2174:, known in the MĂĄrez household as "La Grande" is the embodiment of the wisdom of her ancestors and carries within her the powers to heal, to confront evil, to use the power of nature and to understand the relationship between the seen and unseen. Her role in the community is as mediator. "She preserves the indispensable contact with the world of nature and the supernatural forces inhabiting this universe (255)." She is the spiritual guide for Antonio as he journeys through childhood. Ultima knows the ways of the Catholic Church and also the ways of the indigenous spiritual practices over which she is master. Ultima understands the philosophy and the morality of the ancient peoples of New Mexico and teaches Tony through example, experience and critical reflection, the universal principles that explain and sustain life. Although she is generally respected in the community, people sometimes misunderstand her power. At times she is referred to as a
2468:
receives an explicit scientific or grounded explanation for how she foretells future occurrences, heals the infirm, combats witches through casting spells, or when and why she decides not to intervene. Ultima's indigenous and experiential pedagogy allows
Antonio to intuit that her approach to healing includes a sense of who the afflicted person is, what s/he believes, knowledge of the healing powers of her herbs, and the limits of her power. He learns through assisting Ultima in the cure of his uncle that healing requires making himself vulnerable to sickness and to the spiritual as well as physical needs of the sick. With Antonio, Ultima's relationship as healer is also one of teacher. Cynthia Park considers the relationship between those two roles, and abstracts a set of life-giving principles that form the basis for Ultima's way of knowing.
2205:â Embodies Ultima's soul, the power of her mysticism, and her life force. The song the owl sings softly outside Antonio's window at night indicates Ultima's presence and magical protection in Antonio's life. Ultima's owl scratches Tenorio's eye out as he stands in Gabriel's doorway and demands the right to take Ultima away from Gabriel's house. By the end of the novel Tenorio has figured out the connection between Ultima and her owl. By killing Ultima's owl, Tenorio destroys Ultima's soul and life force, which leads quickly to her death. Antonio takes on the responsibility of burying the owl and realizes that he is really burying Ultima.
2066:. Ultima, known as âLa Grandeâ in the MĂĄrez household, embodies the wisdom of her ancestors and carries the powers to heal, to confront evil, knowledge of how to use the power of nature and the ability to understand the relationship between the living and the spirits. Tony's parents both hold conflicting views about Tony's destiny and battle over his future path. In the first chapter Anaya establishes the roots of this struggle through Tony's dreamâa flashback to the day of his birth. In his dream, Tony views the differences between his parents' familial backgrounds. His father's side, the MĂĄrez (descendants of the sea), are the restless
2705:
decision to keep the book banned, he acknowledged and respected the decision of the students to make a vocal protest. He told the students his choice was made in order to protect them while a student, Serena
Campbell, responded by stating âIf weâre sheltered all our lives, what are we going to do when we get to college? If Iâm not exposed now, how am I going to get by in life?â. Conder ended the protest at midday by telling the students that he plans to stand with the decision of what a new a curriculum review committee, that will have two representatives from each grade alongside parents. Moreover, he planned to apologize to Doyle.
2673:. She addressed officials within the school and district and also spoke at a school board meeting in November of that year. Her reasoning was that the book âis full of sex and cursingâ; she later expanded on her claims by saying âI asked the board members to please review all the books for any sexual content, violence, or foul language prior to any book becoming required reading.â Superintendent Wayne Gersen followed the standard protocol for addressing challenged materials. In November 1999, after a review by an
2493:
3059:
2110:. Through his discovery that "All is One" he is able to resolve the major existential conflict in his life. One day, while socializing with his friends they tell him the story of the Golden Carp. Antonio also continues to be an example for the children, who praise his religious savant as they dress him as a priest while preparing for first communion. Antonio's admiration for Ultima strengthens as he continues to question his faith, hoping to understand once he takes communion for the first time.
2247:â An exuberant group of boys who frequently curse and fight. Horse loves to wrestle, but everyone fears Bones more because he is reckless and perhaps even crazy. Ernie is a braggart who frequently teases Antonio. The Vitamin Kid is the fastest runner in Guadalupe. Red is a Protestant, so he is often teased by the other boys. Lloyd enjoys reminding everyone that they can be sued for even the most minor offenses. Abel, the smallest boy in the group, frequently urinates in inappropriate places.
1720:
2231:. Narciso has a deep abiding loyalty and love for Ultima because of her extraordinary efforts to save his young wife who had succumbed to an epidemic that struck the town. Narciso demonstrates a strong appreciation for the richness of the earth âhis garden is a lush masterpiece full of sweet vegetables and fruits. Tenorio kills him as he is on his way to warn Ultima that Tenorio is after her. As he lies dying in Antonio's arms, he asks Antonio to give him a blessing.
2839:, for which Anaya himself wrote the adaptation. The play opened on February 12, 2009, at El Centro Su Teatro, directed by Jennifer McCray Rinn, with the title roles of Ultima played by Yolanda Ortega, Antonio MĂĄrez by Carlo RincĂłn, and The Author by Jose Aguila. An encore production was done at The Shadow Theater in Denver on June 26 and 27, 2009, with the title roles of Ultima played by Yolanda Ortega, Antonio Marez by Isabelle Fries, and The Author by Jose Aguila.
2402:, 1994) support Olmos' position. In an interview with Margot Kelly, Chavez concludes, "Anaya maintains that the kind of protagonist who will be able to become free is a person of synthesis, a person who is able to draw . . . on our Spanish roots and our native indigenous roots and become a new person, become that Mestizo with a unique perspective." In general, Amy Barrias' analyses of representative coming-of-age Chicano and American Indian texts, including
1979:
New Mexico experienced a second wave of
European influenceâthis time English speakingâwhich was definitively marked by U.S. victory in the war between the United States and Mexico that ended with The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. According to Richard Griswold del Castillo, "The treaty established a pattern of political and military inequality between the two countries, and this lopsided relationship has stalked Mexican-U.S relations ever since."
2790:, the overall theme of a child coming to terms with the world around him and forming opinions is a valuable story for all children and parents: "The deeper message is one that many readers who would censor this novel must also believe: no one but God is all-powerful, and the mystery of life cannot be known entirely by human beings. This message might be the common ground to initiate any discussion around this kind of censorship challenge".
2152:â Antonio is seven and serious, thoughtful, and prone to moral questioning, and his experiences force him to confront difficult issues that blur the lines between right and wrong. He turns to both pagan and Christian ideologies for guidance, but he doubts both traditions. With Ultima's help, Antonio makes the transition from childhood to adolescence and begins to make his own choices and to accept responsibility for their consequences.
2701:
after she had used them while telling parents Conder had approved of its usage; Conder had Doyle apologize to the parents for the themes the book contains as well as lying about the status of Conder's approval. At least twenty-four of the books were given to the group who destroyed the copies. Conder still approved the presence of copies available in the school library, but in hindsight wished to have donated the book.
2001:) remained largely intact throughout rural New Mexico well into the 20th century. The colonization of New Mexico by Spanish colonists resulted, therefore, in a combination of indigenous myths with Catholicism. As the Hispano community's beliefs and ways of doing things interacted with those of the Native Americans, a cultural pattern evolved in which indigenous myth maintained importance alongside Catholic doctrine.
188:
1975:
indigenous cultures in contact spanning nearly half a millennium. The relationship between Anaya's protagonist, Antonio, and his spiritual guide, Ultima, unfolds in an enchanted landscape that accommodates cultural, religious, moral and epistemological contradictions: MĂĄrez vs. Luna, the Golden Carp vs. the
Christian God, good vs. evil, Ultima's way of knowing vs. the Church's or the school's way of knowing.
2642:, from teacher Carol Bennett's English classes. The removal was proposed by board member Jerry Haroldsen based on complaints from parents of Benett's students about the violence and profanity within the book. Haroldsen articulated the reasoning for the board's action: "What we are doing is trying to protect the children. And you got a teacher that's trying to do what we do not think is right". All copies of
2017:'The atomic bomb,' they whispered, 'a ball of white heat beyond the imagination, beyond hell--' And they pointed south, beyond the green valley of El Puerto. 'Man was not made to know so much,' the old ladies cried in hushed, hoarse voices, 'they compete with God, they disturb the seasons, they seek to know more than God Himself. In the end that knowledge they seek will destroy us all--.'
2303:â A stern Catholic priest with hypocritical and unfair policies. He teaches catechism to Antonio and his friends. He punishes Florence for the smallest offenses because Florence challenges the Catholic orthodoxy, but he fails to notice, and perhaps even ignores, the misbehavior of the other boys. Rather than teach the children to understand God, he teaches them to fear God.
2024:
detonation of the Atomic bomb was to the New
Mexican peoples in 1945. Berger (2000:388), cited in Keyword:Apocalypse, outlines two additional areas of post war apocalyptic representation after (1) nuclear war, and (2) the Holocaust. They are (3) apocalypses of liberation (feminist, African American, postcolonial) and (4) what is loosely called "postmodernity".
2106:, as unable to answer his moral and metaphysical dilemmas. At the same time, realizing that the Church represents the female values of his mother, Tony cannot bring himself to accept the lawlessness, violence and unthinking sensuality which his father and older brothers symbolize. Instead through his relationship with Ultima, he discovers a oneness with
2136:, and his mother's circumscribed river valley of the town. In addition, he reflects on the pull between Catholicism and the continuation of Ultima's spiritual legacy and concludes that he does not need to choose one over the other, but can bring both together to form a new identity and a new religion that is made up of both. Antonio says to his father:
1941:, who originally settled the land grant in Albuquerque called "La Merced de Atrisco" in the Rio Grande Valley (2). Anaya chooses Maria Luna de MĂĄrez as the name of Antonio's mother, which parallels his own mother's surname, and her cultural and geographical origins: Rafaelita Mares, the daughter of farmers from a small village near Santa Rosa called
2762:âthat undermine the conservative family values in our homes.â However, one attendee of the special meeting noted in favor of the book that "I can't think of a book, I can't think of a newspaper article that's not offensive to some people." The policy's responsibility after the superintendent was then handed over to the school board of
2347:. He gave her the owl that became her spirit familiar, her guardian, and her soul. He told her to do good works with her powers, but to avoid interfering with a person's destiny. The invocation of his name inspires awe and respect among the people who have heard about his legendary powers and incites fear in Tenorio Trementina.
2562:
essays that have helped shape and influence
Chicano studies 2) to include work that suggests the broad disciplinary and thematic range of Chicano studies scholarship over the past three decades and 3) to historicize the journal and the field in a different way that both engages and challenges previous paradigms. The essay by
2277:â Antonio's brothers. For most of Antonio's childhood, his brothers are fighting in World War II. When they return home, they suffer post-traumatic stress as a result of the war. Restless and depressed, they all eventually leave home to pursue independent lives, crushing Gabriel's dream of moving his family to California.
