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4775:. Natural gas appears in rocks deposited in the Miocene and Pliocene by the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester rivers, or in deep-water Oligocene-age rocks. Serious exploration began in 1999 with two deep-water wells, Limanköy-1 and Limanköy-2, drilled in Turkish waters. Next, the HPX (Hopa)-1 deepwater well targeted late Miocene sandstone units in Achara-Trialet fold belt (also known as the Gurian fold belt) along the Georgia-Turkey maritime border. Although geologists inferred that these rocks might have hydrocarbons that migrated from the Maykop Suite, the well was unsuccessful. No more drilling happened for five years after the HPX-1 well. In 2010, Sinop-1 targeted carbonate reservoirs potentially charged from the nearby Maykop Suite on the Andrusov Ridge, but the well-struck only Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Yassihöyük-1 encountered similar problems.
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8786:
Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015).
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2964:) and has a wet section of around 38,000 m (410,000 sq ft). Inflow and outflow current speeds are averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 m/s (1.0 to 1.3 ft/s), but much higher speeds are found locally, inducing significant turbulence and vertical shear. This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers. Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17
2579:, the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter
4756:
However, this varies geographically. For example, prospects are poorer off the coast of
Bulgaria because of the large influx of sediment from the Danube which obscured sunlight and diluted organic-rich sediments. Many of the discoveries to date have taken place offshore of Romania in the Western Black Sea and only a few discoveries have been made in the Eastern Black Sea.
4779:
Miocene shale-cored anticlines in the
Western Black Sea. A year later in 2012, Romania drilled Domino-1 which struck gas prompting the drilling of other wells in the Neptun Deep. In 2016, the Bulgarian well Polshkov-1 targeted Maykop Suite sandstones in the Polshkov High and Russia is in the process of drilling Jurassic carbonates on the Shatsky Ridge as of 2018.
3121:
3215:. Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months, and surface-intensified autumn production. This pattern of productivity is augmented by an
3152:, acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development.
3773:
3590:
Since the 1960s, rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coastline and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N:P:Si ratio in the basin. In coastal areas, the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific
9256:
a new group of sea-going merchants - Greek and
Albanian subjects of the Porte flew the Russian flag after 1783 (making up the bulk of the first foreign flag commercial flotilla on the Black Sea since the departure of the Italians in the fifteenth century), taking up the slack after the collapse of
5853:
provides for free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the
Mediterranean seas. However, a single country (Turkey) has complete control over the straits connecting the two seas. Military ships are categorised separately from civilian vessels and can pass through
3638:
Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s, and an EU monitoring exercise, 'EROS21', revealed decreased nitrogen and phosphorus values, relative to the 1989 peak. Recently, scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery,
3634:
in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry, as calcium-producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH, although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified. In central Black Sea waters, silicon levels were also significantly reduced, due to a decrease in the flux of
2999:
that stops at the Cold
Intermediate Layer (CIL). This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer. The base of the CIL is marked by a
8874:
Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron,
4778:
Other
Turkish wells, Sürmene-1 and Sile-1 drilled in the Eastern Black Sea in 2011 and 2015 respectively tested four-way closures above Cretaceous volcanoes, with no results in either case. A different Turkish well, Kastamonu-1 drilled in 2011 did successfully find thermogenic gas in Pliocene and
2979:
known as the Rim
Current. The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50–100 cm/s (20–39 in/s). Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. The Eastern and Western Gyres are well-organized systems in the winter but
8934:
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles
Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March
4755:
The Black Sea contains oil and natural gas resources but exploration in the sea is incomplete. As of 2017, 20 wells are in place. Throughout much of its existence, the Black Sea has had significant oil and gas-forming potential because of significant inflows of sediment and nutrient-rich waters.
3888:
rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water. The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate. One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first, with excess freshwater flowing over the
Bosporus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea. There are also
2761:
faults dictates the current tectonic regime, which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the
Anatolian region. These geological mechanisms, in the long term, have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean
8785:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael
3280:. The life-cycle of most diatoms can be described as 'boom and bust' and the Black Sea is no exception, with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year, most reliably during March. In simple terms, the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in-wash of
4192:
scattered along the Black Sea's southern coast, attracting traders and colonists due to the grain grown in the Black Sea hinterland. By 500 BC, permanent Greek communities existed all around the Black Sea, and a lucrative trade-network connected the entirety of the Black Sea to the wider
3022:
Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass, where salinity increases to 22.3 PSU and temperatures rise to around 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen. Weak
3880:
There is evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period. Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) during the last glaciation and for some time after.
2926:
occurs near the surface. According to Gregg (2002), the outflow is 16,000 cubic metres per second (570,000 cubic feet per second) or around 500 cubic kilometres per year (120 cubic miles per year), and the inflow is 11,000 m/s (390,000 cu ft/s) or around 350 km/a
4519:
patrol mission.. and performed 'aggressive and dangerous' manoeuvres". The incident, which occurred "in international airspace over the Black Sea about 60km" east of Romanian airspace, "caused the crew of five Polish border guards to lose control of the plane and lose altitude."
3609:, are able to out-compete diatom species because of the limited availability of silicon, a necessary constituent of diatom frustules. As a consequence of these blooms, benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light, while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals.
9014:
The wheat trade was the reason for Greek colonization of Olbia and other Black Sea ports from c. 615 B.C. on. The Ukraine was the chief source of wheat imports to classical Athens: the sea route from the Crimea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Aegean was Athens'
3339:
into deeper waters, where more nutrients are available. This permits coccolithophores to utilize the nutrients in the upper waters, and by the end of May, with favorable light and temperature conditions, growth rates reach their highest. The major bloom-forming species is
3232:
Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer. In November, subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production, due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as
3243:
sp. Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species. This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea, which is attributable to the brackish conditions, low water transparency and presence of
3532:
1480:, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence, "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern
4427:. The Soviet naval base was one of the strongest fortifications in the world. Its site, on a deeply eroded, bare limestone promontory at the southwestern tip of the Crimea, made an approach by land forces exceedingly difficult. The high-level cliffs overlooking
824:
and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the
8861:
This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of
2921:
has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classic estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while the outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the
3948:. While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur, there is debate over the suddenness, dating, and magnitude of the events. Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric
5854:
the straits only if the ship belongs to a Black Sea country. Other military ships have the right to pass through the straits if they are not in a war against Turkey and if they stay in the Black Sea basin for a limited time. The 1982 amendments to the
8875:
Justyna; Della Casa, Philippe; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław (2015).
2991:
around the coastal apron and "wind curl" mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. During the spring, the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea.
3511:
has caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins. However, others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on the ecosystem, including
4435:
consisting of 180mm and 305mm re-purposed battleship guns which were capable of firing inland as well as out to sea. The artillery emplacements were protected by reinforced concrete fortifications and 9.8-inch thick armored turrets.
3503:, although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities. All three species have been classified as distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and are endemic to the Black and
2630:
The Black Sea is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by the Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the
8921:
Our genomic evidence for the spread of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to both northern Europe and Central Asia during the Early Bronze Age corresponds well with the hypothesized expansion of the Indo-European
3256:(an organism that uses organic carbon for growth) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species (able to exploit different trophic pathways), relative to autotrophs. Despite its unique hydrographic setting, there are no confirmed
2835:. Neoeuxinian deposits are found in the Black Sea below −20 m (−66 ft) water depth in three layers. The upper layers correspond with the peak of the Khvalinian transgression, on the shelf shallow-water sands and
792:
from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore
689:, covers 436,400 km (168,500 sq mi), has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft), and a volume of 547,000 km (131,000 cu mi). Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the
4854:
3046:
and is the first of its kind to be identified. The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through the Bosporus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content.
1156:
587:
3335:, as part of their life cycle. In the Black Sea, the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place. In May, the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal
6969:
3155:
During winter, strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients, while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm, shallow mixed layer. Day length and
4350:
2773:, however, are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km (12 mi) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The
9924:
4652:
The Black Sea plays an integral part in the connection between Asia and Europe. In addition to sea ports and fishing, key activities include hydrocarbons exploration for oil and natural gas, and tourism.
3176:
also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling, as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone, enhancing productivity.
9155:
A virtual cotton boom began with the onset of the American Revolutionary War in 1776, followed by a wheat boom beginning with the relaxation of Ottoman export controls following the French Revolution in
3404:
spp. can be found throughout the photic zone, although concentration decreases with increasing depth. Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability, predation, and
8090:
6632:
Moreover, the Abkhazian coast stretches 200 kilometres, which has the potential to significantly increase the influence of either Russia or Georgia on the Black sea, including their military presence.
9089:
Birsay, Cem (2007). "The Integration of Regional Efforts for Strengthening Stability Initiatives in the Wider Black Sea Area and Turkey's Position". In Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest (eds.).
4767:
Sea was partially isolated and sea levels fell. During this time sand shed off the rising Balkanide, Pontide and Caucasus mountains trapped organic material in the Maykop Suite of rocks through the
4744:, inviting major international oil companies for exploration. Discovery of the new, massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments. It also provoked a short-term peaceful
2769:
to the north of the basin is up to 190 km (120 mi) wide and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around
3458:
Another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea. It preys upon zebra mussels. Like the mussels and common carp, it has become invasive when introduced to other environments, like the
3635:
silicon associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces. This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localized alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin-wide effects.
1466:
region of the southern shoreline before Greek colonisation due to its difficult navigation and hostile barbarian natives (7.3.6), and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the
8962:
Most present-day Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of three ancient populations related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG), early farmers (EEF) and steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya) .
3591:
phytoplankton blooms, with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6. The non-diatoms, such as the prymnesiophytes
8595:"Modelling the Danube-influenced North-western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. II: Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972"
10144:
5923:
while the Russians claimed that an onboard fire had caused munitions to explode and damage the ship extensively. She was the largest ship to be lost in naval combat in Europe since
4343:
2960:
The southern sill of the Bosporus is located at 36.5 m (120 ft) below present sea level (deepest spot of the shallowest cross-section in the Bosporus, located in front of
7496:
7547:
Schuiling, Roelof Dirk; Cathcart, Richard B.; Badescu, Viorel; Isvoranu, Dragos; Pelinovsky, Efim (2006). "Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?".
3101:
There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms, possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths.
8193:
Emek Inanmaz, Özgür; Değirmenci, Özgür; Gücü, Ali Cemal (2014). "A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), in the Marmara Sea (Turkey)".
3527:
8738:
8116:
11108:
8773:
I believe with many others that the proto-Indo-European homeland was located in the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas in what is today southern Ukraine and Russia.
7793:
4431:
protected the anchorage, making an amphibious landing just as dangerous. The Soviet Navy had built upon these natural defenses by modernizing the port and installing heavy
4336:
8443:
Humborg, Christoph; Ittekkot, Venugopalan; Cociasu, Adriana; Bodungen, Bodo v. (1997). "Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure".
6966:
3894:
2968:(PSU) and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 PSU. Likewise, an inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 PSU experiences a decrease to about 34 PSU.
2594:
The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter. Other influencing factors include the regional
9270:
4786:
found 320 billion cubic metres (11 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the biggest ever discovery in the Black Sea, and hoped to begin production in the
3180:
In total, the Black Sea's biodiversity contains around one-third of the Mediterranean's and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or "Mediterranizations".
2144:
These rivers and their tributaries comprise a 2-million km (0.77-million sq mi) Black Sea drainage basin that covers wholly or partially 24 countries:
8486:
Sburlea, A.; L. Boicenco; et al. (2006). "Aspects of Eutrophication as a Chemical Pollution with Implications on Marine Biota at the Romanian Black Sea Shore".
3518:, now a vulnerable species, were historically abundant in the Black Sea, and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin in 1997. Monk seals were present at
9413:
2984:
in the summer and autumn. Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability.
2666:. Uplift and compressional deformation took place as the Neotethys continued to close. Seismic surveys indicate that rifting began in the Western Black Sea in the
5861:
The Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-
2894:
basin. The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is
1476:
Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark color of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of
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10180:
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oceans, but the timings of these events remain uncertain. Arc volcanism and extension occurred as the Neo-Tethys Ocean subducted under the southern margin of
9383:
5904:
occurred, in which the Russian navy and coast guard took control of three Ukrainian vessels as the ships were trying to transit from the Black Sea into the
721:
considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi). Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the
9369:
6620:"The Class Roots and Sources of the Aggressive Actions of Georgia Against South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the Aggravation of the Situation in the Caucasus"
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2003:
1418:(Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name
884:
6273:
11101:
10010:
6125:
Murray, J. W.; Jannasch, H. W.; Honjo, S; Anderson, R. F.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Top, Z.; Friederich, G. E.; Codispoti, L. A.; Izdar, E. (30 March 1989).
7974:
Uysal, Z. (2006). "Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black, Marmara, Aegean, and eastern Mediterranean seas".
558:
9603:
8409:
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Shillington, Donna J.; White, Nicky; Minshull, Timothy A.; Edwards, Glyn R.H.; Jones, Stephen M.; Edwards, Rosemary A.; Scott, Caroline L. (2008).
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bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of
9331:
7773:
3873:. The Dardanelles is 55 m (180 ft) deep, and the Bosporus is as shallow as 36 m (118 ft). By comparison, at the height of the
3284:-bearing terrestrial sediments, and when the supply of silicon is exhausted, the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting
2843:
silts. The middle layers on the shelf are sands with brackish-water mollusc shells. Of continental origin, the lower level on the shelf is mostly
9865:
9114:
from the 18th century onwards, Russian ambitions fueled Turkish-Russian power conflict over the control of the Turkish Straits and the Black Sea.
8519:
Gregoire, M.; C. Raick; et al. (2008). "Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase".
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channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs, radioactive materials, and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism.
4485:
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2840:
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6808:"Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation"
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3630:)—was able to establish itself in the basin, exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons. The change in
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Korotaev, G. (2003). "Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data".
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Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name "Black Sea", including these given in the countries bordering the sea:
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9095:. Volume 26 of NATO science for peace and security series: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 91.
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4456:. It was subsequently bombarded heavily by Ukraine. On 30 June 2022, Ukraine announced that it had driven Russian forces off the island.
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820:
The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding
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per year. The fishery is carried out mainly in winter, and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December.
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species from becoming established. The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favor the development of
231:
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Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost cetacean diversity in the Turkish Straits and hence in the Black and Azov basins.
1700:
5893:. It has been estimated that approximately 5,000 to 7,000 people were killed during the sinking, making it one of the deadliest
4236:
losing control of the Crimean Peninsula in 1479, after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of
3352:
into the atmosphere. Overall, coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea, and although recent sediments are dominated by
2729:
strait near its entrance to the Black Sea. Connecting Europe and Asia, it is one of the tallest suspension bridges in the world.
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inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure. Because of the extreme stratification, it is classified as a
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at about 100–200 metres (330–660 ft), and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water.
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Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the New and Emerging Democracies
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Ships' ballast as a Primary Factor for 'Mediterranization' of Pelagic Copepod Fauna (Copepoda) in the Northeastern Black Sea
837:
today). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The
12861:
12841:
12596:
12367:
12219:
12107:
9503:
9281:
8166:
Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; Zonn, Igor S.; Zhiltsov, Sergei S.; Kosarev, Aleksey N.; Kostianoy, Andrey G. (30 September 2014).
7729:
9969:
7872:
Eker-Develi, E. (2003). "Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996, spring and autumn 1998".
