Blood transfusion - Knowledge

2357: 1085:(ARDS), which develops during or within 6 hours of transfusion of a plasma-containing blood product. Fever, hypotension, shortness of breath, and tachycardia often occurs in this type of reaction. For a definitive diagnosis to be made, symptoms must occur within 6 hours of transfusion, hypoxemia must be present, there must be radiographic evidence of bilateral infiltrates and there must be no evidence of left atrial hypertension (fluid overload). It occurs in 15% of the transfused patient with mortality rate of 5 to 10%. Recipient risk factors includes: end-stage liver disease, sepsis, haematological malignancies, sepsis, and ventilated patients. Antibodies to human neutrophil antigens (HNA) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Donor's antibodies interacting with antigen positive recipient tissue result in release of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in pulmonary capillary leakage. The treatment is supportive. 1976: 402: 1118:

blood cell transfusions. Blood product contamination, while rare, is still more common than actual infection. The reason platelets are more often contaminated than other blood products is that they are stored at room temperature for short periods of time. Contamination is also more common with longer duration of storage, especially if that means more than 5 days. Sources of contaminants include the donor's blood, donor's skin, phlebotomist's skin, and containers. Contaminating organisms vary greatly, and include skin flora, gut flora, and environmental organisms. There are many strategies in place at blood donation centers and laboratories to reduce the risk of contamination. A definite diagnosis of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection includes the identification of a positive culture in the recipient (without an alternative diagnosis) as well as the identification of the same organism in the donor blood.

972:, the safety of blood and blood products is overseen by haemovigilance. This is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a system "...to identify and prevent occurrence or recurrence of transfusion related unwanted events, to increase the safety, efficacy and efficiency of blood transfusion, covering all activities of the transfusion chain from donor to recipient." The system should include monitoring, identification, reporting, investigation and analysis of adverse events, near-misses, and reactions related to transfusion and manufacturing. In the UK this data is collected by an independent organisation called SHOT (Serious Hazards Of Transfusion). Haemovigilance systems have been established in many countries with the objective of ensuring the safety of blood for transfusion, but their organisational set-up and operating principles can vary. 549: 2588:

loss during pregnancy, ambulances are able to arrive with blood stored in portable, FDA listed blood refrigerators, similar to those found in blood banks. Once the infusion is given on scene, the patient and the ambulance have more time to get to a hospital for surgery and additional infusions if needed. This could be critical in rural areas or sprawling cities where patients can be far from a major hospital and the local emergency medical team may need to use blood infusions to keep that patient alive during transport. Larger studies pointed to improvements in 24-hour mortality with pre-hospital plasma and RBC transfusions, but no difference in 30-day or long-term mortality.

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tissue oxygenation. Although some of the biochemical changes are reversible after the blood is transfused, the biomechanical changes are less so, and rejuvenation products are not yet able to adequately reverse this phenomenon. There has been controversy about whether a given product unit's age is a factor in transfusion efficacy, specifically about whether "older" blood directly or indirectly increases risks of complications. Studies have not been consistent on answering this question, with some showing that older blood is indeed less effective but with others showing no such difference; these developments are being closely followed by hospital

1649:: "Changes in medicine have eliminated the need for millions of blood transfusions, which is good news for patients getting procedures like coronary bypasses and other procedures that once required a lot of blood." And, "Blood bank revenue is falling, and the decline may reach $ 1.5 billion a year this year from a high of $ 5 billion in 2008." In 2014, the Red Cross was predicting job losses as high as 12,000 within the next three to five years, roughly a quarter of the total in the industry. As of 2019, the trend of declining transfusions appeared to be stabilizing, with 10,852,000 RBC units transfused in the United States. 40: 233: 197:. White blood cells are not commonly used during transfusions, but they are part of the immune system and also fight infections. Plasma is the "yellowish" liquid part of blood, which acts as a buffer and contains proteins and other important substances needed for the body's overall health. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, preventing the body from bleeding. Before these components were known, doctors believed that blood was homogeneous. Because of this scientific misunderstanding, many patients died because of incompatible blood transferred to them. 286: 1792: 349: 2313:. In setting up a hospital laboratory that preserved, refrigerated and stored donor blood, Fantus originated the term "blood bank". Within a few years, hospital and community blood-banks were established across the United States. Until the middle of World War II, the newly established US blood banks rejected African-American donors. During the war, Black people were allowed to donate blood, but the donated blood was labeled as being suitable only for transfusion into another person from the same race. 2272: 1008:

in the transfused blood. Therefore, delayed haemolytic reaction does not manifest until after 24 hours when enough antibodies are available to cause a reaction. The red blood cells are removed by macrophages from the blood circulation into liver and spleen to be destroyed, which leads to extravascular haemolysis. This process usually mediated by anti-Rh and anti-Kidd antibodies. However, this type of transfusion reaction is less severe when compared to acute haemolytic transfusion reaction.

1960: 1880: 2433: 531: 217: 948: 925: 901: 894: 872: 863: 843: 836: 829: 822: 804: 791: 775: 768: 757: 750: 736: 727: 718: 709: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 598: 2529:. Some guidelines have recommended the provision of CMV-negative blood components and not simply leukoreduced components for newborns or low birthweight infants in whom the immune system is not fully developed, but practice varies. These requirements place additional restrictions on blood donors who can donate for neonatal use, which may be impractical given the rarity of CMV seronegative donors and the preference for fresh units. 1765:

Coga, "the subject of a harmless form of insanity." Sheep's blood was used because of speculation about the value of blood exchange between species; it had been suggested that blood from a gentle lamb might quiet the tempestuous spirit of an agitated person and that the shy might be made outgoing by blood from more sociable creatures. Coga received 20 shillings (equivalent to £217 in 2023) to participate in the experiment.

1001:. When suspected, transfusion should be stopped immediately, and blood sent for tests to evaluate for presence of hemolysis. Treatment is supportive. Kidney injury may occur because of the effects of the hemolytic reaction (pigment nephropathy). The severity of the transfusion reaction is depended upon amount of donor's antigen transfused, nature of the donor's antigens, the nature and the amount of recipient antibodies. 225: 1829:. Blundell used the patient's husband as a donor, and extracted four ounces of blood from his arm to transfuse into his wife. During the years 1825 and 1830, Blundell performed 10 transfusions, five of which were beneficial, and published his results. He also invented a number of instruments for the transfusion of blood. He made a substantial amount of money from this endeavour, roughly $ 2 million ($ 50 million 571:. Based on the reactions of the patient's serum against the donor cells, a pattern will emerge to confirm the presence of one or more antibodies. Not all antibodies are clinically significant (i.e. cause transfusion reactions, HDN, etc.). Once the patient has developed a clinically significant antibody it is vital that the patient receive antigen-negative red blood cells to prevent future transfusion reactions. 479:(CMV) because of the risk of transmission to certain immunocompromised recipients, such as those with stem cell transplant or T cell diseases. However, testing is not universally mandated, because leukoreduced blood is generally considered safe from CMV transmission; also, most donors (and recipients) are seropositive for CMV, and are not actively viremic. CMV seropositive donors are still eligible to donate. 2174: 2294:, Duran established a blood bank for the use of wounded soldiers and civilians. The 300–400 mL of extracted blood was mixed with 10% citrate solution in a modified Duran Erlenmeyer flask. The blood was stored in a sterile glass enclosed under pressure at 2 °C. During 30 months of work, the Transfusion Service of Barcelona registered almost 30,000 donors, and processed 9,000 liters of blood. 2604:, the use of this blood should be restricted to persons with O negative blood, as nothing else is compatible with them, and women who might be pregnant and for whom it would be impossible to do blood group testing before giving them emergency treatment. Whenever possible, the AABB recommends that O negative blood be conserved by using blood type testing to identify a less scarce alternative. 545:

alloantibodies that may react with donor blood. It takes about 45 minutes to complete (depending on the method used). The blood bank scientist also checks for special requirements of the patient (e.g. need for washed, irradiated or CMV negative blood) and the history of the patient to see if they have previously identified antibodies and any other serological anomalies.

2648:, if refusing the blood transfusion would put the child is at risk of serious injury or death. (Blood banks do not collect information that is irrelevant to the transfusion process, including the donors' race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, COVID-19 vaccination status, etc., so selecting blood units based on the individual's personal objections is not practical.) 2049:(then The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) made the first important discoveries that blood typing was necessary to avoid blood clumping (coagulation) and blood samples could be preserved using chemical treatment. Their first report in March 1915 showed that gelatine, agar, blood serum extracts, starch and beef albumin proved to be useless preservatives. 1945:, M.D. (1852–1922), an American surgeon, performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States. He had been called to see his sister after she had given birth. He found her moribund from blood loss, and in a bold move withdrew his own blood, transfused his blood into his sister, and then operated on her to save her life. 2107: 5238: 8200:

Zumberg, Marc; Gorlin, Jed; Griffiths, Elizabeth A.; Schwartz, Garry; Fletcher, Bradley S.; Walsh, Katherine; Dao, Kim-Hien; Vansandt, Amanda; Lynn, Mauricio; Shander, Aryeh (2020). "A case study of 10 patients administered HBOC-201 in high doses over a prolonged period: outcomes during severe anemia

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Another discovery of Rous and Turner was the most critical step in the safety of blood transfusion. Rous was well aware that Landsteiner's concept of blood types had not yet find practical value, as he remarked: "The fate of Landsteiner's effort to call attention to the practical bearing of the group

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The use of greater amount of red blood cells has been suggested to increase the risk of infections, not only transfusion-transmitted infections, but also due to a phenomenon known as transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). TRIM may be caused by macrophages and their byproducts. In those who were

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occur more than 24 hours after a transfusion. They usually occur within 28 days of a transfusion. They can be due to either a low level of antibodies present prior to the start of the transfusion, which are not detectable on pre-transfusion testing; or development of a new antibody against an antigen

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significant alloantibodies. Donor cells may have homozygous (e.g. K+k+), heterozygous (K+k-) expression or no expression of various antigens (K−k−). The phenotypes of all the donor cells being tested are shown in a chart. The patient's serum is tested against the various donor cells using an indirect

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Carson, Jeffrey L.; Stanworth, Simon J.; Guyatt, Gordon; Valentine, Stacey; Dennis, Jane; Bakhtary, Sara; Cohn, Claudia S.; Dubon, Allan; Grossman, Brenda J.; Gupta, Gaurav K.; Hess, Aaron S.; Jacobson, Jessica L.; Kaplan, Lewis J.; Lin, Yulia; Metcalf, Ryan A.; Murphy, Colin H.; Pavenski, Katerina;

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In the United States, blood transfusions were performed nearly 3 million times during hospitalizations in 2011, making it the most common procedure performed. The rate of hospitalizations with a blood transfusion nearly doubled from 1997, from a rate of 40 stays to 95 stays per 10,000 population. It

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A relationship between intra-operative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence has been observed in colorectal cancer. In lung cancer intra-operative blood transfusion has been associated with earlier recurrence of cancer, worse survival rates and poorer outcomes after lung resection. Suppression of

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is done on a sample of healthy volunteers, and then compliance is presumed for all RBC units based on universal (GMP) processing standards (RBC survival by itself does not guarantee efficacy, but it is a necessary prerequisite for cell function, and hence serves as a regulatory proxy). Opinions vary

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frequently occurs in immunodeficient patients where recipient's body failed to eliminate donor's T cells. Instead, donor's T cells attack the recipient's cells. It occurs one week after transfusion. Fever, rash, diarrhoea are often associated with this type of transfusion reaction. Mortality rate is

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may be performed where the recipient serum and donor rbc are incubated. In the immediate spin method, two drops of patient serum are tested against a drop of 3–5% suspension of donor cells in a test tube and spun in a serofuge. Agglutination or hemolysis (i.e., positive Coombs test) in the test tube

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Before a recipient receives a transfusion, compatibility testing between donor and recipient blood must be done. The first step before a transfusion is given is to type and screen the recipient's blood. Typing of recipient's blood determines the ABO and Rh status. The sample is then screened for any

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Although there are clinical situations where transfusion with red blood cells is the only clinically appropriate option, clinicians look at whether alternatives are feasible. This can be due to several reasons, such as patient safety, economic burden or scarcity of blood. Guidelines recommend blood