2009:
decision to leave
Guadalupe is indirectly linked to their experiences in the war. The impact of modernization and war, therefore, did not exclude the Hispanos and indigenous peoples of New Mexico as the boundaries of their previously insular communities were crossed by these external technological and cultural influences.
1904:
unavailability of many authors at that time who could serve as mentors for his life experience as a
Chicano. Anaya says that the great breakthrough in finding his voice as a writer occurred in an evening when he was writing late at night. He was struggling to find a way to get the novel to come together and then:
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perspective takes an objective view of culture. For the two teachers, the story takes an emic perspective as
Antonio, living within a Chicano culture, must find his own identity as he analyzes and questions his own connections to the culture's various ideologies, cultures, and viewpoints throughout the narrative.
2221:â Antonio's uncle, who gets cursed by the Trementina sisters when he tries to stop them from practicing black magic. As a result, he gets so sick that Ultima is summoned to cure him. She concocts a potion of herbs, water, and kerosene as a purgative and uses Antonio's innocence as a mediator to effect the cure.
2180:, or witch, but no oneânot even Antonioâknows whether or not she is truly a witch. Finally Antonio puts pieces of the puzzle together and the revelation of who she is comes to him. She holds Antonio's destiny in her hands, and at the end of the story sacrifices her own life so that Antonio might live.
3457:
Fink, Michael (2004). "Narratives of a new belonging: The politics of memory and identity in contemporary
American Ethnic Literatures". Masters of Arts thesis, Institute for American Studies, University of Regensburg, GermanyâBavaria. ISBN (eBook):978-3-638-32081-8, ISBN (Book):978-3-638-70343-7.(cf.
2483:
Candace Morales, a graduate student pursuing a Masters of Science in Education while concentrating in Reading, proposes that in a curriculum that utilizes Bless Me Ultima as a piece of multicultural literature, it must be timed appropriately. Specifically, she suggests teaching it to middle schoolers
2369:
in Spanish. The Revolution's goals included returning to Mexico's indigenous peoples their dignity as full-fledged citizens by relieving them from a history of exploitation, providing them with material progress and social justice. In return for this, Mexican Indians would give up their old customs,
2090:
Following an immediate bond with Ultima, Antonio learns of the many herbs and barks, which she uses in her ceremonies. Tony's progress in learning about life is grounded in Ultima, who is highly respected by his parents. However, one night Antonio witnesses the death of a man back from the war, which
2004:
As modernization spread across the United States with completion of the transcontinental railway in the 1860s and establishment of the Rural Electrification Administration in the 1930s, isolated rural communities were changed forever. The Second World War in the 1940s also wrought change as young men
1978:
Cynthia Darche Park, a professor at San Diego State University, claims "These contradictions reflect political conquest and colonization that in the first instance put the Hispano-European ways of thinking, believing, and doing in the power position relative to those of the indigenous peoples." (188)
1908:
I felt something behind me and I turned and there is this old woman dressed in black and she asked me what I am doing. "Well I'm trying to write about my childhood, you know, about growing up in that small town." And she said, "Well, you will never get it right until you put me in it." I said, "well
2752:
banned the book on the grounds of a parental complaint that it was unsuitable for children due to profanity and anti-Catholic messages; teachers complained about Fauss's decision as he overrode school board decisions at Stanislaus County Office of Education and Modesto City Schools that both came up
2561:
In 2001, the first edition of The Chicano Studies Reader was published as a collection of the classic essays that have helped shape and influence Chicano studies. The 2001 anthology brings together a selection of twenty-one essays with three different goals in mind: 1) to reprint some of the classic
2419:
the figure of Ultima . . . is crucial. As young Antonio's guide and mentor, her teachings not only bring him into contact with a mystical, primordial world but also with a cultureâhis own Hispanic/Indian cultureâthat he must learn to appreciate if he is ever to truly understand himself and his place
2728:
from Georgiane Skid, a resident of the district. She requested the school board discuss the appropriateness of this novel being studied by the freshman class in a communications arts class. A committee made up of two students, two teachers, and two parents unanimously voted to keep the novel in the
2618:
Board member Nelda Click. One of the worries of the parents was excessive violence. However, a local paper, The Austin American Statesman, claimed â Refusing to allow credit for those celebrated literary works would have been an unnecessary intrusion by the school board.â After multiple hearing and
2583:
emerged as one of the "Top Ten Most Frequently Challenged Books" in the years 2013 and 2008. According to the American Library association, a challenge is an attempt to restrict access of a book through the removal of the text in curriculum and libraries. Specific reasons for the challenges in 2013
2535:
initial publication, the new author was finding fans and fame among Chicano readers and scholars. He was in high demand as a speaker and the subject of numerous interviews primarily among journalists and publicists who were Chicanos or deeply interested in the development of Chicano literature. In
2526:
This is a remarkable book, worthy not only of the Premio Quinto Sol literary award. . .but . . . for its communication of tender emotion and powerful spirituality ...; for its eloquent presentation of Chicano consciousness in all its intriguing complexity; finally, for being an American novel which
2410:
Michael Fink uses a wider lens to suggest that Anaya's seminal novel is a contribution to identity and memory politics that provides us with "a set of strategies of transcultural survival . . . former collective identities are eventually transformed into new hybrid identities of difference." (6â7)
2364:
of 1910, the state officially constructed a Mexican national identity policy on the proposition that Mexicans are the product of a creative mixing of Indians and Europeansâthat is, about a fusing together of cultures. This doctrine is expressed in official rhetoric, mythology and public ceremonial.
2194:
and place a curse on Antonio's uncle Lucas Luna. Tenorio detests Ultima because she lifts the curse on Lucas and soon after she does so, one of Tenorio's daughters dies. Hot-tempered and vengeful, Tenorio spends the rest of the novel plotting Ultima's death, which he finally achieves by killing her
2128:
The determined Tenorio emerges in the final scenes as he chases Antonio back to the MĂ rez house, where Tenorio shoots Ultima's owl. Following the death of the owl, Ultima quickly follows and is accompanied by Antonio at her bedside as she dies. Before her death, she instructs Antonio to collect her
2793:
In reviewing the above cases of censorship where a group or individual challenges and/or ends up censoring this book, the reasoning is that the themes of anti-Catholic values, sex, excessive violence, adult language, and/or others are problematic for the values children of a community should have.
2704:
In protest of the decision, on February 5, 2005, students formed a sit-in while reading passages from the center of the school gymnasium. They had shirts with handwritten designs of Bless Me, Ultima; however, only eight of the twenty students had heard or read of the book. Despite staying with his
2700:
had banned Bless Me, Ultima in Norwood High School after a group of parents objected to the profanity and other themes the book contains; he himself had not read it but did enough reading to make the decision on the basis of the themes presented. Copies were removed from Lisa Doyle's English class
2377:
A number of Anaya critics and at least one Chicana novelist view his young protagonist's path to adolescence as a spiritual search for a personal identity. The result embodies the synergistic integration of both the cultural and biological aspects of his indigenous and European inheritances as the
2842:
The Vortex Theatre in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in partnership with the National Hispanic Center, produced a full stage production of the show from March 26, to April 25, 2010. It was directed by Valli Marie Rivera and again adapted by the author himself. Juanita Sena-Shannon played Ultima to rave
2467:
Because healing is Ultima's mission, Antonio's relationship with her includes accompanying her to gather the curative herbs she knows about through tradition and spiritual revelation. With her Antonio visits the sick and begins to grasp a connection between healing and nature even though he never
1996:
In 1692, the Spanish, led by Don Diego de Vargas, reconquered New Mexico. This time colonizers were able to coexist with the Pueblo Indians. The Spanish established many communities in which Catholicism and the Spanish language combined with the culture and myths of the Pueblo Indians. New Mexico
1953:
as did Antonio's father, Gabriel. Anaya's family also included two older brothers who left to fight WWII and four sisters. Thus, Anaya grew up in a family constellation similar to that of his young protagonist. Anaya's life and that of Antonio parallel in other ways that ground the conflict with
2761:
after Fauss stayed with his ban even after two panel decisions made up of educators within the district and outside the district. The final decision would be brought to the school board. The parent who made the original complaint argued that the text used explicit wording and anti-Catholic views
2450:
Robert CantĂș suggests that apocalypse as revelation is the ideological construct that best explains the novel's structure and purpose. His reconstructive analysis shows how Antonio, as narrator, solves and resolves his troubling metaphysical questions through a series of revelations mediated by
2815:
produced a dramatic reading as a stage adaptation of the novel at Cal State L.A. CantĂș first reviewed the work when it was published in 1972, and has published and lectured extensively on its art, structure, and significance. The production featured veteran television and film actress Alejandra
2547:
For twenty-two years after the novel's initial publication (its only availability through a small publisher notwithstanding), the novel sold 300,000 copies primarily through word of mouth. In this period the novel generated the largest body of review, interpretation, and analysis of any work of
1903:
to fruition took Anaya six years and an additional two years to find a publisher. From 1965 to 1971, Anaya struggled to find his own "voice" as the literary models he knew and had studied at the University of New Mexico (BA English, 1963) did not fit him as a writer. He has also remarked on the
2458:
An ideology is a set of ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things (compare worldview), as in several philosophical tendencies (see Political ideologies), or a set of ideas proposed by the
1992:
Thereafter, the Spanish built permanent communities for the Indians along the Rio Grande and introduced domesticated animals to the area, all while striving for religious conversion of the native communities. The Spanish subjugated the native people to build mission churches in each of the new
4853:
Poey, Delia Maria (1996). Border crossers and coyotes: A reception study of Latin American and Latina/o literatures. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, United States â Louisiana. Retrieved January 8, 2012, from Dissertations & Theses:
2479:
Heriberto Gordina, a teacher at the University of Iowa, and Rachelle McCoy, a teacher at West Branch High School in West Branch, Iowa, analyze the novel in two different perspectives of multicultural literature. An emic perspective takes a view of a culture within its elements whereas an etic
2023:
Tonn reminds us that both the narrated time and the moment of the novel's first appearance were periods of transition. The United States in the decades of the 1960s and 70's underwent a series of deep societal changes which some scholars deem to have been as apocalyptic to U.S. society as the
2008:
Because of the horrors that Antonio's brothers experienced in the war, none of them are able to integrate themselves back into the quiet life of Guadalupe; Antonio describes them as âdying giantsâ because they can no longer cope with the life that they left behind when they went to war. Their
2125:-keeper and barber in El Puerto. As a result, Antonio becomes ill and enters a dream-like state. Tenorio blames Ultima for the death of one of his daughters, claiming that his daughter passed because Ultima cursed her. Tenorio plots his revenge on Ultima throughout the duration of the novel.