7721:
3396:, and are present throughout the world's oceans. They exhibit a range of morphologies, including filamentous colonies and
3248:
bottom waters. It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) of the Black Sea prevent
12891:
12881:
12866:
12851:
12234:
12224:
11485:
9996:
Stella Ghervas, "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique", in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (ed),
8139:
6329:
Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018.
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which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries.
4598:
12886:
12856:
12209:
12184:
12174:
12051:
9073:
8167:
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is part of the zebra mussel's native range. The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an
9844:
7527:
4570:
12706:
12628:
12501:
12355:
12335:
12020:
11901:
11745:
10053:
10036:
10022:
8719:
6487:
4617:
4408:
3164:. Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability, as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced
502:
497:
9660:
6755:
Hurrell, J. W. (1995). "Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation".
3567:
were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes. Of these,
12418:
12360:
9207:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800, Studies in Modern Capitalism
8423:
6535:
6043:
5817:
2487:
611:
7070:"Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus"
3581:
into the Dardanelles, although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins.
12906:
12663:
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12377:
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12296:
12071:
11958:
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10175:
9704:
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4470:
As early as 29 April 2022 submarines of the Black Sea Fleet were used by Russia to bombard Ukrainian cities with
3612:
The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s, while the invasive ctenophore
3468:
3056:
8288:
7906:
Krakhmalny, A. F. (1994). "Dinophyta of the Black Sea (Brief history of investigations and species diversity)."
7183:
Nikishin, A. (2003). "The Black Sea basin: tectonic history and Neogene–Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling".
6697:
12636:
12463:
12340:
12157:
12036:
7924:
6437:
4807:
4555:
4309:
became Tsar. On 15 January 1856, the new tsar took Russia out of the war on the very unfavourable terms of the
1249:, the historical name "Euxine Sea", which holds a different literal meaning (see below), is still widely used:
8307:
Gladilina, E.V.; Kovtun, Oleg; Kondakov, Andrey; Syomik, A.M.; Pronin, K.K.; Gol'din, Pavel (1 January 2013).
4313:, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea, and the provision that the Black Sea was to be a
4301:, fought between 1853 and 1856, saw naval engagements between the French and British allies and the forces of
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195:
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1796:
10190:
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12759:
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12345:
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8758:
The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
8309:"Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea: The first case of long-term survival of an exotic pinniped"
6279:
5884:
5309:
destination steadily increased. Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region's growth industries.
4584:
4412:
4182:
4170:
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3473:
3059:
artifacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived
2610:
mountain ranges acting as waveguides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region.
1477:
798:
8644:
3723:
2575:
Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the
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12112:
11943:
11921:
11800:
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of the Black Sea. The discovery of the river, announced on August 1, 2010, was made by scientists at the
6510:
3643:
plants in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union.
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12606:
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11855:
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10210:
8361:
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5276:
5000:
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1792:
1754:
776:, with an annual net outflow of 300 km (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosporus and the
31:
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6369:
6344:
4566:
12711:
12392:
12372:
12010:
11983:
9774:
7273:
Svitoch, Alexander A. (2010). "The Neueuxinian basin of the Black Sea and Khvalinian transgression".
6931:
Ozsoy, E. & U. Unluata (1997). "Oceanography of the Black Sea: A review of some recent results".
6883:
6111:
5570:
5284:
4166:
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The Black Sea is populated by many species of the marine diatom, which commonly exist as colonies of
3195:
blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image.
3098:
clouds would pose a threat to health—and perhaps even life—for people living on the Black Sea coast.
2777:
in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres (7,257.22 feet) just south of
2734:
2714:
1746:
1220:
1015:
17:
9136:. Studies in Modern Capitalism, ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
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was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from
4193:
Mediterranean. While Greek colonies generally maintained very close cultural ties to their founding
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12816:
12780:
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11968:
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11911:
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8152:
7582:
5959:
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2551:
1071:
967:
838:
310:
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9237:. Studies in Modern Capitalism ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
3757:
3446:. Like the zebra mussel, the common carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats.
3132:
The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the
2037:
1344:
12831:
12826:
12726:
12448:
11973:
11896:
11805:
11478:
10388:
7123:
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5920:
4741:
4544:
4390:
3515:
2588:
2062:
1830:
1576:
1528:
1172:
788:) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more
12821:
12811:
11871:
10709:
9661:"Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii"
7703:
7357:
Gregg, M. C., and E. Özsoy (2002), "Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosporus",
6847:
Türkeş, Murat (1996). "Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey".
6662:
Aydin, Mustafa (2005). "Europe's new region: The Black Sea in the wider Europe neighbourhood".
5912:
5548:
4641:
4464:
4449:
4385:
4310:
4306:
4210:
3709:
2196:
1036:
9468:
9063:
8594:
7649:
6619:
3292:-based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle. Typically,
3075:, as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the
2987:
Outside of the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of
829:. During geological periods when this hydrological link was not present, the Black Sea was an
784:. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the
12896:
11978:
10234:
10230:
10203:
9569:"Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast".
8403:
8340:
7619:"A physical-biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea"
7219:
5901:
5877:
5401:
4380:
4375:
4282:
4112:
3683:
3669:
3655:
3649:
populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them.
3507:
seas, and are more active during nights in the Turkish Straits. However, construction of the
3136:, nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs, the Black Sea features a range of
2981:
2898:
water. The Black Sea's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and
2806:
2754:
1262:
872:
317:
263:
9843:
8571:
7411:
7382:
7142:
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is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the
841:
is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the
12387:
11881:
11250:
10556:
8989:
Braun, Thomas (6 December 2012) . "Ancient Mediterranean Food". In Spiller, Gene A. (ed.).
8888:
8817:
8809:
8609:
8528:
8452:
8376:
8320:
7983:
7881:
7826:
7812:"Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995"
7738:
7687:
7673:"Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea: A modeling study"
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7466:
7192:
7138:
7084:
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6764:
6220:
6138:
5822:
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4082:
3898:
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2995:
Beneath the surface waters—from about 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft)—there exists a
2856:
2810:
2774:
2758:
2500:
1000:
988:
805:, via the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small
8936:
8787:
8652:
7124:"Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: A test of depth-dependent stretching models"
6080:
2961:
8:
12561:
12538:
12199:
12041:
12015:
11938:
11891:
11795:
11416:
10857:
10651:
10280:
9384:"Russia says it fires cruise missiles from submarine, warns again on NATO arms shipments"
9354:
9275:
8711:
7945:
7501:
5170:
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4269:
became a significant Black Sea power in the late-18th century, occupying the littoral of
4245:
4097:
3874:
3631:
3043:
1274:
1094:
864:
627:
592:
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8613:
8532:
8456:
8380:
8324:
8231:
Frantzis A.; Alexiadou P.; Paximadis G.; Politi E.; Gannier A.; Corsini-Foka M. (2023).
8068:
First stranding record of a Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the Marmara Sea, Turkey
7987:
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7637:
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6224:
6142:
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10852:
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10393:
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8799:
8682:
8468:
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6154:
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5499:
4591:
4314:
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The common carp's native range extends to the Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and
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1544:
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1235:
1211:
1030:
1006:
694:
663:
275:
155:
125:
11086:
10059:
9866:"Ukraine claims it hit a Russian warship with a missile strike. Russia says otherwise"
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7204:
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sediments have been shown to also contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species.
12656:
12651:
12547:
12516:
12148:
11990:
11931:
11906:
11835:
11768:
11542:
11376:
11255:
10611:
10561:
10353:
10295:
10157:
10126:
10120:
10075:
10049:
10032:
10018:
10001:
9983:
9511:
9482:
9238:
9234:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800
9210:
9178:
9137:
9133:
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800
9096:
9069:
9042:
8996:
8904:
8845:
8788:"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
8762:
8715:
8561:
8499:
8308:
8173:
7568:
7253:
7225:
7042:
6997:
6780:
6683:
6483:
6254:
6236:
6184:
6019:
5969:
5930:
In late 2023, Russia announced plans to build a naval base on the Black Sea coast of
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4003:
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mixed with silty sands and brackish-water fauna, and inside the Black Sea Depression
2825:
2798:
2770:
2766:
2738:
2248:
1930:
1511:
1485:
1467:
1436:(1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often simply called "the Sea" (
1359:
1343:
was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern
1149:
1137:
1084:
1060:
982:
958:
821:
802:
698:
643:
562:
547:
364:
140:
95:
9350:"Russia says flagship missile cruiser has sunk after explosion off coast of Ukraine"
8259:
8214:
7953:
7852:
6910:
6792:
2975:; waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin-wide shelfbreak
2951:
Evaporation: 400 km/a (100 cu mi/a) (reduced greatly since the 1970s)
1331:
The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the
12716:
12521:
12496:
12204:
12097:
11815:
11810:
10872:
10724:
10275:
10195:
9975:
9474:
9414:"Russian fighter plane intercepts Polish aircraft over Black Sea, Romania confirms"
9034:
8944:
8916:
8896:
8835:
8827:
8617:
8536:
8491:
8472:
8460:
8384:
8328:
8247:
8202:
8148:
8067:
7991:
7941:
7889:
7842:
7834:
7746:
7695:
7641:
7556:
7474:
7362:
7282:
7200:
7146:
7092:
7054:
7034:
6948:
6898:
6884:"Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow"
6864:
6827:
6772:
6671:
6244:
6228:
6158:
6146:
5530:
5119:
4699:
4218:
4188:
Greek presence in the Black Sea began at least as early as the 9th century BC with
4019:
3945:
3884:
In the aftermath of the last glacial period, water levels in the Black Sea and the
3640:
3621:
3500:
3427:
3349:
3095:
2828:
was isolated from the mainland by a shallow strait during the Eemian Interglacial.
2691:
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2107:
1824:
1750:
1635:
1603:
1570:
1205:
1193:
1187:
1163:
714:
690:
80:
65:
10063:
9753:
9634:
7699:
1242:
Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century.
12738:
12214:
12076:
12056:
12000:
11850:
11705:
11291:
11220:
11215:
11199:
11158:
10992:
10962:
10942:
10862:
10526:
10521:
10506:
10476:
10441:
10363:
10260:
10148:
10067:
9942:
9883:
9791:
9736:
9576:
9571:
Serdar Sakinan. Middle East Technical University – Institute of Marine Sciences.
9304:
9232:
9172:
9131:
9090:
9028:
8990:
8756:
8742:
8707:
Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History
8705:
8660:
8648:
8540:
8495:
8430:
8362:"The status of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in Turkey's waters"
8293:
8206:
8120:
8094:
8074:
7797:
7777:
7722:"Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North-western Black Sea"
7534:
7286:
7245:
6973:
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6444:
6425:
6330:
6318:
5869:
5766:
5672:
5594:
5449:
5189:
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4908:
4811:
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4420:
4278:
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4169:
to the north of the Black Sea is seen by several researchers as the pre-historic
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3964:
3729:
3309:
3208:
3091:
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904:
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718:
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519:
170:
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10000:(Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008), pp. 107–124.
9038:
6723:
4740:'s coast). Independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its
2492:
Some islands in the Black Sea belong to Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine:
510:
12533:
11431:
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11240:
11225:
11118:
10932:
10912:
10877:
10867:
10847:
10842:
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10666:
10656:
10546:
10531:
10413:
10265:
10242:
10153:
10041:
9608:
9370:"Russian submarine strikes Ukraine with cruise missiles, defence ministry says"
9271:"Ukrainian border guards may have survived reported last stand on Snake Island"
9130:
agriculture, western Macedonia, 1620-1830: The economic role of the district".
8876:
8745:. "Slavena", Varna, ISBN 954-579-335-X, 91 p., DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327
7995:
7754:
7248:
Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis
7150:
5858:
allow Turkey to close the straits at its discretion in both war and peacetime.
5839:
5772:
5624:
5154:
5084:
4943:
4684:). There were also around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea.
4512:
4370:
4206:
4205:. The coastal communities of Black Sea Greeks remained a prominent part of the
4159:
4067:
3999:
3902:
3806:
3546:
3508:
3492:
3393:
3225:
3200:
3149:
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2923:
2742:
2636:
2235:
2122:
2117:
1788:
1711:
1668:
1499:
1496:
1351:
1299:
1281:
1253:
1054:
806:
679:
441:
335:
282:
213:
110:
38:
9979:
8388:
8332:
7560:
6902:
6675:
6562:
4477:. The Kalibr missile was so successful that on 10 March 2023 Defense Minister
4119:
The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world: the
3877:, sea levels were more than 100 m (330 ft) lower than they are now.
2674:
followed by the formation of oceanic crust 20 million years later in the
12795:
12696:
12591:
12568:
12526:
12438:
12309:
11454:
11391:
11361:
11331:
11321:
11296:
11245:
11235:
11153:
11074:
11062:
10882:
10774:
10744:
10729:
10719:
10699:
10626:
10596:
10551:
10541:
10516:
10496:
10466:
10446:
10358:
10333:
9168:
7932:
6240:
5916:
5835:
5684:
5465:
4481:
announced plans to broaden the type of ship which carried it, to include the
4478:
4411:(1914–1918) and saw both naval and land battles between 1941 and 1945 during
4285:, and the Ottomans relaxed export controls after the outbreak in 1789 of the
4277:
in 1783. Ottoman restrictions on Black Sea navigation were challenged by the
4202:
4078:
3778:
3578:
3373:
3324:
3249:
3245:
3212:
3192:
3188:
3137:
3084:
3068:
2895:
2852:
2746:
2741:, water levels fell but without drying up the sea. The collision between the
2599:
2584:
2569:
2132:
2047:
2042:
1765:
794:
773:
306:
246:
233:
10191:
Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: UNESCO IGCP 521 WG12
8230:
7771:
Mechanisms impeding the natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna
6418:
6126:
5437:
3831:
3620:
and other zooplankton in the late 1980s. Additionally, an alien species—the
3571:
and beluga whales have been recorded with successful, long-term occurrences.
2965:
2903:
2682:
in the basin, interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large-scale
2564:
12721:
12554:
12506:
11655:
11426:
11411:
11396:
11371:
11356:
11351:
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11271:
11230:
11168:
11163:
10927:
10802:
10754:
10739:
10734:
10714:
10681:
10661:
10646:
10631:
10606:
10591:
10581:
10536:
10491:
10481:
10471:
10456:
10421:
10343:
10325:
10250:
9828:
9805:
8908:
8849:
8621:
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5964:
5951:
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was a source of contention. On 24 February 2022, two Russian navy warships
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328:
11620:
9478:
8123:. Примечания. Новости Севастополя и Крыма. Retrieved on September 29, 2017
6869:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<1057::AID-JOC75>3.3.CO;2-4
6394:
6207:
Miladinova, S.; Stips, A.; Garcia-Gorriz, E.; Macias Moy, D. (July 2017).