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and in control of four large blood-depots around the country. British policy through the war was to supply military personnel with blood from centralized depots, in contrast to the approach taken by the Americans and Germans where troops at the front were bled to provide required blood. The British

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that agglutination could be avoided if the blood samples of the donor and recipient were tested before. Which they called a rapid and simple method for testing blood compatibility, sodium citrate was used to dilute the blood samples, and after mixing the recipient's and donor's blood in 9:1 and 1:1

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Landsteiner discovered that adverse effects arise from mixing blood from two incompatible individuals. He found that mixing incompatible types triggers an immune response and the red blood-cells clump. The immunological reaction occurs when the receiver of a blood transfusion has antibodies against

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According to Lower's account, "...towards the end of February 1665 selected one dog of medium size, opened its jugular vein, and drew off blood, until its strength was nearly gone. Then, to make up for the great loss of this dog by the blood of a second, I introduced blood from the cervical artery

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are defined according to Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) as "fever and other symptoms/signs of haemolysis within 24 hours of transfusion; confirmed by one or more of the following: a fall of Hb, rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT), positive crossmatch"

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If an antibody is suspected, potential donor units must first be screened for the corresponding antigen by phenotyping them. Antigen negative units are then tested against the patient plasma using an antiglobulin/indirect crossmatch technique at 37 degrees Celsius to enhance reactivity and make the

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fell below 30%. Because each unit of blood given carries risks, a trigger level lower than that, at 70 to 80g/L, is now usually used, as it has been shown to have better patient outcomes. The administration of a single unit of blood is the standard for hospitalized people who are not bleeding, with

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Jones JM, Sapiano MRP, Mowla S, Bota D, Berger JJ, Basavaraju SV. Has the trend of declining blood transfusions in the United States ended? Findings of the 2019 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey. Transfusion. 2021 Sep;61 Suppl 2(Suppl 2):S1-S10. doi: 10.1111/trf.16449. Epub 2021 Jun

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The research in this area is ongoing. A number of blood substitutes have been explored, but thus far they all have serious limitations. Most attempts to find a suitable alternative to blood thus far have concentrated on cell-free hemoglobin solutions. Blood substitutes could make transfusions more

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in an effort to reduce preventable deaths from significant blood loss. Earlier analyses suggested that in the US, up to 31,000 patients per year bleed to death that otherwise could have survived if pre-hospital transfusions were widely available. For example, when a mother experiences severe blood

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On rare occasions, blood products are contaminated with bacteria. This can result in a life-threatening infection known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. The risk of severe bacterial infection is estimated, as of 2020, at about 1 in 2,500 platelet transfusions, and 1 in 2,000,000 red

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is an extremely rare complication that occurs after blood product transfusion and is associated with the presence of antibodies in the patient's blood directed against both the donor's and recipient's platelets HPA (human platelet antigen). Recipients who lack this protein develop sensitization to

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Before a blood transfusion is given, there are many steps taken to ensure quality of the blood products, compatibility, and safety to the recipient. In 2012, a national blood policy was in place in 70% of countries and 69% of countries had specific legislation that covers the safety and quality of

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Rossaint, Rolf; Afshari, Arash; Bouillon, Bertil; Cerny, Vladimir; Cimpoesu, Diana; Curry, Nicola; Duranteau, Jacques; Filipescu, Daniela; Grottke, Oliver; Grønlykke, Lars; Harrois, Anatole; Hunt, Beverley J.; Kaserer, Alexander; Komadina, Radko; Madsen, Mikkel Herold; Maegele, Marc; Mora, Lidia;

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Fergusson, Dean A.; Hébert, Paul; Hogan, Debora L.; LeBel, Louise; Rouvinez-Bouali, Nicole; Smyth, John A.; Sankaran, Koravangattu; Tinmouth, Alan; Blajchman, Morris A.; Kovacs, Lajos; Lachance, Christian; Lee, Shoo; Walker, C. Robin; Hutton, Brian; Ducharme, Robin; Balchin, Katelyn; Ramsay, Tim;

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Physicians have adopted a so-called "restrictive protocol" – whereby transfusion is held to a minimum – in part because of the noted uncertainties surrounding storage lesion, in addition to the very high direct and indirect costs of transfusions. However, the restrictive protocol is not an option

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For red blood cells (RBC), by far the most commonly transfused product, poor transfusion efficacy can result from units damaged by the so-called storage lesion – a range of biochemical and biomechanical changes that occur during storage. With red cells, this can decrease viability and ability for

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became available, some people in the US have refused blood transfusions because the donor might have been vaccinated, and they fear that this would cause secondhand harm to them. This choice is based on false beliefs, but a mentally competent adult's choices are normally respected. Parents and

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and other surgical advances and studies that have shown that many transfusions were unnecessary. For example, the standard of care reduced the amount of blood transfused in one case from 750 to 200 mL. In 2019, 10,852,000 RBC units, 2,243,000 platelet units, and 2,285,000 plasma units were

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Six months later in London, Lower performed the first human transfusion of animal blood in Britain, where he "superintended the introduction in arm at various times of some ounces of sheep's blood at a meeting of the Royal Society, and without any inconvenience to him." The recipient was Arthur

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Hypothermia can occur with transfusions with large quantities of blood products which normally are stored at cold temperatures. Core body temperature can go down as low as 32 °C and can produce physiologic disturbances. Prevention should be done with warming the blood to ambient temperature

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or kidney disease are more susceptible to volume overload. For especially vulnerable patients, a standard RBC unit could be split by sterile technique in the blood bank and administered over 8 hours instead of the standard 4 hours. Plasma transfusion is especially prone to causing TACO because

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Hardwick CC, Herivel TR, Hernandez SC, Ruane PH, Goodrich RP (2004). "Separation, identification and quantification of riboflavin and its photoproducts in blood products using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a method to support pathogen reduction technology".

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the preserved bloods were just like fresh bloods and that they "function excellently when reintroduced into the body." Blood could be preserved for up to four weeks. An accompanying experiment using citrate-saccharose (sucrose) mixture was also a success which could maintain blood cells for two

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Transfusions with large amounts of red blood cells, whether due to severe hemorrhaging and/or transfusion inefficacy (see above), can lead to an inclination for bleeding. The mechanism is thought to be due to disseminated intravascular coagulation, along with dilution of recipient platelets and

4885:"The Age of BLood Evaluation (ABLE) randomised controlled trial: description of the UK-funded arm of the international trial, the UK cost-utility analysis and secondary analyses exploring factors associated with health-related quality of life and health-care costs during the 12-month follow-up" 1091:

is a common, yet underdiagnosed, reaction to blood product transfusion consisting of the new onset or exacerbation of three of the following within 6 hours of cessation of transfusion: acute respiratory distress, elevated brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), elevated central venous pressure (CVP),

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has dropped dramatically. Prior testing of donor blood only included testing for antibodies to HIV. However, because of latent infection (the "window period" in which an individual is infectious, but has not had time to develop antibodies) many cases of HIV seropositive blood were missed. The

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In urgent cases where crossmatching cannot be completed, and the risk of dropping hemoglobin outweighs the risk of transfusing uncrossmatched blood, O-negative blood is used, followed by crossmatch as soon as possible. O-negative is also used for children and women of childbearing age. It is

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Reeves, Hollie M.; Goodhue Meyer, Erin; Harm, Sarah K.; Lieberman, Lani; Pyles, Ryan; Rajbhandary, Srijana; Whitaker, Barbee I.; Delaney, Meghan (2021). "Neonatal and pediatric blood bank practice in the United States: Results from the AABB pediatric transfusion medicine subsection survey".

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began examining the effects of changes in blood volume on circulatory function and developed methods for cross-circulatory study in animals, obviating clotting by closed arteriovenous connections. The new instruments he was able to devise enabled him to perform the first reliably documented

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A positive screen warrants an antibody panel/investigation to determine if it is clinically significant. An antibody panel consists of commercially prepared group O red cell suspensions from donors that have been phenotyped for antigens that correspond to commonly encountered and clinically

7746: 1661:'s experiments on the circulation of blood, recorded research into blood transfusion began in the 17th century, with successful experiments in transfusion between animals. However, successive attempts by physicians to transfuse animal blood into humans gave variable, often fatal, results. 2500:, the replacement of massive blood-loss became a major problem. The cardiac-arrest rate was high. In 1963 C. Paul Boyan and William S. Howland discovered that the temperature of the blood and the rate of infusion greatly affected survival rates, and introduced blood warming to surgery. 1690: 2681:

are available for cases where only volume restoration is required, but a substance with oxygen-carrying capacity would help doctors and surgeons avoid the risks of disease transmission and immune suppression, address the chronic blood donor shortage, and address the concerns of

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into a 15-year-old boy, who survived the transfusion. Denys performed another transfusion into a labourer, who also survived. Both instances were likely due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused into these people. This allowed them to withstand the

458:, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or syphilis. One of the main reasons for this is because testing kits are not always available. However the prevalence of transfusion-transmitted infections is much higher in low income countries compared to middle and high income countries. 952: 1627:

has been used by athletes to increase physical stamina. A lack of knowledge and insufficient experience can turn a blood transfusion into a dangerous event. For example, improper storage involving freezing and thawing, or minor antigen incompatibility, could lead to

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development of a nucleic acid test for the HIV-1 RNA has dramatically lowered the rate of donor blood seropositivity to about 1 in 3 million units. As transmittance of HIV does not necessarily mean HIV infection, the latter could still occur at an even lower rate.

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Soldevila-Verdeguer C, Segura-Sampedro JJ, Pineño-Flores C, Sanchís-Cortés P, González-Argente X, Morales-Soriano R (November 2020). "Hepatic resection and blood transfusion increase morbidity after cytoreductive surgery and HIPEC for colorectal carcinomatosis".

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of a fairly large mastiff, which had been fastened alongside the first, until this latter animal showed ... it was overfilled ... by the inflowing blood." After he "sewed up the jugular veins", the animal recovered "with no sign of discomfort or of displeasure".

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was free of charge and expanded rapidly in its first few years of operation. By 1925 it was providing services for almost 500 patients; it was incorporated into the structure of the British Red Cross in 1926. Similar systems developed in other cities, including

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also discovered the human blood groups; in 1907 he classified blood into four groups: I, II, III, IV. His nomenclature is still used in Russia and in states of the former USSR, in which blood types O, A, B, and AB are respectively designated I, II, III, and IV.

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Prochaska, Micah T.; Raval, Jay S.; Salazar, Eric; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Tobian, Aaron A. R.; So-Osman, Cynthia; Waters, Jonathan; Wood, Erica M.; Zantek, Nicole D.; Pagano, Monica B. (2023-11-21). "Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines".

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for the wounded. In October 1915, Robertson performed his first wartime transfusion with a syringe to a patient who had multiple shrapnel wounds. He followed this up with four subsequent transfusions in the following months, and his success was reported to Sir

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into the bloodstream, which can have fatal consequences. Landsteiner's work made it possible to determine blood group and allowed blood transfusions to take place much more safely. For his discovery he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1930;

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are always individually traceable through the whole cycle of donation, testing, separation into components, storage, and administration to the recipient. This enables management and investigation of any suspected transfusion related disease transmission or

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Certain regulatory measures are in place to minimize RBC storage lesion – including a maximum shelf life (currently 42 days), a maximum auto-hemolysis threshold (currently 1% in the US, 0.8% in Europe), and a minimum level of post-transfusion RBC survival

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The transmission of hepatitis C via transfusion currently stands at a rate of about 1 in 2 million units. As with HIV, this low rate has been attributed to the ability to screen for both antibodies as well as viral RNA nucleic acid testing in donor blood.

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is a positive reaction. If the crossmatch is positive, then further investigation is needed. Patients with no history of red cell antibodies may qualify for computer-assisted crossmatch, which does not involve combining patient serum with donor cells.

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high, with 89.7% of the patients dead after 24 days. Immunosuppressive treatment is the most common way of treatment. Irradiation and leukoreduction of blood products is necessary for high risk patients to prevent T cells from attacking recipient cells.

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Surgeons at Kharkiv in September. However, this method was never used widely, even in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union was the first to establish a network of facilities to collect and store blood for use in transfusions at hospitals.