1974:
focuses on a young boy's spiritual transformation amidst cultural and societal changes in the American Southwest during World War II. Anaya's work aims to reflect the uniqueness of the Hispano experience in the context of modernization in New Mexicoâa place bearing the memory of European and
2785:
for her students. Her essay on the censorship and the provoking aspects of the novel provide an opinion on why the novel caused issues within various school districts. She believes the novel should stay as a beneficial source of education to students. The book may utilize a critical lens of
2609:
In 1996, after appearing on advanced placement and local high school reading lists in Round Rock Independent school district, the novel came to parents attention, which according to Foerstel led to âseven hours of boisterous debate over a proposal to remove a dozen booksâ, one of which was
2215:. After Lupito murders the local sheriff in one of his deranged moments, he is killed by the sheriff and his posse as young Antonio looks on from his hiding place on the banks of the river. Lupito's violent death provides the catalyst for Antonio's serious moral and religious questioning.
3037:
Eliade describes the near death experience of the shaman's initiation . . . trance-like state of consciousness containing scenarios of chaos and destruction. Each shaman views the dismemberment of his/her own body bone by bone. Then the initiate is integrated as a new being with the
2420:
within society." (17) Amy Barrias cites the novel as a prime example of the use of magical intervention as the mediator, which enables Antonio to "emerge from his conflicts with a blended sense of identity. the best each culture has to offer to form a new perspective."(iv)
2431:
Through all that has transpired between them Antonio is ready near the end of his journey with Ultima to descend into the vast underworld, the great void of the unconscious where there are no divisionsâneither of body and soul, nor time and space, nor matter and spirit.
3042:
of the finite and the infinite, the sacred and the profane, the male and the female, the good and the evil. Every contradiction resides within. The shaman emerges through mystical ecstasy with the wondrous power to put us in touch with the perfection of the Universal
4594:
Candelaria, C. (1989). Rudolfo A. Anaya. In M.J. Bruccoli, R. Layman, & C.E. Frazer Clark Jr. (Series Eds.) and F. A. LomelĂ & C. R. Shirley (Vol. Eds.), Dictionary of literary biography: Vol. 82. Chicano writers, first series (pp. 24â35). Detroit: Gale
2113:
When Antonio's Uncle Lucas falls ill, presumably due to a curse by Tenorio's three evil daughters, Antonio must come to grips with the opposition between good and evil. Ultima, in her role as protector, uses her knowledge of healing and magic to neutralize the evil
2315:â The father of MarĂa and her brothers. He is a quiet man who prefers not to become involved in other peoplesâ conflicts. When Tenorio declares an all out war against Ultima, he does not want his sons to get involved, even though Ultima saved Lucas's life.
2321:â Antonio's first-grade teacher. Although Antonio does not speak English well, Miss Maestas recognizes his bright spark of intelligence. Under her tutelage, Antonio unlocks the secrets of words. She promotes him to the third grade at the end of the year.
2397:
blazed a path within the Chicano literary tradition in the 'novels of identity' in which the main characters must redefine themselves within the larger society from the vantage point of their own distinct ethnicity." (17) Others, such as Denise Chavez
2078:
and seek adventure. The Lunas, his mother's side, are the people of the moon, religious farmers whose destiny is to homestead and work the land. Each side of the family wants control of the newborn's future. His mother's dream is for him to become a
1997:
gained independence from Spain in 1821 and eventually achieved independent statehood in the United States of America in 1912. The mixed cultural influences and a long history of intermarriage among the Hispanos and the indigenous peoples (i.e., the
2309:â ChĂĄvez is the father of Antonio's friend JasĂłn. Distraught and vengeful, he leads a mob to find Lupito after Lupito kills ChĂĄvez's brother, the local sheriff. He forbids JasĂłn to visit an Indian who lives near the town, but JasĂłn disobeys him.
2327:â Antonio's third grade teacher. He, with Abel, Bones, Ernie, Horse, Lloyd, Red, and the Vitamin Kid, set up a play about the First Christmas on a dark and snowy night, which turns into a hilarious disaster because of the ever crazy Bones.
2062:, Antonio MĂĄrez y Luna (Tony) tells his story from the memories of his adult self, who reflects on his growing up. The novel opens as the protagonist, Antonio, approaches the age of seven when his family decides to house Ultima, an elderly
1916:
In Anaya's first novel, his life becomes the model for expressing the complex process of growing up Chicano in the American Southwest. Michael Fink characterizes Anaya's work as "the search for a sense of place." And the author tells us,
1842:. In 2008, it was one of 12 classic American novels selected for The Big Read, a community-reading program sponsored by the National Endowment for the Arts, and in 2009, it was the selected novel of the United States Academic Decathlon.
2442:
The mythos of any community is the bearer of something which exceeds its own frontiers; it is the bearer of other possible worlds...It is in this horizon of the âpossibleâ that we discover the universal dimensions of symbolic and poetic
3174:
1958:
to Santa Rosa, a "city" by New Mexico standards of the time. This move plays a large part in the first chapter of Anaya's first novel as it sets the stage for Antonio's father's great disappointment in losing the lifestyle of the
2237:â One of Gabriel's friends. He challenges Tenorio when Tenorio speaks badly of Ultima. Not long afterward, a curse is laid on his home. Ultima agrees to lift the curse, explaining that TĂ©llez's grandfather once hanged three
2253:â One of Antonio's friends. He is also the Vitamin Kid's brother. Unlike most of Antonio's friends, Samuel is gentle and quiet. He tells Antonio about the golden carp. It is here that Antonio starts questioning his faith.
2757:, the novel was withdrawn from the classroom, which affected the 200 students of whom were expected to read it over the course of the year. However, the policy's responsibility was then handed over to the school board of
1932:
What I've wanted to do is compose the Chicano worldviewâthe synthesis that shows our true mestizo identityâand clarify it for my community and myself. Writing for me is a way of knowledge, and what I find illuminates my
1799:
canon since its first publication in 1972. Teachers across disciplines in middle schools, high schools and universities have adopted it as a way to implement multicultural literature in their classes. The novel reflects
3010:
Henderson establishes the definition of "nonderivative American literature"; Baria makes the case for the development of a unique Native American and Chicano literary "voice" based on contemporary authors' use of the
4677:. Masters of Arts thesis, Institute for American Studies, University of Regensburg, Germany, Bavaria. ISBN (eBook):978-3-638-32081-8, ISBN (Book):978-3-638-70343-7.(cf. Chapter 4 "The Search for a Sense of Place").
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so that they have a diverse lens (that of a Chicano/a culture) to view their own development; to Morales, Antonio's own pursuit of âknowledge, truth, and personal identityâ will resonate with the students as well.
2406:
allows her to conclude that because American Indian and Chicano(a) writers find very little in dominant culture on which to build an identity, they have turned inward to create their own texts of rediscovery. (16)
2289:â Juan, Lucas, Mateo, and Pedro Luna â MarĂa's brothers are farmers. They struggle with Gabriel to lay a claim to Antonio's future. They want him to become a farmer or a priest, but Gabriel wants Antonio to be a
2566:
titled "A Perspective for a Study of Religious Dimensions in Chicano Experience: 'Bless Me, Ultima' as a Religious Text" was included in this anthology highlighting the importance of the religious dimension of
2521:
in 1972, critics by and large responded enthusiastically. The general consensus was that the novel provided Chicano literature with a new and refreshing voice. Scott Wood, writing for America Press, asserted:
2414:
Anaya uses strategies that employ the need for a mentor, and the return to ancient spiritual roots encompassing belief in magic, mysticism, and the shaman's trance. Fernandez Olmos remarks on mentorship: "In
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CantĂș, R. (1990). Apocalypse as an ideological construct: The storytellerâs art in Bless Me, Ultima. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.), Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism (pp. 64â99). La Jolla, CA: Lalo
2259:â One of Antonio's friends who does not believe in God, but goes to catechism to be with his friends. Florence shows Antonio that the Catholic Church is not perfect. He dies in a very bad drowning accident.
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The ways in which the novel provides insight into the religiosity of Chicano culture were first explored in 1982 in an essay titled "A Perspective for a Study of Religious Dimensions in Chicano Experience:
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Perez-Torres, R. (1995). Movements in Chicano Poetry: Against myths, against margins. New York: Cambridge University Press. (cf. Four or five worlds: Chicano/a literary criticism as postcolonial discourse)
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makes him question his religion and identity, and sparks his journey towards manhood. Antonio begins school in the fall, where he is portrayed as an excelling student, which greatly pleases his mother.
2677:"Instructional Materials Review Committee" he accepted the recommendation of the committee to not ban the book. DiMaso appealed to the local school board, who denied her appeal in December 1999. The
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emigrated from Central New Spain to what was then one of the outermost frontiers of New Spain after Coronado in 1540 led 1100 men and 1600 pack and food animals northward in search of the legendary
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were "occult/Satanism, offensive language, religious viewpoint, sexually explicit" and similarly in 2008 of "occult/satanism, offensive language, religious viewpoint, sexually explicit, violence".
2043:, urban disturbances such as Watts and Detroit posed deep-seated "challenges to the dominant self-image of United States SocietyâŠ" "âŠleading to fundamental shifts in societal values and mores."
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Garth Stapely.(Oct 13, 2009).Book-Banning Prompts School Board Interest; Election 2009 See sidebar:'Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District Board of Education' attached to end of story.
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2908:) was tapped as a writer and director. Walton and DiLeo shared a passion for the book, and the latter had succeeded in convincing Anaya to agree to the adaptation over six years back.
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Anaya dramatizes the pressures of change in the New Mexican peoples' response to the detonation of the first atomic test bomb near Alamogordo, New Mexico July 16, 1945 as apocalyptic:
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with the conclusion to keep the book within the curriculum. The parents within the community were quiet on voicing any complaints. It came after a parent filed a complaint regarding
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In 1539, Friar Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan priest, reported to Spanish colonial officials in Mexico City that heâd seen the legendary city of Cibola in what is now New Mexico.
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The autobiographical relationship between Anaya and his first novel best begins through the author's own words as he reflects on his life's work as an artist and as a Chicano:
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folkways such as the gathering of medicinal herbs, gives readers a sense of the influence of indigenous cultural ways that are both authentic and distinct from the mainstream.
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experience leaves him disillusioned as he did not receive the spiritual knowledge he had expected. He begins to question the value of the Catholic Church, concentrated on the
2390:. This model repudiates assimilation to the mainstream culture, but embraces acceptance of our historical selves through creative adaptation to the changing world around us.
