Blood diamond - Knowledge

412:. It also shows that Sierra Leone still makes slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as, for example, education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into Sierra Leone. Even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$ 140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything – the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono district in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but they still have no basic facilities, like electricity and repairing of roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars. It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation. 405:, serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remains a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts. As they need a huge number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools. 169:

Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.

398:, all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians. Another latest conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain, revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone. 701:

passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.

471: 42: 665:. The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution. 743: 541:(1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year. 148:

resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how 'lootable' they are.

573:. The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices. This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the 386:(RUF). The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone. 581:. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non members. Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance. 54: 230:. Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate. 274:) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s, but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds. As of 2021, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of 168:

Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures', citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo

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are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict,

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with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was

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by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance

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The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for

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The Kimberley Process attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the Kimberley Process has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it

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Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions. For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $ 125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion

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describes the 'conflict resources' argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can 'motivate' and serve to sustain it. Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural

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The Kimberley Process has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme. In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a Kimberley Process Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the

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banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing

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The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a Government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories of Canada. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining

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adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds. The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for

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These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War,

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there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries’ development challenges. For instance, around $ 125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.

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overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone. Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the

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reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.

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In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.

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corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $ 50 to $ 100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are Kimberley Process Certified.

104:'s activity. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in 58: 649:

issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.

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started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing at least 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the

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was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.

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to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence. In this resolution the Security Council wrote:

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or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured.

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looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.

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Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern

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was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador

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process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.

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Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.

820:. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict. 3138: 713:

Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a

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issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions. On May 22, 2001, President

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The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002, and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and Non-Government organizations, the

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large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.

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countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond

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Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in

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Based on the report, The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development from Global Witness, it mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the

876:, first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery. 2385: 858:. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade. 508:

was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade". With the passing of

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Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the

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Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically

365: 1480:"Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness" 1321: 2987: 3153: 2239: 1483: 1371: 1601: 538: 521: 509: 424:(Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004 because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was 223: 2435:"FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone" 454:

could be sold on the international market, after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as

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also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.

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The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal

974: 588:. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source. 1403: 3143: 255: 3133: 2416:"FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone" 1060: 837: 693: 592: 551: 447: 440: 409: 227: 1688: 3068: 2845: 2714: 1296: 1238: 968: 330:, of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the 314:

applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to

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was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.

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Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66

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refers to analogous situations involving other natural resources. Blood diamonds can also be smuggled by

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Le Billon, Philippe (2006). "Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer".

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resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the

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United Nations Department of Public Information, March 21, 2001, archived online 23 October 2013.

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On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the

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controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.

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The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using

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in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The

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The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire

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108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006

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allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.

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Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30.

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to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.

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uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.

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since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.

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was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of

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imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to

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episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.

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Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways

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Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones

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began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A

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This article is about diamonds mined in war zones. For the 2006 film, see

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Lujala, Päivi; Gleditsch, Nils Petter; Gilmore, Elisabeth (August 2005).

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During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada.

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by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.

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Country Reports on Human Right Practices of Africa from the United States

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In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa

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UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006

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In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly

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The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion

2168:"Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars" 953: 717:

database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a

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The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006

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Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection

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in nature. By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the

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and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in

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to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production. The

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The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006

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with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds. In 2001, the

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most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour 777 carats (155.4 g)

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Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos

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The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006

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MacAskill, Ewen; McGreal, Chris; Vidal, John (9 November 2000).

1933: 809: 681: 425: 121: 105: 2969: 2557:"Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World" 2001:

Farai Mutsaka; Peter Wonacott; Sarah Childress (28 May 2010).

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Smillie, I (2013). "Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law".

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Stability: International Journal of Security and Development

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Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire

2003:"Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports" 944:

selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase

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syndicates so that they could be sold on the black market.

1959:"Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend" 1742:"The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development" 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 823:

Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the

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Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel

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features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.

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Diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance conflict

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The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments'

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Diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the

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List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

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Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts

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revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.