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differences in human bloods provides an exquisite instance of knowledge marking time on technique. Transfusion was still not done because (until at least 1915), the risk of clotting was too great." In June 1915, they made a crucial report in the

1478:, can nonetheless indirectly lead to complications – in addition to causing a transfusion to fully or partly fail to achieve its clinical purpose. This can be especially significant for certain patient groups such as critical-care or neonatals. 1617:

Metabolic alkalosis can occur with massive blood transfusions because of the breakdown of citrate stored in blood into bicarbonate. However, acidemia is common in massively transfused patients, and acid-base balance is affected by complex

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given red blood cells only with significant anemia ("restrictive" strategy), serious infection rates were 10.6% while in those who were given red blood at milder levels of anemia ("liberal" strategy), serious infection rates were 12.7%.

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coagulation factors. Close monitoring and transfusions with platelets and plasma is indicated when necessary. Progressive hemorrhagic injury (PHI) in traumatic brain injured patients may be worsened by liberal transfusion strategies.

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However, early transfusions were risky and many resulted in the death of the patient. By the late 19th century, blood transfusion was regarded as a risky and dubious procedure, and was largely shunned by the medical establishment.

333:. Developing countries rely heavily on replacement and remunerated donors rather than voluntary nonremunerated donors due to concerns regarding donation- and transfusion-transmitted infection as well as local and cultural beliefs. 1671:

physician Giacomo di San Genesio, who had him drink (by mouth) the blood of three 10-year-old boys. The boys consequently died, as did the Pope himself. However, the evidence for this story is unreliable and considered a possible

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Marchand, Alexandre; Roulland, Ingrid; Semence, Florian; Jaffredo, Franck; Dehainault, Catherine; Le Guiner, Soizic; Le Pajolec, Marie-Gaëlle; Donati, Francesco; Mekacher, Lamine Redouane; Lamek, Kahina; Ericsson, Magnus (2023).

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Work to emulate James Blundell continued in Edinburgh. In 1845 the Edinburgh Journal described the successful transfusion of blood to a woman with severe uterine bleeding. Subsequent transfusions were successful with patients of

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Fast LD, DiLeone G, Cardarelli G, Li J, Goodrich R (September 2006). "Mirasol PRT treatment of donor white blood cells prevents the development of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease in Rag2-/-gamma c-/- double knockout mice".

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Ford, Jason C.; Kakadekar, Ashok; Ramesh, Kuppuchipalayam; Shapiro, Stan (2012-10-10). "Effect of fresh red blood cell transfusions on clinical outcomes in premature, very low-birth-weight infants: the ARIPI randomized trial".

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released by white blood cells in stored donor blood or attack on donor's white blood cells by recipient's antibodies. This type of reaction occurs in about 7% of transfusions. Fever is generally short lived and is treated with

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Studies show that the main motivators to blood donation tend to be prosocial (e.g., altruism, selflessness, charity), while the main deterrents include fear, distrust, or perceived racial discrimination in historic contexts.

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Benjamin RJ, McDonald CP (April 2014). "The international experience of bacterial screen testing of platelet components with an automated microbial detection system: a need for consensus testing and reporting guidelines".

1494:(currently 75% after 24 hours). However, all of these criteria are applied in a universal manner that does not account for differences among units of product. For example, testing for the post-transfusion RBC survival 1637:

Globally around 85 million units of red blood cells are transfused in a given year. The global demand is much higher and there is an unmet need for safe blood for transfusion in many low- and middle-income countries.

1023:, and transfusions may be finished as long as an acute hemolytic reaction is excluded. This is a reason for the now-widespread use of leukoreduction – the filtration of donor white cells from red cell product units. 8062:

Shander A, Fink A, Javidroozi M, Erhard J, Farmer SL, Corwin H, et al. (July 2011). "Appropriateness of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion: the international consensus conference on transfusion outcomes".

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Further extending the shelf-life of stored blood up to 42 days was an anticoagulant preservative, CPDA-1, introduced in 1979, which increased the blood supply and facilitated resource-sharing among blood banks.

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tests to assess quality or predict efficacy for specific units of RBC blood product prior to their transfusion, though there is exploration of potentially relevant tests based on RBC membrane properties such as

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transfusion, as antibodies against non-self cell surface antigens are not expressed constitutively – i.e. the animal has to be sensitized before it will mount an immune response against the transfused blood.

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Donated blood is usually subjected to processing after it is collected, to make it suitable for use in specific patient populations. Collected blood is then separated into blood components by centrifugation:

5717: 1761:. He received two transfusions. After the second transfusion Bonde died. In the winter of 1667, Denys performed several transfusions on Antoine Mauroy with calf's blood. On the third account Mauroy died. 975:

Transfusions of blood products are associated with several complications, many of which can be grouped as immunological or infectious. There is controversy on potential quality degradation during storage.

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preferable for the laboratory to obtain a pre-transfusion sample in these cases so a type and screen can be performed to determine the actual blood group of the patient and to check for alloantibodies.

2525:

To ensure the safety of blood transfusion to pediatric patients, hospitals are taking additional precautions to avoid infection and prefer to use pediatric blood units that are guaranteed "safe" from

3209:

Distler P, Ashford P. Twenty-five years later: has ISBT 128 fulfilled its promise? Transfusion. 2019 Dec;59(12):3776-3782. doi: 10.1111/trf.15519. Epub 2019 Sep 29. PMID 31565803; PMCID: PMC6916302.

7772: 2196:, where they were in urgent need of a blood donor. After providing a donor, Oliver set about organizing a system for the voluntary registration of blood donors at clinics around London, with Sir 8534: 8502: 2127:), was able to persuade the British authorities of the merits of blood transfusion. Robertson went on to establish the first blood-transfusion apparatus at a Casualty Clearing Station on the 6877: 5936: 3843:

Fast LD, DiLeone G, Marschner S (July 2011). "Inactivation of human white blood cells in platelet products after pathogen reduction technology treatment in comparison to gamma irradiation".

509:

has been shown to be effective in inactivating pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites and white blood cells) in blood products. By inactivating white blood cells in donated blood products,

5124:

Raval JS, Waters JH, Seltsam A, Scharberg EA, Richter E, Daly AR, et al. (November 2010). "The use of the mechanical fragility test in evaluating sublethal RBC injury during storage".

3886:

Reddy HL, Dayan AD, Cavagnaro J, Gad S, Li J, Goodrich RP (April 2008). "Toxicity testing of a novel riboflavin-based technology for pathogen reduction and white blood cell inactivation".

1779:

These early experiments with animal blood provoked a heated controversy in Britain and France. Finally, in 1668, the Royal Society and the French government both banned the procedure. The

6945:

Stansbury LG, Hess JR (July 2009). "Blood transfusion in World War I: the roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the "most important medical advance of the war"".

2507:

As of 2006 about 15 million units of blood products were transfused per year in the United States. By 2013 the number had declined to about 11 million units, because of the shift towards

2356: 8290: 2663:

transfusions should be reserved for patients with or at risk of cardiovascular instability due to the degree of their anaemia. In stable patients with iron deficiency anemia, oral or

5202: 1071:

this protein from prior transfusions or previous pregnancies, can develop thrombocytopenia, bleeding into the skin, and can display purplish discolouration of skin which is known as

6885: 3764:

Goodrich RP, Edrich RA, Li J, Seghatchian J (August 2006). "The Mirasol PRT system for pathogen reduction of platelets and plasma: an overview of current status and future trends".

2290:

at the start of the conflict, but the hospital was soon overwhelmed by the demand for blood and the paucity of available donors. With support from the Department of Health of the

8387: 5081:

Burns JM, Yang X, Forouzan O, Sosa JM, Shevkoplyas SS (May 2012). "Artificial microvascular network: a new tool for measuring rheologic properties of stored red blood cells".

7551: 1056:, the reaction is presumed to be caused by IgA antibodies in the donor's plasma. The patient may present with symptoms of fever, wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and 4587:

Heaton A, Keegan T, Holme S (January 1989). "In vivo regeneration of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate following transfusion of DPG-depleted AS-1, AS-3 and CPDA-1 red cells".

2447:

to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle. In about three minutes, the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours. Dr.

2068:

weeks. This use of citrate and sugars, sometimes known as Rous-Turner solution, was the foundation for the development of blood banks and improvement of transfusion method.

472:

In addition, in some countries platelet products are also tested for bacterial infections due to its higher inclination for contamination due to storage at room temperature.

316:

or homologous transfusion). The latter is much more common than the former. Using another's blood must first start with donation of blood. Blood is most commonly donated as

1642:

was the most common procedure performed for patients 45 years of age and older in 2011, and among the top five most common for patients between the ages of 1 and 44 years.

5472:

Abou Daher, Layal; Heppell, Olivia; Lopez-Plaza, Ileana; Guerra-Londono, Carlos E. (2024). "Perioperative Blood Transfusions and Cancer Progression: A Narrative Review".

8594: 4883:

Walsh, Timothy S.; Stanworth, Simon; Boyd, Julia; Hope, David; Hemmatapour, Sue; Burrows, Helen; Campbell, Helen; Pizzo, Elena; Swart, Nicholas; Morris, Stephen (2017).

1621:

Hypocalcemia can also occur with massive blood transfusions because of the complex of citrate with serum calcium. Calcium levels below 0.9 mmol/L should be treated.

8141:

Cao, Min; Zhao, Yong; He, Hongli; Yue, Ruiming; Pan, Lingai; Hu, Huan; Ren, Yingjie; Qin, Qin; Yi, Xueliang; Yin, Tao; Ma, Lina; Zhang, Dingding; Huang, Xiaobo (2021).

6038: 3522:"Bacterial Detection Testing by Blood and Blood Collection Establishments and Transfusion Services to Enhance the Safety and Availability of Platelets for Transfusion" 1867:

Various isolated reports of successful transfusions emerged towards the end of the 19th century. The largest series of early successful transfusions took place at the

5994: 9013: 7948: 7862: 2974: 993:

and crossmatching resulting in a mismatch in ABO blood type between the donor and the recipient. Symptoms include fever, chills, chest pain, back pain, hemorrhage,

6250: 265:

such as chest pain or shortness of breath. In cases where patients have low levels of hemoglobin due to iron deficiency, but are cardiovascularly stable, oral or

2539:

Exchange (or partial exchange) transfusions are done for removal of bilirubin, removal of antibodies and replacement of red cells (e.g., for anemia secondary to

2337:

method proved more successful in adequately meeting all requirements, and over 700,000 donors were bled over the course of the war. This system evolved into the

1041:. Either IgE antibodies from the donor's or recipient's side can cause the allergic reaction. It is more common in patients who have allergic conditions such as 8582: 9058: 8550: 1825:

by transfusion of human blood using a syringe. In 1818, after experiments with animals, he performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to treat

7664: 7904: 5896: 2079:

parts, blood would either clump or remain watery after 15 minutes. According to their advice, blood without clumping "should always be chosen if possible."

1591:. However, the impact of transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM) on cancer progression has not been definitively established and requires further study. 2235:, and remarked with satisfaction on the improvement of his eyesight, suspension of balding, and other positive symptoms after receiving 11 transfusions of 1921:

is credited with performing the first surgery using a direct blood transfusion in 1906 at St. Alexis Hospital in Cleveland while a professor of surgery at

1768:

Lower went on to pioneer new devices for the precise control of blood flow and the transfusion of blood; his designs were substantially the same as modern

7768: 2568:, when more than ten units of blood are needed. Packed red blood cells, fresh frozen plasma, and platelets are generally administered. Typical ratios of 2221:, and the service's work began to attract international attention. France, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Australia and Japan established similar services. 4767: 2493:

allowed for the evolution of a collection system capable of safe and easy preparation of multiple blood components from a single unit of whole blood.

8382: 8254: 4737: 989:

This is due to destruction of donor red blood cells by preformed recipient antibodies. Most often this occurs because of clerical errors or improper

8545: 8524: 2795:, a pseudoscientific practice involving the transfusion of blood taken from young donors to older recipients that is claimed to have health benefits 2157:

and was stored in bottles at British and American Casualty Clearing Stations along the Front. Robertson also experimented with preserving separated

8900: 6807: 3521: 3443: 1975: 1523:

Although transfusions of platelets are far less numerous (relative to RBC), platelet storage lesion and resulting efficacy loss is also a concern.

1100: 510: 401: 8356: 2259:

from recently deceased donors. Yudin performed such a transfusion successfully for the first time on March 23, 1930, and reported his first seven

6470: 5559:

Poder, Thomas G.; Nonkani, Wendyam G.; Tsakeu Leponkouo, Élyonore (2015). "Blood Warming and Hemolysis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis".

