426:
276:(DOS) carried out by third parties, in the context of the political and communicational destabilization operations underway in Venezuela that aim, among other things, to damage the country's image." Castillo also assured that the two possibilities of legally blocking a website in Venezuela are through an administrative process that must be notified to all involved parties "and which obliges listening to the corresponding versions" or through a judicial blockade, affirming that "neither of these conditions has occurred in the case of Knowledge."
29:
440:
201:, the largest telecommunications provider in the country. NetBlocks identified a major disruption to the network affecting the telecommunications infrastructure, which coincided with other restrictions affecting the ability of Venezuelans to access information in the previous 24 hours. It was believed that the reason was an attempt to hide or suppress the Knowledge article of the newly appointed
363:Óscar Costero's defense has repeatedly demanded full access to the case file, emphasizing that his rights have already been severely violated. Freedom of association and expression are essential for a democratic society and its progress. The Venezuelan state is urged to respect and guarantee these fundamental rights in line with its international commitments.
337:". A staff member, who did not want to be identified, kept him waiting for hours and finally forced him to sign a statement indicating that he was being investigated and had not been mistreated during his stay at Saime. This situation escalated quickly when, without prior notice, he was detained by the
388:
In
October 2022, Oscar Costero was arbitrarily detained while trying to renew his passport. During his detention, he was questioned about his personal life, finances, and his relationship with Wikimedia and Santiago De Viana. This act was denounced by the NGO Espacio Público, which considered the
355:
On
November 11, 2022, lawyers from Espacio Público tried to access the case file but faced obstacles from the judicial authorities. The irregularities in the case accumulated, including the lack of information about specific charges and the rejection of a protection request filed in January 2023.
359:
Despite the judicial decision alleging that no harmful act had been committed against
Costero, it is evident that his rights to due process, freedom of association, free expression, and free movement were violated. These events clearly demonstrate the judicial persecution against Costero and De
351:
This series of events is related to a persecution that began after the blackout of 2019, intensifying towards the end of that year against
Costero, De Viana, and Wikimedia Venezuela. Despite being released, Costero faced restrictions on his free movement and continuous denial of his fundamental
397:
De Viana was particularly susceptible to defamation due to a pseudonym he used on
Knowledge, which was closely linked to his real name. As a result, an anonymous blog campaign was launched, labeling him as a "Knowledge extortionist". These unverified reports also linked the editors to drug
205:, Juan Guaidó, who included him as "51st President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela." The information collected also shows several websites that had recently been restricted, meaning that political instability in the country may be the main motive for the control of the Internet.
220:), preventing a connection to the server from being established with high frequency. The group reported that they thought that the block had ended on 13 January at 4:50pm, but the blocking methods showed up later, and they deleted the tweet with the incorrect information.
348:, as well as his relationship with Santiago De Viana, an editor of political topics on Knowledge. It was revealed that De Viana had been the target of defamation, accused of corruption, and links to drug trafficking. In this defamation, Costero was also mentioned.
323:
1068:
738:"#23Ene Reportamos, nuevamente, un bloqueo parcial para acceder a #Knowledge en #Venezuela desde @ContactoCantv y @SomosMovilnet_. Ayúdanos a reportar: ¿puedes acceder sin problemas? ¡Los leemos! @Wikimediapic.twitter.com/XeVOh8zWMM"
413:
The case of
Costero and De Viana illustrates the precarious situation of freedom of expression in certain regions and highlights the challenges faced by those who contribute to the dissemination of free and objective information.
338:
134:'s claims to become acting president during the beginning of the Venezuelan presidential crisis. During the crisis, several Internet outages were reported as well as the blocking of multiple websites, including Knowledge.
375:
on
Knowledge. The editors failed to reach a consensus on whether Guaidó should be recognized as president of Venezuela. This "edit war" led the government to temporarily block access to Knowledge in the country. Although
292:
During the last 72 hours, volunteers from the non-profit civil association of
Knowledge have reported their inability to access the 💕 through the most important Internet service provider in Venezuela, the state company
978:
260:"intends to seize political power and become the president of the republic of Knowledge, of the Twitter republic," referring to the edit war that occurred due to the appointment of Juan Guaidó as president during the
267:
So far, the only response the
Venezuelan government has given about the Knowledge blockade was offered on January 18 by William Castillo, Vice Minister of International Communication, to the digital media outlet
182:
from 2019, the assumption of the presidency by Guaidó, as well as about the chronology of the presidency. Initial edits claimed that Guaidó was declared president, with following wars removing this information.