684:is one of the key players in the diamond industry. 2314:"NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme" 1404:"Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org" 2047: 1929:"Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis" 1628:"Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes" 1291: 1289: 1088:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 450:agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed 3050: 2608:"Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing?" 1836:"Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis" 1780: 2340: 1984:"Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again" 1689:"Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs" 1460:. The Israeli Diamond Industry. 10 October 2016 1042:by Ernest Harsch. Africa Renewal: January 2007. 522:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 510:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173 261: 224:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 3104:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3014:– Documentation about financial flows between 2605: 2162: 2160: 2128: 1976: 1739: 1342: 1286: 1040:"Conflict resources: from 'curse' to blessing" 2821:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2819:Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone 2779:Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions 2703:Cilliers, Jakkie; Christian Dietrich (2000). 2580:"IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain" 2074: 1346:Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions 1045: 602: 322:. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to 298:. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president 2709:. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. 2637:"Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace" 1454:"The Land of Conflict: Ivory Coast Diamonds" 500: 2859:. Cambridge, Mass: World peace foundation. 2571: 2157: 2054:. The Disinformation Company. p. 233. 1421: 896:in order to make money with blood diamonds. 771:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 461: 390:and financial support of crime. Therefore, 2960:Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum 2890: 2965:PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds 2908: 2634: 2308: 2306: 2019: 1850:"Human Development Report - Sierra Leone" 1599: 1099: 1081: 791:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:to investigate. In 2000, he produced the 3154:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War 2925: 2679: 2279: 1239:"The Kimberley Controls: How Effective?" 1233: 1231: 975:Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony 52: 40: 2835: 2734: 2654: 2450: 2448: 2213: 1723:Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 1720: 14: 3051: 2990:– The success of the Kimberley Process 2757: 2303: 2216:"Diamonds, Development, and Democracy" 1953: 1951: 1817:"How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts" 1686: 1625: 1593: 1369: 1297:"Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org" 1061:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 708: 593:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 552:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 546:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 448:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 441:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 228:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme 2984:– Blood diamonds awareness initiative 1926: 1833: 1764:"How the African Diamond Trade Works" 1640: 1228: 969:Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned 732: 410:United Nation Human Development Index 139: 92:in a war zone and sold to finance an 3018:and blood diamond dealers (see also 2854: 2816: 2776: 2606:McCreddie-Doak, Laura (2020-09-28). 2577: 2549: 2445: 2334: 1855:United Nations Development Programme 1814: 1761: 1687:Onishi, Norimitsu (22 August 1999). 1503: 1122: 769:adding citations to reliable sources 736: 626:laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy 465: 415: 128:have been given the label. The term 3149:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone 2522:. 27 September 2006. Archived from 1994: 1948: 1619: 631: 571:World Federation of Diamond Bourses 339:1998 United States embassy bombings 24: 3164:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast 2341:Ryan, E. Kieron (11 August 2010). 2221:. debeersgroup.com. Archived from 1961:. IPS. 30 Nov 2007. Archived from 1648:"Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'" 1600:Bornstein, Maya (September 2012). 1349:. N ova Publishers. pp. 5–6. 1082:Le Billon, Philippe (2008-04-14). 675: 636: 96:, an invading army's war efforts, 25: 3175: 2948: 2545:United States Department of State 1800:U.S. Department of State (2006). 1326:Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery 812:-winning song by American rapper 670:United States Department of State 2994:Africa's War with Blood Diamonds 2932:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2810:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x 1626:Simons, Marlise (May 30, 2012). 