1092:

evidence of left heart failure, evidence of positive fluid balance, and/or radiographic evidence of pulmonary vascular congestion. Patients with

8260: 7278:

Nazis chose the healthiest Polish children and transported them to German field hospitals where they used them for constant blood transfusions .

3721:"A randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating the performance and safety of platelets treated with MIRASOL pathogen reduction technology". 8657: 6314: 2478:(ACD) solution, which reduced the volume of anticoagulant, permitted transfusions of greater volumes of blood and allowed longer-term storage. 8282: 3921: 3278:"Skin preparation with alcohol versus alcohol followed by any antiseptic for preventing bacteraemia or contamination of blood for transfusion" 1610:

prior to transfusions. Blood warming devices are available to avoid the hemolysis that would occur from unsafe practices such as microwaving.

236:

As the person receives their blood transfusion, the bag slowly empties, leaving behind blood that has clotted before it could be administered.

8496: 7341: 7318: 2612: 5824: 5167:

Shander A, Hofmann A, Gombotz H, Theusinger OM, Spahn DR (June 2007). "Estimating the cost of blood: past, present, and future directions".

261:

is in part due to evidence that outcomes are worsened if larger amounts are given. One may consider transfusion for people with symptoms of

5213: 336:

It is unclear whether applying alcohol swab alone or alcohol swab followed by antiseptic is able to reduce contamination of donor's blood.

6355:

Nathoo N, Lautzenheiser FK, Barnett GH (March 2009). "The first direct human blood transfusion: the forgotten legacy of George W. Crile".

8895: 5659:

Schriner, Jacob B.; Van Gent, J. Michael; Meledeo, M. Adam; Olson, Scott D.; Cotton, Bryan A.; Cox, Charles S.; Gill, Brijesh S. (2023).

2074: 1088: 1052:

Anaphylactic reactions are rare life-threatening allergic conditions caused by IgA anti-plasma protein antibodies. For patients who have

7036: 1045:. Patient may feel itchy or having hives but the symptoms are usually mild and can be controlled by stopping the transfusion and giving 8905: 8778: 6091: 2826: 1182: 1014:

are, along with allergic transfusion reactions, the most common type of blood transfusion reaction and occur because of the release of

1011: 487: 8377: 6519: 4082: 2131:

in the spring of 1917. Robertson did not test crossmatching so that one died of hemolysis in his 1916 transfusion, and three in 1917.

6414: 2426: 2100: 1599: 6984: 6059: 2623:

Sometimes people refuse blood transfusions because of fears about the safety of the blood supply. Generally speaking, the rules of

7555: 7698:

Meneses, Evander; Boneva, Dessy; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel (2020). "Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population".

3997: 3491: 3469: 3188: 7794:

Riddez, Louis; Romero, Carolina S.; Samama, Charles-Marc; Vincent, Jean-Louis; Wiberg, Sebastian; Spahn, Donat R. (2023-03-01).

7522: 482:

Leukocyte reduction is the removal of white blood cells by filtration. Leukoreduced blood products are less likely to cause HLA

8921: 4171: 3972: 2165:, a British surgeon, developed a portable machine that could store blood to enable transfusions to be carried out more easily. 1837: 1394: 1004: 6902:

Pelis K (July 2001). "Taking credit: the Canadian Army Medical Corps and the British conversion to blood transfusion in WWI".

8890: 7407: 7089: 7016: 6389:

the first successful blood transfusion performed between 2 brothers on August 6, 1906, at St. Alexis Hospital, Cleveland, OH.

6280: 6129: 4514: 4095: 3956: 3437: 2706:

and has been used in the United States on a case-by-case basis through the emergency Investigational New Drug (IND) process.

2698:

care. If successful, such a blood substitute could save many lives, particularly in trauma where massive blood loss results.

2413:, liquid plasma was used in Britain. A large project, known as "Blood for Britain", began in August 1940 to collect blood in 1187: 1078: 1053: 7296: 7265: 6334: 6156: 6034: 4942:"Transfusion of red blood cells after prolonged storage produces harmful effects that are mediated by iron and inflammation" 8916: 6017: 5860: 1192: 985: 7876: 3163: 1520:

with some especially vulnerable patients who may require the best possible efforts to rapidly restore tissue oxygenation.

253:

this treatment followed with re-assessment and consideration of symptoms and hemoglobin concentration. Patients with poor

7858: 4149: 2960: 2022:

performed the first non-direct transfusion on March 27, 1914, though this involved a diluted solution of blood. The

1861: 1082: 495: 6222: 4067:

Wang, SS. "What's the Shelf Life of Blood? Focus on Whether Older Donations Impair Recovery of Transfusion Recipients".

150:. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used 8650: 8425: 1474:

Transfusion inefficacy or insufficient efficacy of a given unit(s) of blood product, while not itself a "complication"

17: 6541: 1806:

leading to the practice of mixing some blood from the donor and the receiver before the transfusion (an early form of

1541:

types, through mechanisms involving the innate and adaptive immune system. Five major mechanisms for this include the

595:

This chart shows possible matches in blood transfusion between donor and receiver using ABO and Rh system. The symbol

8933: 7974:

Kim, Daniel H.; Berkman, Emily; Clark, Jonna D.; Saifee, Nabiha H.; Diekema, Douglas S.; Lewis-Newby, Mithya (2023).

7942: 7195: 7065: 5966: 2321: 548: 3369:"Motivators and deterrents to blood donation among Black South Africans: a qualitative analysis of focus group data" 2062: 1871:

between 1885 and 1892. Edinburgh later became the home of the first blood donation and blood transfusion services.

7893: 7684: 6446: 5885: 5748:"Evaluation of the detection of the homologous transfusion of a red blood cell concentrate in vivo for antidoping" 4025:"A national surveillance system for continuous monitoring of blood transfusion safety: German haemovigilance data" 1486:– who are the physicians, typically pathologists, who collect and manage inventories of transfusable blood units. 5604:"Progressive hemorrhagic injury after severe traumatic brain injury: effect of hemoglobin transfusion thresholds" 2847:

Van Gent, Jan-Michael; Clements, Thomas W.; Cotton, Bryan A. (2024). "Resuscitation and Care in the Trauma Bay".

1922: 269:

is a preferred option based on both efficacy and safety. Other blood products are given where appropriate, e.g.,

3691: 8021:

Goddard AF, James MW, McIntyre AS, Scott BB, et al. (British Society of Gastroenterology) (October 2011).

4681:"Storage-induced damage to red blood cell mechanical properties can be only partially reversed by rejuvenation" 2782: 2443:

The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 mL bottles. One bottle contained enough

2145:

in 1917, where he became instrumental in establishing the first blood banks in preparation for the anticipated

1802:

The science of blood transfusion dates to the first decade of the 20th century, with the discovery of distinct

7976:"Parental Refusals of Blood Transfusions from COVID-19 Vaccinated Donors for Children Needing Cardiac Surgery" 5602:

Vedantam, Aditya; Yamal, Jose-Miguel; Rubin, Maria Laura; Robertson, Claudia S.; Gopinath, Shankar P. (2016).

4023:

Berg, P; Heiden, M; Müller, S; Meyer, B; Witzenhausen, C; Ruppert-Seipp, G; Kehr, S; Funk, M.B. (2024-06-18).

2890:

Adams RC, Lundy JS (1942). "Anesthesia in cases of poor surgical risk. Some suggestions for decreasing risk".

9183: 8718: 8643: 2475: 2004: 1026: 5845:

Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C (October 2013). "Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011".

8968: 8822: 4759: 3221:"Supply, Demand, and Quality: A Three-Pronged Approach to Blood Product Management in Developing Countries" 2639:

and even when their refusal may result in serious and permanent harm, including death. For example, since

2200:

appointed as a medical adviser. Volunteers were subjected to a series of physical tests to establish their

1868: 1758: 1668: 254: 5437:

Kormi SM, Seghatchian J (June 2017). "Taming the immune system through transfusion in oncology patients".

5387:"Does blood transfusion increase the chance of recurrence in patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer?" 4729: 4399:"Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2747:

over 30. However, in many species (especially horses and dogs), cross matching is not required before the

412:(WHO) recommends that all donated blood be tested for transfusion-transmissible infections. These include 8838: 7796:"The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition" 3424: 3131:"Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anemia in inflammatory bowel diseases" 2256: 2128: 1720:

Lower had performed the first blood transfusion between animals. He was then "requested by the Honorable

1603: 1546: 559: 539: 8570: 5297:"Inflammatory response, immunosuppression, and cancer recurrence after perioperative blood transfusions" 2995:

Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, Trivella M, Roubinian N, Fergusson DA, et al. (December 2021).

8312: 7891: 4632:"Decreased erythrocyte deformability after transfusion and the effects of erythrocyte storage duration" 4229: 2193: 1818: 1795: 1730: 5930: 3088:

Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, Concepción M, Hernandez-Gea V, Aracil C, et al. (January 2013).

2324:

at Hammersmith Hospital to establish a system of national blood banks in London. With the outbreak of

392:). Red cells, plasma and platelets can also be donated individually via a more complex process called 9048: 9043: 9008: 8988: 8943: 8885: 8249: 4081:

Bolton-Maggs PH, Poles D, et al. (Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group) (2015).

3184: 2695: 2463: 2279: 2091: 2041:(1914–1918) acted as a catalyst for the rapid development of blood banks and transfusion techniques. 1912: 1776:. Shortly after, Lower moved to London, where his growing practice soon led him to abandon research. 1709: 1693: 1509: 553: 514: 491: 409: 5346:"Perioperative blood transfusion is associated with worse clinical outcomes in resected lung cancer" 4448:"Blood Transfusion Reactions-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature including a Swiss Perspective" 1783:

condemned these experiments in 1670. Blood transfusions fell into obscurity for the next 150 years.

434:) and, where relevant, other infections that pose a risk to the safety of the blood supply, such as 8865: 8855: 8618: 5995:"The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine" 2348:

in Eastern Europe during World War II using captive children as repeated involuntary blood-donors.

2192:, established the world's first blood-donor service in 1921. In that year, Oliver was contacted by 2124: 2087: 2083: 1093: 1067: 1061: 454:). According to the WHO, 10 countries are not able to screen all donated blood for one or more of: 84: 7349: 7326: 6484:

Gordon MB (1940). "Effect of External Temperature on Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Corpuscles".

5718:"Damage Control Resuscitation and Management in Severe Hemorrage/Shock in the Prehospital Setting" 4299:

Kopolovic I, Ostro J, Tsubota H, Lin Y, Cserti-Gazdewich CM, Messner HA, et al. (July 2015).

3584:"Prevention of Transfusion-Transmitted Cytomegalovirus Infections: Which is the Optimal Strategy?" 2600:

O negative is compatible with anyone, it is often overused and in short supply. According to the

9162: 9113: 9093: 8740: 7900: 5796: 3129:

Gasche C, Berstad A, Befrits R, Beglinger C, Dignass A, Erichsen K, et al. (December 2007).

2792: 2401: 2291: 2146: 2119: 1995:

the blood it was possible to store it for some days, thus opening the way for the development of

1942: 1935:

Dr. William Lorenzo Moss's (1876–1957) Moss-blood typing technique of 1910 was widely used until

1918: 1883: 1713:

successful transfusion of blood in front of his distinguished colleagues from the Royal Society.

1564: 175: 2536:"Top-up" transfusions, to replace losses due to investigational losses and correction of anemia. 2239:. Bogdanov died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiments, when the blood of a student with 2180:

established a scientific institute to research the effects of blood transfusion in Moscow, 1925.

324:. In first-world countries, donations are usually anonymous to the recipient, but products in a 9137: 9083: 8978: 8956: 8703: 2914:

Carson JL, Grossman BJ, Kleinman S, Tinmouth AT, Marques MB, Fung MK, et al. (July 2012).

2787: 2715: 2683: 2577: 2548: 2409:

as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes as early as 1918. At the onset of

2338: 2248: 2205: 2096: 2046: 1895: 990: 462: 262: 241: 211: 49: 7932: 7032: 9123: 9078: 8983: 8635: 7620:

Radhakrishnan KM, Chakravarthi S, Pushkala S, Jayaraju J (August 2003). "Component therapy".