5419:
5100:
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877:
734:
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11406:
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10952:
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10902:
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10782:
10694:
10689:
10641:
10616:
10431:
10383:
10378:
10348:
10338:
10315:
10285:
9541:
7478:
7408:"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1A"
7379:"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1B"
7366:
7097:
6832:
6807:
6232:
5974:
5905:
5811:
5724:
5509:
4994:
4711:
4500:
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2918:
2832:
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1432:
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which have been found in the Black Sea, which ultimately drains into the
777:
686:
298:
286:
11650:
9909:"Russia plans naval base in Abkhazia, triggering criticism from Georgia"
8900:
8831:
6601:
6539:
6047:
5588:
4558: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4328:
3491:
Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphin (
2820:(MIS 5e). This may have been the highest sea levels reached in the late
1563:(both meaning Black Sea) originated during the 13th century. A 1570 map
12733:
11685:
11436:
11366:
11341:
11326:
11306:
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11173:
11148:
11132:
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10571:
10566:
10511:
10501:
10461:
10451:
10426:
10398:
10373:
10305:
10290:
8030:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tursiops truncatus ssp. ponticus"
7847:
5873:
5788:
5760:
5730:
5481:
5407:
4988:
4764:
4719:
4416:
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4136:
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4007:
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1320:
1308:
781:
742:
710:
702:
535:
276:
201:
11449:
11057:
10098:'The Most Marvellous of All Seas': the Greek Encounter with the Euxine
9542:"Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков"
8011:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Delphinus delphis ssp. ponticus"
6583:
6317:
The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985.
6206:
5135:
2831:
The Neoeuxinian transgression began with an inflow of waters from the
318:
12646:
11715:
11386:
11346:
11178:
10937:
10907:
10832:
10812:
10807:
10792:
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10576:
10403:
10310:
10270:
10074:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 310–313.
9708:
9600:
8995:(reprint ed.). New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 29.
8464:
8088:
Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait
8048:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phocoena phocoena ssp. relicta"
7038:
6701:
6150:
5798:
5648:
4959:
4768:
4733:
4661:
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4011:
3995:
3991:
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published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an
3661:
3568:
3560:
3484:
3332:
3237:. The major bloom-forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is
3141:
3076:
2996:
2988:
2886:
view reveals the colorful interplay of currents on the sea's surface.
2867:
2683:
2675:
2667:
1732:
1316:
833:, operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the
813:. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the
706:
678:. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its
527:
217:
10088:
Rüdiger Schmitt, "Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea", in:
8488:
Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats
7017:
McKenzie, DP (1970). "Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region".
6209:"Black Sea thermohaline properties: Long-term trends and variations"
5872:
has its official primary headquarters and facilities in the city of
4698:
The Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons of
4533:
4115:(8th–3rd century BCE) of the Black Sea (Euxine, or "hospitable" sea)
3400:. In the Black Sea, several species are present, and as an example,
12701:
12304:
11737:
11645:
11635:
11529:
11516:
11010:
11000:
10967:
10922:
10892:
10887:
10787:
10368:
10300:
9946:
9929:
8949:
8822:
8804:
6014:
6005:
5931:
5862:
5690:
5636:
5582:
5560:
5554:
5455:
5302:
5184:
5018:
4938:
4482:
4176:
4128:
3979:
3935:
3870:
3846:
3836:
3792:
3715:
3577:
are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus Strait and
3556:
3443:
3389:
3365:
3317:
3289:
3257:
3133:
3064:
2914:
2844:
2726:
2718:
2695:
2678:. Since its initiation, compressional tectonic environments led to
2663:
2659:
2521:
2474:
2417:
2404:
2209:
2097:
2082:
2032:
1972:
1909:
1738:
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1332:
1130:
1115:
1046:
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which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the
722:
675:
639:
635:
631:
523:
434:
351:
324:
302:
30:
This article is about the large body of water. For other uses, see
9470:
Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860
7583:"Asteroid impact in the Black Sea: tsunami and toxic gas emission"
6127:"Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea"
5205:
4255:
4108:
3923:
is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea
2057:
1726:
The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the
1405:), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite,
12274:
11830:
11825:
11700:
11695:
11625:
11594:
11555:
10759:
9912:
9792:"HMS Defender: What will be the fallout from Black Sea incident?"
9582:
8047:
8029:
8010:
6806:
Lamy, F.; Arz, H. W.; Bond, G. C.; Barh, A.; Pätzold, J. (2006).
5945:
5736:
5702:
5642:
5600:
5542:
5505:
5487:
5383:
5373:
5345:
5333:
5306:
5094:
5037:
5032:
4973:
4868:
4791:
4772:
4749:
4737:
4681:
4677:
4516:
4151:
4120:
4055:
3987:
3983:
3617:
3397:
3281:
3234:
3169:
3165:
3080:
2899:
2883:
2836:
2794:
2687:
2580:
2456:
2365:
2326:
2287:
2261:
2222:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2092:
2022:
1951:
1867:
1758:
1682:
1672:
1548:
1481:
1340:
1312:
762:
671:
659:
647:
623:
416:
377:
294:
8933:
7546:
6278:. İstanbul: Heyamola Yayınları. pp. 617–620. Archived from
5678:
5065:
3055:
Because of the anoxic water at depth, organic matter, including
2602:
are funneled through the low land around the Bosporus, with the
1307:
The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common
183:
12511:
12279:
11840:
11820:
11680:
11615:
11610:
11581:
11568:
10181:
Pictures of the Black sea coast all along the Crimean peninsula
9305:"Ukraine war: Snake Island and battle for control in Black Sea"
8873:
8641:
7121:
6509:. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from
5890:
5748:
5718:
5666:
5576:
5514:
5443:
5413:
5395:
5389:
5363:
5357:
5339:
5327:
5313:
5293:
5254:
5240:
5199:
5164:
5149:
5114:
5079:
5013:
4903:
4883:
4783:
4760:
4645:
4471:
4237:
4222:
4144:
4124:
4063:
3862:
3826:
3764:
3477:
3265:
3204:
3145:
3039:
3016:
2814:
2782:
2722:
2703:
2699:
2671:
2640:
2632:
2443:
2391:
2378:
2352:
2274:
2137:
2112:
2087:
2017:
1888:
1846:
1804:
1742:
1427:
1395:
1246:
889:
842:
766:
758:
726:
667:
655:
651:
615:
581:
577:
566:
551:
515:
403:
390:
290:
10118:
9918:
9604:"Erdogan Unveils Biggest Ever Black Sea Natural Gas Discovery"
9065:
A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition
8442:
8165:
6419:§ 42. Discourse on the Country of Rūm, its Provinces and Towns
6108:
Environment and Enlargement – The Black Sea: Facts and Figures
4924:
4511:
fighter jet intercepted and threatened the safety of a Polish
853:
11710:
11690:
11660:
11640:
11031:
10226:
10072:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/3: Bibliographies II–Bolbol I
9845:"Prized Russian Ship Was Hit by Missiles, U.S. Officials Say"
9432:"Russian Jet Intercepts Polish Plane Over Black Sea: Romania"
9399:"Russian Navy to upgrade vessels with Kalibr cruise missiles"
9332:"Ukraine says it has pushed Russian forces from Snake Island"
9027:
King, Charles (18 March 2004). "Pontus Euxinus 700BC–AD500".
8784:
8306:
7164:
5778:
5754:
5708:
5696:
5618:
5612:
5475:
5351:
5321:
5059:
4848:
4634:
4508:
4496:
4197:, Greek colonies in the Black Sea began to develop their own
4194:
4035:
4023:
3814:
3277:
2778:
2623:
2300:
2067:
2009:
1644:
1612:
1450:
1437:
1419:
1406:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:("dark colored"). Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as
750:
738:
596:
11730:, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory.
11463:
9902:
9601:
Selcan Hacaoglu; Vanessa Dezem; Cagan Koc (21 August 2020).
9502:
Houston, Fiona; Duncan Wood, W.; Robinson, Derek M. (2010).
9450:"Poland Border Guard says patrol intercepted by Russian jet"
7925:"An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea"
6301:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
3007:
1449:). He thought that the sea was called the "Inhospitable Sea
701:
to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small
37:"Euxine" redirects here. For the town of ancient Caria, see
11675:
11670:
11665:
11630:
9974:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–266.
9682:
8233:"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"
6124:
5911:
In April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the
5654:
5630:
5524:
5259:
5234:
4657:
4474:
4027:
3701:
3285:
3199:
The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are
3125:
3012:
2976:
2954:
Outflow via Bosporus: 500 km/a (120 cu mi/a)
2937:
Total river discharge: 370 km/a (90 cu mi/a)
2860:
2077:
2072:
1656:
858:
797:. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of
754:
619:
9824:"Ukraine's ports partially unblocked by Russia, says Kiev"
9501:
8490:. NATO Security through Science Series. pp. 357–360.
8192:
7067:
6458:"Central Asia and Dravidan Connection - Revealed - Part 6"
3288:. Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and
2890:
The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water with a
11036:
8703:
6286:
4246:
trade route of slaves between Crimea and Ottoman Anatolia
2943:
Inflow via Bosporus: 350 km/a (80 cu mi/a)
1810:
1780:
1641:
1621:
1609:
1363:
268:
9925:"Russia to build naval base in breakaway Georgia region"
9536:
9534:
6602:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"
4648:, Turkey, is located on a small island in the Black Sea.
4081:
of the Black Sea, has attracted increased interest from
1105:
11116:
7402:
7400:
6990:
Simmons, M. D.; Tari, G. C.; Okay, A. I., eds. (2018).
6613:
6611:
6480:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
6044:""Black Sea Geography, Oceanography, Ecology, History""
4077:, combined with the preservative qualities of the deep
3120:
1225:
1020:
693:
to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the
10176:
Space Monitoring of the Black Sea Coastline and Waters
10142:
Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea
9936:
8485:
7867:
7865:
7719:
7537:
earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved December 2, 2006.
6881:
4676:
2013 study, there were at least 30 operating merchant
4660:, the Black Sea is a strategic corridor that provides
3545:
sites post-1990. Very few animals still thrive in the
2824:. Based on this some scholars have suggested that the
1816:
Coastline length and area of exclusive economic zones
1722:
A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N).
972:
9531:
9230:
8937:"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"
8132:
7616:
6967:
Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin
3526:, until the 1950s, and several locations such as the
2598:, as depressions and storm systems arriving from the
1659:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1478:
colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions
1177:
10225:
10100:. Vol. 50. Greece & Rome. pp. 151–167.
8678:"Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge to Farming's Rise"
8518:
7809:
7397:
6608:
5941:
1503:
942:
915:
845:
of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered.
9943:"Russia's new Black Sea naval base alarms Georgia,"
9495:
7922:
7862:
6930:
6361:
2940:
Precipitation: 180 km/a (40 cu mi/a)
1737:(black soil belt) which goes from eastern Croatia (
1638:
1606:
1292:
1267:
9602:
9280:
7326:"Exploring Ancient Mysteries: A Black Sea Journey"
7068:McClusky, S.; S. Balassanian; et al. (2000).
6172:
5915:was sunk in the western Black Sea by sea-skimming
4816:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
3585:
2004:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
1538:
1533:
9068:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 184–185.
8335:(inactive 23 July 2024) – via ResearchGate.
7670:
6336:
4407:The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of
2948:Water out: 900 km/a (220 cu mi/a)
1326:
12793:
9262:
8754:
6104:"Europa – Gateway of the European Union website"
6077:University of Delaware College of Marine Studies
6018:independent since 1993, though still claimed by
4499:fighter jet intercepted and damaged an American
3221:bloom during the late spring and summer months.
2934:Water in: 900 km/a (220 cu mi/a)
1703:defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows:
1120:
224:
10095:
9956:
9588:
8226:
8224:
7252:. Geological Society of America. January 2011.
7170:
6996:. The Geological Society of London. p. 2.
6989:
6805:
4419:was obliterated by the Nazis, who even brought
3348:, which is also responsible for the release of
3083:, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of
1596:English writers of the 18th century often used
1358:is generally accepted to be a rendering of the
147:
117:
10122:The Black Sea, the Flood and the Ancient Myths
8153:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en
8114:Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря
8063:
8061:
7720:Friedrich, J.; C. Dinkel; et al. (2002).
7497:"Undersea river discovered flowing on sea bed"
6882:Cullen, H. M.; A. Kaplan; et al. (2002).
4826:Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea
4150:The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea,
1753:) to northeast Ukraine and further across the
1508:. In the tenth-century Persian geography book
1473:the region, bringing it into the Greek world.
1064:
132:
87:
11753:
11479:
11102:
10211:
9204:
8992:The Mediterranean Diets in Health and Disease
8736:The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths
8553:
7617:Oguz, T.; H. W. Ducklow; et al. (1999).
7117:
7115:
6978:Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean
6617:
5897:in history. There were only eight survivors.
5312:The following is a list of notable Black Sea
4344:
4085:who have begun to discover a large number of
3031:create a very thick convective bottom layer.
2930:The following water budget can be estimated:
2583:, which are largely responsible for regional
1768:of the Black Sea is often referred to as the
1558:
1552:
1521:
1509:
72:
57:
9884:"Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea"
8557:Ocean's end: travels through endangered seas
8408:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
8345:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
8221:
7810:Eker, E.; L. Georgieva; et al. (1999).
7077:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
6271:
6179:. Marshall Cavendish. 21 July 2010. p.
4174:
3827:Mediterranean connection during the Holocene
2639:which were initiated by the splitting of an
162:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9547:International Transport Workers' Federation
9467:Witzenrath, Christoph, ed. (9 March 2016).
9209:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
9061:
8877:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
8240:Journal of Cetacean Research and Management
8058:
7871:
7452:
7450:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
4680:in the Black Sea (including at least 12 in
4674:International Transport Workers' Federation
4495:On the morning of 14 March 2023, a Russian
4317:similar to a contemporaneous region of the
4305:. On the 2 March 1855 death of Nicholas I,
4250:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
3644:
3625:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3359:
3353:
3341:
3299:
3293:
2855:. Inside the Black Sea Depression they are
2847:sands with pebbles, mixed with less common
1588:
1582:
1574:
1564:
1286:
102:
27:Eurasian sea northeast of the Mediterranean
11760:
11746:
11486:
11472:
11109:
11095:
10218:
10204:
10110:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9466:
8159:
7217:
7112:
4705:
4351:
4337:
3938:Strait. The hypothesis was headlined when
3384:(plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0
2980:dissipate into a series of interconnected
682:includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.
10119:Petko Dimitrov; Dimitar Dimitrov (2004).
9933:(Politico.eu), retrieved January 12, 2024
8948:
8839:
8821:
8803:
8704:William Ryan & Walter Pitman (1998).
8664:Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher
8359:
8133:Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). "
7846:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7437:
7435:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7318:
7096:
6831:
6554:
6374:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
6349:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
6248:
4618:Learn how and when to remove this message
4358:
3160:intensity also control the extent of the
3090:Modelling shows that, in the event of an
2635:. The basin includes two distinct relict
2613:
488:547,000 km (131,200 cu mi)
464:436,400 km (168,500 sq mi)
9968:. In Armitage, D.; Bashford, S. (eds.).
9729:Postcard from the Silk Road - Batumi...(
9622:
9396:
8676:Wilford, John Noble (17 December 1996).
8592:
7918:
7916:
7456:
7447:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7328:. University of Delaware. Archived from
7182:
7016:
6664:Southeast European and Black Sea Studies
6571:
6560:
6504:"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"
6371:Strabo: Geography, Volume III: Books 6-7
5992:
5834:
5810:
5508:(Abkhazia/Georgia) and subsequently the
5292:
4797:
4736:in the sea's western portion (adjoining
4640:
4629:
4259:The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in
4254:
4107:
4096:
3959:
3845:
3830:
3467:
3260:dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea.