942:Democratic Republic of the Congo 741: 469: 306:(RUF) insurgency in neighboring 268:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2978:– Blood diamond trade awareness 2599: 2538: 2508: 2474: 2426: 2407: 2378: 2356: 2261: 2232: 2207: 2182: 2110: 2093: 2068: 2041: 2013: 1920: 1870: 1842: 1827: 1808: 1793: 1774: 1755: 1733: 1714: 1680: 1658: 1574: 1549: 1519: 1497: 1472: 1446: 1370:Chutel, Lynsey (26 June 2017). 1363: 1336: 1314: 1261: 940:portrays an insurgent group in 641:On January 18, 2001, President 611: 392:United Nations Security Council 372: 179:United Nations Security Council 3144:Human rights abuses in Liberia 1527:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 1219: 1210: 1176:Journal of Conflict Resolution 1163: 1116: 1075: 1033: 1018: 516:in 2000 detailed in depth how 233: 62:Diamond mining in Sierra Leone 33:Blood diamond (disambiguation) 13: 1: 3134:Human rights abuses in Angola 2627: 2578:Nash, Kim S. (14 July 2016). 1783:"Conflict Diamond statistics" 1007: 696:was initiated in May 2000 by 3069:Politics of mining in Africa 2840:. New York: Disinformation. 2758:Billon, Philippe Le (2005). 2735:Epstein, Edward Jay (1982). 2390:www.thediamondringreview.com 1927:Tammy, Hanna (Spring 2012). 1141:10.1080/14650040412331307822 1123:Auty, Richard (March 2004). 262:Democratic Republic of Congo 7: 3099:Natural resources in Africa 2641:UN Chronicle Online Edition 2244:www.worlddiamondcouncil.com 995: 431: 210:Despite the UN Resolution, 10: 3180: 2287:"Kimberley Process basics" 2048:Janine P. Roberts (2003). 806:Diamonds from Sierra Leone 603:Shortcomings and criticism 549: 384:Revolutionary United Front 357:produced using child labor 304:Revolutionary United Front 285: 184: 26: 3041:Editora da Tinta da China 2836:Roberts, Janine (2007) . 2663:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1781:Statistics Brain (2016). 1762:Hoyt, A (21 April 2008). 1602:"Pressure Makes Diamonds" 1269:"WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM" 1243:Partnership Africa Canada 1101:10.1080/00045600801922422 686:Partnership Africa Canada 501:Conflict diamond campaign 189: 3129:Organized crime activity 2855:Tamm, Ingrid J. (2002). 2777:Levy, Arthur V. (2003). 2655:Bergner, Daniel (2003). 2101:"Resolution 1295 (2000)" 2020:Dan Brown (1998-12-01). 1815:Paul, Armstrong (2012). 1458:Israeli Diamond Industry 1188:10.1177/0022002705277548 1012: 816:about blood diamonds in 462:Central African Republic 396:National Geographic News 361:U.S. Department of Labor 45:Panning for diamonds in 3006:Canadian Mined Diamonds 2988:Stopping Blood Diamonds 2972:– World Diamond Council 2781:. New York: Hauppauge. 2680:Campbell, Greg (2002). 2585:The Wall Street Journal 2240:"World Diamond Council" 1740:Global Witness (2006). 1343:Arthur V. Levy (2003). 902:Diamond Trust of London 870:Season 3, episode 2 of 659:Clean Diamond Trade Act 337:Around the time of the 324:crimes against humanity 3094:Mining in Sierra Leone 2926:Zoellner, Tom (2006). 2817:Reno, William (1995). 2495:on September 29, 2007. 1908:Cite journal requires 1583:"Blood, sweat and ice" 558:World Diamond Congress 556:On July 19, 2000, the 543: 478:This section is empty. 452:Marange Diamond Fields 401:According to the 2005 379:Sierra Leone Civil War 63: 50: 31:. For other uses, see 3159:Mining in Ivory Coast 2762:. London: Routledge. 2561:stopblooddiamonds.org 2343:"Blood Diamond Farce" 2136:"Fact #6 – The Facts" 2082:. Global Policy Forum 1834:Tammy, Hanna (2012). 1053:"Global Summary 2008" 934:The 2009 Tamil movie 663:Executive Order 13312 586:World Diamond Council 535: 422:Republic of the Congo 204:World Diamond Council 200:World Diamond Council 61: 44: 3124:Funding of terrorism 2878:. 11 September 2023. 2741:Simon & Schuster 2706:Angola's War Economy 2214:Oppenheimer, Nicky. 925:Hawaii Five-0 (2010) 894:diplomatic passports 765:improve this section 575:United Arab Emirates 251:artisanal diamonds. 3109:Resource extraction 2982:Stop Blood Diamonds 2891:Unruh, Jon (2022). 2526:on 14 December 2010 1654:. 20 February 2003. 1322:"Conflict Diamonds" 963:Grand Theft Auto IV 960:In the video games 899:Players compete in 840:were dramatized in 836:The origins of the 709:Technology response 290:From 1989 to 2003, 248:UN Security Council 157:kimberlite diamonds 2999:2019-04-04 at the 2635:Bell, Udy (2000). 1990:. 23 October 2011. 1693:The New York Times 1668:. Associated Press 1633:The New York Times 1537:on 31 January 2017 1249:on 16 January 2007 1172:"A Diamond Curse?" 844:'s motion picture 733:In popular culture 446:In July 2010, the 302:of supporting the 145:Philippe Le Billon 140:Financing conflict 64: 51: 3089:Mining in Liberia 3016:HSBC Private Bank 2847:978-1-932857-60-3 2716:978-0-620-26645-1 2684:. Boulder, Colo: 2413:Clinton, William 2368:materialytics.com 2322:. 