6087: 5514: 2134: 2123:

in 1916 and, with the help of a few like-minded individuals (including the eminent physician

1841: 1826: 1728:

with the procedure for the whole experiment", which he did in December 1665 in the Society's

1595: 1513: 466: 6191: 3929: 2932: 2915: 2818: 2425:

plasma package was developed by the Surgeons General of the Army and Navy, working with the

590: 9088: 9003: 8993: 8875: 8817: 8696: 8670: 6574: 6511: 4989:

Hess JR (August 2012). "Scientific problems in the regulation of red blood cell products".

4101: 2508: 2467: 2302: 2287: 1550: 330: 6980: 6418: 1594:

In retrospective studies, blood transfusion has been associated with worse outcomes after

8: 9188: 9073: 9063: 8713: 8439: 6802: 6063: 3327:"Blood donor development: Effects of personality, motivational and situational variables" 2569: 2471: 2377: 2042: 2003:

was the first to experiment with chemical methods to prevent the coagulation of blood at

1857: 1738: 1057: 370: 270: 257:

may need more blood. The advisory caution to use blood transfusion only with more severe

7131:"Refusing blood transfusions from COVID‐19‐vaccinated donors: are we repeating history?" 7130: 7129:

Jacobs, Jeremy W.; Bibb, Lorin A.; Savani, Bipin N.; Booth, Garrett S. (February 2022).

5693: 5660: 4446:

Ackfeld, Theresa; Schmutz, Thomas; Guechi, Youcef; Le Terrier, Christophe (2022-05-19).

4397:

Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, et al. (April 2014).

4203:

Murphy M (2013). "Post-transfusion purpura". In Murphy M, Pamphilon D, Heddle N (eds.).

3276:

Webster J, Bell-Syer SE, Foxlee R, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (February 2015).

552:

Interpretation of antibody panel to detect patient antibodies towards the most relevant

9103: 8414: 8348: 8177: 8142: 7830: 7795: 7645: 7242: 7163: 6927: 6824: 6743: 6695: 6670: 6646: 6621: 6602: 6380: 6368: 6308: 6203: 5890: 5636: 5603: 5541: 5411: 5386: 5321: 5296: 5149: 5106: 5058: 5033: 5014: 4966: 4941: 4917: 4884: 4816: 4789: 4705: 4680: 4656: 4631: 4612: 4600: 4569: 4482: 4447: 4423: 4398: 4374: 4341: 4276: 4251: 3868: 3825: 3746: 3703: 3608: 3583: 3499: 3465: 3401: 3368: 3302: 3277: 3253: 3220: 3219:

Gress, Kyle L.; Charipova, Karina; Urits, Ivan; Viswanath, Omar; Kaye, Alan D. (2021).

3180: 3021: 2996: 2691: 2429:, which reduced breakage and made transportation, packaging, and storage much simpler. 2224: 2177: 2150: 2031: 2000: 1673: 1664: 1029:

are caused by IgE anti-allergen antibodies. When antibodies are bound to its antigens,

426: 144: 7498: 7473: 7449: 7424: 5812: 4940:

Hod EA, Zhang N, Sokol SA, Wojczyk BS, Francis RO, Ansaldi D, et al. (May 2010).

4630:

Frank SM, Abazyan B, Ono M, Hogue CW, Cohen DB, Berkowitz DE, et al. (May 2013).

4001: 3654: 3637: 1886:, M.D. (1852–1922) performed one of the first blood transfusions in the United States. 9157: 9152: 9038: 8735: 8421: 8340: 8332: 8328: 8311:

Smith, Douglas M.; Newhouse, Michael; Naziruddin, Bashoo; Kresie, Lesley (May 2006).

8226: 8218: 8182: 8164: 8123: 8115: 8080: 8044: 8003: 7995: 7938: 7835: 7817: 7723: 7715: 7676: 7637: 7602: 7594: 7530: 7503: 7454: 7403: 7380: 7376: 7363:

Boyan CP, Howland WS (January 1963). "Cardiac arrest and temperature of bank blood".

7234: 7229: 7212: 7191: 7168: 7150: 7085: 7061: 7012: 6962: 6919: 6859: 6828: 6784: 6735: 6731: 6700: 6651: 6594: 6549: 6497: 6464: 6372: 6276: 6242: 6195: 6125: 6009: 5972: 5962: 5852: 5816: 5777: 5769: 5698: 5680: 5641: 5623: 5584: 5576: 5545: 5533: 5497: 5489: 5454: 5416: 5367: 5362: 5345: 5326: 5277: 5184: 5141: 5137: 5110: 5098: 5094: 5063: 5006: 5002: 4971: 4922: 4904: 4865: 4857: 4821: 4710: 4661: 4604: 4573: 4561: 4520: 4510: 4487: 4469: 4428: 4379: 4361: 4322: 4281: 4178: 4091: 4050: 4042: 3976: 3952: 3903: 3860: 3856: 3817: 3813: 3781: 3738: 3734: 3707: 3695: 3659: 3613: 3564: 3433: 3406: 3388: 3346: 3342: 3307: 3258: 3240: 3155: 3111: 3070: 3062: 3026: 2937: 2872: 2864: 2674: 2657: 2644:

guardians making harmful choices about children, however, can be overruled under the

2283: 2189: 2185: 2008: 1984: 1844:, aided by Blundell, performed the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat 1751: 1537:

by blood transfusion has been implicated as playing a role in more than 10 different

1375: 969: 436: 171: 74: 8352: 8071:(3). International Consensus Conference on Transfusion Outcomes Group: 232–246.e53. 7649: 7246: 6931: 6747: 6606: 6207: 5848:

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]

5153: 5018: 4616: 3872: 3829: 3750: 8860: 8807: 8773: 8747: 8324: 8210: 8172: 8154: 8107: 8072: 8034: 7987: 7825: 7807: 7707: 7629: 7586: 7493: 7485: 7444: 7436: 7372: 7224: 7158: 7142: 6954: 6911: 6855: 6816: 6774: 6727: 6690: 6682: 6641: 6633: 6586: 6493: 6384: 6364: 6234: 6187: 6117: 5808: 5795:

Roberts, Nicholas; James, Spencer; Delaney, Meghan; Fitzmaurice, Christina (2019).

5759: 5688: 5672: 5631: 5615: 5568: 5525: 5481: 5446: 5406: 5398: 5357: 5316: 5308: 5269: 5176: 5133: 5090: 5053: 5045: 4998: 4961: 4953: 4912: 4896: 4849: 4811: 4801: 4700: 4692: 4651: 4643: 4596: 4551: 4477: 4459: 4418: 4410: 4369: 4353: 4312: 4271: 4263: 4032: 3895: 3852: 3809: 3773: 3730: 3687: 3649: 3603: 3595: 3556: 3396: 3380: 3338: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3248: 3232: 3145: 3101: 3054: 3016: 3012: 3008: 2927: 2856: 2640: 2628: 2624: 2544: 2459: 2389: 2325: 1983:

While the first transfusions had to be made directly from donor to receiver before

1891: 483: 167: 6238: 6146: 5450: 3777: 3326: 2247:

was given to him in a transfusion. Following Bogdanov's lead, Vladimir Shamov and

1898:(O, A, and B), did blood transfusion achieve a scientific basis and become safer. 1667:

is sometimes said to have been given "the world's first blood transfusion" by his

1121:

Since the advent of HIV testing of donor blood in the mid/later 1980s, ex. 1985's

154:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as 116: 9147: 8961: 8728: 8723: 8623: 8557: 8511: 8435: 7871: 7867: 7290: 7261: 7079: 7006: 6328: 5676: 5203:"Transfusion Overuse: Exposing an International Problem and Patient Safety Issue" 4957: 4647: 4357: 4317: 4300: 3945: 3426:

Screening donated blood for transfusion-transmissible infections: recommendations

2969: 2965: 2756: 2664: 2526: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2197: 2162: 2060:) solution was a perfect preservative; as they reported in February issue of the 2038: 1584: 1576: 1554: 1150: 476: 377: 309: 285: 266: 155: 90: 5846: 3130: 232: 9193: 9033: 8928: 8843: 8803: 8768: 8076: 7812: 7711: 6958: 6779: 6762: 5572: 5529: 5485: 4267: 3899: 3560: 2777: 2727:

require different levels of testing to ensure a compatible match. For example,

2645: 2632: 2497: 2418: 2298: 2271: 2227:

founded an academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion in

2158: 2053: 1807: 1658: 1413: 1146: 575: 441: 385: 358: 303: 190: 5619: 5273: 5180: 4143: 2860: 1170:

Comparison of symptoms of blood transfusion reactions characterized by fever.

9177: 9018: 8811: 8678: 8490: 8452: 8336: 8222: 8168: 8159: 8119: 8111: 7999: 7991: 7821: 7719: 7598: 7154: 6915: 6598: 6553: 5773: 5684: 5627: 5580: 5493: 4908: 4861: 4498: 4473: 4365: 4046: 3392: 3350: 3244: 3066: 2868: 2422: 2414: 2381: 2333: 2317: 2310: 2232: 2019: 1992: 1988: 1791: 1725: 1705: 1697: 1588: 1534: 1432: 1046: 321: 140: 39: 8540:

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adults to refuse blood transfusions even when their objections are based on

2275:

British poster of 1944 encouraging people to donate blood for the war effort

1959: 1928: 959:

Agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells due to an incorrect transfusion.

308:

The source of blood to be transfused can either be the potential recipient (

103: 9067: 8708: 8344: 8230: 8186: 8127: 8084: 8048: 8007: 7975: 7839: 7727: 7680: 7641: 7606: 7507: 7458: 7384: 7238: 7172: 6966: 6923: 6820: 6739: 6704: 6655: 6590: 6376: 6246: 6199: 6013: 5856: 5820: 5781: 5702: 5645: 5588: 5537: 5501: 5458: 5420: 5402: 5371: 5330: 5281: 5188: 5145: 5102: 5067: 5010: 4975: 4926: 4869: 4825: 4714: 4665: 4565: 4491: 4432: 4414: 4383: 4326: 4285: 4054: 3907: 3864: 3821: 3785: 3742: 3699: 3663: 3617: 3568: 3410: 3311: 3262: 3159: 3115: 3074: 3030: 2941: 2876: 2720: 2703: 2565: 2410: 2406: 2393: 2385: 2361: 2244: 2110: 2106: 1971:) overseeing one of the first safe and effective blood transfusions in 1914 1936: 1830: 1814: 1721: 1624: 1542: 362: 159: 8529: 6788: 6121: 5471: 4806: 4608: 4148:. Bethesda, United States: National Center for Biotechnology Information. 3106: 3089: 2916:"Red blood cell transfusion: a clinical practice guideline from the AABB*" 2439:

oversaw the production of blood plasma for shipping to Britain during WW2.

2432: 2030:

used a much less diluted solution in November of the same year. Both used

1879: 1696:

pioneered the first blood transfusion from animal to human in 1665 at the

968:

In the same way that the safety of pharmaceutical products is overseen by

9023: 8850: 8686: 8576: 7619: 6686: 6637: 5312: 5049: 4301:"A systematic review of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease" 2677:, which is the typical objective of a blood (RBC) transfusion. Non-blood 2540: 2482: 2462:(1868–1943), Alex Wiener, Philip Levine, and R.E. Stetson discovered the 2236: 2201: 2052:

However, building on the same experiment, they discovered that a mixture

1845: 1803: 1737:

The first blood transfusion from animal to human was administered by Dr.

1138: 1020: 998: 994: 591:

Compatibility of ABO and Rh system for Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Transfusion

568: 530: 501:

Pathogen Reduction treatment that involves, for example, the addition of

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Barshtein G, Gural A, Manny N, Zelig O, Yedgar S, Arbell D (June 2014).

4464: 2755:

The rare and experimental practice of inter-species blood transfusions (

2686:

and others who have religious objections to receiving transfused blood.

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Australian National Blood Authority Patient Blood Management Guidelines

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Denys's third patient to undergo a blood transfusion was Swedish Baron

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Muthivhi, Tshilidzi; Olmsted, M.; Park, H.; Sha, Mandy (August 2015).

3150: 216: 126: 9028: 8910: 8799: 7743:"Bleeding Out: A new series exploring America's urgent health crisis" 5764: 5747: 4900: 2760: 2636: 2573: 2452: 2210: 2138: 2023: 1903: 1742: 1558: 1042: 1034: 1030: 393: 274: 163: 57: 7934:

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Hess JR (July 2006). "An update on solutions for red cell storage".