3187:
3119:
3006:
2877:
2708:
2617:
2563:
883:
871:
863:
852:
586:
571:
557:
541:
509:
440:A large number of countries included in
10058:
9963:
9768:"Montreaux Convention and Turkey (pdf)"
9376:
9362:
9268:
9167:
9125:
8675:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7490:
7488:
7293:
7272:
7218:Barale, Vittorio; Gade, Martin (2008).
6754:
6305:
6213:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
5980:
5305:, the popularity of the Black Sea as a
4523:
4101:A 16th-century map of the Black Sea by
3969:Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia
3639:in part due to the construction of new
1701:International Hydrographic Organization
14:
12794:
9442:
9424:
9329:
9323:
9088:
8973:
8027:
8008:
7603:
7426:
6846:
6477:
6346:Strabo: Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2
5985:
5806:
5301:In the years following the end of the
4459:On 14 April 2022, the flagship of the
2749:plates and the westward escape of the
1811:Coastline and exclusive economic zones
1394:(Inhospitable Sea), first attested in
1129:
1114:
1053:
951:
11741:
11467:
11090:
10199:
10186:Black Sea Environmental Internet Node
9411:
9405:
9390:
9342:
8988:
8424:Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı!
8077:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7973:
7913:
7800:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7780:(pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017
7344:
6965:Brody, L. R., Nestor, M.J.R. (1980).
6661:
6536:"Agriculture in the Black Sea Region"
6367:
6342:
4332:
3889:catastrophic scenarios, such as the "
3276:, non-motile auto- and heterotrophic
3067:. Scientists have reported an annual
2788:
1745:(northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria (
1298:
1280:
1234:
1204:
1186:
1148:
1083:
1029:
999:
981:
924:
713:, a dwindling of the east end of the
12847:Bodies of water of Georgia (country)
11767:
10092:(Saarbrücken 1996), pp. 219–224
9832:. Associated Press. 4 December 2018.
9750:"Montreaux and the Bosporus Problem"
9635:"Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities"
9026:
8976:Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire
8631:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8602:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
8398:from the original on 9 October 2022.
8126:
7963:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7730:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
7659:
7599:from the original on 9 October 2022.
7494:
7485:
7160:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6980:, Naval Research Laboratory. Part 2.
6920:from the original on 9 October 2022.
6849:International Journal of Climatology
6392:
4556:adding citations to reliable sources
4527:
3908:
2797:is described by the accumulation of
1730:. Its northern part lies within the
530:which has led to the formation of a
8269:from the original on 9 October 2022
8140:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8052:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8034:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
8015:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
7923:Gomez, F. & L. Briceno (2004).
7221:Remote Sensing of the European Seas
7131:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
6447:Georgian Chronicles, Line of ed: 14
6368:Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1924).
6343:Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1917).
4507:. At 13:20 on 5 May 2023 a Russian
4092:
2587:inputs and influence Mediterranean
1502:scripture, the Black Sea is called
1303:, is used, but is much less common.
24:
12052:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
8554:Colin Woodard (11 February 2001).
8289:Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists
8009:Birkun, A. A. Jr. (30 June 2008).
7946:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027336.05452.07
7108:from the original on 8 March 2012.
6993:Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea
6724:"UN Atlas of the Oceans: Subtopic"
5297:Black Sea beach in Zatoka, Ukraine
4790:by 2023. The sector is near where
4454:attacked and captured Snake Island
3857:The Black Sea is connected to the
3063:form organic rich layers known as
2805:) and the lowering of sea levels (
25:
12918:
11902:Unification of the Georgian realm
11728:partial international recognition
11502:Countries bordering the Black Sea
10169:
9998:Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites
9397:Starchak, Maxim (10 March 2023).
9269:Lamothe, Dan (26 February 2022).
8653:"The Black Sea's Cautionary Tale"
7671:Oguz, T. & A. Merico (2006).
7442:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
6604:. University of British Columbia.
6567:. London: H.M. Stationery Office.
4292:
4221:spanned the Black Sea to include
4209:for centuries, and the realms of
4089:in a high state of preservation.
4087:ancient ships and organic remains
3409:
3094:on the Black Sea, the release of
3050:
1997:
1375:, identified with the Greek word
685:The Black Sea, not including the
12147:
12021:Absorption by the Russian Empire
11587:
11574:
11561:
11548:
11535:
11522:
11509:
11448:
11069:
11068:
11056:
10090:Hellas und der griechische Osten
10027:William Ryan and Walter Pitman,
9876:
9858:
9854:. New York Times. 15 April 2022.
9836:
9816:
9798:
9784:
9760:
9742:
9723:
9697:
9671:
9653:
9594:
9562:
9460:
9297:
9223:
9198:
9126:McGowan, Bruce William (1981). "
8734:Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004.
8433:. Retrieved on September 4, 2017
7444:. Talley, Pickard, Emery, Swift.
5944:
5865:states in the Black Sea waters.
5247:
5239:
5212:
5204:
5177:
5169:
5142:
5134:
5107:
5099:
5072:
5064:
5025:
5006:
4993:
4966:
4958:
4931:
4923:
4896:
4888:
4861:
4853:
4532:
4488:and the nuclear-powered cruiser
4467:was sunk by Ukrainian missiles.
3799:
3785:
3771:
3756:
3736:
3722:
3708:
3694:
3682:
3668:
3654:
3183:
2488:List of islands in the Black Sea
2467:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2202:
2189:
2176:
2163:
2150:
2012:flowing into the Black Sea are:
1965:
1944:
1923:
1902:
1881:
1860:
1839:
1634:
1602:
427:
409:
396:
383:
370:
357:
344:
194:
182:
12877:Georgia (country)–Turkey border
12872:Georgia (country)–Russia border
10154:LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
9508:NATO Advanced Research Workshop
9330:Koshiw, Isobel (30 June 2022).
9161:
9119:
9082:
9055:
9020:
8982:
8967:
8927:
8867:
8778:
8748:
8728:
8697:
8669:
8635:
8586:
8547:
8512:
8479:
8436:
8416:
8353:
8300:
8281:
8186:
8106:
8080:
8040:
8021:
8002:
7967:
7900:
7803:
7783:
7764:
7713:
7575:
7540:
7521:
7495:Gray, Richard (1 August 2010).
7459:Journal of Geophysical Research
7371:
7359:Journal of Geophysical Research
7266:
7238:
7211:
7176:
7061:
7010:
6983:
6959:
6924:
6875:
6840:
6799:
6748:
6734:
6716:
6690:
6655:
6637:
6618:Aleksey Danko (November 2008).
6594:
6528:
6496:
6471:
6450:
6431:
6412:
6386:
6323:
5830:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
4543:needs additional citations for
4439:
4425:Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)
4228:The Black Sea became a virtual
3586:Ecological effects of pollution
3316:Coccolithophores are a type of
895:
12037:Democratic Republic of Georgia
9806:"MV Armenia (Армения) (+1941)"
9412:Mihai, Catalina (8 May 2023).
9231:Bruce William McGowan (1981).
9205:Bruce McGowan (4 March 2010).
8978:. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 3.
8761:. Princeton University Press.
8560:. Basic Books. pp. 1–28.
8103:. Retrieved on March 10, 2017.
8028:Birkun, Alexei (1 July 2008).
7819:ICES Journal of Marine Science
6311:
6265:
6200:
6193:– via Internet Archive.
6165:
6118:
6095:
6065:
6036:
4820:
4808:Superior Prut and Lower Danube
4232:lake within five years of the
3955:
3380:Cyanobacteria are a phylum of
2515:Sacalinu Mare Island – Romania
1710:The Northeastern limit of the
1327:Historical names and etymology
1076:
666:major rivers, principally the
13:
1:
12807:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea
11493:
9589:Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018
9174:The Venetian Empire 1200–1670
9062:Paul Robert, Magocsi (2010).
8297:. Retrieved on April 21, 2016
7894:10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00031-9
7700:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.08.002
7646:10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00074-0
7205:10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00286-5
7171:Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018
6953:10.1016/S0012-8252(97)81859-4
6538:. Bs-agro.com. Archived from
6275:Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük
4794:has also found gas reserves.
4667:
4324:
4162:the edge of the known world.
3924:
3430:where it has been introduced.
3422:The Black Sea along with the
3392:that obtain their energy via
3116:List of fish of the Black Sea
2518:Sacalinu Mic Island – Romania
2506:St. Cyricus Island – Bulgaria
1691:), both meaning "Black Sea".
1551:. Other modern names such as
1399:
772:The Black Sea has a positive
188:The location of the Black Sea
12297:Russian-occupied territories
12128:Timeline of Georgian history
9957:General and cited references
9949:, retrieved January 12, 2024
9915:, retrieved January 12, 2024
9752:(in Turkish). Archived from
8541:10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.002
8496:10.1007/978-1-4020-5098-5_28
8207:10.1080/09397140.2014.944438
7287:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.03.005
6777:10.1126/science.269.5224.676
6333:. Accessed 26 February 2024.
6195:Black Sea 1175 km east west.
6029:
4183:Proto-Indo-European language
3978:The Black Sea was sailed by
3541:were the last of the seals'
3528:Danube Plavni Nature Reserve
2971:Mean surface circulation is
2873:
2690:, causing the uplift of the
2497:St. Thomas Island – Bulgaria
1694:
1683:
1673:
1534:
1504:
1456:
1443:
1420:
1412:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1106:
943:
705:below foothills such as the
480:2,212 m (7,257 ft)
472:1,253 m (4,111 ft)
7:
12842:Bodies of water of Bulgaria
9550:. BlackSeaNews. 27 May 2013
9039:10.1093/0199241619.001.0001
9033:. Oxford University Press.
8666:, October 2007, pp. 244–245
8369:Marine Biodiversity Records
8313:Marine Biodiversity Records
8119:September 29, 2017, at the
8100:Russia Beyond the Headlines
7528:Black Sea Becomes Turquoise
6649:www.blacksea-commission.org
5937:
5842:artillery boat U170 in the
4505:to crash into the Black Sea
4446:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3915:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
3891:Black Sea deluge hypothesis
3841:International Space Station
2809:6, 8 and 10). The Karangat
2512:St. Peter Island – Bulgaria
1935:310 (without Abkhazia 100)
1587:(Great Sea), compare Latin
1553:
1522:
1510:
1347:, on the Black Sea coast."
1293:
1268:
1226:
1178:
1021:
973:
916:
546:Black Sea coast of western
456:1,175 km (730 mi)
10:
12923:
12892:Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
12852:Bodies of water of Romania
11856:Christianization of Iberia
11726:Disputed statehood —
11287:American Mediterranean Sea
10437:American Mediterranean Sea
9679:"Batumi City Hall website"
8429:September 4, 2017, at the
8195:Zoology in the Middle East
8169:The Black Sea Encyclopedia
8093:February 28, 2017, at the
7996:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.03.016
7151:10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.033
6972:November 26, 2011, at the
6622:. Proletarskaya Gazeta #30
6424:February 25, 2021, at the
5277:Romanian Black Sea resorts
5274:
5270:
4801:
4709:
4691:
4687:
4503:drone, causing the latter
4123:to the west, the Eurasian
3912:
3861:by a chain of two shallow
3821:
3603:sp., and the Euglenophyte
3483:Marine mammals and marine
3113:
3104:
2577:North Atlantic oscillation
2559:
2509:St. Ivan Island – Bulgaria
2485:
2481:
2001:
1799:Bay, both in Ukraine; and
1755:Central Black Earth Region
1539:
1516:, the Black Sea is called
1462:by the inhabitants of the
1451:
1438:
1407:
1383:
1335:and their conquerors, the
1282:[ˈefksinosˈpondos]
1279:'Hospitable Sea',
1188:[ˈt͡ɕɵrnəjəˈmorʲe]
1121:
1098:
935:
888:Coast of the Black Sea at
857:Coast of the Black Sea at
200:Map of the Black Sea with
36:
32:Black Sea (disambiguation)
29:
12857:Bodies of water of Crimea
12753:
12684:
12627:
12492:
12483:
12414:
12405:
12331:
12322:
12295:
12255:
12165:
12156:
12145:
12090:
12029:
12011:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
11984:Principality of Mingrelia
11864:
11788:
11779:
11724:
11603:
11501:
11445:
11264:
11208:
11192:
11141:
11125:
11050:
11024:
10991:
10773:
10680:
10412:
10324:
10241:
10147:February 9, 2022, at the
9980:10.1017/9781108399722.010
9794:. BBC News. 23 June 2021.
9372:. Reuters. 29 April 2022.
8960:– via biorxiv.org.
8755:David W. Anthony (2010).
8659:February 7, 2009, at the
8391:(inactive 23 July 2024).
8389:10.1017/S1755267214000980
8360:Kabasakal, Hakan (2014).
8333:10.1017/S1755267213000018
8073:October 20, 2017, at the
7976:Deep-Sea Research Part II
7874:Journal of Marine Systems
7796:October 20, 2017, at the
7789:Selifonova, P.J. (2011).
7680:Journal of Marine Systems
7561:10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7
7533:October 28, 2008, at the
6676:10.1080/14683850500122943
5883:The Soviet hospital ship
5285:Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
5233:
5198:
5163:
5128:
5093:
5058:
4987:
4952:
4917:
4882:
4847:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4366:
4281:(founded in 1783) of the
4244:. The Black Sea became a
4181:) of the speakers of the
3807:Black Sea common dolphins
3361:Braarudosphaera bigelowii
3304:blooms during the autumn.
3301:Pseudosolenia calcar-avis
3298:blooms during spring and
3109:
2863:, and at the foot of the
2801:deposits (related to the
2735:Messinian salinity crisis
2715:Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge
1984:
1963:
1942:
1921:
1900:
1879:
1858:
1837:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1757:and southern Russia into
1543:(Sea of Speri) after the
1381:(inhospitable). The name
1287:
1257:
1215:
1167:
1150:[ˈmare̯aˈne̯aɡrə]
1065:
1010:
962:
908:
496:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
448:
334:
316:
274:
262:
223:
209:
193:
181:
163:
148:
118:
103:
88:
73:
53:
48:
12265:Administrative divisions
12006:Shah Abbas I's invasions
11969:Principality of Abkhazia
11912:First Kingdom of Kakheti
10243:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
10096:West, Stephanie (2003).
10015:The Black Sea: A History
9964:Ghervas, Stella (2017).
9257:French trade after 1789.
8521:Progress in Oceanography
7776:August 12, 2017, at the
7626:Deep-Sea Research Part I
7275:Quaternary International
7224:. Springer. p. 17.
6590:. Black Sea NGO Network.
6478:Gibbon, Edward (1993) .
6022:as one of its provinces.
5960:1927 Crimean earthquakes
5851:1936 Montreux Convention
5791:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5781:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5711:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5563:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5517:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5468:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5458:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5376:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5366:(Crimea, Ukraine/Russia
5289:Black Sea Region, Turkey
5050:City with special status
4201:culture, known today as
3934:breaching a sill in the
3516:Mediterranean monk seals
3036:Black Sea undersea river
2966:practical salinity units
2927:(84 cu mi/a).
2589:sea surface temperatures
1831:Exclusive economic zones
1749:) and southern Romania (
839:Black Sea undersea river
311:Black Sea undersea river
12862:Bulgaria–Romania border
11974:Principality of Svaneti
11897:Kingdom of the Iberians
11801:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
10389:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea
9705:"Bulgarian Sea Resorts"
9665:www.analizeeconomice.ro
9575:August 7, 2019, at the
9456:. AFP, dpa. 7 May 2023.
