689:
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647:
50:
1054:. While perceived as aligned with the Kremlin, Davankov incorporated anti-war sentiments reminiscent of the barred candidates, rendering him an alternative candidate to opposition voters as a means of protest voting. Despite the action, Davankov nevertheless received officially only 4% of the official vote, while independent exit polling conducted showed him overwhelmingly defeating Putin.
832:
information. Votes are blank, null, and spoiled more frequently in areas with high levels of illiteracy or limited language competency. Spoiled ballots, especially those that have been deliberately defaced or otherwise ruined, are a more reliable indicator of protest votes and of political sophistication.
941:
becomes the most voted option, the elections should be repeated once and, depending on the nature of the election, the parties should present new candidates or new lists of candidates. This gives the protest vote a way to express dissent with real electoral consequences. So far, the blank vote has
812:
None of the above (NOTA) voting is rarely an option in U.S. politics, although it has been an option on Nevada ballots since 1976. NOTA voting is proposed as a state-legitimized method of allowing voters to signal discontent, although selecting a "none" option does not always indicate protest.
797:
Protest votes can take the form of blank, null, or spoiled ballots. Blank ballots are ballots with no markings on them. Null ballots are ballots that do not result in a valid vote because the ballot was filled out incompletely or incorrectly. Spoiled ballots are ballots that have been defaced,
831:
Distinguishing between ballots that have been deliberately cast as protest votes and those that are blank, null, or spoiled by an individual trying but failing to cast a valid vote is challenging. Blank votes are often associated with protest voting, but can also be indicators of a lack of
785:
candidate in the United States, or who can register their displeasure with the political process by reducing the majority status of a likely winner. Alienation often leads to abstention from voting, but can also generate participation in the form of a protest vote. In the
743:, or not voting, protest voting is a sign of unhappiness with available options. If protest vote takes the form of a blank vote, it may or may not be tallied into final results. Protest votes may be considered spoiled or, depending on the
1096:
Abstaining increases the proportion of votes for the most popular candidate or party, while using a protest vote against the popular candidate or party can shrink a margin of victory. Reducing the margin may result in a
898:
withdrew over concerns about election integrity and encouraged his supporters to spoil their ballots as protest—an example of organized protest voting. In that election, around 31% of ballots cast were spoiled or blank.
798:
crossed-out, or otherwise marked in a way that makes the ballot ineligible; spoiled ballots most clearly indicate the presence of a protest vote. Write-in votes may also indicate protest voting; in the United States
1092:
of government and has historically called for abstention as a form of protest. Active protest voting, whether through spoiled or blank ballots, tends to communicate dissatisfaction more effectively than abstention.
1779:
1046:
before his death. This involved gathering at polling stations on the last day of voting around midday to advocate for spoilt ballots such as writing
Navalny's name or to cast votes for
933:, the blank vote has a legal path to force a repetition of an election and a change of the candidates in that election. According to the paragraph 1 of the article 258 of the
926:, saw the highest level of protest voting and abstention in France since the late 1960s, with 4 million blank or spoiled ballots and an additional 12 million abstentions.
820:
or less preferred party can be a way of signaling dissatisfaction with a leading candidate, party, or policy, or of reducing the margin of victory of the likely winner.
1637:
809:. However, this option does not exist in federal elections. To decline a ballot, one may return the ballot to the poll worker while stating that they decline to vote.
1503:
1753:
1212:
Southwell, Priscilla Lewis; Everest, Marcy Jean (1998). "The
Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race".
1330:
Driscoll, Amanda; Nelson, Michael J. (September 2014). "Ignorance or
Opposition? Blank and Spoiled Votes in Low-Information, Highly Politicized Environments".
1721:
736:, casting a blank vote is available for those who do not wish to choose a candidate, or to protest. Unlike abstention elsewhere, blank votes are counted.
1244:
Damore, David F.; Waters, Mallory M.; Bowler, Shaun (December 2012). "Unhappy, Uninformed, or
Uninterested? Understanding "None of the Above" Voting".
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Declined ballots occur where a voter shows up to the polling place, and declines to vote. This is an option in multiple
Canadian provinces, including
1799:
942:
not been majoritarian in presidential or congress elections in
Colombia, but it already has forced to repeat some elections for mayor's office.
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Other types of protest voting relate more to the choice of candidate or party selected for a valid vote than the ballot itself. Voting for a
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One United States court case determined that voting is not an issue of free speech or expression, but rather about electing officials; in
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985:. In Oklahoma, non-Obama candidates gathered a combined total of 43%, with the highest number of votes going to anti-abortion activist
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or a smaller difference between the parties in government, thus limiting the chance a single party will have control over the system.
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Protest voting organized by political parties or leaders also occurs, but tends to be rare and associated with extreme circumstances.
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upheld a ban on write-in votes after Alan B. Burdick argued that Hawaii should be required to count his protest vote for
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Spoiled votes may or may not be protest votes, but are often kept aside for challenges, further examination, or disposal.