123:. All of CANTV's 1.5 million users were affected by the decision. The block was lifted on 18 January 2019, following widespread criticism against the state-owned company, claiming it was in response to the
1000:
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declared that it would start an investigation to understand what really happened, as until the day of their statement, it continued to receive traffic from visits and edits coming from
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The NGO Espacio Público has actively defended Óscar
Costero's rights, demanding transparency and access to the case file. The organization emphasizes the importance of
1038:
653:
1098:
272:. Castillo stated that "there is no blockade of Knowledge in Venezuela," attributing the access difficulties reported by users of the public operator to a possible "
1008:
559:
1239:
910:
1764:
683:
826:"Sobre @Knowledge bloqueada en #CANTV en #Venezuela: Bloqueo irregularmente efectivo, similar a otros bloqueos recientes en #CANTVbloquea #internetVE"
1511:
326:(Saime) in Caracas after facing online difficulties renewing his passport. What seemed like a mere administrative procedure turned into a series of
615:
197:
Internet observatory collected technical evidence of the blocking of all versions of Knowledge in Venezuela. The restrictions were implemented by
202:
216:) also collected information about the block, showing that it was an irregularly effective block, an HTTP filtering block according to the SNI (
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detention a violation of due process. It is also alleged that Costero was baselessly accused of money laundering and incitement to hatred.
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Some users informed Wikimedia Venezuela that the blockade ended on January 18, 2019, Wikimedia is trying to confirm this fact.
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178:. The edit wars were in conflict over edits by both registered users and anonymous IP users, with different opinions on the
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883:[CANTV reportedly blocked access to Knowledge where it was claimed that Juan Guaidó was "Venezuelan president".].
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453:
261:
1786:
1759:
1752:
1263:"From various platforms we are reported about the possible lifting of the blockade to #Knowledge from #cantv/#movilnet"
380:
requested clarity on the reasons for the blockade, access was restored a week later without an official explanation.
223:
Similarly, several media outlets suggested that Knowledge directly or indirectly was taking sides with either group.
175:
1873:
1868:
1805:
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1497:
1187:"Venezuela and Knowledge contradict each other: Did Maduro block access to the encyclopedia after an "edit war"?"
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973:[Knowledge updates its page and positions Juan Guaidó as the 51st President of Venezuela #11Ene].
971:"Knowledge actualiza su página y posiciona a Juan Guaidó como el Presidente número 51 de Venezuela #11Ene"
1725:
1707:
1143:"Maduro talks about the opposition with 'a president of the Knowledge republic' and ignites the internet"
1186:
1838:
1833:
1120:
881:"Cantv habría bloqueado acceso a Knowledge donde se señaló que Juan Guaidó era "presidente venezolano""
171:
1702:
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1534:
1003:[Note of Juan Guaidó in Knowledge changes 37 times in two hours and nine minutes this #11E].
327:
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and association, highlighting how they are essential for the existence of a democratic society.
322:
On October 17, 2022, Óscar Costero, a well-known Wikipedian, appeared at the main office of the
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On January 16, 2019, Wikimedia Venezuela asked the Venezuelan government to unblock access to
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36:
report of the progress of Knowledge being blocked in Venezuela by CANTV for 12 January 2019
853:[Profile of Guaidó in Knowledge designates him as acting president of Venezuela].
163:
8:
1673:
1648:
1001:"Nota de Juan Guaidó en Knowledge cambia 37 veces en dos horas y nueve minutos este #11E"
116:
560:"Venezuela Blocks Knowledge After Maduro 'Ousted' From Article, Internet Watchdog Says"
526:
28:
1121:"A virtual war unleashed on Knowledge ended with the page being blocked in Venezuela"
495:
159:
100:
1063:[In Knowledge Maduro's opponent is designed acting president of Venezuela].
425:
344:
The questions revolved around his personal life, finances, and his affiliation with
253:
167:
913:[Knowledge assumed that Juan Guaidó is the acting president of Venezuela].
445:
112:
1061:"En Knowledge designan como presidente interino de Venezuela a opositor de Maduro"
1653:
431:
851:"Perfil de Guaidó en Knowledge lo señala como presidente interino de Venezuela"
765:"Knowledge ha sido bloqueada por el gobierno de Venezuela –y esta es la razón"
616:"From the blocking of Knowledge to Social Media: Venezuela's Political Crisis"
372:
131:
1827:
515:
371:
Tension arose due to an editorial conflict over the biographical profile of
1091:""Guerra de ediciones" en Knowledge por los dos "presidentes" de Venezuela"
1489:
1093:["Edit wars" on Knowledge for the two "presidents" of Venezuela].