2227:â Although known as the town drunk, Narciso cuts a large, strong figure of a man. Narciso and Gabriel are good friends because they share a deep and passionate love for the
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which his young protagonist struggles in advancing to adolescence. As a small child Anaya moved with his family from Las Pasturas, his relatively isolated birthplace on the
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This was the epiphany that Anaya believes came from his subconscious to provide him a mentor and his spiritual guide to the world of his Native American experience (115).
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Morales, Candace A. "Our Own Voice": The Necessity of Chicano Literature in Mainstream Curriculum." Multicultural Education 9.2 (2001): 16-20. ProQuest.Web. 5 Oct. 2016.
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Martinez-Cruz, Paloma. (2004). Interpreting the (Me)xican wise woman: Convivial and representation. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, United States â New York.
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Ultima and her otherworldly connections. As more and more is revealed to Tony, a transcendent reality is disclosed which is both temporal, insofar as it envisages
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he has foregone in moving to the town. As the two families argue over Antonio's destiny, Ultima, serving as the midwife, declares, âOnly I will know his destiny.â
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To Star Alejandra Flores April 10â12 as CAL State L.A. Takes Big Read From Page To Stage For Free. (2008, April 7). US Fed News Service, Including US State News.
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reviews. The Vortex Production toured through various cities in New Mexico in October and November 2010. The final performance took place on November 19, 2010.
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Noriega, Chon A. The Chicano Studies Reader : An Anthology of AztlĂĄn, 1970-2000. Los Angeles, Calif.: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center, 2001, p. xii
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2265:â One of Antonio's friends. He disobeys his father when he continues to visit an Indian who lives near the town. He is described by Antonio as being moody.
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that he loved so well, and perhaps the kindling of his dream to embark on a new adventure to move with his sons to Californiaâa dream that never would be.
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2283:â Antonio's older sisters. Most of the time, they play with dolls and speak English, a language Antonio does not begin to learn until he attends school.
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coincided with one of the principal upheavals of the move toward liberation, the Civil Rights Movement including the Chicano farm labor movement led by
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were sent to far off places and returned to their homeland bearing the vestiges of violent, traumatic experiences and exposure to a cosmopolitan world.
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Bain, Roy. "Banned Book Read at Protest - Norwood Superintendent Explains His Stance to High School Students." Daily Sentinel, The (Grand Junction, CO)
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Dasenbrock, R. W.(2002). Forms of biculturalism in Southwestern literature: The work of Rudolfo Anaya and Leslie Marmon Silko in Allan Chavkin (Ed.),
2337:. Antonio has a deep fear of the brothel because it represents sin. He is devastated when he finds out that his brother Andrew frequently goes to it.
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and hopes for Tony to follow this path of life, Maria represents the settled life of hard-working farmers and aspires for her son to become a priest.
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by composer and librettist HĂ©ctor Armienta had its premiere at the National Hispanic Cultural Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in partnership with
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Susan Landt proposes that multicultural literature will take a wide range of perspectives from individuals within historically marginalized groups.
2158:â Tony's parents. Both hold conflicting views about Tony's destiny and battle over his future path. While Gabriel represents the roaming life of a
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2271:â A friend of JasĂłn's who is disliked by JasĂłn's father. Cico tells Antonio that the story of the golden carp originally comes from the Indian.
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At the conclusion of the novel, Antonio reflects on the tension that he feels as he is pulled between his father's free, open landscape of the
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Take the llano and the river valley, the moon and the sea, God and the golden carpâand make something new... Papa, can a new religion be made?
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Park, Cynthia Darche (2002). âUltima: Myth, magic and mysticism in teaching and learning.â In Jose Villarino & Arturo Ramirez (Eds.),
2427:'s initiation as the spiritual experience that allows Antonio's transcendental integration of the conflicts with which he is struggling:
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described the 1994 re-issue as "an important novel which beautifully melds Old World and New World folklore into a contemporary story".
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2374:, the biological issue of mixed-race parentage. Thus, the Mexican "Mestizaje" has come to represent a policy of cultural assimilation.
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AztlĂĄn reocupada: A political and cultural history since 1945: the influence of Mexico on Mexican American society in post war America
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priest, his father's dream is to embark on a new adventure and move west to California with his sons to recapture the openness of the
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Tonn and Robert CantĂș challenge the received consensus on the purpose of the novel and its relation to its past historical reality.
4563:. PhD dissertation, Department of English, The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA.
3396:. PhD dissertation, Department of English, The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, LA.
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from the curriculum however the novel will continue to remain in the library based on the grounds of the previous complaint made.
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Indians for raiding his flocks. Ultima performs a Comanche funeral ceremony on TĂ©llez's land, and ghosts cease to haunt his home.
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Park, C.D. (2002). âUltima: myth, magic and mysticism in teaching and learning.â In Jose Villarino & Arturo Ramirez (Eds.),
1945:. In additional ways Anaya's family and that of his young protagonist parallel: Both Rafaelita's first and second husbands were
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Anaya's authenticity to speak about the Chicano worldview is grounded in the history of his family. He is a descendant from the
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in 2013. However, in the last third of the twentieth century, the novel has initiated respect for New Mexican, indigenous, and
1832:. This essay was the first scholarly text to explore how the novel alludes to the power of sacred landscapes and sacred humans.
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Hatfield, Michelle. "Board Upholds Novel's Removal - 'Bless Me, Ultima' Won't be Taught at Orestimba High School by 4-1 Vote."
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Chicano Literature (p. 1). Finally in 1994, a major publisher (Grand Central Publishing) issued a mass-market edition of
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creation of something new. Antonio's successful quest provides the world with a new model of cultural identity âa new American
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Milligan, B. (1998, August 23). Anaya says absence of coverage will kill Latino culture. San Antonio Express-News, p. 1H.
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A culture of divisions : cultural representations of La Bruja and La Curandera in Nuevo Mexicano folklore and literature
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campus during the last week in October 2010. Filming wrapped in Santa Fe, New Mexico in late 2010. The film premiered at the
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to her two daughters. She was prompted to challenge the book's placement in the high school's ninth grade curriculum at at
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In another traumatic death, Antonio witnesses the murder of Narciso, known as the town drunk, by Tenorio, a malicious
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Godina, Heriberto, and Rachelle McCoy. "Emic and Etic Perspectives on Chicana and Chicano Multicultural Literature".
3304:. "A Perspective for a Study of Religious Dimensions in Chicano Experience: "Bless Me, Ultima" as a Religious Text."
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Shooting was scheduled in the AbiquiĂș area, and then resumed in Santa Fe for some interiors at Garson Studios on the
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dominant class of a society to all members of this society (a "received consciousness" or product of socialization).
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Villar Raso, M. & Herrera-Sobek, Maria.( 2001 Fall). A Spanish novelist's perspective on Chicano/a literature.
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Kelly, Margot.(1997). A minor revolution: Chicano/a composite novels and the limits of genre. In Julie Brown (Ed.),
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Kelly, M. (1997). A minor revolution: Chicano/a composite novels and the limits of genre. In Julie Brown (Ed.),
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Narratives of a new belonging: The politics of memory and identity in contemporary American ethnic literatures
2866:, heiress to the Walton fortune, had set up Tenaja Productions company solely to finance a film adaptation of
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Engstrand, I. W., Griswold del Castillo, R., Poniatowska, E., & Autry Museum of Western Heritage (1998).
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Taylor, P. B. (1994 Autumn). The Chicano translation of Troy: Epic Topoi in the novels of Rudolfo A. Anaya.
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Carrasco, D. (1982, Spring-Fall). A perspective for a study of religious dimensions in Chicano experience:
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Margarite Fernandez Olmos comments on the novel's pioneering position in the Chicano literary tradition: "
1808:. Anaya's use of Spanish, mystical depiction of the New Mexican landscape, use of cultural motifs such as
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Cazemajou, Jean. (198_). The search for a center: The shamanic journey of mediators in Anaya's trilogy,
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Cazemajou, Jean. (1990). The search for a center: The shamanic journey of mediators in Anaya's trilogy,
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4711:. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Investigaciones sobre América del Norte.
2811:' Big Read, Roberto CantĂș, professor of Chicano Studies and English, who is intimately familiar with
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reports that Anaya is the most widely read author in Hispanic communities, and sales of his classic,
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Board Upholds Novel's Removal: Bless Me Ultima Won't be Taught at Orestimba High School by 4-1 vote"
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Retrieved January 10, 2012, from Dissertations & Theses: A&I.(Publication No. AAT 3110162).
4122:. pp 228-229. Westport, US: Greenwood Press, 2002. ProQuest Ebrary. Online Library. 4 November 2016
4062:. pp.228-229. Westport, US: Greenwood Press, 2002. ProQuest Ebrary. Online Library. 4 November 2016
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Also in partnership with The Big Read program, Denver, Colorado's premier Chicano theater company,
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villages, but the Pueblo Indians finally rebelled in 1680 and drove the Spanish out of their land.
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2828:) as Ultima. Theresa Larkin, a theatre arts professor at Cal State L.A., adapted and directed it.
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In practice, however, the emphasis on culture gets conflated with the biological mixing of races,
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4074:. Banned in the U.S.A : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries
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in the MĂĄrez tradition. Antonio's uncles are quiet and gentle, and they plant their crops by the
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Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries
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Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries
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Landt, Susan M. "Multicultural literature and young adolescents: a kaleidoscope of opportunity.
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and, despite lacking priestly recognition, emerges as the only one who can save him from death.
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and protector, Ultima. It has become the most widely read and critically acclaimed novel in the
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takes place in a small town in eastern New Mexico and it is really the setting of my home town
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is often the target of attempts to restrict access to the book and was therefore placed on the
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Henderson, C. D. (2002). Singing an American Song: Tocquevillian reflection on Willa Cather's
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Henderson, C. D. (2002). Singing an American Song: Tocquevillian reflection on Willa Catherâs
2035:. Tonn points out that events surrounding the struggle for civil rights, the Vietnam War, the
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Anaya, R. (1987). "An American Chicano in King Arthur's Court" in Judy Nolte Lensink (Ed.),
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in "what is better called not the new multicultural writing, but the new American writing."
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Varvel, Linda. "Censorship and Bless Me, Ultima: A Journey through Fear to Understanding."
2870:. Monkey Hill Films' Sarah DiLeo is billed as producer with collaboration and support from
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2199:, her spiritual guardian. Afterwards, he tries to kill Antonio but is shot by Uncle Pedro.
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Lamadrid, E. (1990). "Myth as the cognitive process of popular culture in Rudolfo Anaya's
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About the Big Read Five Things. (21 September 2007). Knight Ridder Tribune Business News.