7143:2008E&PSL.265..360S
6903:10.1023/A:1020518305517
6561:Prothero, G.W. (1920).
4742:exclusive economic zone
4706:Hydrocarbon exploration
3930:due to waters from the
3616:reduced the biomass of
2542:Giresun Island - Turkey
1671:, it was called either
1577:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
1529:The Georgian Chronicles
1365:
1311:– the others being the
1300:[ˈmavɾiˈθalasa]
1297:, 'Black Sea',
1236:[ˈt͡ʃɔrneˈmɔre]
1031:[ˈt͡ʃɛrnomoˈrɛ]
848:
12907:Geography of West Asia
12882:Romania–Ukraine border
12867:Bulgaria–Turkey border
11872:Principality of Iberia
10710:Great Australian Bight
9386:. Reuters. 4 May 2022.
8974:Asimov, Isaac (1970).
8622:10.1006/ecss.2000.0659
8252:10.47536/jcrm.v5i3.801
7839:10.1006/jmsc.1999.0604
7751:10.1006/ecss.2000.0653
6645:"Marine Litter Report"
6482:. Everyman's Library.
6443:June 28, 2020, at the
6079:. 2003. Archived from
5921:Ukrainian armed forces
5913:Russian cruiser Moskva
5900:In December 2018, the
5846:
5832:
5426:Constantine and Helena
5298:
4649:
4638:
4465:Russian cruiser Moskva
4386:Battle of the Bosporus
4311:Treaty of Paris (1856)
4263:
4175:
4116:
4105:
3975:
3854:
3843:
3645:
3626:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3481:
3360:
3354:
3342:
3300:
3294:
3196:
3129:
3019:
2887:
2730:
2627:
2614:Geology and bathymetry
2572:
2552:Zmiinyi (Snake) Island
2197:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1724:
1589:
1583:
1575:
1565:
1559:
1197:
1141:
992:
892:
881:
869:
868:Kapchik Cape in Crimea
861:
600:
584:
569:
555:
550:, with the skyline of
539:
204:and surrounding relief
133:
58:
12887:Russia–Ukraine border
12016:1795 Persian Invasion
11979:Principality of Guria
11117:Marginal seas of the
10125:. Varna. p. 91.
9735:June 4, 2020, at the
9479:10.4324/9781315580777
8741:May 15, 2021, at the
8647:May 12, 2013, at the
8593:Lancelot, C. (2002).
8147:: e.T13653A45227543.
6933:Earth-Science Reviews
6742:"The Black Sea Basin"
6272:Özhan Öztürk (2005).
6175:World and Its Peoples
6073:"Black Sea Geography"
5902:Kerch Strait incident
5878:Sevastopol Naval Base
5838:
5814:
5296:
4798:Trans-sea cooperation
4644:
4633:
4360:Black Sea (1914–1918)
4283:Imperial Russian Navy
4258:
4211:Mithridates of Pontus
4167:Pontic–Caspian steppe
4111:
4100:
4083:marine archaeologists
4073:The concentration of
3963:
3849:
3834:
3471:
3191:
3123:
3010:
2881:
2851:silts and freshwater
2712:
2621:
2567:
2524:– Romania and Ukraine
2462:Unrecognised states:
1807:Bay, both in Turkey.
1783:of the Black Sea are
1705:
1566:Asiae Nova Descriptio
1484:: this points to the
1339:. The Hattic city of
926:[ɑmʂɨnɛjkʷʰɑ]
887:
875:
867:
856:
697:to the east, and the
590:
575:
561:
545:
513:
422:Unrecognised states:
12612:World Heritage Sites
12195:Environmental issues
11251:Gulf of St. Lawrence
10557:Gulf of St. Lawrence
9756:on 12 December 2013.
9504:"Black Sea Security"
8712:Simon & Schuster
8287:Anderson R. (1992).
8112:Reznikova E.. 2017.
7982:(17–19): 1976–1987.
7479:10.1029/2002JC001508
7367:10.1029/2000JC000485
7098:10.1029/1999JB900351
6833:10.1029/2005PA001184
6395:"Greater Bundahishn"
6393:Peterson, Joseph H.
6233:10.1002/2016JC012644
6114:on 14 November 2008.
6010:partially-recognized
5981:Notes and references
5821:(right) bumping the
4804:Black Sea Euroregion
4552:improve this article
4524:Economy and politics
4303:Nicholas I of Russia
2813:occurred during the
2811:marine transgression
2775:Euxine abyssal plain
2501:St. Anastasia Island
1206:[kaˈɾadeniz]
1116:[ˈutʃäˈzuɣä]
1001:[kaˈɾadeniz]
12902:Geography of Europe
12062:Independent Georgia
11892:Kingdom of Abkhazia
11806:Kura–Araxes culture
11796:Prehistoric Georgia
11417:Sea of the Hebrides
10858:Gulf of Carpentaria
10652:Sea of the Hebrides
10281:King Haakon VII Sea
10139:Dimitrov, D. 2010.
9945:December 12, 2023,
9355:The Washington Post
9285:on 27 February 2022
9276:The Washington Post
8901:10.1038/nature14507
8893:2015Natur.522..167A
8832:10.1038/NATURE14317
8814:2015Natur.522..207H
8614:2002ECSS...54..473L
8533:2008PrOce..76..286G
8457:1997Natur.386..385H
8381:2014MBdR....7E.109K
8325:2013MBdR....6E..33G
7988:2006DSRII..53.1976U
7886:2003JMS....39..203E
7831:1999ICJMS..56...15E
7743:2002ECSS...54..369F
7692:2006JMS....59..173O
7638:1999DSRI...46..597O
7502:The Daily Telegraph
7471:2003JGRC..108.3122K
7197:2003SedG..156..149N
7185:Sedimentary Geology
7089:2000JGR...105.5695M
7031:1970Natur.226..239M
6945:1997ESRv...42..231O
6861:1996IJCli..16.1057T
6824:2006PalOc..21.1008L
6769:1995Sci...269..676H
6728:www.oceansatlas.org
6704:on 7 September 2020
6308:, pp. 310–313.
6282:on 15 October 2012.
6225:2017JGRC..122.5624M
6143:1989Natur.338..411M
6050:on 22 February 2018
5986:Informational notes
5856:Montreux Convention
5807:Modern military use
4843:Population (urban)
4827:
4746:territorial dispute
3928: 5600 BC
3632:species composition
3597:(coccolithophore),
3555:Various species of
3044:University of Leeds
3011:Black Sea coast in
2737:in the neighboring
1817:
1547:tribe of Speris or
1424:remained favoured.
1055:[qɑrɑdeŋiz]
953:[xɘʃʷʼtsʼɜ]
876:The Black Sea near
662:. The Black Sea is
638:. It is bounded by
628:East European Plain
514:The estuary of the
243: /
12454:Telecommunications
12082:Russo-Georgian War
11996:Kingdom of Kakheti
11964:Kingdom of Imereti
11959:Turkmen incursions
11954:Samtskhe atabegate
11917:Kingdom of Georgia
11887:Emirate of Tbilisi
11877:Bagrationi dynasty
10853:Gulf of California
10750:Mozambique Channel
10394:Queen Victoria Sea
10256:Bellingshausen Sea
9851:The New York Times
9812:. 27 October 2014.
9641:. 13 February 2023
9438:. AFP. 7 May 2023.
9177:. Bloomsbury USA.
8683:The New York Times
8086:Goldman E.. 2017.
7760:on 4 October 2011.
7414:on 29 January 2020
7385:on 29 January 2020
6542:on 31 October 2013
5895:maritime disasters
5847:
5833:
5639:(Abkhazia/Georgia)
5478:(Abkhazia/Georgia)
5299:
4825:
4724:In the 1980s, the
4650:
4639:
4315:demilitarized zone
4264:
4158:), marked for the
4147:to the southwest.
4143:to the south, and
4127:to the north, the
4117:
4106:
3976:
3971:, just before the
3941:The New York Times
3855:
3844:
3749:Diogenes pugilator
3575:Great white sharks
3482:
3197:
3130:
3073:marine archaeology
3025:geothermal heating
3020:
2904:salt wedge estuary
2888:
2789:Chronostratigraphy
2731:
2628:
2573:
2546:Dzharylhach Island
1815:
1493:Greater Bundahishn
1085:[ʃavizʁʷa]
983:[sɛvt͡sɔv]
893:
882:
870:
862:
799:ancient shipwrecks
695:Caucasus Mountains
601:
585:
570:
556:
540:
518:in the Black Sea.
12789:
12788:
12749:
12748:
12642:Ethnic minorities
12571:
12564:
12557:
12550:
12479:
12478:
12401:
12400:
12383:Political parties
12346:Foreign relations
12318:
12317:
12143:
12142:
12047:Red Army invasion
11991:Kingdom of Kartli
11949:Timur's invasions
11932:Battle of Didgori
11907:Kingdom of Hereti
11836:Kingdom of Iberia
11735:
11734:
11461:
11460:
11455:Oceans portal
11377:Mediterranean Sea
11256:Gulf of Venezuela
11084:
11083:
11063:Oceans portal
10612:Mediterranean Sea
10562:Gulf of Venezuela
10354:East Siberian Sea
10296:Riiser-Larsen Sea
10162:978-3-8383-8639-3
10132:978-954-579-335-6
10081:978-0-71009-126-0
10006:978-2-7351-1182-4
9989:978-1-1083-9972-2
9971:Oceanic Histories
9927:October 5, 2023,
9911:October 5, 2023,
9780:on 19 March 2013.
9685:on 21 August 2015
9517:978-1-60750-636-2
9488:978-1-317-14002-3
9244:978-0-521-24208-0
9216:978-0-521-13536-8
9184:978-0-85045-899-2
9171:(23 March 1989).
9143:978-0-521-24208-0
9102:978-1-58603-765-9
9048:978-0-19-924161-3
9002:978-1-4684-6497-9
8887:(7555): 167–172.
8798:(7555): 207–211.
8768:978-0-691-14818-2
8567:978-0-465-01571-9
8505:978-1-4020-5096-1
8451:(6623): 385–388.
8179:978-3-642-55227-4
8135:Monachus monachus
7858:on 26 April 2012.
7709:on 26 April 2012.
7655:on 26 April 2012.
7259:978-0-8137-2473-7
7231:978-1-4020-6771-6
7083:(B3): 5695–5719.
7003:978-1-78620-358-8
6763:(5224): 676–679.
6516:on 8 October 2011
6190:978-0-7614-7902-4
6137:(6214): 411–413.
5970:Regions of Europe
5844:Bay of Sevastopol
5794:
5784:
5714:
5566:
5520:
5471:
5461:
5379:
5369:
5281:Caucasian Riviera
5268:
5267:
4788:Sakarya Gas Field
4730:offshore drilling
4694:Fishing in Turkey
4628:
4627:
4620:
4602:
4433:coastal batteries
4404:
4403:
4287:French Revolution
4234:Republic of Genoa
4171:original homeland
4075:historical powers
3932:Mediterranean Sea
3909:Deluge hypothesis
3893:" put forward by
3839:, taken from the
3646:Mnemiopsis leidyi
3627:Mnemiopsis leidyi
3606:Eutreptia lanowii
3594:Emiliania huxleyi
3462:in North America.
3344:Emiliania huxleyi
3331:plates, known as
3327:that produce CaCO
3218:Emiliania huxleyi
3168:, in the form of
3144:algae, including
2962:Dolmabahçe Palace
2911:Mediterranean Sea
2865:continental slope
2826:Crimean Peninsula
2783:Crimean Peninsula
2739:Mediterranean Sea
2706:mountain ranges.
2700:Crimean Peninsula
2633:Crimean Peninsula
1995:
1994:
1708:On the Southwest.
1278:
1266:
1224:
1176:
1104:
1019:
971:
941:
914:
803:Mediterranean Sea
699:Crimean Mountains
612:mediterranean sea
508:
507:
444:for inflow rivers
16:(Redirected from
12914:
12769:
12762:
12567:
12560:
12553:
12546:
12490:
12489:
12412:
12411:
12329:
12328:
12270:Cities and towns
12205:Greater Caucasus
12163:
12162:
12151:
12113:Military history
12098:Names of Georgia
11944:Mongol invasions
11816:Colchian culture
11811:Trialeti culture
11786:
11785:
11762:
11755:
11748:
11739:
11738:
11593:
11591:
11590:
11580:
11578:
11577:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11554:
11552:
11551:
11541:
11539:
11538:
11528:
11526:
11525:
11515:
11513:
11512:
11488:
11481:
11474:
11465:
11464:
11453:
11452:
11111:
11104:
11097:
11088:
11087:
11072:
11071:
11061:
11060:
10993:Endorheic basins
10873:Gulf of Thailand
10725:Gulf of Khambhat
10220:
10213:
10206:
10197:
10196:
10136:
10115:
10109:
10101:
10085:
10068:Yarshater, Ehsan
10060:Schmitt, Rüdiger
10048:(Vintage 1996),
9993:
9950:
9940:
9934:
9922:
9916:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9897:
9895:
9880:
9874:
9873:
9872:. 14 April 2022.
9862:
9856:
9855:
9847:
9840:
9834:
9833:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9779:
9773:. Archived from
9772:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9746:
9740:
9727:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9711:on 27 April 2020
9707:. Archived from
9701:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9690:
9681:. Archived from
9675:
9669:
9668:
9657:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9631:
9620:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9606:
9598:
9592:
9591:, p. 10-12.
9586:
9580:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9538:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9499:
9493:
9492:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9436:The Defense Post
9428:
9422:
9421:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9380:
9374:
9373:
9366:
9360:
9359:
9358:. 14 April 2022.
9346:
9340:
9339:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9301:
9295:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9284:
9279:. Archived from
9266:
9260:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9202:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9165:
9159:
9158:
9152:
9150:
9123:
9117:
9116:
9111:
9109:
9086:
9080:
9079:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9024:
9018:
9017:
9011:
9009:
8986:
8980:
8979:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8959:
8957:
8952:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8843:
8825:
8807:
8782:
8776:
8775:
8752:
8746:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8673:
8667:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8599:
8590:
8584:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8570:. Archived from
8551:
8545:
8544:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8465:10.1038/386385a0
8440:
8434:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8407:
8399:
8397:
8366:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8344:
8336:
8304:
8298:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8268:
8237:
8228:
8219:
8218:
8190:
8184:
8183:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8130:
8124:
8110:
8104:
8084:
8078:
8065:
8056:
8055:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8025:
8019:
8018:
8006:
8000:
7999:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7962:
7929:
7920:
7911:
7904:
7898:
7897:
7880:(3–4): 203–211.
7869:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7851:. Archived from
7850:
7816:
7807:
7801:
7787:
7781:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7753:. Archived from
7726:
7717:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7702:. Archived from
7686:(3–4): 173–188.
7677:
7668:
7657:
7656:
7654:
7648:. Archived from
7623:
7614:
7601:
7600:
7598:
7587:
7579:
7573:
7572:
7544:
7538:
7525:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7514:
7509:on 2 August 2010
7505:. Archived from
7492:
7483:
7482:
7454:
7445:
7439:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7410:. Archived from
7404:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7381:. Archived from
7375:
7369:
7355:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7191:(1–4): 149–168.
7180:
7174:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7159:
7137:(3–4): 360–378.
7128:
7119:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7100:
7074:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7039:10.1038/226239a0
7025:(5242): 239–43.
7014:
7008:
7007:
6987:
6981:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6928:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6888:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6855:(9): 1057–1076.