590:"Knowledge ya está disponible para Venezuela tras ser bloqueado por Cantv"
911:"Knowledge asumió que Juan Guaidó es el presidente interino de Venezuela"
500:
269:
943:[Juan Guaidó acting president of Venezuela, even in Knowledge].
1033:[Controversy! Learn why Knowledge declared Guaidó president].
150:
Censorship and media control during the Venezuelan presidential crisis
488:
324:
Administrative Service for Identification, Migration, and Immigration
308:
264:. Maduro added, "Let them keep their Knowledge, with their Twitter."
241:
193:
120:
104:
72:
33:
1240:"Wikimedia requests the Venezuelan government to unblock Knowledge"
155:
941:"Juan Guaidó presidente interino de Venezuela, hasta en Knowledge"
1468:"Oscar Costero: Wikipedista bajo investigación - Espacio Público"
1298:"Oscar Costero: Wikipedista bajo investigación - Espacio Público"
1439:"Censorship: Venezuelan Knowledge editors face criminal threats"
1031:"¡Polémica! Sepa por qué Knowledge declaró presidente a Guaidó"
795:"Knowledge blocked in Venezuela as internet controls tighten"
198:
108:
676:"Evidence of regional internet blackouts across Venezuela"
140:
reported another block of Knowledge on 23 January 2019.
1339:
1165:"Maduro says the opposition has a Knowledge president"
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The Knowledge block occurred in the midst of several
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707:"Venezuelan opposition targeted by internet censors"
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339:
Scientific, Penal, and Criminal Investigations Corps
1237:
1345:"Venezuelan Knowledge editors under investigation"
1316:
317:
1273:
1825:
180:re-election of Maduro as president of Venezuela
1505:
1260:
1007:(in Spanish). 11 January 2019. Archived from
887:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019. Archived from
857:(in Spanish). 11 January 2019. Archived from
735:
333:Upon arrival, he was informed of a supposed "
256:spoke about Knowledge and expressed that the
1390:"Investigating Venezuelan Knowledge editors"
823:
401:
1519:
366:
1512:
1498:
1145:(in Spanish). El Comercio. 16 January 2019
252:On January 15, 2019, Venezuelan President
247:
27:
191:On the afternoon of 12 January 2019, the
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1238:Wikimedia Venezuela (16 January 2019).
302:, official statement, January 16, 2019.
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704:
646:"¿Asustados? Cantv bloqueó Knowledge"
341:(CICPC) and taken for interrogation.
1101:from the original on 13 January 2019
1071:from the original on 12 January 2019
1041:from the original on 14 January 2019
981:from the original on 12 January 2019
951:from the original on 12 January 2019
921:from the original on 12 January 2019
805:from the original on 13 January 2019
775:from the original on 14 January 2019
656:from the original on 14 January 2019
626:from the original on 30 January 2019
570:from the original on 14 January 2019
16:2019 block of Knowledge in Venezuela
763:Pulgarín, Jovan (16 January 2019).
454:2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
384:Detention and Due Process Violation
13:
1854:Information operations and warfare
1457:
1408:
1358:
558:Benjakob, Omar (13 January 2019).
298:Wikimedia Venezuela. Excerpt from
203:president of the National Assembly
14:
1885:
1261:@wikimedia_ve (20 January 2019).
1213:"About the blockade on Knowledge"
736:@wikimedia_ve (23 January 2019).
717:from the original on 5 March 2019
705:Rueda, Manuel (3 February 2019).
686:from the original on 16 July 2019
824:@vesinfiltro (13 January 2019).
438:
424:
335:prohibition to leave the country
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1205:
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1097:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019.
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1067:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019.
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1037:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019.
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977:(in Spanish). 11 January 2019.
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947:(in Spanish). 13 January 2019.
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917:(in Spanish). 11 January 2019.
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652:(in Spanish). 12 January 2019.
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318:Human Rights Violations in 2022
300:About the blockade of Venezuela
176:List of presidents of Venezuela
22:Block of Knowledge in Venezuela
1123:. Fayer Wayer. 15 January 2019
787:
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698:
668:
638:
608:
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125:Venezuelan presidential crisis
84:Venezuelan presidential crisis
1:
1864:Political and cultural purges
596:(in Spanish). 19 January 2019
544:
99:On 12 January 2019, the main
459:Block of Knowledge in Turkey
226:
45:12–18 January 2019
7:
1445:(in Spanish). 22 March 2023
417:
93:Affected websites unblocked
10:
1890:
147:
143:
1718:
1636:
1535:Chinese censorship abroad
1527:
1193:. Madrid. 18 January 2019
402:Repercussion and Response
236:On January 13, 2019, the
130:The block coincided with
89:
78:
68:
60:
41:
26:
1167:. La FM. 15 January 2019
474:
398:trafficking activities.