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Wang T, Luo L, Huang H, Yu J, Pan C, Cai X, et al. (May 2014).

1579:

in cancer therapeutics was explored historically through the use of

1499:

as to the "best" way to determine transfusion efficacy in a patient

348: 8783: 8691: 7857: 6447:"Angels and Demons: The peculiar and haunted genius of Dr. Halsted" 4790:"Age of red blood cells and transfusion in critically ill patients" 2699: 2451:

was appointed medical supervisor, and he was able to transform the

2341:

established in 1946, the first national service to be implemented.

2231:

in 1925. Bogdanov was motivated, at least in part, by a search for

2057: 1780: 1773: 1580: 1142: 1097:

large volumes are usually required to give any therapeutic benefit.

1038: 1015: 924: 900: 893: 871: 862: 842: 835: 828: 821: 803: 790: 774: 767: 756: 749: 735: 726: 717: 708: 696: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 597: 506: 431: 389: 366: 8143:"New Applications of HBOC-201: A 25-Year Review of the Literature" 5385:

Churchhouse AM, Mathews TJ, McBride OM, Dunning J (January 2012).

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Cata JP, Wang H, Gottumukkala V, Reuben J, Sessler DI (May 2013).

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Devine DV, Serrano K (June 2010). "The platelet storage lesion".

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Neonatal transfusions typically fall into one of two categories:

2455:

methods into the first successful technique for mass production.

2332:

created the Army Blood Supply Depot (ABSD) in Bristol, headed by

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American Association of Blood Banks Clinical Practice Guidelines

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Frederic Durán-Jordà fled to Britain in 1938 and worked with Dr

2153:

as the anticoagulant; blood was extracted from punctures in the

1689: 9053: 5992: 5744: 5166: 3087: 2997:"Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion" 2772: 2732: 2372:

A blood-collection program was initiated in the US in 1940 and

2365: 2345: 2260: 2228: 2173: 1745:

of France, on June 15, 1667. He transfused the blood of a

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Gordon R. Ward, writing in the correspondence columns of the

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transfusions with cadaveric blood at the Fourth Congress of

220:

The patient receives a blood transfusion through the cannula

9127: 8998: 8973: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8061: 7665:"Traumatic hemorrhagic shock: advances in fluid management" 7397: 7342:"Plasma Equipment and Packaging, and Transfusion Equipment" 5601: 5123: 4221: 3763: 3692:

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to treat or prevent bleeding in thrombocytopenic patients.

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is used when significant blood loss is present such as in

513:

can also replace gamma-irradiation as a method to prevent

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to ensure that the patient is receiving compatible blood.

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up to that time. Three years later, the introduction by

2113:

Russian syringe for direct inter-human blood transfusion

405:

Glass used in an antiquated method of blood transfusion.

8455:

searchable source of evidence for transfusion medicine.

7894:"The appropriate use of group O RhD negative red cells" 5879: 5877: 3798: 2723:

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established one of the earliest blood banks during the

6904:

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In some locations, blood has begun to be administered

1557:(DCs). Blood transfusion may modulate the activity of 1175:+ =Occasionally present ++ =Frequently present 174:

are transfused only in very rare circumstances, since

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Illustration depicting intravenous blood transfusion

