211:
210:
206:
198:, including
187:
183:
178:
177:
176:
155:
153:
137:
136:
123:
122:
111:Erysiphaceae
35:
29:
2442:iNaturalist
2349:Wikispecies
2210:NatureServe
2158:iNaturalist
2055:Wikispecies
1298:. Letters.
1255:: 513–545.
1116:January 27,
955:B. graminis
951:transcribed
922:Arabidopsis
824:triadimefon
808:fertilizers
789:Environment
659:f.sp.
645:ascomycetes
609:tetraploid-
537:B. graminis
513:, from the
487:appressoria
471:Erysiphales
467:B. graminis
303:B. graminis
241:B. graminis
239:Previously
235:Systematics
188:corn mildew
99:Erysiphales
2665:Categories
1602:conidia".
1552:2014-06-01
995:References
986:Importance
798:Management
782:ascospores
773:ascospores
765:Ascomycota
657:B. g.
617:mosacisism
603:to defeat
473:by having
457:Ascospores
439:Morphology
357:and f.sp.
75:Ascomycota
70:Division:
2559:Q15633892
2340:Q10431596
2215:2.1157013
1997:0008-4026
1917:0022-0957
1271:1543-5008
1111:246307410
1044:0066-4286
1036:1545-2107
1022:: 27–51.
971:produces
855:fenarimol
832:haustoria
817:ascospore
742:chlorosis
696:epidermis
682:Pathology
479:germ tube
421:spp. and
384:Agropyron
377:agropyri
274:haustoria
251:molecular
132:Species:
58:Kingdom:
2633:MycoBank
2625:10872438
2594:Fungorum
2573:60019295
2568:AusFungi
2553:Wikidata
2519:blumeria
2468:MycoBank
2416:Fungorum
2369:60014373
2364:AusFungi
2355:Blumeria
2334:Wikidata
2325:Blumeria
2197:MycoBank
2176:10393588
2132:Fungorum
2082:BioLib:
2075:60019294
2070:AusFungi
2040:Wikidata
2005:Blumeria
1935:35022724
1740:Archived
1680:20354017
1520:Triticum
1380:23852167
1328:23852167
1287:39714412
1279:25923844
1223:19651350
1215:21148392
1166:28705398
1052:18680422
927:ortholog
883:radicals
863:pumpkins
804:nitrogen
778:Blumeria
746:humidity
728:Triticum
555:Genetics
507:Mycology
499:Blumeria
493:Taxonomy
483:digitate
461:fibrosin
455:oblong.
449:Ascocarp
445:mycelium
369:. Other
361:secalis
345:, f.sp.
333:, f.sp.
330:Aegilops
324:Triticum
313:tritici
286:Erisiphe
282:Blumeria
278:conidial
270:Erysiphe
266:Blumeria
262:Blumeria
246:Erysiphe
217:anamorph
207:Blumeria
124:Blumeria
106:Family:
18:Blumeria
2612:2578275
2460:1345855
2434:2578271
2150:2578272
2046:Q337796
1926:8982422
1725:tritici
1723:f. sp.
1536:Tritici
1534:f. Sp.
1528:Tritici
1526:f. Sp.
1388:5648330
1336:5648330
1195:Bibcode
1186:Science
934:HSP70-4
912:HSP70-4
851:benomyl
840:papilla
836:callose
813:conidia
761:tritici
759:f. sp.
738:tritici
736:f. sp.
704:tritici
702:f. sp.
692:mycelia
661:tritici
637:tritici
581:tritici
579:f. sp.
573:tritici
571:f. sp.
563:f. sp.
532:Ecology
475:conidia
349:avenae
337:hordei
290:Poaceae
200:cereals
196:grasses
118:Genus:
94:Order:
82:Class:
2645:NZOR:
2638:237067
2599:237067
2532:437475
2506:NZOR:
2447:326135
2408:1BLMEG
2313:437643
2290:555363
2277:437643
2248:NZOR:
2202:309596
2163:326134
2137:309596
2124:ERYSGR
2111:191991
2085:340773
1995:
1979:(10).
1963:hordei
1961:f.sp.
1933:
1923:
1915:
1731:, 93.
1678:
1480:1 June
1386:
1378:
1334:
1326:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1221:
1213:
1164:
1134:. 1981
1109:
1099:
1081:Berlin
1075:]
1050:
1042:
1034:
947:et al.
939:barley
925:. The
915:is an
869:, and
867:grapes
706:is an
690:-like
688:cotton
635:f.sp.
565:hordei
432:Lolium
425:lolii
407:spp.,
404:Bromus
397:bromi
390:Elymus
343:barley
309:f.sp.
280:wall.
249:, but
170:(1975)
2620:IRMNG
2586:3BC3S
2527:WoRMS
2516:PPE:
2499:34372
2455:IRMNG
2395:21851
2382:62HC6
2308:WoRMS
2297:PPE:
2264:27980
2241:34373
2189:22075
2171:IRMNG
1871:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1840:5 May
1771:5 May
1676:S2CID
1384:S2CID
1354:(PDF)
1332:S2CID
1308:(9).
1283:S2CID
1251:(1).
1219:S2CID
1107:S2CID
1077:(pdf)
1071:[
1032:eISSN
1018:(1).
917:HSP70
871:roses
757:B. g.
734:B. g.
700:B. g.
672:young
664:'
647:like
577:B. g.
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