5 December 2011 2292:Kimberley Process 2194:Kimberley Process 1768:Howstuffworks.com 1561:Kimberley Process 1026:Conflict Diamonds 882:Danish filmmaker 852:Leonardo DiCaprio 850:(2006), starring 838:Kimberley Process 801: 800: 793: 694:Kimberley Process 498: 497: 416:Republic of Congo 359:according to the 350:Kimberley Process 318:, faced trial in 300:Charles G. Taylor 226:, as well as the 162:Alluvial diamonds 130:conflict resource 71:conflict diamonds 59: 16:(Redirected from 3171: 3084:Mining in Angola 3074:Aftermath of war 3045: 2970:DiamondFacts.org 2943: 2922: 2912: 2887: 2879: 2877: 2870: 2851: 2832: 2813: 2792: 2773: 2754: 2731: 2729: 2728: 2719:. Archived from 2699: 2676: 2651: 2649: 2648: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2563:. Archived from 2553: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2488:. Archived from 2487: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2432:Bush, George W. 2430: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2392:. Archived from 2382: 2376: 2375: 2370:. Archived from 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2295:. Archived from 2283: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2246:. Archived from 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2178:on 3 April 2012. 2174:. Archived from 2164: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2151: 2142:. Archived from 2140:DiamondFacts.org 2132: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2045: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2011: 2010: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1785:. Archived from 1778: 1772: 1771: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1613: 1604:. Archived from 1597: 1591: 1590: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1533:. Archived from 1523: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1482:. Archived from 1476: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1431:. Archived from 1425: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1406:. Archived from 1400: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1367: 1361: 1360: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1328:. Archived from 1318: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1299:. Archived from 1293: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1271:. Archived from 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1245:. Archived from 1235: 1226: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1064:. Archived from 1057: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1002:List of diamonds 796: 789: 785: 782: 776: 745: 737: 632:Policy responses 493: 490: 480:You can help by 473: 466: 256:Forces Nouvelles 151:Deep mining for 60: 21: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3049: 3048: 3044:(in Portuguese) 3043: 3029:– Time magazine 3001:Wayback Machine 2951: 2946: 2940: 2910:10.5334/sta.811 2881: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2848: 2829: 2789: 2770: 2751: 2726: 2724: 2717: 2696: 2673: 2646: 2644: 2630: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2576: 2572: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2480:Bush, George W 2479: 2475: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2399: 2397: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2271: 2267: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2014: 1999: 1995: 1988:The Independent 1982: 1981: 1977: 1968: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1925: 1921: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1887:. November 2006 1880: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1832: 1828: 1813: 1809: 1798: 1794: 1779: 1775: 1760: 1756: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1719: 1715: 1705: 1703: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1624: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1598: 1594: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1540: 1538: 1525: 1524: 1520: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1402: 1401: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1341: 1337: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1294: 1287: 1278: 1276: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1168: 1164: 1121: 1117: 1080: 1076: 1068: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 998: 951:The video game 886:'s documentary 830:Die Another Day 797: 786: 780: 777: 762: 746: 735: 711: 678: 676:Canadian policy 639: 637:American policy 634: 614: 605: 554: 548: 539:Resolution 1173 503: 494: 488: 485: 464: 434: 418: 375: 294:was engaged in 288: 280:Millennium Star 264: 236: 192: 187: 142: 134:organized crime 53: 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3177: 3167: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3119:Illegal mining 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059:Blood diamonds 3047: 3046: 3030: 3027:Blood Diamonds 3024: 3008: 3003: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2949:External links 2947: 2945: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2888: 2865: 2852: 2846: 2833: 2827: 2814: 2804:(4): 778–801. 2793: 2787: 2774: 2768: 2755: 2749: 2732: 2715: 2700: 2694: 2686:Westview Press 2677: 2671: 2652: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2623: 2598: 2570: 2567:on 2007-05-10. 2548: 2537: 2507: 2473: 2444: 2425: 2406: 2377: 2374:on 2018-04-04. 2355: 2333: 2302: 2299:on 2012-09-05. 2278: 2260: 2231: 2228:on 2012-10-05. 2206: 2181: 2156: 2127: 2109: 2092: 2078:(2000-03-10). 2067: 2060: 2040: 2029:Global Witness 2012: 1993: 1975: 1947: 1919: 1910:|journal= 1885:Global Witness 1869: 1841: 1826: 1807: 1792: 1789:on 2012-03-14. 1773: 1754: 1749:Global Witness 1732: 1713: 1679: 1657: 1639: 1618: 1592: 1573: 1548: 1518: 1496: 1471: 1445: 1420: 1388: 1362: 1355: 1335: 1332:on 2013-04-10. 