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1500:
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989:. The phenomenon showed up in later elections but on a smaller scale (as many former Democrats left the party). In the
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Protest voting tends to occur among voters who feel alienated but who have an alternative voting option, such as a
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887:
352:
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886:, where over 5.5% of ballots in presidential elections since 1980 have been blank or spoiled. During the
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17:
1820:
Hill, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter
Turnout in the United States. Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?".
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Hill, Lisa (2006). "Low Voter
Turnout in the United States: Is Compulsory Voting a Viable Solution?".
1290:
Hill, Lisa; Young, Sally (September 2007). "Protest or Error? Informal Voting and
Compulsory Voting".
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1469:
860:
502:
261:
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system. Protest voting takes a variety of forms and reflects numerous voter motivations, including
337:
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1539:"A dynamic model of the invalid vote: How a changing candidate menu shapes null voting behavior"
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in
Finland and Sweden, voters have also used Donald Duck as a protest vote. In Ukraine, the
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1754:"Who is Vladislav Davankov – a new hope for opposition in the presidential election?"
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1722:"Russians form long queues at polling stations in 'noon against Putin' protest"
1638:"Protest Candidate, Paul Farrell, Wins 9 Percent of West Virginia Primary Vote"
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Abstention may be a type of protest vote when it is not solely the result of
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Votes for a fringe candidate or party, or a less preferred candidate or party
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at the federal level. This phenomenon received significant attention in the
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to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the choice of candidates or the current
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1580:"French Election: Protest Vote for 'Nobody' Was Highest In Half a Century"
1611:"2012 Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions: Chronologically"
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Mickey Mouse and Jesus among write-in votes that helped sink Roy Moore
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1038:, anti-Putin activists employed the protest voting tactic known as
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Vote Dark Side: 'Darth Vader' Runs for Mayor in Ukraine — NBC News
1780:"'Ultra-left' anarchists and anti-fascism in the Second Republic"
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1172:
Alvarez, R. Michael; Kiewiet, D. Roderick; Núñez, Lucas (2018).
66:
41:
949:, protest candidates often receive a large number of votes in
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The blank vote explained: Colombia’s biggest electoral gamble
1402:
Myatt, David (September 2015). "A Theory of Protest Voting".
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received 9% of the vote and placed ahead of eventual nominee
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49:
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Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute
1375:"Declining your ballot? Not in the next federal election"
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In certain parts of the United States, especially in the
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said they would not have voted at all if he had not run.
1008:, fellow favorite son David Rice received a similar 8%.
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27:
Vote cast in an election as a form of political protest
1042:, first proposed by jailed Russian opposition leader
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formed against Biden's support of Israel during the
918:, protest vote was named a contributing factor. The
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1072:or indifference towards politics. In systems where
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953:presidential primaries due to a large presence of
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1211:
1034:candidates from challenging incumbent President
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1329:
1127:List of democracy and elections-related topics
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914:arrived second behind conservative candidate
755:Protest votes can take many different forms:
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1687:Ebel, Francesca; Dixon, Robyn (2024-03-18).
1516:. March 7, 2007. Retrieved on March 4, 2009.
957:who, while registered Democrats, often vote
378:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
969:polled at 42% against incumbent President
879:, although this application was rejected.
827:Determining the presence of a protest vote
790:, for example, 14% of those who voted for
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343:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
281:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
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1438:"Burdick v. Takushi, 504 U.S. 428 (1992)"
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1784:International Journal of Iberian Studies
875:, and tried to nominate Darth Vader for
802:has historically been a popular choice.
788:1992 United States presidential election
750:
747:, counted as "none of the above" votes.
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1292:Australian Journal of Political Science
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1501:Donald Duck holds his own in the north
1013:2024 Democratic presidential primaries
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1537:Cohen, Mollie J. (April 22, 2018).
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1668:. West Virginia Secretary of State
1178:Annual Review of Political Science
1028:2024 Russian presidential election
935:Political Constitution of Colombia
238:Plurality and majoritarian systems
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1666:results.enr.clarityelections.com/
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1017:significant protest vote movement
920:2017 French presidential election
904:2002 French presidential election
348:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
1758:www.russian-election-monitor.org
1642:The New York Times - First Draft
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1822:Journal of Theoretical Politics
1778:Evans, Danny (September 2016).
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1662:"Results – Democratic Contests"
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1457:Journal of Theoretical Politics
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836:Significant protest vote events
1636:Rappeport, Alan (2016-05-11).
1578:Smith, Saphora (May 8, 2017).
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1373:press, Jordan (24 June 2014).
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1174:"A Taxonomy of Protest Voting"
1076:, abstention may be an act of
353:Mixed ballot transferable vote
13:
1:
1226:10.1016/s0362-3319(98)90058-1
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1868:Voters For None of the Above
1389:"Frequently asked questions"
1332:Political Research Quarterly
1246:Political Research Quarterly
882:Protest voting is common in
630:End-to-end verifiable voting
290:Single non-transferable vote
7:
1720:Sauer, Pjotr (2024-03-17).