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November 2010. 3449:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3169:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2328:appearing imminent in 1938, the 2206:London Blood Transfusion Service 2063:Journal of Experimental Medicine 2011:, however, proved unsuccessful. 1890:Only in 1901, when the Austrian 1216:Up to 8 hours after transfusion 923: 899: 892: 870: 861: 841: 834: 827: 820: 802: 789: 773: 766: 755: 748: 734: 725: 716: 707: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 596: 376:, clotting factor concentrates, 8390:from the original on 2023-10-03 8359:from the original on 2024-01-03 8293:from the original on 2023-09-29 8263:from the original on 2024-07-26 7951:from the original on 2024-07-26 7910:from the original on 2022-10-09 7775:from the original on 2023-12-21 7749:from the original on 2023-12-21 7299:from the original on 2024-03-31 7039:from the original on 2015-04-16 6987:from the original on 2015-05-10 6522:from the original on 2022-03-31 6477: 6438: 6432: 6407: 6394: 6348: 6337:from the original on 2023-01-12 6321: 6264: 6253:from the original on 2012-03-31 6171: 6159:from the original on 2015-04-24 6138: 6105: 6094:from the original on 2012-11-10 6041:from the original on 2013-02-16 6027: 5939:from the original on 2024-03-07 5923: 5899:from the original on 2014-08-25 5863:from the original on 2023-02-20 5827:from the original on 2024-06-10 5788: 5709: 5508: 5378: 5337: 5288: 5253: 5231: 5195: 5117: 5074: 5025: 4982: 4933: 4781: 4770:from the original on 2017-07-09 4751: 4740:from the original on 2013-03-17 4730:"The Shelf Life of Donor Blood" 4721: 4623: 4580: 4531: 4390: 4292: 4243: 4232:from the original on 2018-09-21 4196: 4061: 4016: 3990: 3965: 3936: 3922:"Blood Donation and Processing" 3879: 3836: 3792: 3757: 3714: 3680:Photochemistry and Photobiology 3670: 3575: 3539: 3514: 3484: 3417: 3318: 3269: 3203: 3181:"Blood safety and availability" 3173: 2829:from the original on 2019-06-23 2082:Canadian doctor and Lieutenant 1923:Case Western Reserve University 1874: 1684: 1587:and more recently in cellular 312:transfusion), or someone else ( 200: 139:is the process of transferring 8420:. W. W. Norton & Company. 7980:Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics 7217:British Journal of Haematology 7135:British Journal of Haematology 7105:Kilduffe R, DeBakey M (1942). 6035:"The First Blood Transfusion?" 6002:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 5957:Duffin, Jacalyn (1999-01-01). 5350:The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 5301:British Journal of Anaesthesia 5262:Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 4589:British Journal of Haematology 4544:American Journal of Hematology 4205:Practical Transfusion Medicine 3294:10.1002/14651858.CD007948.pub3 3122: 3081: 3013:10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5 2988: 2883: 2811: 2783:Blood transfusion in Sri Lanka 2257:transfusion of cadaveric blood 1904:destruction of red blood cells 1786: 1027:Allergic transfusion reactions 1012:Febrile nonhemolytic reactions 185:Red blood cells (RBC) contain 13: 1: 8595:Blood Transfusion Information 8589:Blood Transfusion Information 8583:Blood Transfusion Information 8518: 7346:Blood program in world war II 7323:Blood program in world war II 6239:10.12968/hmed.2007.68.8.24500 5813:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30200-5 5451:10.1016/j.transci.2017.05.017 4346:Current Opinion in Hematology 3778:10.1016/j.transci.2006.01.007 3655:10.1016/s1658-3876(08)50042-2 3468:. World Health Organization. 2804: 2580:are between 1:1:1 and 1:1:2. 2396:, preventing their collapse. 2141:officer, was attached to the 1858:Professor James Young Simpson 1469: 1016:inflammatory chemical signals 8823:Intraoperative blood salvage 8542:UK Guidance for transfusion. 8453:Transfusion Evidence Library 8065:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 7622:Indian Journal of Pediatrics 7084:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 6947:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 5677:10.1097/CCE.0000000000000925 5561:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 4958:10.1182/blood-2009-10-245001 4648:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828843e6 4452:Journal of Clinical Medicine 4358:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000376 4318:10.1182/blood-2015-01-620872 4000:. Shotuk.org. Archived from 3888:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 3549:Transfusion Medicine Reviews 3343:10.1016/0191-8869(85)90085-6 2562:massive transfusion protocol 2360:Wounded soldier being given 2168: 2045:and Joseph R. Turner at the 1915:have been discovered since. 1708:in the 1660s, the physician 1604:randomized controlled trials 1547:tumor-associated macrophages 1108: 999:rapid drop in blood pressure 505:with subsequent exposure to 280: 7: 8839:Blood compatibility testing 8460:Blood transfusion societies 7669:Emergency Medicine Practice 7663:Cherkas D (November 2011). 7056:Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal. 6180:Annals of Internal Medicine 4538:Zubair AC (February 2010). 3973:"WHO | Haemovigilance" 3138:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 2920:Annals of Internal Medicine 2766: 2474:and Patrick L. Mollison of 2137:, a medical researcher and 1902:the donor blood-cells. The 1005:Delayed hemolytic reactions 997:, shortness of breath, and 560:Blood compatibility testing 540:Blood compatibility testing 248:level fell below 100g/L or 178:has limited applications. 10: 9210: 8577:Blood Transfusion Leaflets 8573:(NHS Blood and Transplant) 8571:Blood Transfusion Leaflets 8442:, 13 July 1878, p. 19 8077:10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.02.001 7813:10.1186/s13054-023-04327-7 7712:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.041 6959:10.1016/j.tmrv.2009.03.007 6842:Rous P, Turner JR (1915). 6415:"Dr. William Lorenzo Moss" 5859:. Statistical Brief #165. 5665:Critical Care Explorations 5573:10.1016/j.tmrv.2015.03.002 5530:10.1007/s12094-020-02346-2 5486:10.1007/s11912-024-01552-3 4268:10.4097/kjae.2015.68.2.101 4250:Kim J, Na S (April 2015). 3900:10.1016/j.tmrv.2007.12.003 3561:10.1016/j.tmrv.2014.01.001 3492:"Testing of donated blood" 2731:have 3 known blood types, 2713: 2655: 2652:Research into alternatives 2520: 2101:Medical Research Committee 2092:Casualty Clearing Stations 2005:St Mary's Hospital, London 1952: 1731:Philosophical Transactions 1652: 557: 537: 301: 242:red blood cell transfusion 209: 8942: 8886:Transfusion hemosiderosis 8874: 8831: 8792: 8756: 8677: 8604: 8597:(American Cancer Society) 7937:. Elsevier. p. 279. 5752:Drug Testing and Analysis 5620:10.3171/2015.11.JNS151515 5274:10.1016/j.cll.2010.02.002 5181:10.1016/j.bpa.2007.01.002 3998:"SHOT Terms of Reference" 3496:World Health Organization 3185:World Health Organization 2861:10.1016/j.suc.2023.09.005 2464:Rhesus blood group system 2427:National Research Council 2376:pioneered the process of 1869:Edinburgh Royal Infirmary 1583:to enhance the antitumor 1510:erythrocyte deformability 1174: 986:Acute hemolytic reactions 639: 608: 601:indicates compatibility. 554:human blood group systems 515:graft-versus-host disease 492:cytomegalovirus infection 475:Donors may be tested for 410:World Health Organization 123: 109: 97: 83: 73: 37: 32: 8866:Monocyte monolayer assay 8484: 8160:10.3389/fmed.2021.794561 8112:10.1517/14712598.1.5.831 7992:10.1353/nib.2023.a924193 7675:(11): 1–19, quiz 19–20. 6780:10.1093/milmed/161.7.392 5474:Current Oncology Reports 4794:Annals of Intensive Care 4728:Bakalar N (2013-03-11). 4636:Anesthesia and Analgesia 2125:Edward William Archibald 2088:Royal Army Medical Corps 2084:Lawrence Bruce Robertson 1864:in Edinburgh was named. 1526: 1197:Bacterial contamination 1094:congestive heart failure 1068:Post-transfusion purpura 1060:. Urgent treatment with 244:was considered when the 8741:Granulocyte transfusion 8438:", historical account, 8040:10.1136/gut.2010.228874 7901:National Health Service 7870:: an initiative of the 7521:Landro L (2007-01-10). 6540:Brody JE (1970-02-17). 6221:Ellis H (August 2005). 5883: 5608:Journal of Neurosurgery 4854:10.1001/2012.jama.11953 4764:The Wall Street Journal 4509:. Basel: Karger. 1996. 4069:The Wall Street Journal 3237:10.17294/2330-0698.1799 3059:10.1001/jama.2023.12914 2968:: an initiative of the 2793:Young blood transfusion 2402:British Medical Journal 2292:Spanish Republican Army 2194:King's College Hospital 2120:British Medical Journal 1943:William Stewart Halsted 1919:George Washington Crile 1913:many other blood groups 1894:discovered three human 1884:William Stewart Halsted 1741:, eminent physician to 1674:anti-Jewish blood libel 1565:cytotoxic T lymphocytes 1323:Nausea and/or vomiting 1213:Early (after 50–100 ml) 176:granulocyte transfusion 6916:10.1093/jhmas/56.3.238 6821:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002 6591:10.3181/00379727-12-74 6516:centennial.rucares.org 6401: 5884:Wald ML (2014-08-24). 5801:The Lancet Haematology 5212:. 2013. Archived from 4758:Wang SS (2009-12-01). 4415:10.1001/jama.2014.2726 2788:Blood type (non-human) 2716:Blood type (non-human) 2578:packed red blood cells 2556:Significant blood loss 2549:fetal erythroblastosis 2440: 2405:, proposed the use of 2369: 2276: 2181: 2114: 2097:Walter Morley Fletcher 2047:Rockefeller University 1980: 1972: 1887: 1821:made efforts to treat 1799: 1701: 1210:Early (after 10–15 ml) 960: 563: 535: 463:ABO blood group system 406: 353: 344:Processing and testing 290: 263:cardiovascular disease 237: 229: 221: 212:Packed red blood cells 50:packed red blood cells 8876:Transfusion reactions 8579:(Welsh Blood Service) 8499:Bookshelf ID: NBK2261 8287:MSD Veterinary Manual 8147:Frontiers in Medicine 7767:Villalpando, Nicole. 6888:on February 28, 2017. 6145:Yale E (2015-04-22). 6122:10.1002/9780470986868 4807:10.1186/2110-5820-3-2 3107:10.1056/NEJMoa1211801 2690:readily available in 2476:acid–citrate–dextrose 2468:transfusion reactions 2435: 2359: 2274: 2184:The secretary of the 2176: 2147:Third Battle of Ypres 2135:Oswald Hope Robertson 2109: 2034:as an anticoagulant. 1978: 1962: 1882: 1842:Samuel Armstrong Lane 1827:postpartum hemorrhage 1794: 1692: 1596:cytoreductive surgery 1514:erythrocyte fragility 958: 583:test easier to read. 558:Further information: 551: 533: 526:Compatibility testing 467:Rh blood group system 404: 351: 288: 235: 227: 219: 9184:Transfusion medicine 8856:Kleihauer–Betke test 8818:Exchange transfusion 8697:Platelet transfusion 8671:transfusion medicine 8495:Free online book at 8378:"Crossmatch Testing" 7879:on 24 September 2014 7340:Kendrick DB (1964). 7317:Kendrick DB (1964). 6687:10.1084/jem.23.2.239 6638:10.1084/jem.23.2.219 5758:(11–12): 1417–1429. 5716:Sklar R (May 2019). 5403:10.1093/icvts/ivr025 5050:10.2450/2008.0072-08 4004:on 30 September 2020 3943:Harmening D (1999). 3926:webpath.med.utah.edu 3373:Transfusion Medicine 2694:and in pre-hospital 2608:Religious objections 2509:laparoscopic surgery 2303:Cook County Hospital 2280:Frederic Durán-Jordà 1724:... to acquaint the 1551:natural killer cells 1183:Febrile nonhemolytic 995:increased heart rate 980:Immunologic reaction 331:transfusion reaction 206:Red cell transfusion 8944:Blood group systems 8879:and adverse effects 8714:Fresh frozen plasma 8565:Patient information 8440:Scientific American 8317:Xenotransplantation 7527:Wall Street Journal 7352:on 8 February 2006. 7329:on 11 January 2006. 7078:Hillyer CD (2007). 5959:History of Medicine 5932:Scientific American 4465:10.3390/jcm11102859 2892:Surg Gynecol Obstet 2684:Jehovah's Witnesses 2619:Personal objections 2570:fresh frozen plasma 2516:Special populations 2378:blood fractionation 2043:Francis Peyton Rous 1743:King Louis XIV 1739:Jean-Baptiste Denys 1205:Usually toward end. 1171: 294:blood transfusion. 271:fresh frozen plasma 8556:2022-04-01 at the 8510:2023-03-14 at the 7634:10.1007/BF02724257 6546:The New York Times 5891:The New York Times 5313:10.1093/bja/aet068 4734:The New York Times 2739:have at least 13, 2692:emergency medicine 2592:Unknown blood type 2545:hemoglobinopathies 2441: 2370: 2288:Barcelona Hospital 2277: 2225:Alexander Bogdanov 2182: 2178:Alexander Bogdanov 2115: 2099:, director of the 2001:John Braxton Hicks 1981: 1973: 1949:Blood banks in WWI 1888: 1800: 1702: 1665:Pope Innocent VIII 1169: 961: 564: 536: 427:Treponema pallidum 407: 354: 291: 238: 230: 222: 18:Blood transfusions 9171: 9170: 8748:Blood substitutes 8736:White blood cells 8667:Blood transfusion 8633: 8632: 8560:, published 2014. 8412:Tucker H (2012). 8215:10.1111/trf.15778 8033:(10): 1309–1316. 7861:(24 April 2014), 7706:(12): 2661–2666. 7591:10.1111/trf.16520 7490:10.1172/JCI104489 7441:10.1172/JCI105176 7409:978-3-540-13255-4 7147:10.1111/bjh.17842 7091:978-0-443-06981-9 7018:978-1-118-27422-4 6854:(24): 1980–1982. 6767:Military Medicine 6299:Masson A (1993). 6282:978-1-58112-987-8 6271:Madbak F (2008). 6131:978-0-470-98686-8 5807:(12): e606–e615. 5524:(11): 2032–2039. 4952:(21): 4284–4292. 4848:(14): 1443–1451. 4697:10.1159/000357986 4557:10.1002/ajh.21599 4516:978-3-8055-6509-7 4409:(13): 1317–1326. 4097:978-0-9558648-7-2 4038:10.1111/vox.13694 3979:on March 18, 2011 3958:978-0-8036-0419-3 3932:on March 3, 2009. 3600:10.1159/000357102 3502:on March 18, 2011 3439:978-92-4-154788-8 3385:10.1111/tme.12218 3151:10.1002/ibd.20285 3144:(12): 1545–1553. 3053:(19): 1892–1902. 2823:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 2675:blood substitutes 2658:Blood substitutes 2641:COVID-19 vaccines 2284:Spanish Civil War 2190:Percy Lane Oliver 2186:British Red Cross 2161:in iced bottles. 2009:phosphate of soda 1860:, after whom the 1752:allergic reaction 1645:According to the 1467: 1466: 1376:circulatory shock 1058:circulatory shock 1033:is released from 970:pharmacovigilance 956: 945: 944: 437:Trypanosoma cruzi 384:concentrate, and 255:oxygen saturation 193:of the body with 172:White blood cells 137:Blood transfusion 134: 133: 99:OPS-301 code 44:Plastic bag with 33:Blood transfusion 16:(Redirected from 9201: 8861:Antibody elution 8808:plateletpheresis 8774:Blood management 8757:General concepts 8660: 8653: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8602: 8601: 8431: 8419: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8246: 8235: 8234: 8197: 8191: 8190: 8180: 8162: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8042: 8018: 8012: 8011: 7971: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7928: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7909: 7898: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7855: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7815: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7741:Caruba, Lauren. 7738: 7732: 7731: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7683:. Archived from 7660: 7654: 7653: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7585:(8): 2265–2276. 7573: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7538: 7529:. Archived from 7518: 7512: 7511: 7501: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7395: 7389: 7388: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7257: 7251: 7250: 7232: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7186:Starr D (1998). 7183: 7177: 7176: 7166: 7126: 7111: 7110: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7075: 7069: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6899: 6890: 6889: 6884:. Archived from 6873: 6864: 6863: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6649: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6426: 6417:. 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Archived from 5999: 5990: 5981: 5980: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5881: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5792: 5786: 5785: 5767: 5765:10.1002/dta.3448 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5696: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5614:(5): 1229–1234. 5599: 5593: 5592: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5434: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5365: 5356:(5): 1827–1837. 5341: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5218: 5207: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5089:(5): 1010–1023. 5078: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5029: 5023: 5022: 4997:(8): 1827–1835. 4986: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4920: 4901:10.3310/hta21620 4880: 4874: 4873: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4819: 4809: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4708: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4559: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4485: 4467: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4377: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4320: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4279: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4237: 4218: 4209: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4184:on 19 March 2016 4183: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4142:Laura D (2005). 4139: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4100:. Archived from 4089: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3950: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3928:. Archived from 3918: 3912: 3911: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3851:(7): 1397–1404. 3840: 3834: 3833: 3808:(9): 1553–1560. 3796: 3790: 3789: 3761: 3755: 3754: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3657: 3633: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3498:. Archived from 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3431: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3364: 3355: 3354: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3305: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3256: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3153: 3135: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3024: 3007:(12): CD002042. 2992: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2911: 2900: 2899: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2815: 2679:volume expanders 2667:is recommended. 