1313: 1285: 1260: 1227: 1218: 1209: 1182:(4): 538–562. 1162: 1115: 1094:(2): 345–372. 1074: 1071:on 2011-07-26. 1044: 1032: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1004: 997: 994: 993: 992: 985:The 2018 film 983: 958: 949: 932: 921: 911:Blood Diamonds 908: 906: 897: 880: 877: 868: 859: 856:Djimon Hounsou 834: 821: 799: 798: 749: 747: 740: 734: 731: 710: 707: 677: 674: 647:George W. Bush 638: 635: 633: 630: 613: 610: 604: 601: 579:United Kingdom 550:Main article: 547: 544: 506:Global Witness 502: 499: 496: 495: 476: 474: 463: 460: 433: 430: 417: 414: 374: 371: 332:United Kingdom 312:United Nations 287: 284: 263: 260: 235: 232: 191: 188: 186: 183: 141: 138: 75:brown diamonds 67:Blood diamonds 37: 18:Blood diamonds 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3176: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3079:Luxury brands 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3064:Diamond mines 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2952: 2941: 2939:0-312-33969-0 2935: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2874: 2868: 2866:0-9721033-5-X 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2828:0-521-47179-6 2824: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2788:1-59033-715-8 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2769:0-415-37970-9 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2750:0-671-41289-2 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2723:on 2006-09-23 2722: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2695:0-8133-3939-1 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2672:0-374-26653-0 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2653: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2541: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2468: 2457: 2451: 2449: 2436: 2429: 2417: 2410: 2396:on 2017-10-20 2395: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2344: 2337: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2270: 2264: 2250:on 2018-05-15 2249: 2245: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2217: 2210: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2146:on 2007-10-12 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2102: 2096: 2081: 2077: 2076:Robert Fowler 2071: 2063: 2061:0-9713942-9-6 2057: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2030: 2023: 2016: 2008: 2004: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1965:on 2009-01-17 1964: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1902: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1857: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1649: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1622: 1608:on 2012-11-09 1607: 1603: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1562: 1558: 1557:"Enforcement" 1552: 1536: 1532: 1531:Mining Africa 1528: 1522: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1486:on 2010-09-02 1485: 1481: 1475: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1435:on 2007-01-20 1434: 1430: 1424: 1410:on 2006-12-13 1409: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1377: 1376:Quartz Africa 1373: 1366: 1358: 1356:1-59033-715-8 1352: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1303:on 2006-12-11 1302: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1275:on 2016-12-19 1274: 1270: 1264: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1222: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1078: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1054: 1048: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1021: 1017: 1003: 1000: 999: 990: 989: 984: 981: 977: 976: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 956: 955: 950: 947: 943: 939: 938: 933: 930: 926: 922: 920: 919:0-765-30226-8 916: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 898: 895: 891: 890: 885: 881: 878: 875: 874: 869: 866: 865: 860: 857: 853: 849: 848: 847:Blood Diamond 843: 839: 835: 832: 831: 826: 822: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802: 795: 792: 784: 781:February 2021 774: 770: 766: 760: 759: 755: 750:This section 748: 744: 739: 738: 730: 726: 724: 720: 716: 706: 702: 699: 695: 690: 687: 683: 673: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 655:United States 651: 648: 644: 629: 627: 622: 619: 609: 600: 596: 595:was created. 594: 589: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 559: 553: 542: 540: 534: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:Fowler Report 511: 507: 492: 489:November 2023 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 467: 459: 457: 456:conflict-free 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 429: 427: 423: 413: 411: 406: 404: 399: 397: 393: 387: 385: 380: 370: 368: 367: 362: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 259: 257: 252: 249: 244: 240: 231: 229: 225: 221: 220:Fowler Report 217: 216:Robert Fowler 213: 208: 205: 201: 197: 182: 180: 174: 170: 166: 163: 158: 154: 149: 146: 137: 135: 131: 127: 126:Guinea-Bissau 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69:(also called 68: 48: 43: 34: 30: 29:Blood Diamond 19: 3040: 3036: 3013: 2976:AllAsOne.org 2928: 2900: 2896: 2856: 2837: 2818: 2801: 2797: 2778: 2759: 2739:. 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