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8:
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Lamadrid, E. (1990). Myth as the cognitive process of popular culture in Rudolfo Anaya's
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4499:"Sarah DiLeo of New Orleans produces first film, 'Bless Me, Ultima,' opening Feb. 22"
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Klein, D.(1992, Sept). Coming of Age in Novels by Rudolfo Anaya and Sandra Cisneros.
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Owing to what some consider adult language, violent content, and sexual references,
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CantĂș, R. (1990). Apocalypse as an ideological construct: The storyteller's art in
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World War II and Mexican American civil rights. Austin: University of Texas Press.
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Retrieved January 8, 2012, from General Interest Module. (Document ID: 1460653401)
2544:, as of July 1, 1976, had sold 80,000 copies without a review in the major media.
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Baeza, A. (2001). Man of Aztlan: A Biography of Rudolfo Anaya. Waco: Eakin Press.
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Vallegos, T. (1983 Winter). Ritual process and the family in the Chicano novel.
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A particularly vivid experience in the censorship of this book for the author,
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Retrieved January 8, 2012, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1616340911).
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LomelĂ, F. A., & MartĂnez, J. A. (Eds.) (1985). Anaya, Rudofo Alfonso. In
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Johnson, Elaine Dorough (1979). A thematic study of three Chicano narratives:
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Retrieved January 8, 2012, from ProQuest Newsstand. (Document ID: 1339272261).
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4473:"'Bless Me, Ultima' premiere in El Paso is Plaza Theatre's first in 63 years"
3923:. 4.2 (1978):9â12, 34. Reprinted in Dick, B., & S. Sirias (eds), (1998),
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Antonio's friends: Abel, Bones, Ernie, Horse, Lloyd, Red, and the Vitamin Kid
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Bauder, T. A. (1985, Spring). The triumph of white magic in Rudolfo Anaya's
3352:"American Library Association releases its 10 most challenged books of 2013"
2681:, Richard Paul Mills also denied a further appeal from DiMaso in June 2000.
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salvation; and spatial, insofar as it involves another, supernatural world.
4857:
Rudolfo A(lfonso) Anaya. (1983). In S. R. Gunton & J. C. Stine (Eds.),
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Memory and Cultural Politics: New Approaches to American Ethnic Literatures
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Santa Fe stars as backdrop in classic novel-turned-film 'Bless Me, Ultima'
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1949:(cowboys) who preferred life riding horses, herding cattle and roaming the
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Fictional response to times of transition. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
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Richard Griswold del Castillo. War's End: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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Jack Komperda.(2008, August 1). Latino culture focus of reading program.
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Magic and mediation in Native American and Chicano/a literature author(s)
4525:"Bless Me, Ultima Makes it to the Operatic Stage Thanks to Opera Cultura"
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Magic and mediation in Native American and Chicano/a literature author(s)
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Fictional response to times of transition. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
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proposals, the board came to a 4â2 vote against the banning of the book.
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4809:. In Amritjit Singh, Jose T. Skerrett Jr. & Robert E. Hogan (Eds.),
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Women who run with wolves: Myths and stories of the wild woman archetype
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as a Religious Text", written by Mexican American historian of religion
4364:* Broadway Regional News & Reviews Bless Me, Ultima (Nov 17, 2010)
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on September 17, 2012 and received a general release in February 2013.
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Gingerich, W. (1984). Aspects of prose style in three Chicano novels:
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Anaya, R. A. (1972). Bless Me, Ultima. Berkeley, CA: TQS Publications.
4228:. Access World News. NewsBank, Inc. Dec 01 2008. Web. 4 November 2016.
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Sly, Judy. "School Board should Decide if 'Ultima' Deserves Banning."
4196:. Access World News. NewsBank, Inc. Jun 02 2005. Web. 4 November 2016.
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Access World News. NewsBank, Inc. 1 Feb 05 2005. Web. 4 November 2016.
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Culture y cultura: Consequences of the U.S.-Mexican War, 1846â1848.
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49.8 (2006): p. 690+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 4 Oct. 2016.
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were pulled from the classes and placed in the principal's office.
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speak Spanish and join the mainstream of national life, defined as
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Clark, W. (1995, June). "Rudolfo Anaya: 'The Chicano worldview'".
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Old Southwest/New Southwest: Essays on a region and its literature
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Ultima Stirs Pot- Meeting on Banning Book Spurs Lively Discussion
4212:. Access World News. NewsBank. Nov 23 2008. Web. 4 November 2016.
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is the first in a trilogy that continued with the publication of
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Florence Dean, Celebrating Electrical Power In Rural New Mexico
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Anaya as mythmaker: apocalypse as revelation, the hero's journey
1925:. Many of the characters that appear are my childhood friends."
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School Board Bans Book From Sophomore Required Reading List ...
4765:(pp. 63â84). New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc.
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Moore: Su Teatro proving audiences open to controversial works
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accomplishes a harmonious resolution, transcendent and hopeful.
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2190:-keeper and barber in El Puerto. His three daughters perform a
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centering on Antonio MĂĄrez y Luna and his mentorship under his
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Seers and Judges: American Literature as Political Philosophy
4694:" In Jacob Ornstein-Galicia (Ed.), Allan Metcalf (Bibliog.),
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3772:. (pp. 63â84). Garland Publishing, Inc.: New York and London.
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Seers and Judges: American Literature as Political Philosophy
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4758:. University Microfilms International: Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Ed. Nicholas J. Karolides. Lanham: Scarecrow, 2002. 70-79.
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is Anaya's best known work and was awarded the prestigious
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In October 1999, Deidra DiMaso was troubled when she read
2536:
the preface to his 1976 interview with Anaya reprinted in
2471:
4793:
Lee, A. R. (1996). Chicanismo as memory: The fictions of
4208:
Hatfield, Michelle. "Orestimba Book Ban Called 'Scary'."
2763:
2758:
2749:
2748:
on November 23, 2008, Superintendent Rick Fauss from the
2733:
2622:
2129:
medicines and herbs before destroying them by the river.
2504:
has become the best-selling Chicano novel of all time.
3903:
Wood, S., in Sharon R. Gunton & Jean Stine (eds),
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3277:"Bless Me, Ultima â Teaching Multicultural Literature"
3164:
Poey, Delia (1996). "Coming of age in the curriculum:
2955:
2835:, produced a full-length workshop stage production of
2356:
Development of an "American Mestizaje", Antonio's boon
2343:â This man was Ultima's teacher and was also known as
4716:
The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A legacy of conflict
4656:
Los Angeles, Calif: Autry Museum of Western Heritage.
4591:(2nd Ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
4258:
Hatfield, Michelle (Feb 3, 2009). "The Modesto Bee".
4243:
Hatfield, Michelle (Jan 6, 2009). "The Modesto Bee".
3764:
3762:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
2766:. Ultimately, the board trustees voted 4â1 to remove
4729:(pp. 73â74). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books.
4642:(pp. 71â82). New York: Oxford University Press.
4192:
Sederstrom, Jill. "School to Keep Disputed Novels."
3608:
3515:
AztlĂĄn, Chicano culture and folklore: An anthology,
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3376:(pp. 73â74). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books
3054:
4845:
AztlĂĄn, Chicano culture and folklore: An anthology,
4831:(1st ed., pp. 38â41). New York: HarperCollins.
4076:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 228, 229.
3654:Kanoza, T. M. (1999, Summer). "The golden carp and
3379:
3759:
3550:Seven Cities of Cibola Legend Lures Conquistadors
3498:
3203:
3004:
2807:On April 10 and 12, 2008, in partnership with The
1881:list of most commonly challenged books in the U.S.
4220:
4218:
3538:Biographical Notes Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
3474:
4973:
4779:(Vol.1, pp. 41â42). Detroit: Gale Research.
3981:"Top Ten Most Frequently Challenged Books Lists"
3708:
3598:"Apocalyptic mediations: Myth of the apocalypse"
2696:In early 2005, Superintendent Bob Conder of the
4736:Christianity and mythmaking in Rudolfo Anaya's
4718:, 1st ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3193:
3191:
3189:
1866:(1992), Anaya was proclaimed a front-runner by
4944:BLESS ME ULTIMA banned and burned in Colorado
4775:Kristovic, J. (Ed.) (1994). Rudolfo Anaya. In
4698:(pp. 206â228). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
4649:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
4215:
3823:
3802:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
3676:. Berkeley, CA: TQS Publications. p. 199.
4790:(pp. 100â112). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
4635:(pp. 254â273). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
4379:"Before We Say Goodbye--Juanita Sena-Shannon"
4091:. Jan 20, 1996 – via Access World News.
4031:"Updated: New Mexico novel still fuels fears"
3458:Chapter 4 "The Search for a Sense of Place").
3418:
3416:
3414:
2886:) and Jesse B. Franklin of Monarch Pictures.
1754:
4820:(pp. 34â51). Westport: Greenwood Press.
3691:. Berkeley, CA: TQS publishing. p. 260.
3644:. Berkeley, CA: TQS Publications. p. 6.
3629:. Berkeley, CA: TQS Publications. p. 1.
3444:
3186:
2778:Linda Varvel is an English teacher who used
2764:Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District
2759:Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District
2750:Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District
2734:Newman-Crows Landing Unified School District
2574:
2462:
4813:(pp. 320â39). Boston: Northeastern UP.
4606:(pp. 64â99). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
4584:(pp. 64â99). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
3919:(1976). "An Interview with Rudolfo Anaya",
3163:
2350:
4879:(pp. 1â12). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
4640:Leslie Marmon Silko's Ceremony: A casebook
3867:Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy
3849:Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy
3590:
3428:retrieved and transcribed January 2, 2012.
3411:
3231:
3065:Children and Young Adult Literature portal
3031:
2517:After Quinto Sol's initial publication of
2184:Tenorio Trementina and his three daughters
1887:as an important and nonderivative type of
1860:(1979). With the publication of his novel
1761:
1747:
34:
4133:"Decision No. 14,394 | Office of Counsel"
3792:
3265:. The McClatchy Company. August 14, 2011.
2961:The books chosen for 2008 in addition to
2939:, from February 18 through 25, 2018. The
2802:
2773:
4950:And What You Sought to Do Will Undo You
4647:Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy
4257:
4242:
4071:
3975:
3973:
3800:Shamanism: Archaic techniques of ecstasy
3785:". In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.)(1990).,
3729:(pp. 254â273). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
3671:
2491:
1895:Creation and purpose as an autobiography
1122:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
4732:Holton, F. S. (1995, Fall). Chicano as
4668:Rudolfo A. Anaya: A critical companion.
3789:(pp. 100â112). La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press
3686:
2487:
2472:Connections to multicultural literature
1336:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
4974:
4854:A&I.(Publication No. AAT 9712859).
4763:Ethnicity and the American short story
4701:Griswold del Castillo, R.(Ed.)(2008).