6844:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6812:Paleoceanography
6803:
6797:
6796:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6700:. Archived from
6694:
6688:
6687:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6627:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6580:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6508:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6454:
6448:
6435:
6429:
6416:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6379:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6340:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6284:
6283:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6219:(7): 5624–5644.
6204:
6198:
6197:
6178:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6151:10.1038/338411a0
6122:
6116:
6115:
6110:. Archived from
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6069:
6063:
6061:Living Black Sea
6059:
6057:
6055:
6046:. Archived from
6040:
6023:
6003:
5954:
5949:
5948:
5919:missiles of the
5792:
5782:
5712:
5564:
5527:(Artvin, Turkey)
5518:
5469:
5459:
5377:
5367:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5243:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5138:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5068:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4962:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4927:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4892:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4828:
4824:
4782:In August 2020,
4672:According to an
4623:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4560:
4536:
4528:
4490:Admiral Nakhimov
4361:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4180:
4154:(in present-day
4093:Recorded history
3946:academic journal
3929:
3926:
3921:Black Sea deluge
3803:
3789:
3775:
3760:
3740:
3726:
3712:
3698:
3686:
3672:
3658:
3648:
3641:sewage treatment
3629:
3622:warty comb jelly
3608:
3602:
3596:
3536:
3501:harbour porpoise
3476:with a ferry at
3472:Common dolphins
3428:invasive species
3363:
3357:
3350:dimethyl sulfide
3347:
3310:Coccolithophores
3303:
3297:
3209:coccolithophores
3096:hydrogen sulfide
2909:Inflow from the
2753:block along the
2692:Greater Caucasus
2473:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2108:Velykyi Kuialnyk
1971:
1969:
1968:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1825:Coastline length
1818:
1814:
1787:in Ukraine; the
1751:Wallachian Plain
1728:Black Sea Region
1686:
1676:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1571:Abraham Ortelius
1568:
1562:
1556:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1515:
1507:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1273:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1147:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1103:romanized:
1102:
1100:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1003:
998:
985:
980:
976:
966:
964:
955:
950:
946:
940:romanized:
939:
937:
928:
923:
919:
913:romanized:
912:
910:
715:Balkan Mountains
691:Pontic Mountains
433:
431:
430:
415:
413:
412:
402:
400:
399:
389:
387:
386:
376:
374:
373:
363:
361:
360:
350:
348:
347:
320:
319:Primary outflows
278:
258:
257:
255:
254:
253:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
226:
198:
186:
174:
166:
165:
159:
151:
150:
144:
136:
129:
121:
120:
114:
106:
105:
99:
91:
90:
84:
76:
75:
69:
61:
46:
45:
21:
12922:
12921:
12917:
12916:
12915:
12913:
12912:
12911:
12837:Seas of Ukraine
12817:Back-arc basins
12792:
12791:
12790:
12785:
12772:
12765:
12758:
12745:
12680:
12623:
12597:Public holidays
12475:
12439:Lari (currency)
12397:
12368:Law enforcement
12314:
12291:
12251:
12230:Protected areas
12215:Lesser Caucasus
12152:
12139:
12086:
12077:Rose Revolution
12072:War in Abkhazia
12057:April 9 tragedy
12025:
12001:Safavid Georgia
11860:
11851:Sasanian Iberia
11775:
11766:
11736:
11731:
11720:
11599:
11588:
11586:
11575:
11573:
11562:
11560:
11549:
11547:
11536:
11534:
11523:
11521:
11510:
11508:
11497:
11492:
11462:
11457:
11447:
11441:
11292:Archipelago Sea
11260:
11221:Gulf of Finland
11216:Gulf of Bothnia
11204:
11200:English Channel
11188:
11159:Bay of Campeche
11137:
11121:
11115:
11085:
11080:
11055:
11046:
11020:
10987:
10963:South China Sea
10943:Seto Inland Sea
10863:Gulf of Fonseca
10769:
10676:
10527:Gulf of Finland
10522:Gulf of Bothnia
10507:English Channel
10477:Bay of Campeche
10442:Archipelago Sea
10408:
10364:Gulf of Boothia
10320:
10261:Cooperation Sea
10237:
10224:
10172:
10167:
10149:Wayback Machine
10133:
10103:
10102:
10082:
9990:
9966:"The Black Sea"
9959:
9954:
9953:
9941:
9937:
9923:
9919:
9907:
9903:
9893:
9891:
9890:. 15 April 2022
9882:
9881:
9877:
9864:
9863:
9859:
9842:
9841:
9837:
9822:
9821:
9817:
9804:
9803:
9799:
9790:
9789:
9785:
9777:
9770:
9766:
9765:
9761:
9748:
9747:
9743:
9737:Wayback Machine
9728:
9724:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9702:
9698:
9688:
9686:
9677:
9676:
9672:
9659:
9658:
9654:
9644:
9642:
9639:City Population
9633:
9632:
9623:
9613:
9611:
9599:
9595:
9587:
9583:
9577:Wayback Machine
9567:
9563:
9553:
9551:
9540:
9539:
9532:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9500:
9496:
9489:
9465:
9461:
9448:
9447:
9443:
9430:
9429:
9425:
9410:
9406:
9401:. Defense News.
9395:
9391:
9382:
9381:
9377:
9368:
9367:
9363:
9348:
9347:
9343:
9328:
9324:
9314:
9312:
9303:
9302:
9298:
9288:
9286:
9267:
9263:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9228:
9224:
9217:
9203:
9199:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9166:
9162:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9124:
9120:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9087:
9083:
9076:
9060:
9056:
9049:
9025:
9021:
9007:
9005:
9003:
8987:
8983:
8972:
8968:
8955:
8953:
8932:
8928:
8872:
8868:
8854:
8852:
8783:
8779:
8769:
8753:
8749:
8743:Wayback Machine
8733:
8729:
8722:
8702:
8698:
8688:
8686:
8674:
8670:
8661:Wayback Machine
8649:Wayback Machine
8640:
8636:
8628:
8597:
8591:
8587:
8577:
8575:
8574:on 16 June 2013
8568:
8552:
8548:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8484:
8480:
8441:
8437:
8431:Wayback Machine
8421:
8417:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8364:
8358:
8354:
8338:
8337:
8305:
8301:
8294:Chicago Tribune
8286:
8282:
8272:
8270:
8266:
8235:
8229:
8222:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8164:
8160:
8131:
8127:
8121:Wayback Machine
8111:
8107:
8095:Wayback Machine
8085:
8081:
8075:Wayback Machine
8066:
8059:
8054:. 30 June 2008.
8046:
8045:
8041:
8026:
8022:
8007:
8003:
7972:
7968:
7960:
7927:
7921:
7914:
7905:
7901:
7870:
7863:
7855:
7814:
7808:
7804:
7798:Wayback Machine
7788:
7784:
7778:Wayback Machine
7769:
7765:
7757:
7724:
7718:
7714:
7706:
7675:
7669:
7660:
7652:
7621:
7615:
7604:
7596:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7549:Natural Hazards
7545:
7541:
7535:Wayback Machine
7526:
7522:
7512:
7510:
7493:
7486:
7455:
7448:
7440:
7427:
7417:
7415:
7406:
7405:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7372:
7361:107(C3), 3016,
7356:
7345:
7335:
7333:
7332:on 16 June 2013
7324:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7305:Merriam-Webster
7299:
7298:
7294:
7271:
7267:
7260:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7232:
7216:
7212:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7165:
7157:
7126:
7120:
7113:
7105:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7015:
7011:
7004:
6988:
6984:
6974:Wayback Machine
6964:
6960:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6891:Climatic Change
6886:
6880:
6876:
6845:
6841:
6804:
6800:
6753:
6749:
6740:
6739:
6735:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6660:
6656:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6625:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6584:"Our Black Sea"
6582:
6581:
6572:
6559:
6555:
6545:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6490:
6476:
6472:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6445:Wayback Machine
6436:
6432:
6426:Wayback Machine
6417:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6391:
6387:
6377:
6375:
6366:
6362:
6352:
6350:
6341:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6316:
6312:
6304:
6287:
6270:
6266:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6123:
6119:
6102:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6084:
6083:on 7 April 2014
6071:
6070:
6066:
6053:
6051:
6042:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6004:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5950:
5943:
5940:
5870:Black Sea Fleet
5815:Soviet frigate
5809:
5804:
5291:
5273:
5248:
5246:
5213:
5211:
5178:
5176:
5143:
5141:
5108:
5106:
5073:
5071:
5048:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4967:
4965:
4932:
4930:
4897:
4895:
4862:
4860:
4823:
4818:
4812:Black Sea Games
4802:Main articles:
4800:
4722:
4708:
4696:
4690:
4670:
4624:
4613:
4607:
4604:
4561:
4559:
4549:
4537:
4526:
4461:Black Sea Fleet
4442:
4421:Schwerer Gustav
4415:. For example,
4405:
4400:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4327:
4295:
4279:Black Sea Fleet
4267:Imperial Russia
4261:Battle of Sinop
4199:Black Sea Greek
4095:
3965:Ivan Aivazovsky
3958:
3927:
3917:
3911:
3829:
3824:
3817:
3804:
3795:
3790:
3781:
3776:
3767:
3761:
3752:
3741:
3732:
3727:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3699:
3690:
3687:
3678:
3673:
3664:
3659:
3588:
3530:
3412:
3330:
3295:Proboscia alata
3226:Dinoflagellates
3201:dinoflagellates
3186:
3150:dinoflagellates
3118:
3112:
3107:
3092:asteroid impact
3053:
2876:
2803:Riss glaciation
2791:
2755:North Anatolian
2637:back-arc basins
2616:
2562:
2557:
2530:Krupinin Island
2490:
2484:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2340:North Macedonia
2333:
2331:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2253:
2242:
2240:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2214:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2188:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2006:
2000:
1966:
1964:
1945:
1943:
1924:
1922:
1903:
1901:
1882:
1880:
1861:
1859:
1840:
1838:
1813:
1770:Pontic littoral
1697:
1689:Ottoman Turkish
1637:
1633:
1605:
1601:
1581:labels the sea
1414:Eúxeinos Póntos
1408:Εὔξεινος Πόντος
1402:
1329:
1258:Εύξεινος Πόντος
1231:
1201:
1183:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1131:[ˈzuɣä]
1126:
1111:
1080:
1070:
1050:
1026:
996:
978:
948:
921:
898:
851:
831:endorheic basin
786:Turkish Straits
719:Dobruja Plateau
634:, and north of
626:, south of the
520:Longshore drift
442:drainage basins
439:
428:
426:
410:
408:
397:
395:
384:
382:
371:
369:
358:
356:
345:
343:
338: countries
277:Primary inflows
251:
249:
245:
242:
237:
234:
232:
230:
229:
205:
189:
177:
168:
153:
138:
123:
108:
104:Εύξεινος Πόντος
93:
78:
63:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12920:
12910:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12874:
12869:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12844:
12839:
12834:
12832:Seas of Turkey
12829:
12827:Seas of Russia
12824:
12819:
12814:
12809:
12804:
12787:
12786:
12784:
12783:
12778:
12771:
12770:
12763:
12755:
12754:
12751:
12750:
12747:
12746:
12744:
12743:
12742:
12741:
12731:
12730:
12729:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12688:
12686:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12660:
12659:
12654:
12644:
12639:
12633:
12631:
12625:
12624:
12622:
12621:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12573:
12572:
12565:
12558:
12551:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12530:
12529:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12493:
12487:
12481:
12480:
12477:
12476:
12474:
12473:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12449:Stock Exchange
12446:
12441:
12436:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12415:
12409:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12395:
12393:Prime Minister
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12364:
12363:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12313:
12312:
12307:
12301:
12299:
12293:
12292:
12290:
12289:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12261:
12259:
12253:
12252:
12250:
12249:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12225:National parks
12222:
12217:
12212:
12207:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12166:
12160:
12154:
12153:
12146:
12144:
12141:
12140:
12138:
12137:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12094:
12092:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12084:
12079:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12033:
12031:
12027:
12026:
12024:
12023:
12018:
12013:
12008:
12003:
11998:
11993:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11936:
11935:
11934:
11924:
11922:Byzantine wars
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11862:
11861:
11859:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11792:
11790:
11783:
11777:
11776:
11765:
11764:
11757:
11750:
11742:
11733:
11732:
11725:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11607:
11605:
11601:
11600:
11598:
11597:
11584:
11571:
11558:
11545:
11532:
11519:
11505:
11503:
11499:
11498:
11491:
11490:
11483:
11476:
11468:
11459:
11458:
11446:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11439:
11434:
11432:Tyrrhenian Sea
11429:
11424:
11422:Sea of Marmara
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11374:
11369:
11364:
11359:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11268:
11266:
11262:
11261:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11241:Gulf of Mexico
11238:
11233:
11228:
11226:Gulf of Guinea
11223:
11218:
11212:
11210:
11206:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11196:
11194:
11190:
11189:
11187:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11145:
11143:
11139:
11138:
11136:
11135:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11122:
11119:Atlantic Ocean
11114:
11113:
11106:
11099:
11091:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11078:
11066:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11044:
11039:
11034:
11028:
11026:
11022:
11021:
11019:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10970:
10965:
10960:
10955:
10950:
10945:
10940:
10935:
10933:Sea of Okhotsk
10930:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10913:Philippine Sea
10910:
10905:
10900:
10895:
10890:
10885:
10880:
10878:Gulf of Tonkin
10875:
10870:
10868:Gulf of Panama
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10848:Gulf of Anadyr
10845:
10843:Gulf of Alaska
10840:
10838:East China Sea
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10779:
10777:
10771:
10770:
10768:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10707:
10702:
10697:
10692:
10686:
10684:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10674:
10669:
10667:Tyrrhenian Sea
10664:
10659:
10657:Sea of Marmara
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10599:
10594:
10589:
10584:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10547:Gulf of Mexico
10544:
10539:
10534:
10532:Gulf of Guinea
10529:
10524:
10519:
10514:
10509:
10504:
10499:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10472:Bay of Bothnia
10469:
10464:
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10434:
10429:
10424:
10418:
10416:
10414:Atlantic Ocean
10410:
10409:
10407:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10330:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10288:
10283:
10278:
10273:
10268:
10266:Cosmonauts Sea
10263:
10258:
10253:
10247:
10245:
10239:
10238:
10223:
10222:
10215:
10208:
10200:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10171:
10170:External links
10168:
10166:
10165:
10137:
10131:
10116:
10093:
10086:
10080:
10056:
10042:Neal Ascherson
10039:
10025:
10008:
9994:
9988:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9935:
9917:
9901:
9875:
9857:
9835:
9815:
9797:
9783:
9759:
9741:
9722:
9696:
9670:
9652:
9621:
9609:Bloomberg News
9593:
9581:
9561:
9530:
9516:
9494:
9487:
9459:
9454:Deutsche Welle
9441:
9423:
9404:
9389:
9375:
9361:
9341:
9322:
9296:
9261:
9243:
9222:
9215:
9197:
9183:
9169:Nicolle, David
9160:
9142:
9118:
9101:
9081:
9075:978-1442698796
9074:
9054:
9047:
9019:
9001:
8981:
8966:
8950:10.1101/016477
8926:
8866:
8823:10.1101/013433
8777:
8767:
8747:
8727:
8720:
8696:
8668:
8642:Woodard, Colin
8634:
8608:(3): 473–499.