2625:informed consent 2496:In the field of 2460:Karl Landsteiner 2390:osmotic pressure 2352:Medical advances 2344:Stories tell of 1892:Karl Landsteiner 1633:Frequency of use 1172: 1168: 1165:Comparison table 991:ABO blood typing 957: 927: 903: 896: 874: 865: 845: 838: 831: 824: 806: 793: 777: 770: 759: 752: 738: 729: 720: 711: 699: 692: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 604: 603: 600: 484:alloimmunization 168:clotting factors 143:into a person's 127:edit on Wikidata 119: 93: 47: 42: 30: 29: 21: 9209: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9167: 8962:Secretor status 8938: 8878: 8870: 8827: 8788: 8752: 8729:Cryosupernatant 8724:Cryoprecipitate 8704:Red blood cells 8673: 8664: 8634: 8629: 8628: 8613: 8567: 8558:Wayback Machine 8521: 8512:Wayback Machine 8487: 8462: 8449: 8428: 8408: 8406:Further reading 8403: 8402: 8393: 8391: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8362: 8360: 8309: 8305: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8275: 8266: 8264: 8248: 8247: 8238: 8198: 8194: 8139: 8135: 8096: 8092: 8060: 8056: 8019: 8015: 7972: 7963: 7954: 7952: 7945: 7929: 7925: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7896: 7882: 7880: 7872:ABIM Foundation 7868:Choosing Wisely 7856: 7847: 7791: 7787: 7778: 7776: 7765: 7761: 7752: 7750: 7739: 7735: 7696: 7692: 7661: 7657: 7618: 7614: 7574: 7570: 7561: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7536: 7534: 7519: 7515: 7470: 7466: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7396: 7392: 7361: 7357: 7338: 7334: 7315: 7311: 7302: 7300: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7184: 7180: 7127: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7055: 7051: 7042: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7019: 7003: 6999: 6990: 6988: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6943: 6939: 6900: 6893: 6874: 6867: 6840: 6836: 6815:(15): 294–324. 6800: 6796: 6759: 6755: 6716: 6712: 6667: 6663: 6618: 6614: 6571: 6567: 6558: 6556: 6538: 6534: 6525: 6523: 6510: 6509: 6505: 6482: 6478: 6462: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6424: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6399: 6395: 6353: 6349: 6340: 6338: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6269: 6265: 6256: 6254: 6219: 6215: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6110: 6106: 6097: 6095: 6086: 6085: 6078: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6044: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6020: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5969: 5955: 5951: 5942: 5940: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5911: 5902: 5900: 5882: 5875: 5866: 5864: 5843: 5839: 5830: 5828: 5793: 5789: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5657: 5653: 5600: 5596: 5557: 5553: 5513: 5509: 5470: 5466: 5435: 5428: 5383: 5379: 5342: 5338: 5293: 5289: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5219:on 1 April 2022 5216: 5205: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5165: 5161: 5122: 5118: 5079: 5075: 5030: 5026: 4987: 4983: 4938: 4934: 4881: 4877: 4837: 4833: 4786: 4782: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4752: 4743: 4741: 4726: 4722: 4677: 4673: 4628: 4624: 4585: 4581: 4536: 4532: 4517: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4444: 4440: 4395: 4391: 4338: 4334: 4297: 4293: 4248: 4244: 4235: 4233: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4140: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3941: 3937: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3884: 3880: 3841: 3837: 3797: 3793: 3762: 3758: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3675: 3671: 3634: 3625: 3580: 3576: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3446: 3440: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3365: 3358: 3323: 3319: 3288:(2): CD007948. 3274: 3270: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3086: 3082: 3042: 3038: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2970:ABIM Foundation 2966:Choosing Wisely 2959: 2958: 2949: 2912: 2903: 2888: 2884: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2769: 2759:) is a form of 2757:xenotransfusion 2718: 2712: 2672:oxygen-carrying 2665:parenteral iron 2660: 2654: 2627:allow mentally 2621: 2610: 2594: 2558: 2527:Cytomegalovirus 2523: 2518: 2449:Charles R. Drew 2445:distilled water 2437:Charles R. Drew 2354: 2198:Geoffrey Keynes 2171: 2163:Geoffrey Keynes 2159:red blood cells 2039:First World War 1957: 1951: 1877: 1789: 1704:Working at the 1687: 1682: 1657:Beginning with 1655: 1635: 1585:immune response 1577:immune response 1555:dendritic cells 1529: 1472: 1206: 1193:Acute hemolytic 1167: 1151:cytomegalovirus 1111: 982: 966: 964:Adverse effects 947: 593: 562: 542: 528: 477:cytomegalovirus 386:immunoglobulins 378:cryoprecipitate 359:red blood cells 346: 306: 300: 283: 267:parenteral iron 214: 208: 203: 189:and supply the 156:red blood cells 130: 115: 89: 69: 68:(CPDA) solution 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9207: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8954: 8948: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8936: 8931: 8929:Serum sickness 8926: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8844:Cross-matching 8835: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8804:plasmapheresis 8796: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8769:Blood donation 8766: 8760: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8750: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8733: 8732: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8706: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8679:Blood products 8675: 8674: 8663: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8631: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8605:Classification 8599: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8566: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8500: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8448: 8447:External links 8445: 8444: 8443: 8432: 8427:978-0393342239 8426: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8386:. 2019-02-26. 8369: 8323:(3): 186–194. 8303: 8273: 8236: 8209:(5): 932–939. 8192: 8133: 8106:(5): 831–843. 8090: 8054: 8013: 7986:(3): 215–226. 7961: 7943: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7888:, which cites 7845: 7785: 7759: 7733: 7690: 7687:on 2012-01-18. 7655: 7628:(8): 661–666. 7612: 7568: 7543: 7513: 7484:(2): 351–359. 7464: 7435:(4): 629–642. 7415: 7408: 7390: 7355: 7332: 7309: 7282: 7252: 7223:(4): 758–767. 7203: 7196: 7178: 7141:(3): 585–588. 7112: 7097: 7090: 7070: 7068:, pp. 161–162. 7049: 7033:"Percy Oliver" 7024: 7017: 6997: 6972: 6953:(3): 232–236. 6937: 6910:(3): 238–277. 6891: 6865: 6834: 6794: 6773:(7): 392–400. 6753: 6710: 6681:(2): 239–248. 6661: 6632:(2): 219–237. 6612: 6585:(6): 122–124. 6565: 6548:. p. 43. 6532: 6503: 6476: 6437: 6431: 6406: 6393: 6347: 6320: 6288: 6281: 6263: 6213: 6186:(5): 420–423. 6170: 6137: 6130: 6104: 6076: 6051: 6026: 6023:on 2014-07-15. 6008:(3): 271–282. 5982: 5967: 5949: 5922: 5909: 5873: 5837: 5787: 5737: 5708: 5651: 5594: 5567:(3): 172–180. 5551: 5507: 5480:(8): 880–889. 5464: 5445:(3): 310–316. 5426: 5377: 5336: 5307:(5): 690–701. 5287: 5268:(2): 475–487. 5252: 5230: 5194: 5175:(2): 271–289. 5159: 5132:(4): 325–331. 5116: 5073: 5044:(4): 250–258. 5024: 4981: 4932: 4875: 4831: 4780: 4750: 4720: 4691:(3): 197–204. 4671: 4642:(5): 975–981. 4622: 4595:(1): 131–136. 4579: 4550:(2): 117–122. 4530: 4515: 4497: 4438: 4389: 4352:(6): 551–557. 4332: 4311:(3): 406–414. 4291: 4262:(2): 101–105. 4242: 4228:. 2017-12-29. 4210: 4195: 4163: 4117: 4096: 4073: 4071:. 2009 Dec. 1. 4060: 4015: 3989: 3964: 3957: 3935: 3913: 3894:(2): 133–153. 3878: 3835: 3791: 3756: 3713: 3686:(3): 609–615. 3669: 3648:(2): 106–123. 3623: 3574: 3538: 3513: 3483: 3452: 3438: 3416: 3379:(4): 249–258. 3356: 3337:(6): 743–751. 3317: 3268: 3231:(2): 121–126. 3211: 3202: 3172: 3121: 3080: 3036: 2987: 2947: 2901: 2882: 2855:(2): 279–292. 2839: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2778:Arnault Tzanck 2775: 2768: 2765: 2714:Main article: 2711: 2710:Veterinary use 2708: 2653: 2650: 2646:harm principle 2633:misinformation 2620: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2593: 2590: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2537: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2498:cancer surgery 2353: 2350: 2299:Bernard Fantus 2255:pioneered the 2170: 2167: 2151:sodium citrate 2139:U.S. Army 2054:sodium citrate 2032:sodium citrate 1969:2nd from right 1953:Main article: 1950: 1947: 1906:releases free 1876: 1873: 1819:James Blundell 1808:cross-matching 1796:James Blundell 1788: 1785: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680:Early attempts 1678: 1669:Italian-Jewish 1659:William Harvey 1654: 1651: 1647:New York Times 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1592: 1528: 1525: 1516:(mechanical). 1471: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1414:Hemoglobinuria 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374:Hypotension / 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1166: 1163: 1147:Chagas disease 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1086: 1076: 1065: 1050: 1047:antihistamines 1024: 1009: 1002: 981: 978: 965: 962: 943: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 932: 930: 928: 921: 917: 916: 914: 912: 910: 908: 906: 904: 897: 890: 886: 885: 883: 881: 879: 877: 875: 868: 866: 859: 855: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 814: 813: 811: 809: 807: 800: 798: 796: 794: 787: 783: 782: 780: 778: 771: 764: 762: 760: 753: 746: 742: 741: 739: 732: 730: 723: 721: 714: 712: 705: 701: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 641: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 611: 610: 607: 592: 589: 538:Main article: 527: 524: 523: 522: 499: 480: 473: 470: 459: 442:Chagas disease 345: 342: 304:Blood donation 302:Main article: 299: 298:Blood donation 296: 282: 279: 240:Historically, 210:Main article: 207: 204: 202: 199: 141:blood products 132: 131: 124: 121: 120: 113: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 87: 81: 80: 77: 71: 70: 46:0.5–0.7 liters 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9206: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8979:Chido-Rodgers 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8960: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8812:leukapheresis 8809: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8656: 8654: 8649: 8647: 8642: 8641: 8638: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8423: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8409: 8389: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8373: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8262: 8258: 8256: 8251: 8250:"Blood types" 8245: 8243: 8241: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7950: 7946: 7944:9780080922300 7940: 7936: 7935: 7927: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7890: 7889: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7800:Critical Care 7797: 7789: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7748: 7744: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7558:on 2007-02-03 7557: 7553: 7547: 7533:on 2009-08-04 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7468: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7267: 7263: 7259:For example: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7207: 7199: 7197:0-316-91146-1 7193: 7189: 7182: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7074: 7067: 7066:0-271-02533-6 7063: 7059: 7053: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7020: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7001: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6838: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6720:Vox Sanguinis 6714: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6421:on 2014-02-28 6420: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6324: 6316: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6293: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6141: 6133: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5996: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5968:0-8020-7912-1 5964: 5960: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5878: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5256: 5240: 5234: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5126:Vox Sanguinis 5120: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4895:(62): 1–118. 4894: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4199: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4107:on 2016-01-27 4103: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4029:Vox Sanguinis 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3673: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3445: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3206: 3190: 3187:. June 2014. 3186: 3182: 3176: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2743:have 16, and 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:Veterinarians 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2614: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2415:New York City 2412: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2394:blood vessels 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:serum albumin 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2334:Lionel Whitby 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318:Janet Vaughan 2314: 2312: 2311:United States 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:eternal youth 2230: 2226: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2129:Western Front 2126: 2122: 2121: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2059: 2056:and glucose ( 2055: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:Albert Hustin 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993:refrigerating 1990: 1989:anticoagulant 1986: 1977: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1732: 1727: 1726:Royal Society 1723: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1710:Richard Lower 1707: 1706:Royal Society 1699: 1698:Royal Society 1695: 1694:Richard Lower 1691: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1590: 1589:Immunotherapy 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1535:immune system 1531: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1485: 1484:blood bankers 1479: 1477: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1433:Renal failure 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1379: 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8491: 8415: 8392:. Retrieved 8381: 8372: 8361:. Retrieved 8320: 8316: 8306: 8295:. Retrieved 8286: 8276: 8265:. Retrieved 8253: 8206: 8202: 8195: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8103: 8099: 8093: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8030: 8026: 8016: 7983: 7979: 7953:. Retrieved 7933: 7926: 7912:. Retrieved 7881:, retrieved 7877:the original 7866: 7803: 7799: 7788: 7777:. Retrieved 7762: 7751:. Retrieved 7736: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7685:the original 7672: 7668: 7658: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7560:. Retrieved 7556:the original 7546: 7535:. Retrieved 7531:the original 7526: 7516: 7481: 7477: 7467: 7432: 7428: 7418: 7399: 7393: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7350:the original 7345: 7335: 7327:the original 7322: 7312: 7301:. Retrieved 7291: 7285: 7277: 7270:. Retrieved 7262:"Free World" 7255: 7220: 7216: 7206: 7187: 7181: 7138: 7134: 7106: 7100: 7080: 7073: 7057: 7052: 7041:. Retrieved 7027: 7007: 7000: 6989:. Retrieved 6975: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6907: 6903: 6886:the original 6882:Toronto Star 6881: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6812: 6806: 6797: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6726:(1): 13–19. 6723: 6719: 6713: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6582: 6578: 6568: 6557:. Retrieved 6545: 6535: 6524:. Retrieved 6515: 6506: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6454:. Retrieved 6450: 6440: 6434: 6423:. Retrieved 6419:the original 6409: 6396: 6388: 6360: 6357:Neurosurgery 6356: 6350: 6339:. Retrieved 6329: 6323: 6303:. Edinburgh. 6300: 6272: 6266: 6255:. Retrieved 6230: 6226: 6216: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6161:. Retrieved 6150: 6140: 6113: 6107: 6096:. Retrieved 6068:. Retrieved 6064:the original 6054: 6043:. Retrieved 6029: 6018:the original 6005: 6001: 5958: 5952: 5941:. Retrieved 5931: 5925: 5901:. Retrieved 5889: 5865:. Retrieved 5847: 5840: 5829:. Retrieved 5804: 5800: 5790: 5755: 5751: 5740: 5724: 5711: 5671:(6): e0925. 5668: 5664: 5654: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5442: 5438: 5397:(1): 85–90. 5394: 5390: 5380: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5304: 5300: 5290: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5233: 5221:. Retrieved 5214:the original 5209: 5197: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5041: 5037: 5027: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4772:. Retrieved 4763: 4753: 4742:. Retrieved 4733: 4723: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4506: 4500: 4458:(10): 2859. 4455: 4451: 4441: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4349: 4345: 4335: 4308: 4304: 4294: 4259: 4255: 4245: 4234:. Retrieved 4225: 4222:"NHSN | CDC" 4204: 4198: 4186:. Retrieved 4179:the original 4166: 4154:. Retrieved 4144: 4109:. Retrieved 4102:the original 4083: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4028: 4018: 4006:. Retrieved 4002:the original 3992: 3981:. Retrieved 3977:the original 3967: 3946: 3938: 3930:the original 3925: 3916: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3645: 3641: 3594:(1): 40–44. 3591: 3587: 3577: 3555:(2): 61–71. 3552: 3548: 3541: 3529:. Retrieved 3525: 3516: 3504:. Retrieved 3500:the original 3495: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3425: 3419: 3376: 3372: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3205: 3193:. Retrieved 3175: 3141: 3137: 3124: 3100:(1): 11–21. 3097: 3093: 3083: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2979:, retrieved 2964: 2923: 2919: 2898:: 1011–1019. 2895: 2891: 2885: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2831:. 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