4421:03/13/2009 retrieved December 30, 2011
4188:
4186:
4184:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4054:
4052:
4050:
3927:1â10. University Press of Mississippi.
3770:Ethnicity and the American Short Story
3658:: Rudolfo Anayaâs multi-culturalism".
3237:
3022:
2926:
2616:Round Rock Independent School District
2599:Round Rock Independent School District
4818:Chicano Literature: A reference guide
4576:CalderĂłn, H. (1990). Rudolfo Anaya's
4286:
4284:
4282:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4204:
4202:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
3970:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3741:"Mestizaje and Indigenous Identities"
3639:
3624:
3349:
2913:Santa Fe University of Art and Design
2679:New York State Education Commissioner
1966:
1909:who are you?" and she said, "Ultima".
19:For the film based on the novel, see
4877:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on Criticism
4788:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
4725:. In Christine Dunn Henderson (Ed.)
4696:Form and function in Chicano English
4633:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
4604:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
4582:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
4323:Bless Me Ultima, El Centro Su Teatro
4029:Journal, Leslie Linthicum | Of the.
3787:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
3738:Mestizaje and Indigenous Identities
3727:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on criticism
3491:FernĂĄndez Olmos, M. (1999). Rudolfo
3226:Rudolfo A. Anaya: Focus on Criticism
3083:Book Censorship in the United States
2614:. It came on January 19, 1996, from
2054:Set in the small town of Guadalupe,
1103:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
4992:Hispanic and Latino American novels
4403:Wal-Mart's Walton books film debut
4181:
4095:
4047:
4028:
3261:"So what are those kids reading?".
2423:Cynthia Darche Park focuses on the
1499:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1436:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
5027:Children's books set in New Mexico
5017:American novels adapted into films
4861:23, 22â27. Detroit: Gale Research.
4714:Griswold del Castillo, R. (1990).
4707:Griswold del Castillo, R. (1996).
4545:
4279:
4231:
4199:
4149:
3954:The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror
3854:
3495:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
3372:In Christine Dunn Henderson (Ed.)
3238:Garcia, Annemarie Lynette (2010).
2945:credited it with "grand moments".
2846:
2671:Wappingers Central School District
2540:(1998), Ishmael Reed states that,
965:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
14:
5048:
5032:Children's books set in the 1940s
4899:
4829:Masterpieces of Latino Literature
4786:. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
4749:Estampas del Valle y Otras Obras,
4663:. New York, NY: Ballantine Books.
4602:. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
4580:. In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
4296:Literature Resource Center; Gale.
4006:"Challenges to Library Materials"
3925:Conversations with Rudolfo Anaya.
3921:The San Francisco Review of Books
3891:Hispanic Heritage: Rudolfo Anaya
3705:. Berkeley, CA: TQS Publications.
3126:Ghostly Legends of the Southwest
2571:in the field of Chicano Studies.
2019:(Anaya, p. 183) as quoted in Tonn
4859:Contemporary literary criticism,
4847:(3rd Edition). pp. 187â198.
4670:Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
3405:Hispanic Heritage Rudolfo Anaya
3358:– via www.theguardian.com.
3057:
2538:Conversations with Rudolfo Anaya
2037:assassination of John F. Kennedy
1718:
186:
40:Cover of the April 1994 printing
5037:Children's books about religion
4631:In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
4517:
4491:
4465:
4436:
4424:
4409:
4397:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4316:
4301:
4266:
4251:
4125:
4080:
4065:
4022:
3998:
3961:
3945:
3930:
3910:
3905:Contemporary Literary Criticism
3897:
3885:
3876:
3841:
3805:
3775:
3732:
3725:In CĂ©sar A. GonzĂĄlez-T. (Ed.),
3695:
3680:
3665:
3648:
3633:
3618:
3563:
3544:
3532:
3520:
3461:
3431:
3399:
3362:
3350:Flood, Alison (14 April 2014).
3343:
3325:
2862:reported on March 2, 2009 that
2809:National Endowment for the Arts
2579:After its publication in 1972,
2514:(1972) have surpassed 360,000.
2333:â The woman who runs the local
2049:
1429:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
355:California agricultural strikes
4956:El Centro Su Teatro Home Page
4589:The Hero with a thousand faces
4262:– via Access World News.
4247:– via Access World News.
3493:A. Anaya: A critical companion
3313:
3295:
3269:
3254:
3157:
2797:
2275:Andrew, Eugene, and LeĂłn MĂĄrez
2213:post-traumatic stress disorder
1804:culture of the 1940s in rural
930:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
1:
4891:Journal of Modern Literature,
4777:Hispanic Literature criticism
4529:San Francisco Classical Voice
4087:"Austin American-Statesman".
3985:Banned & Challenged Books
3150:
3120:La Llorona-A Hispanic Legend
2638:removed two books, one being
2144:
986:...y no se lo tragĂł la tierra
525:Occupation of Catalina Island
4953:retrieved December 28, 2011.
4947:retrieved December 28, 2011.
4941:retrieved December 28, 2011.
4823:Magill, F. N. (Ed.) (1994).
4666:FernĂĄndez Olmos, M. (1999).
4072:Foerstel, Herbet N. (2002).
4010:American Library Association
2986:Their Eyes Were Watching God
2965:by Rudolfo Anaya, included:
2156:Gabriel MĂĄrez and Maria Luna
1642:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1346:Self Help Graphics & Art
7:
5012:Mexican-American literature
4987:American young adult novels
4406:retrieved December 30, 2011
4394:retrieved December 30, 2011
4367:retrieved December 30, 2011
3951:"Summation 1994: Fantasy,"
3560:retrieved January 12, 2012.
3541:retrieved January 12, 2012.
3529:retrieved January 20, 2012.
3517:(3rd Edition). pp. 187â198.
3228:. La Jolla, CA: Lalo Press.
3141:retrieved December 28, 2011
3135:retrieved December 28, 2011
3129:retrieved December 28, 2011
3123:retrieved December 28, 2011
3050:
2722:Blue Valley School District
2710:Blue Valley School District
2655:Hopewell Junction, New York
944:The Dirty Girls Social Club
317:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
5053:
5022:Novels adapted into operas
4448:talent.filmindependent.org
4355:Retrieved January 13, 2012
4343:Retrieved January 13, 2012
4194:Kansas City Star, The (MO)
3956:: Eighth Annual Collection
3587:retrieved January 12, 2012
3408:retrieved January 6, 2012.
3172:as representative texts".
2850:
2531:By 1976, four years after
2186:â Tenorio is a malicious
1143:This Bridge Called My Back
889:Who Would Have Thought It?
18:
4444:"Film Independent TALENT"
4433:retrieved January 2, 2012
3942:retrieved January 7, 2012
3894:retrieved January 7, 2012
3817:October 14, 2012, at the
3756:retrieved March 30, 2012.
3602:apocalypticmediations.com
3200:retrieved March 31, 2012.
3166:The House on Mango Street
3138:National Hispanic Center
2874:of Gran Via Productions (
2575:Censorship and challenges
2463:Myth and magic as healing
2281:Deborah and Theresa MĂĄrez
2150:Antonio Juan MĂĄrez y Luna
2102:and a Father God, and on
2041:of Martin Luther King Jr.
1647:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1379:Great Wall of Los Angeles
951:The House on Mango Street
803:Mexican-American folklore
535:Plan Espiritual de AztlĂĄn
360:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
155:
141:
129:
121:
113:
105:
95:
85:
74:
66:
55:
45:
33:
4997:Novels set in New Mexico
4918:retrieved April 1, 2012.
4909:retrieved April 9, 2012.
4692:The Road to Tamazunchale
3672:Rudolpho, Anaya (1972).
3625:Anaya, Rudolpho (1972).
2983:by F. Scott Fitzgerald,
2948:
2351:Literary interpretations
2211:â A war veteran who has
1725:United States portal
1136:The Church in the Barrio
996:Poetry and Short Stories
732:Mexican-American cuisine
573:1985â1987 cannery strike
5002:American bildungsromans
4471:MarĂa CortĂ©s GonzĂĄlez,
4376:*Before We Say Goodbye
4328:April 21, 2013, at the
3687:Rudolfo, Anaya (1972).
3640:Anaya, Rudolfo (1972).
2989:by Zora Neale Hurston,
2942:San Francisco Chronicle
2872:Mark Johnson (producer)
2853:Bless Me, Ultima (film)
2698:Norwood School District
2686:Norwood School District
1464:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1308:Royal Chicano Air Force
1167:Coyolxauhqui imperative
979:Under the Feet of Jesus
21:Bless Me, Ultima (film)
4673:Fink, Michael (2004).
4415:* Flash Back Fridays:
4274:Modesto Bee, The (CA).
4118:Foerstel, Herbert N..
4058:Foerstel, Herbert N..
3572:"Enchantment Magazine"
3310:13, no. 1 (1982): 195.
3197:Writing the Southwest
3116:La Virgen de Guadalupe
2803:Theatrical adaptations
2774:Opinions on censorship
2529:
2497:
2445:
2434:
2142:
2021:
1987:Seven Cities of Cibola
1935:
1923:Santa Rosa, New Mexico
1911:
1797:New Mexican literature
1443:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1326:Centro de Arte PĂșblico
1288:East Los Streetscapers
1027:Pensamiento Serpentino
617:Great American Boycott
495:Las Adelitas de AztlĂĄn
465:Conferencia de Mujeres
253:Anti-Mexican sentiment
80:New Mexican literature
4659:Estes, C. P. (1992).
4613:as a religious text.
4587:Campbell, J. (1972).
4559:Baria, A. G. (2000).
4488:, September 18, 2012.
4226:Modesto Bee, The (CA)
4210:Modesto Bee, The (CA)
4137:www.counsel.nysed.gov
4089:Book Ban Laid to rest
3701:Anaya, R. A. (1972).
3425:Audio Guide â Listen!
3392:Baria, A. G. (2000).
3263:Tribune Business News
3112:Our Lady of Guadalupe
2992:To Kill a Mockingbird
2899:Devil in a Blue Dress
2746:Orestimba High School
2714:Overland Park, Kansas
2524:
2496:Rudolfo Anaya in 2006
2495:
2440:
2429:
2269:JasĂłn ChĂĄvez's Indian
2138:
2014:
1930:
1906:
1521:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1478:Mendez v. Westminster
1415:Botiller v. Dominguez
1207:Youth control complex
583:2019 El Paso shooting
540:Plan de Santa BĂĄrbara
435:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
365:Citrus Strike of 1936
307:San Elizario Salt War
278:Early-American Period
160:Heart of Aztlan
16:Book by Rudolfo Anaya
4982:1972 American novels
4935:Modesto, CA: p. B.3.