8585:
8566:
8546:
8527:(3): 286–333.
8511:
8504:
8478:
8435:
8415:
8352:
8299:
8280:
8246:(3): 219–232.
8220:
8201:(3): 278–280.
8185:
8178:
8158:
8125:
8105:
8079:
8057:
8039:
8020:
8001:
7966:
7912:
7899:
7861:
7802:
7782:
7763:
7737:(3): 369–383.
7712:
7658:
7632:(4): 597–636.
7602:
7574:
7555:(2): 327–338.
7539:
7520:
7484:
7446:
7425:
7396:
7370:
7343:
7317:
7292:
7265:
7258:
7237:
7230:
7210:
7175:
7163:
7111:
7060:
7009:
7002:
6982:
6958:
6939:(4): 231–272.
6923:
6897:(3): 315–338.
6874:
6839:
6798:
6747:
6733:
6715:
6689:
6670:(2): 257–283.
6654:
6636:
6607:
6593:
6570:
6553:
6527:
6495:
6488:
6470:
6449:
6430:
6428:Hudud al-'Alam
6411:
6399:www.avesta.org
6385:
6360:
6335:
6322:
6310:
6285:
6264:
6199:
6189:
6164:
6117:
6101:Maximum depth—
6094:
6064:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5939:
5936:
5840:Ukrainian Navy
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5796:
5786:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5722:
5716:
5706:
5700:
5694:
5688:
5682:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5592:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5568:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5512:
5503:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5318:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5257:
5244:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5222:
5209:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5155:Krasnodar Krai
5152:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:Krasnodar Krai
5082:
5069:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5042:
4998:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4976:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4941:
4928:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4906:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4871:
4858:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:Region/county
4838:
4835:
4832:
4822:
4819:
4799:
4796:
4707:
4704:
4689:
4686:
4669:
4666:
4626:
4625:
4540:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4515:on a "routine
4513:L-140 Turbolet
4441:
4438:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4396:8 January 1916
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Black Sea raid
4367:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4294:
4293:Modern history
4291:
4219:Constantinople
4160:ancient Greeks
4113:Greek colonies
4094:
4091:
3957:
3954:
3913:Main article:
3910:
3907:
3903:Petko Dimitrov
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3653:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:basking sharks
3572:
3553:
3550:
3547:Sea of Marmara
3513:
3509:Crimean Bridge
3488:
3487:
3464:
3463:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3410:Animal species
3408:
3407:
3406:
3394:photosynthesis
3382:picoplanktonic
3377:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3328:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3229:
3228:
3185:
3182:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3052:
3051:Hydrochemistry
3049:
3029:residence time
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2924:Sea of Marmara
2875:
2872:
2859:non-carbonate
2853:mollusc shells
2790:
2787:
2759:East Anatolian
2725:, crosses the
2615:
2612:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2486:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2460:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2236:Czech Republic
2225:
2212:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2160:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Çoruh/Chorokhi
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2002:Main article:
1999:
1998:Drainage basin
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1809:
1789:Gulf of Burgas
1747:Danubian Plain
1712:Sea of Marmara
1696:
1693:
1669:Ottoman Empire
1667:). During the
1554:Chyornoye more
1512:Hudud al-'Alam
1497:Middle Persian
1488:(550–330 BC).
1458:Póntos Áxeinos
1452:Πόντος Ἄξεινος
1421:Póntos Áxeinos
1390:Póntos Áxeinos
1384:Πόντος Ἄξεινος
1356:Póntos Áxeinos
1350:The principal
1328:
1325:
1305:
1304:
1294:Mávri Thálassa
1269:Éfxinos Póndos
1240:
1239:
1209:
1191:
1161:
1135:
1088:
1058:
1034:
1004:
986:
956:
929:
897:
894:
850:
847:
807:Sea of Marmara
680:drainage basin
630:, west of the
622:, east of the
614:lying between
563:Swallow's Nest
554:on the horizon
522:has deposited
506:
505:
500:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
474:
473:
470:
466:
465:
462:
458:
457:
454:
450:
449:
446:
445:
438:
437:
420:
419:
406:
393:
380:
367:
354:
339:
332:
331:
322:
314:
313:
283:Sea of Marmara
280:
272:
271:
266:
260:
259:
227:
221:
220:
214:Eastern Europe
211:
207:
206:
199:
191:
190:
187:
179:
178:
176:
175:
160:
145:
130:
115:
100:
85:
70:
54:
51:
50:
39:Euxine (Caria)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12919:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12865:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12848:
12845:
12843:
12840:
12838:
12835:
12833:
12830:
12828:
12825:
12823:
12822:European seas
12820:
12818:
12815:
12813:
12812:Anoxic waters
12810:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12799:
12797:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12773:
12768:
12764:
12761:
12757:
12756:
12752:
12740:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12724:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12697:Bolnisi cross
12695:
12693:
12690:
12689:
12687:
12683:
12677:
12676:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12648:
12645:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12634:
12632:
12630:
12626:
12620:
12619:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12570:
12566:
12563:
12559:
12556:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12494:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12482:
12472:
12471:
12467:
12465:
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12450:
12447:
12445:
12442:
12440:
12437:
12435:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12416:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12404:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12362:
12359:
12358:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12321:
12311:
12310:South Ossetia
12308:
12306:
12303:
12302:
12300:
12298:
12294:
12288:
12287:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12262:
12260:
12258:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12211:
12208:
12206:
12203:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12167:
12164:
12161:
12159:
12155:
12150:
12136:
12135:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12095:
12093:
12089:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12034:
12032:
12028:
12022:
12019:
12017:
12014:
12012:
12009:
12007:
12004:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11992:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11966:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
11945:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11933:
11930:
11929:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11863:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11793:
11791:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11763:
11758:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11744:
11743:
11740:
11729:
11723:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11608:
11606:
11602:
11596:
11585:
11583:
11572:
11570:
11559:
11557:
11546:
11544:
11533:
11531:
11520:
11518:
11507:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11496:
11489:
11484:
11482:
11477:
11475:
11470:
11469:
11466:
11456:
11451:
11444:
11438:
11435:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11392:Norwegian Sea
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11378:
11375:
11373:
11370:
11368:
11365:
11363:
11362:Levantine Sea
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11332:Greenland Sea
11330:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11322:Caribbean Sea
11320:
11318:
11315:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11297:Argentine Sea
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11269:
11267:
11263:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11246:Gulf of Sidra
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11236:Gulf of Maine
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11191:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11154:Bay of Biscay
11152:
11150:
11147:
11146:
11144:
11140:
11134:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11112:
11107:
11105:
11100:
11098:
11093:
11092:
11089:
11077:
11076:
11067:
11065:
11064:
11059:
11053:
11052:
11049:
11043:
11040:
11038:
11035:
11033:
11030:
11029:
11027:
11023:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11002:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10990:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10949:
10946:
10944:
10941:
10939:
10936:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10894:
10891:
10889:
10886:
10884:
10883:Halmahera Sea
10881:
10879:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10869:
10866:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10775:Pacific Ocean
10772:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10745:Laccadive Sea
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10730:Gulf of Kutch
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10720:Gulf of Aqaba
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10706:
10703:
10701:
10700:Bay of Bengal
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10679:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10627:Norwegian Sea
10625:
10623:
10620:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10600:
10598:
10597:Levantine Sea
10595:
10593:
10590:
10588:
10585:
10583:
10580:
10578:
10575:
10573:
10570:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10552:Gulf of Sidra
10550:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10542:Gulf of Maine
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10517:Greenland Sea
10515:
10513:
10510:
10508:
10505:
10503:
10500:
10498:
10497:Caribbean Sea
10495:
10493:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10467:Bay of Biscay
10465:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10447:Argentine Sea
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10359:Greenland Sea
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10334:Amundsen Gulf
10332:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10323:
10317:
10314:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10276:D'Urville Sea
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10221:
10216:
10214:
10209:
10207:
10202:
10201:
10198:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10150:
10146:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10128:
10124:
10123:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10099:
10094:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10055:
10054:0-09-959371-8
10051:
10047:
10043:
10040:
10038:
10037:0-684-85920-3
10034:
10030:
10026:
10024:
10023:0-19-924161-9
10020:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9961:
9948:
9944:
9939:
9932:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9914:
9910:
9905:
9889:
9885:
9879:
9871:
9867:
9861:
9853:
9852:
9846:
9839:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9819:
9811:
9807:
9801:
9793:
9787:
9776:
9769:
9763:
9755:
9751:
9745:
9738:
9734:
9731:
9726:
9710:
9706:
9700:
9684:
9680:
9674:
9666:
9662:
9656:
9640:
9636:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9610:
9605:
9597:
9590:
9585:
9578:
9574:
9570:
9565:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9519:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9498:
9490:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9473:. Routledge.
9472:
9471:
9463:
9455:
9451:
9445:
9437:
9433:
9427:
9419:
9415:
9408:
9400:
9393:
9385:
9379:
9371:
9365:
9357:
9356:
9351:
9345:
9337:
9333:
9326:
9311:. 11 May 2022
9310:
9306:
9300:
9283:
9278:
9277:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9246:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9226:
9218:
9212:
9208:
9201:
9186:
9180:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9164:
9157:
9145:
9139:
9135:
9134:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9104:
9098:
9094:
9093:
9085:
9077:
9071:
9067:
9066:
9058:
9050:
9044:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9030:The Black Sea
9023:
9016:
9004:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8985:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8930:
8923:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8870:
8863:
8851:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8833:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8797:
8793:
8789:
8781:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8759:
8751:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8731:
8723:
8721:0-684-85920-3
8717:
8713:
8709:
8708:
8700:
8685:
8684:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8643:
8638:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8573:
8569:
8563:
8559:
8558:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8534:
8530:
8526:
8522:
8515:
8507:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8482:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8428:
8425:
8422:Cuma (2009).
8419:
8411:
8405:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8348:
8342:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8303:
8296:
8295:
8290:
8284:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8234:
8227:
8225:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8189:
8181:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8162:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8129:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8109:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8083:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8064:
8062:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8012:
8005:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7970:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7934:
7933:Hydrobiologia
7926:
7919:
7917:
7909:
7903:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7868:
7866:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7786:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7767:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7732:
7731:
7723:
7716:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7665:
7663:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7620:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7595:
7591:
7590:www.cosis.net
7584:
7578:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7524:
7508:
7504:
7503:
7498:
7491:
7489:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7453:
7451:
7443:
7438:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7401:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7276:
7269:
7261:
7255:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7241:
7233:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7214:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7179:
7173:, p. 11.
7172:
7167:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7116:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6994:
6986:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6968:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6843:
6834:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6770:
6766:
6762:
6758:
6751:
6743:
6737:
6729:
6725:
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6703:
6699:
6693:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
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6646:
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6633:
6621:
6614:
6612:
6603:
6597:
6589:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6557:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6512:
6505:
6499:
6491:
6489:0-679-42308-7
6485:
6481:
6474:
6459:
6453:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6434:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6373:
6372:
6364:
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6347:
6339:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6251:
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6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6196:
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6177:
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6160:
6156:
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6148:
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6140:
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6132:
6128:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6098:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6049:
6045:
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6035:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6007:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5800:
5797:
5790:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5710:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5665:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5436:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5409:
5406:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5375:
5372:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4829:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4656:According to
4654:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4619:
4611:
4608:February 2024
4600:
4597:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569: –
4568:
4564:
4563:Find sources:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4541:This section
4539:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:Steregushchiy
4484:
4480:
4479:Sergey Shoigu
4476:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4429:Severnaya Bay
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4240:'s old rival
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4225:territories.
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4135:to the east,
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4079:anoxic waters
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3922:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:Walter Pitman
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3794:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3779:Spiny dogfish
3774:
3769:
3766:
3759:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3402:Synechococcus
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:Cyanobacteria
3372:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3325:phytoplankton
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:heterotrophic
3251:
3250:thermophilous
3247:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3213:cyanobacteria
3210:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3193:Phytoplankton
3190:
3184:Phytoplankton
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3140:groups, with
3139:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3085:Sinop, Turkey
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:phytoplankton
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:anthropogenic
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:hydrotroilite
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:and numerous
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Mediterranean
2597:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:precipitation
2582:
2578:
2571:
2570:Gulf of Odesa
2566:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2536:Kefken Island
2535:
2533:Sudiuk Island
2532:
2529:
2527:Utrish Island
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2476:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2224:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2185:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Kodori/Kwydry
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1791:in Bulgaria;
1790:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:littoral zone
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1741:), along the
1740:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1718:Kertch Strait
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1629:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1532:use the name
1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:daryā-yi Gurz
1519:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1403: 475 BC
1397:
1392:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1288:Μαύρη Θάλασσα
1283:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1108:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1073:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1038:
1037:Crimean Tatar
1035:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1008:
1005:
1002:
994:
990:
987:
984:
975:
969:
960:
957:
954:
945:
933:
930:
927:
918:
906:
903:
902:
901:
891:
886:
879:
874:
866:
860:
855:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:water balance
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
606:
598:
594:
589:
583:
579:
576:Coastline of
574:
568:
564:
560:
553:
549:
544:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
504:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
469:Average depth
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
425:
424:
423:
418:
407:
405:
394:
392:
381:
379:
368:
366:
355:
353:
342:
341:
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:
321:
315:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
279:
273:
270:
267:
265:
261:
256:
228:
222:
219:
215:
212:
208:
203:
197:
192:
185:
180:
172:
161:
157:
146:
142:
135:
131:
127:
116:
112:
101:
97:
86:
82:
71:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
12897:Seas of Asia
12722:Saint George
12707:Coat of arms
12673:
12629:Demographics
12616:
12502:Architecture
12468:
12424:Central bank
12356:Human rights
12336:Constitution
12284:
12257:Subdivisions
12244:
12179:
12132:
12042:Armenian War
11656:Novorossiysk
11494:
11427:Thracian Sea
11412:Sea of Crete
11402:Sea of Åland
11397:Sargasso Sea
11372:Ligurian Sea
11357:Labrador Sea
11352:Irminger Sea
11317:Bothnian Sea
11311:
11302:Balearic Sea
11272:Adriatic Sea
11231:Gulf of Lion
11169:Bothnian Bay
11164:Bay of Fundy
11073:
11054:
10928:Sea of Japan
10803:Bismarck Sea
10755:Persian Gulf
10740:Gulf of Suez
10735:Gulf of Oman
10715:Gulf of Aden
10682:Indian Ocean
10662:Thracian Sea
10647:Sea of Crete
10637:Sea of Åland
10632:Sargasso Sea
10607:Ligurian Sea
10592:Labrador Sea
10582:Irminger Sea
10537:Gulf of Lion
10492:Bothnian Sea
10486:
10482:Bay of Fundy
10457:Balearic Sea
10422:Adriatic Sea
10344:Beaufort Sea
10326:Arctic Ocean
10251:Amundsen Sea
10140:
10121:
10097:
10089:
10071:
10045:
10029:Noah's Flood
10028:
10014:
10011:Charles King
9997:
9970:
9938:
9928:
9920:
9904:
9892:. Retrieved
9887:
9878:
9869:
9860:
9849:
9838:
9829:The Guardian
9827:
9818:
9810:Wrecksite.eu
9809:
9800:
9786:
9775:the original
9762:
9754:the original
9744:
9725:
9713:. Retrieved
9709:the original
9699:
9687:. Retrieved
9683:the original
9673:
9664:
9655:
9643:. Retrieved
9638:
9612:. Retrieved
9596:
9584:
9564:
9554:20 September
9552:. Retrieved
9545:
9521:. Retrieved
9507:
9497:
9469:
9462:
9453:
9444:
9435:
9426:
9417:
9407:
9392:
9378:
9364:
9353:
9344:
9336:The Guardian
9335:
9325:
9313:. Retrieved
9308:
9299:
9287:. Retrieved
9282:the original
9274:
9264:
9255:
9248:. Retrieved
9233:
9225:
9206:
9200:
9188:. Retrieved
9173:
9163:
9154:
9147:. Retrieved
9132:
9127:
9121:
9113:
9106:. Retrieved
9091:
9084:
9064:
9057:
9029:
9022:
9013:
9006:. Retrieved
8991:
8984:
8975:
8969:
8961:
8954:. Retrieved
8940:
8929:
8920:
8884:
8880:
8869:
8860:
8853:. Retrieved
8795:
8791:
8780:
8772:
8757:
8750:
8730:
8714:Paperbacks.