367:Controversy on Knowledge
274:denial-of-service attack
186:
1874:Censorship of Knowledge
1869:Censorship in Venezuela
1521:Censorship and websites
487:Some media that accuse
469:Censorship of Knowledge
464:Censorship in Venezuela
328:human rights violations
248:Government of Venezuela
305:
218:Server Name Indication
172:President of Venezuela
1765:North Korean websites
491:of taking sides are:
408:freedom of expression
290:
258:Venezuelan opposition
1849:History of Knowledge
1570:in the United States
238:Wikimedia Foundation
232:Wikimedia Foundation
1859:Internet censorship
1844:Crisis in Venezuela
1719:Websites blocked in
801:. 12 January 2019.
682:. 27 January 2019.
622:. 29 January 2019.
393:Defamation Campaign
378:Wikimedia Venezuela
286:Wikimedia Venezuela
280:Wikimedia Venezuela
262:presidential crisis
138:Wikimedia Venezuela
117:online encyclopedia
23:
1691:Microsoft in China
1545:File sharing sites
1472:espaciopublico.ong
1302:espaciopublico.ong
1011:on 13 January 2019
891:on 5 February 2019
885:caraotadigital.net
861:on 12 January 2019
494:Venezuelan media:
210:VE without filters
101:telecommunications
21:
1839:2019 in Venezuela
1834:2019 in computing
1821:
1820:
1219:. 16 January 2019
855:Noticiero Digital
496:Noticiero Digital
160:Spanish Knowledge
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1474:. 21 March 2023
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1304:. 21 March 2023
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1787:Web blocking
1614:in Venezuela
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1555:iTunes Store
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82:Response to
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1760:South Korea
1669:Twitter (X)
1577:Twitter (X)
1388:Notitarde.
1191:eldiario.es
915:Diario 2001
501:Diario 2001
373:Juan Guaidó
288:indicated:
270:eldiario.es
168:Juan Guaidó
132:Juan Guaidó
111:, issued a
1828:Categories
1626:in Germany
1587:in Nigeria
1246:18 January
1223:16 January
1197:21 January
1171:16 January
1149:16 January
1127:16 January
1105:13 January
1075:13 January
1045:13 January
1015:13 January
985:13 January
975:El Impulso
955:13 January
925:13 January
895:13 January
865:13 January
835:15 January
809:13 January
779:13 January
660:13 January
574:13 January
545:References
511:El Impulso
212:(Spanish:
148:See also:
53:2019-01-18
49:2019-01-12
1806:Singapore
1609:in Turkey
1604:in Russia
1594:Knowledge
1582:in Brazil
1449:11 August
1443:El Pitazo
1400:11 August
1394:Notitarde
1095:La Nación
799:NetBlocks
680:NetBlocks
594:El Pitazo
532:La Nación
489:Knowledge
346:Wikimedia
309:Knowledge
242:Venezuela
227:Reactions
194:NetBlocks
156:edit wars
121:Knowledge
105:Venezuela
73:Venezuela
34:NetBlocks
1708:in China
1659:Facebook
1599:in China
1540:Facebook
1478:9 August
1350:9 August
1308:9 August
1099:Archived
1069:Archived
1039:Archived
1035:EP Mundo
979:Archived
949:Archived
919:Archived
803:Archived
773:Archived
715:Archived
711:ABC News
684:Archived
654:Archived
650:EP Mundo
624:Archived
568:Archived
520:EP MUNDO
418:See also
352:rights.
296:—
69:Location
61:Duration
51: –
1726:Belgium
1703:Myspace
1684:YouTube
1621:YouTube
1267:Twitter
1217:Twitter
830:Twitter
748:6 March
742:Twitter
721:6 March
690:6 March
630:6 March
600:6 March
564:Haaretz
360:Viana.
158:on the
144:Context
90:Outcome
47: (
1777:Turkey
1748:Russia
1679:Google
1664:TikTok
1565:TikTok
1550:GitHub
1242:. CNET
518:, and
293:CANTV.
64:6 days
1772:Syria
1743:India
1674:Yahoo
1649:Apple
475:Notes
199:CANTV
187:Block
113:block
109:CANTV
79:Cause
1811:List
1792:list
1753:list
1736:list
1480:2023
1451:2023
1402:2023
1352:2023
1310:2023
1248:2019
1225:2019
1199:2019
1173:2019
1151:2019
1129:2019
1107:2019
1077:2019
1047:2019
1017:2019
987:2019
957:2019
927:2019
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837:2019
811:2019
781:2019
769:CNET
750:2019
723:2019
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529:and
174:and
42:Date
1644:AOL
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