4770:The English Journal,
4756:Peregrinos de Aztlan
4514:, February 21, 2013.
3869:44.2 (2000): 172-9.
3132:The Cry, La Llorona
2883:Chronicles of Narnia
2819:A Walk in the Clouds
2724:held a challenge of
2667:John Jay High School
2651:John Jay High School
2488:Reception and legacy
1814:, and recounting of
1471:Leal Garcia v. Texas
1093:MAS Programs, Tucson
882:Living Up the Street
634:Justice for Janitors
500:Los Siete de la Raza
455:Colegio CĂ©sar ChĂĄvez
375:Mexican Repatriation
326:Pre-Chicano Movement
297:MexicanâAmerican War
4645:Eliade, M. (1964).
3812:Apocalyptic Defined
3798:Eliade, M. (1964).
3370:The Song of a Lark.
3281:The Expanding Canon
2998:The Grapes of Wrath
2995:by Harper Lee, and
2927:Operatic adaptation
2027:Anaya's writing of
1889:American literature
1510:Federal Court cases
1404:Supreme Court cases
722:New Mexican cuisine
684:Abrazos, no balazos
605:Chicano Art Exhibit
578:1992 Drywall Strike
564:Post-Chicano Period
555:United Farm Workers
505:Los Seis de Boulder
490:Land grant struggle
480:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
395:Sleepy Lagoon trial
170:Part of a series on
117:Hardback, Paperback
30:
5007:Chicano literature
4723:The Song of a Lark
4504:2013-02-25 at the
4292:Censored Books II.
4035:www.abqjournal.com
3873:Web. 13 Dec. 2016.
3835:medhum.med.nyu.edu
3831:"Bless Me, Ultima"
3556:2011-12-02 at the
3333:"Bless Me, Ultima"
3001:by John Steinbeck.
2931:An opera based on
2825:Friends with Money
2738:Newman, California
2636:Laton School Board
2624:Laton School Board
2507:The New York Times
2498:
2362:Mexican Revolution
1967:Historical context
1885:Chicano literature
1546:Population by City
1422:Hernandez v. Texas
1331:GalerĂa de la Raza
1298:Mujeres Muralistas
1197:Spiritual activism
851:Chicano literature
846:Chicana literature
651:South Central Farm
475:East L.A. walkouts
450:Chicano Moratorium
340:Bisbee Deportation
292:Las Gorras Blancas
26:
4907:Ecstasy (emotion)
4896:
4873:Bless Me, Ultima:
4871:Tonn, H. (1990).
4825:Bless Me, Ultima.
4622:Bless Me, Ultima;
4568:Bless Me, Ultima.
3907:, Vol. 26, p. 22.
3716:Bless Me, Ultima;
3469:Publishers Weekly
3283:. January 8, 2012
3222:Bless Me, Ultima:
3220:Tonn, H. (1990).
2977:by Willa Cather,
2971:by Ray Bradbury,
2813:Bless Me, Ultima,
2690:Norwood, Colorado
2634:In May 1999, the
2628:Laton, California
2603:Round Rock, Texas
2593:Bless Me, Ultima.
2552:to rave reviews.
2533:Bless Me Ultima's
2345:el hombre volador
2295:cycle of the moon
1891:among academics.
1840:Premio Quinto Sol
1771:
1770:
1708:
1707:
1690:Mexican Americans
1655:
1654:
1595:DallasâFort Worth
1530:
1529:
1492:Perez v. Brownell
1485:Bernal v. Fainter
1457:MedellĂn v. Texas
1387:
1386:
1317:Art organizations
1215:
1214:
1043:
1042:
1020:Moment of Silence
821:
820:
659:
658:
425:Black-brown unity
390:Porvenir Massacre
385:Plan de San Diego
380:Operation Wetback
260:
259:
180:Mexican Americans
165:
164:
106:Publication place
56:Cover artist
5044:
4933:The Modesto Bee.
4784:Bless Me, Ultima
4752:Bless Me, Ultima
4738:Bless Me, Ultima
4688:Bless Me, Ultima
4625:Heart of AztlĂĄn,
4611:Bless Me, Ultima
4600:Bless Me, Ultima
4578:Bless Me, Ultima
4550:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4521:
4515:
4495:
4489:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4450:. Archived from
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4417:Bless Me, Ultima
4413:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4381:. Archived from
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4320:
4314:
4308:Bless Me, Ultima
4305:
4299:
4288:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4240:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4206:
4197:
4190:
4179:
4172:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4129:
4123:
4116:
4093:
4092:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4063:
4056:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3977:
3968:
3965:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3937:Bless Me, Ultima
3934:
3928:
3914:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3874:
3863:
3852:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3821:
3809:
3803:
3796:
3790:
3783:Bless Me, Ultima
3779:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3743:. Archived from
3736:
3730:
3719:Heart of AztlĂĄn,
3712:
3706:
3703:Bless Me, Ultima
3699:
3693:
3692:
3689:Bless Me, Ultima
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:Bless Me, Ultima
3669:
3663:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3627:Bless Me, Ultima
3622:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3574:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3489:
3472:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3423:Bless Me, Ultima
3420:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3390:
3377:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3235:
3229:
3218:
3201:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3170:Bless Me, Ultima
3161:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3017:Bless Me, Ultima
3008:
3002:
2980:The Great Gatsby
2963:Bless Me, Ultima
2959:
2933:Bless Me, Ultima
2868:Bless Me, Ultima
2837:Bless Me, Ultima
2768:Bless Me, Ultima
2755:Bless Me, Ultima
2726:Bless Me, Ultima
2663:Bless Me, Ultima
2644:Bless Me, Ultima
2640:Bless Me, Ultima
2612:Bless Me, Ultima
2581:Bless Me, Ultima
2550:Bless Me, Ultima
2519:Bless Me, Ultima
2512:Bless Me, Ultima
2502:Bless Me, Ultima
2417:Bless Me, Ultima
2404:Bless Me, Ultima
2400:Face of an Angel
2395:Bless Me, Ultima
2384:American Mestizo
2287:Antonio's uncles
2029:Bless Me, Ultima
1972:Bless Me, Ultima
1919:Bless Me, Ultima
1901:Bless Me, Ultima
1877:Bless Me, Ultima
1846:Bless Me, Ultima
1836:Bless Me, Ultima
1826:Bless Me, Ultima
1775:Bless Me, Ultima
1763:
1756:
1749:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1668:
1667:
1543:
1542:
1400:
1399:
1303:Teatro Campesino
1228:
1227:
1129:Brown, Not White
1070:Chicana feminism
1058:
1057:
937:Mexican WhiteBoy
909:Bless Me, Ultima
865:Autobiographical
834:
833:
798:Lowrider bicycle
672:
671:
639:Murder of Selena
550:Raza Unida Party
410:Chicano Movement
345:Bloody Christmas
275:
274:
201:
200:
190:
167:
166:
156:Followed by
145:
97:Publication date
90:TQS Publications
60:Bernadette Vigil
38:
31:
28:Bless Me, Ultima
25:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:
4972:
4971:
4961:Vortex Theatre
4913:Bless Me Ultima
4902:
4897:
4803:Sandra Cisneros
4799:Nash Candelaria
4548:
4546:Further reading
4543:
4542:
4533:
4531:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4506:Wayback Machine
4497:Ana Gershanik,
4496:
4492:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4425:
4414:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4363:
4359:
4351:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:Wayback Machine
4321:
4317:
4306:
4302:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4267:
4256:
4252:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4216:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4150:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4070:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4027:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3950:
3946:
3939:: Introduction
3935:
3931:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3898:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3864:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3819:Wayback Machine
3810:
3806:
3797:
3793:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3713:
3709:
3700:
3696:
3685:
3681:
3670:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3642:Bless Me Ultima
3638:
3634:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:Wayback Machine
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3512:
3499:
3490:
3475:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3445:
3436:
3432:
3421:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3380:
3367:
3363:
3348:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3302:Carrasco, David
3300:
3296:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3236:
3232:
3219:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3009:
3005:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2937:Opera Southwest
2929:
2855:
2849:
2847:Film adaptation
2805:
2800:
2776:
2742:
2718:
2694:
2659:
2632:
2607:
2577:
2569:Bless Me,Ăltima
2542:Bless Me Ultima
2490:
2474:
2465:
2447:â Paul Ricoeur
2439:
2358:
2353:
2147:
2096:First Communion
2052:
1969:
1897:
1851:Heart of Aztlan
1767:
1719:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1685:Chicano rappers
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1606:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1504:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1350:
1312:
1269:Art Collectives
1264:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1148:
1107:
1079:
1075:Chicanafuturism
1055:
1053:Chicano studies
1045:
1044:
1039:
991:
972:So Far from God
894:
860:
831:
823:
822:
817:
769:
736:
727:Tex-Mex cuisine
708:
694:Chicano English
669:
661:
660:
655:
645:Proposition 187
594:Arizona SB 1070
559:
440:Centro Cultural
404:
400:Zoot Suit Riots
350:Bracero program
335:1917 Bath riots
321:
272:
262:
261:
198:
114:Media type
98:
62:and Diane Luger
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4970:
4969:
4966:Teatro Vision
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4929:
4919:
4910:
4901:
4900:External links
4898:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4821:
4814:
4791:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4745:
4730:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4699:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4618:
4607:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4574:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4516:
4511:Times-Picayune
4490:
4478:2013-04-09 at
4464:
4435:
4423:
4408:
4396:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4315:
4300:
4278:
4265:
4250:
4230:
4214:
4198:
4180:
4148:
4124:
4094:
4079:
4064:
4046:
4021:
3997:
3969:
3960:
3944:
3929:
3909:
3896:
3884:
3875:
3853:
3840:
3822:
3804:
3791:
3774:
3758:
3731:
3707:
3694:
3679:
3664:
3647:
3632:
3617:
3607:
3589:
3562:
3543:
3531:
3519:
3497:
3473:
3460:
3443:
3430:
3410:
3398:
3378:
3361:
3342:
3339:. 16 May 2017.