1147:Uncommitted (voting option)
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1058:Protest vote and abstention
888:2000 presidential elections
488:Voting patterns and effects
10:
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1878:If You Give a Mouse a Vote
1214:The Social Science Journal
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1006:2020 primary in that state
310:Single transferable voting
247:First-past-the-post voting
1304:10.1080/10361140701513646
963:2012 Democratic primaries
867:for mayoral elections in
503:Voting advice application
333:Mixed-member proportional
262:Plurality-at-large voting
1844:10.1177/0951629806061868
1479:10.1177/0951629806061868
1344:10.1177/1065912914524634
1258:10.1177/1065912911424286
1086:representative democracy
1078:political disappointment
1030:, amid the exclusion of
842:Burdick v. Takushi, 1992
368:Rural–urban proportional
363:Dual-member proportional
338:Additional member system
1796:10.1386/ijis.29.3.241_1
1132:Motion of no confidence
857:parliamentary elections
774:Organized protest votes
768:None of the above votes
1004:in one county. In the
977:primary, and prisoner
955:conservative Democrats
939:blank vote in Colombia
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518:Passive electioneering
419:Straight-ticket voting
1142:Single-issue politics
751:Types of protest vote
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373:Majority bonus system
358:Alternative Vote Plus
257:Instant-runoff voting
1596:Freeman, Daniel E. "
1499:Kallionpää, Katri. "
1404:The Economic Journal
1074:voting is compulsory
734:voting is compulsory
324:Mixed-member systems
1088:in favor of a more
998:Paul T. Farrell Jr.
652:Politics portal
414:Split-ticket voting
1506:2013-12-27 at the
1416:10.1111/ecoj.12333
1410:(603): 1527–1567.
1052:Vladislav Davankov
1040:Noon Against Putin
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625:Voter registration
584:Voter intimidation
108:Write-in candidate
81:Provisional ballot
1617:. August 28, 2013
1600:". March 7, 2014.
1543:Electoral Studies
1513:Helsingin Sanomat
1084:movement rejects
965:, where attorney
912:Jean-Marie Le Pen
714:none of the above
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574:Ballot harvesting
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462:None of the above
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144:Compulsory voting
16:(Redirected from
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1873:Protest Vote
1825:
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1804:. Retrieved
1800:the original
1787:
1783:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1760:. 2024-03-10
1757:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1726:The Guardian
1725:
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
1692:
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1220:(1): 43–51.
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995:favorite son
971:Barack Obama
944:
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894:, candidate
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800:Mickey Mouse
796:
780:
762:Null ballots
754:
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698:protest vote
697:
695:
615:Election ink
599:Voter caging
546:
508:Likely voter
437:
429:Vote pairing
404:Issue voting
202:Popular vote
184:Voting booth
149:Early voting
33:Part of the
1621:January 31,
1549:: 111–121.
1184:: 135–154.
1090:direct form
1011:During the
906:, in which
865:Darth Vader
850:Donald Duck
783:third-party
739:Along with
720:cast in an
589:Vote buying
472:Spoilt vote
452:Donkey vote
179:Vote center
159:Open ballot
1892:Categories
1806:2019-12-17
1764:2024-03-20
1739:2024-03-20
1706:2024-03-20
1647:2017-06-27
1153:References
1064:Abstention
1050:candidate
1048:New People
979:Keith Judd
959:Republican
902:After the
877:presidency
863:nominated
792:Ross Perot
741:abstention
607:Prevention
447:Abstention
315:Spare vote
305:Party-list
139:Ballot box
131:Collection
113:Electorate
95:Candidates
18:Blank vote
1898:Elections
1852:154361874
1830:CiteSeerX
1734:0261-3077
1701:0190-8286
1565:158301581
1487:154361874
1465:CiteSeerX
1360:145215626
1312:153913830
1274:143974182
1082:anarchist
937:, if the
922:, won by
908:far-right
726:political
59:Balloting
1672:June 10,
1584:NBC News
1504:Archived
1424:12835208
1352:24371891
1266:41759322
1105:See also
1032:anti-war
975:Arkansas
931:Colombia
732:. Where
722:election
193:Counting
174:Precinct
1026:In the
973:in the
910:leader
855:In the
807:Ontario
710:spoiled
67:Ballots
1903:Voting
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1080:. The
844:, the
712:, or "
123:Ticket
42:Voting
1848:S2CID
1561:S2CID
1483:S2CID
1420:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1348:JSTOR
1308:S2CID
1270:S2CID
1262:JSTOR
947:South
873:Odesa
702:blank
207:Tally
118:Slate
1730:ISSN
1697:ISSN
1674:2020
1623:2020
1015:, a
892:Peru
871:and
869:Kyiv
718:vote
706:null
97:and
1840:doi
1792:doi
1551:doi
1510:."
1475:doi
1412:doi
1408:127
1340:doi
1300:doi
1254:doi
1222:doi
1186:doi
929:In
890:in
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696:A
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677:e
670:t
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