3324:
3312:
3294:
3268:
3253:
3230:
3202:
3185:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3114:Also known as
3109:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3030:
3021:
3003:
2968:Fahrenheit 451
2953:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2928:
2925:
2921:El Paso, Texas
2893:One False Move
2864:Christy Walton
2851:Main article:
2848:
2845:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2775:
2772:
2741:
2731:
2720:In June 2005,
2717:
2707:
2693:
2683:
2658:
2648:
2631:
2621:
2606:
2596:
2576:
2573:
2564:David Carrasco
2556:Terri Windling
2489:
2486:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2453:eschatological
2438:
2435:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2341:The flying man
2313:Prudencio Luna
2146:
2143:
2081:Roman Catholic
2051:
2048:
1968:
1965:
1943:Puerto De Luna
1896:
1893:
1830:David Carrasco
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1630:Nuevomexicanos
1627:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1374:Estrada Courts
1371:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:Chicano cinema
1247:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Gringo justice
1169:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
990:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
875:Always Running
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
859:
858:
856:Chicano poetry
853:
848:
842:
839:
838:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:
816:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
779:
776:
775:
771:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
752:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
735:
734:
729:
724:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
680:
677:
676:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
656:
654:
653:
648:
641:
636:
631:
626:
619:
614:
607:
602:
597:
590:
585:
580:
575:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
485:Huelga schools
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
413:
412:
406:
405:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
287:Josefa Segovia
283:
280:
279:
273:
268:
267:
264:
263:
258:
257:
256:
255:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
183:
182:
172:
171:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5049:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4923:Daily Herald,
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4795:Rudolfo Anaya
4792:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4486:
4485:El Paso Times
4481:
4480:archive.today
4477:
4474:
4468:
4454:on 2017-11-17
4453:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4385:on 2012-04-26
4384:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4354:
4349:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3906:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3763:
3747:on 2012-01-02
3746:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3621:
3611:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3578:on 2012-04-06
3577:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3145:Rudolfo Anaya
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:Bildungsroman
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3055:
3041:
3034:
3025:
3018:
3014:
3013:Bildungsroman
3007:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:Plaza Theatre
2914:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:Carl Franklin
2885:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2589:Rudolfo Anaya
2585:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2386:known as the
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2301:Father Byrnes
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2168:â An elderly
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2072:who roam the
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2058:, just after
2057:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:Rudolfo Anaya
1784:
1781:
1780:coming-of-age
1777:
1776:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:Chicano poets
1678:
1676:
1675:Chicano films
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1450:Plyler v. Doe
1447:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:Culture Clash
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:New tribalism
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Barrioization
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1084:Organizations
1083:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
988:
987:
983:
981:
980:
976:
974:
973:
969:
967:
966:
962:
960:
959:
955:
953:
952:
948:
946:
945:
941:
939:
938:
934:
932:
931:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
917:
913:
911:
910:
906:
905:
903:
902:
898:
897:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
871:
869:
868:
864:
863:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
840:
836:
835:
827:
826:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
777:
773:
772:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
747:
745:
744:
740:
739:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
717:
716:
712:
711:
705:
702:
700:
699:Chicano names
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
681:
679:
678:
674:
673:
665:
664:
652:
649:
647:
646:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
624:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
567:
563:
562:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
415:
414:
411:
408:
407:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
330:
329:
325:
324:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
282:
281:
277:
276:
271:
266:
265:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
244:
243:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
202:
194:
193:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
174:
173:
169:
168:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
140:
137:
136:0-446-60025-3
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
50:Rudolfo Anaya
48:
44:
37:
32:
29:
22:
4932:
4922:
4912:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4751:
4748:
4742:Confluencia,
4741:
4737:
4733:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4617:13, 195â221.
4614:
4610:
4603:
4599:
4588:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4560:
4532:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4509:
4493:
4483:
4467:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4447:
4438:
4426:
4416:
4411:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:the original
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4318:
4307:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4273:
4268:
4259:
4253:
4244:
4225:
4209:
4193:
4175:
4140:. Retrieved
4136:
4127:
4119:
4088:
4082:
4073:
4067:
4059:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
4000:
3989:. Retrieved
3987:. 2013-03-26
3984:
3963:
3952:
3947:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3920:
3917:Ishmael Reed
3912:
3904:
3899:
3887:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3848:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3807:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3749:. Retrieved
3745:the original
3734:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:the original
3565:
3546:
3534:
3522:
3514:
3492:
3468:
3463:
3438:
3433:
3422:
3401:
3393:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3356:The Guardian
3355:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3315:
3305:
3297:
3285:. Retrieved
3280:
3271:
3262:
3256:
3239:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3179:
3175:The Americas
3173:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3115:
3104:
3097:
3033:
3024:
3016:
3006:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2881:
2875:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2754:
2743:
2729:curriculum.
2725:
2719:
2703:
2695:
2674:
2662:
2660:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2611:
2608:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2500:As of 2012,
2499:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2359:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2319:Miss Maestas
2318:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2267:
2263:JasĂłn ChĂĄvez
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:"Lucas Luna"
2218:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:Ultima's Owl
2202:
2201:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2073:
2067:
2060:World War II
2053:
2050:Plot summary
2045:
2033:Cesar Chavez
2028:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1863:Alburquerque
1861:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1822:
1815:
1809:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1700:Bibliography
1561:California (
1519:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1369:Chicano Park
1341:Precita Eyes
1260:Tortilla art
1192:Rasquachismo
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1013:I Am Joaquin
1011:
1004:
984:
977:
970:
963:
958:The Rain God
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
923:Desert Blood
921:
914:
908:
907:
887:
880:
873:
808:Pancho Claus
783:Cal-Style VW
765:Tejano music
760:Chicano soul
755:Chicano rock
643:
629:Farah strike
621:
609:
592:
430:Brown Berets
159:
27:
3662:, 24, 1â10.
3093:Esotericism
2905:Out of Time
2798:Adaptations
2788:Catholicism
2325:Miss Violet
2100:Virgin Mary
1854:(1976) and
1625:Californios
1611:Multiethnic
1563:Los Angeles
1364:Balmy Alley
1245:Chicano art
1240:Chicana art
1177:Nahui Ollin
750:Chicano rap
600:Castro 2020
588:Abolish ICE
4976:Categories
4868:19, 19â35.
4744:11, 22â41.
4734:bricoleur:
4573:14, 41â55.
4534:2020-09-12
4458:2012-01-03
4389:2011-12-28
4340:Seminario
4142:2024-03-02
4040:2016-11-07
4015:2016-11-30
3991:2016-11-07
3751:2012-03-30
3582:2012-01-13
3441:, 113â118.
3182:: 201â217.
3151:References
3073:Apocalypse
3015:including
2974:My Antonia
2360:After the
2192:black mass
2145:Characters
2116:witchcraft
2056:New Mexico
2039:and later
1811:La Llorona
1806:New Mexico
1582:Nebraska (
1575:Michigan (
1568:Illinois (
1539:Population
1231:Visual Art
1224:Visual art
837:Literature
830:Literature
545:Quinto Sol
445:Chicanismo
370:La Matanza
312:Sonoratown
302:Mutualista
4893:25,17â34.
4886:10, 5â16.
4807:Ron Arias
4772:1, 21â26.
4595:Research.
3871:ProQuest.
3656:Moby Dick
3248:727743507
3088:Bricolage
2833:Su Teatro
2780:Bless Me,
2443:language.
2380:Mestizaje
2367:mestizaje
2171:curandera
2064:curandera
1999:mestizaje
1899:Bringing
1817:curandera
1792:curandera
1620:Blaxicans
1554:Arizona (
1355:Locations
1202:VergĂŒenza
1034:The Moths
1006:Emplumada
916:Caballero
813:Zoot suit
86:Publisher
78:Fiction,
4905:Ecstasy
4629:Tortuga.
4502:Archived
4476:Archived
4326:Archived
3958:, p. xx.
3815:Archived
3723:Tortuga.
3554:Archived
3287:April 2,
3099:Monomyth
3051:See also
3043:Oneness.
2877:Rain Man
2816:Flores (
2382:for the
2257:Florence
2239:Comanche
2197:familiar
2069:vaqueros
1983:Hispanos
1947:vaqueros
1939:Hispanos
1869:Newsweek
1730:Category
1293:Los Four
1182:Nepantla
793:Lowrider
675:Language
245:Concepts
204:Identity
176:Chicanos
150:30095424
67:Language
4915:Themes.
4615:AztlĂĄn,
4571:Mester,
3106:Mestizo
2859:Variety
2669:in the
2388:Chicano
2372:mestizo
2335:brothel
2291:vaquero
2225:Narciso
2160:vaquero
2094:Tony's
1857:Tortuga
1802:Hispano
1695:Writers
1635:Tejanos
1600:Houston
1577:Detroit
1570:Chicago
774:Symbols
668:Culture
270:History
232:Pinta/o
227:Pachuco
222:Pachuca
217:La Raza
212:Chola/o
70:English
4884:MELUS,
4866:MELUS,
4805:, and
4690:, and
3615:Press.
3307:AztlĂĄn
3246:
3040:gnosis
2783:Ultima
2675:ad hoc
2425:shaman
2307:ChĂĄvez
2251:Samuel
2235:TĂ©llez
2209:Lupito
2188:saloon
2166:Ultima
2123:saloon
2108:nature
2104:ritual
2075:llanos
1951:llano,
1556:Tucson
1153:Theory
1061:Fields
899:Novels
788:Homies
420:AztlĂĄn
237:Xicanx
46:Author
4683:Pocho
3660:Melus
2949:Notes
2432:(194)
2331:Rosie
2229:llano
2177:bruja
2134:llano
2085:Llano
1961:llano
1956:llano
1933:life.
1783:novel
1778:is a
1735:Index
1664:Lists
1590:Texas
1584:Omaha
1112:Texts
1098:NACCS
741:Music
704:Ărale
520:MEChA
197:Terms
122:Pages
75:Genre
4754:and
4627:and
4298:Web.
3721:and
3289:2012
3244:OCLC
3168:and
2195:owl
1278:Asco
1255:Paño
713:Food
689:CalĂł
623:IRCA
611:DACA
530:PCUN
515:MAYO
510:MANA
460:CFMN
178:and
144:OCLC
131:ISBN
101:1972
4925:5.
4827:In
3337:NEA
2919:in
2744:In
1785:by
1396:Law
470:CRP
125:262
4978::
4801:,
4797:,
4740:.
4686:,
4527:.
4508:,
4482:,
4446:.
4281:^
4233:^
4217:^
4201:^
4183:^
4151:^
4135:.
4097:^
4049:^
4033:.
4008:.
3983:.
3972:^
3856:^
3833:.
3761:^
3600:.
3500:^
3476:^
3446:^
3413:^
3381:^
3354:.
3335:.
3279:.
3242:.
3205:^
3188:^
3180:24
3178:.
2902:,
2896:,
2880:,
2822:,
2297:.
1989:.
109:US
4537:.
4461:.
4392:.
4176:.
4145:.
4043:.
4018:.
3994:.
3837:.
3754:.
3604:.
3585:.
3291:.
3250:.
3019:.
2890:(
2740:)
2736:(
2716:)
2712:(
2692:)
2688:(
2657:)
2653:(
2630:)
2626:(
2605:)
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1565:)
1558:)
23:.
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