8710:. New York:
8706:
8699:
8687:. Retrieved
8681:
8671:
8663:
8637:
8605:
8601:
8588:
8576:. Retrieved
8572:the original
8556:
8549:
8524:
8520:
8514:
8487:
8481:
8448:
8444:
8438:
8418:
8404:cite journal
8372:
8368:
8355:
8341:cite journal
8316:
8312:
8302:
8292:
8283:
8271:. Retrieved
8243:
8239:
8198:
8194:
8188:
8172:. Springer.
8168:
8161:
8144:
8138:
8134:
8128:
8108:
8098:
8082:
8051:
8042:
8033:
8023:
8014:
8004:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7940:(1): 43–59.
7937:
7931:
7907:
7902:
7877:
7873:
7853:the original
7822:
7818:
7805:
7785:
7766:
7755:the original
7734:
7728:
7715:
7704:the original
7683:
7679:
7650:the original
7629:
7625:
7589:
7577:
7552:
7548:
7542:
7523:
7511:. Retrieved
7507:the original
7500:
7465:(C4): 3122.
7462:
7458:
7441:
7416:. Retrieved
7412:the original
7387:. Retrieved
7383:the original
7373:
7358:
7334:. Retrieved
7330:the original
7320:
7308:. Retrieved
7304:
7301:"Meromictic"
7295:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7249:
7246:
7240:
7220:
7213:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7166:
7134:
7130:
7080:
7076:
7063:
7022:
7018:
7012:
6992:
6985:
6977:
6961:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6894:
6890:
6877:
6852:
6848:
6842:
6815:
6811:
6801:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6736:
6727:
6718:
6706:. Retrieved
6702:the original
6692:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6648:
6639:
6631:
6624:. Retrieved
6596:
6588:www.bsnn.org
6587:
6563:
6556:
6544:. Retrieved
6540:the original
6530:
6518:. Retrieved
6511:the original
6498:
6479:
6473:
6461:. Retrieved
6452:
6433:
6414:
6402:. Retrieved
6398:
6388:
6376:. Retrieved
6370:
6363:
6351:. Retrieved
6345:
6338:
6331:Google Books
6325:
6319:Google Books
6313:
6306:Schmitt 1989
6280:the original
6274:
6267:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6194:
6174:
6167:
6134:
6130:
6120:
6112:the original
6107:
6097:
6085:. Retrieved
6081:the original
6076:
6067:
6060:
6052:. Retrieved
6048:the original
6038:
6013:
5965:Kerch Strait
5952:Water portal
5929:
5925:World War II
5910:
5899:
5885:
5882:
5868:The Russian
5867:
5860:
5848:
5824:
5816:
5743:Tsikhisdziri
5607:Novorossiysk
5494:Golden Sands
5311:
5300:
5130:Novorossiysk
5045:Federal city
5036:
5017:
4781:
4777:
4758:
4754:
4726:Soviet Union
4723:
4716:South Stream
4697:
4671:
4655:
4651:
4614:
4605:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4562:
4550:Please help
4545:verification
4542:
4494:
4469:
4458:
4450:Snake Island
4443:
4440:21st century
4413:World War II
4406:
4307:Alexander II
4296:
4273:in 1764 and
4265:
4230:Ottoman Navy
4227:
4198:
4187:
4164:
4149:
4133:Central Asia
4118:
4072:
3977:
3968:
3939:
3920:
3918:
3895:William Ryan
3883:
3879:
3875:last ice age
3856:
3747:
3637:
3613:
3611:
3589:
3565:beluga whale
3524:Danube Delta
3520:Snake Island
3416:Zebra mussel
3401:
3238:
3216:
3198:
3179:
3174:benthic zone
3154:
3131:
3124:The port of
3100:
3089:
3061:algal blooms
3054:
3033:
3021:
2994:
2986:
2970:
2959:
2929:
2913:through the
2908:
2889:
2830:
2818:Interglacial
2792:
2764:
2732:
2650:of both the
2644:volcanic arc
2629:
2593:
2574:
2539:Oreke Island
2491:
2461:
2143:
2053:Southern Bug
2008:The largest
2007:
1797:Dniestrovski
1785:Karkinit Bay
1779:The largest
1778:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1679:Perso-Arabic
1674:Bahr-e Siyah
1597:
1595:
1540:ზღუა სპერისა
1535:zğua sperisa
1527:
1518:Georgian Sea
1517:
1490:
1475:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1426:
1413:
1389:
1355:
1349:
1330:
1306:
1244:
1241:
1216:Чо́рне мо́ре
1179:Čórnoje móre
1168:Чёрное мо́ре
1142:Marea Neagră
1119:, or simply
1047:Къара денъиз
1040:
899:
896:Modern names
819:
815:Kerch Strait
790:saline water
771:
747:Novorossiysk
684:
604:
602:
538:, Bulgaria).
485:Water volume
461:Surface area
421:
329:Kerch Strait
134:Marea Neagră
43:
12664:Health care
12419:Agriculture
12190:Earthquakes
11927:Seljuk wars
11407:Sea of Azov
11382:Myrtoan Sea
11337:Icarian Sea
11282:Alboran Sea
11184:Pottles Bay
11006:Caspian Sea
10978:Visayan Sea
10958:Solomon Sea
10953:Sibuyan Sea
10948:Shantar Sea
10903:Molucca Sea
10898:Mar de Grau
10828:Chilean Sea
10823:Celebes Sea
10818:Camotes Sea
10783:Arafura Sea
10695:Arabian Sea
10690:Andaman Sea
10642:Sea of Azov
10617:Myrtoan Sea
10432:Alboran Sea
10384:Pechora Sea
10379:Lincoln Sea
10349:Chukchi Sea
10339:Barents Sea
10316:Weddell Sea
10286:Lazarev Sea
10064:"BLACK SEA"
9523:31 December
9289:27 February
7848:11511/32054
7281:: 230–234.
6708:7 September
6698:"Black Sea"
6520:28 December
6378:26 November
6353:26 November
6054:18 February
5975:Sea of Azov
5906:Sea of Azov
5828:during the
5725:Sunny Beach
5510:Gudauta Bay
4821:Urban areas
4759:During the
4712:Blue Stream
4567:"Black Sea"
4501:MQ-9 Reaper
4444:During the
4409:World War I
4381:10 May 1915
4376:Cape Sarych
4299:Crimean War
4271:Novorossiya
4207:Greek world
4141:Mesopotamia
4103:Diogo Homem
3973:Crimean War
3956:Archaeology
3950:flood myths
3867:Dardanelles
3859:World Ocean
3852:Dardanelles
3850:Map of the
3811:kite-surfer
3744:Hermit crab
3543:hauling-out
3531: [
3522:, near the
3460:Great Lakes
3436:Common carp
3424:Caspian Sea
3337:thermocline
3322:autotrophic
3274:unicellular
3240:Gymnodinium
3162:photic zone
3142:autotrophic
2919:Dardanelles
2870:sediments.
2857:terrigenous
2833:Caspian Sea
2822:Pleistocene
2799:eolian silt
2733:During the
2698:, southern
2662:during the
2622:The bay of
2568:Ice on the
2431:Switzerland
2088:Enguri/Egry
1793:Dnieprovski
1774:Pontic zone
1584:Mar Maggior
1500:Zoroastrian
1486:Achaemenids
1433:Geographica
1345:Kızıl Irmak
1309:color terms
1285:; the name
1077:shavi zghva
989:Azerbaijani
917:Amŝən Ejkʷa
909:Амшын Еиқәа
835:Caspian Sea
827:World Ocean
811:Dardanelles
778:Dardanelles
703:floodplains
687:Sea of Azov
664:supplied by
453:Max. length
287:Sea of Azov
250: /
225:Coordinates
164:Амшын Еиқәа
74:Чёрное море
12796:Categories
12734:Saint Nino
12562:Mingrelian
12543:Languages
12378:Parliament
12351:Government
11939:Golden Age
11686:Sevastopol
11437:Wadden Sea
11367:Libyan Sea
11342:Ionian Sea
11327:Celtic Sea
11307:Baltic Sea
11277:Aegean Sea
11174:Hudson Bay
11149:Baffin Bay
11133:Foxe Basin
11042:Superocean
11016:Salton Sea
10983:Yellow Sea
10973:Tasman Sea
10918:Salish Sea
10798:Bering Sea
10705:Flores Sea
10672:Wadden Sea
10602:Libyan Sea
10572:Ionian Sea
10567:Hudson Bay
10512:Foxe Basin
10502:Celtic Sea
10462:Baltic Sea
10452:Baffin Bay
10427:Aegean Sea
10399:Wandel Sea
10374:Laptev Sea
10306:Scotia Sea
10291:Mawson Sea
9715:2 February
9645:23 January
8943:: 016477.
8922:languages.
8805:1502.02783
7910:4: 99–107.
7908:Algologiya
7418:29 January
7389:29 January
7336:14 January
7310:14 January
6818:(1): n/a.
6546:14 January
5874:Sevastopol
5818:Bezzavetny
5793:(disputed)
5789:Yevpatoria
5783:(disputed)
5769:(Bulgaria)
5761:Vama Veche
5733:(Bulgaria)
5731:Sveti Vlas
5727:(Bulgaria)
5713:(disputed)
5705:(Bulgaria)
5663:(Bulgaria)
5651:(Bulgaria)
5645:(Bulgaria)
5615:(Bulgaria)
5603:(Bulgaria)
5573:(Bulgaria)
5565:(disputed)
5551:(Bulgaria)
5545:(Bulgaria)
5539:(Bulgaria)
5519:(disputed)
5496:(Bulgaria)
5482:Gelendzhik
5470:(disputed)
5460:(disputed)
5452:(Bulgaria)
5438:Costinești
5428:(Bulgaria)
5408:Cap Aurora
5404:(Bulgaria)
5398:(Bulgaria)
5386:(Bulgaria)
5378:(disputed)
5368:(disputed)
5360:(Bulgaria)
5336:(Bulgaria)
5275:See also:
4989:Sevastopol
4878:1,003,705
4771:and early
4765:Paratethys
4720:TurkStream
4710:See also:
4692:See also:
4668:Navigation
4578:newspapers
4417:Sevastopol
4325:World Wars
4319:Baltic Sea
4137:Asia Minor
4060:Bulgarians
4040:Varangians
4020:Byzantines
4008:Cimmerians
3886:Aegean Sea
3614:Mnemiopsis
3600:Chromulina
3569:grey seals
3499:) and the
3497:bottlenose
3474:porpoising
3452:Round goby
3355:E. huxleyi
3333:coccoliths
3158:insolation
3114:See also:
3002:pycnocline
2892:meromictic
2849:lacustrine
2793:The Paleo-
2765:The large
2704:Balkanides
2680:subsidence
2654:- and Neo-
2648:subduction
2596:topography
2503:– Bulgaria
2314:Montenegro
2128:Bzyb/Bzipi
2063:Yeşilırmak
2038:Kızılırmak
1833:area (km)
1598:Euxine Sea
1590:Mare major
1545:Kartvelian
1482:(red) seas
1372:Á-xe(i)nos
1321:Yellow Sea
1227:Čórne móre
1146:pronounced
1107:Ucha Zugha
1095:Mingrelian
1042:Qara deñiz
1022:Čérno moré
1011:Чeрно морe
993:Qara dəniz
944:Xə Šʷʼucʼɛ
782:Aegean Sea
743:Sevastopol
717:; and the
711:Cape Emine
593:sanatorium
536:Sinemorets
526:along the
477:Max. depth
202:bathymetry
149:Чорне море
119:Черно море
12802:Black Sea
12647:Georgians
12637:Education
12587:Mythology
12464:Transport
12429:Companies
12388:President
12341:Elections
12240:Volcanoes
12180:Black Sea
12158:Geography
12067:Civil War
11882:Arab rule
11846:Roman era
11716:Zonguldak
11621:Constanța
11495:Black Sea
11387:North Sea
11347:Irish Sea
11312:Black Sea
11179:James Bay
10938:Seram Sea
10908:Moro Gulf
10833:Coral Sea
10813:Bohol Sea
10808:Bohai Sea
10793:Banda Sea
10765:Timor Sea
10622:North Sea
10587:James Bay
10577:Irish Sea
10487:Black Sea
10404:White Sea
10311:Somov Sea
10271:Davis Sea
10106:cite book
10046:Black Sea
9689:10 August
9614:22 August
9229:Compare:
9015:lifeline.
7825:: 15–22.
7569:129038790
6684:154395443
6626:2 October
6241:2169-9275
6030:Citations
5799:Zonguldak
5775:(Romania)
5763:(Romania)
5757:(Georgia)
5745:(Georgia)
5721:(Romania)
5693:(Ukraine)
5675:(Romania)
5649:Primorsko
5627:(Romania)
5621:(Ukraine)
5597:(Romania)
5591:(Romania)
5585:(Romania)
5579:(Romania)
5557:(Georgia)
5533:(Romania)
5502:(Georgia)
5446:(Romania)
5440:(Romania)
5434:(Romania)
5422:(Romania)
5420:Constanța
5416:(Georgia)
5410:(Romania)
5392:(Georgia)
5348:(Georgia)
5330:(Romania)
5324:(Romania)
4979:Constanța
4954:Constanța
4769:Oligocene
4734:petroleum
4700:anchovies
4662:smuggling
4275:of Crimea
4056:Georgians
4048:Venetians
4044:Crusaders
4012:Scythians
3996:Thracians
3992:Armenians
3988:Colchians
3730:Goat fish
3662:Jellyfish
3561:sea otter
3557:pinnipeds
3539:Doğankent
3512:dolphins.
3485:megafauna
3405:salinity.
3128:, Georgia
3077:Byzantine
3065:sapropels
3027:and long
2997:halocline
2989:upwelling
2874:Hydrology
2868:turbidite
2751:Anatolian
2688:orogenies
2684:volcanism
2676:Santonian
2668:Barremian
2554:– Ukraine
2548:– Ukraine
1801:Sinop Bay
1733:Chernozem
1695:Geography
1684:Karadeniz
1560:Karadeniz
1471:colonised
1468:Milesians
1445:ho Pontos
1317:White Sea
1263:romanized
1221:romanized
1212:Ukrainian
1198:Karadeniz
1173:romanized
1072:romanized
1066:შავი ზღვა
1016:romanized
1007:Bulgarian
968:romanized
936:Хы Шӏуцӏэ
880:, Romania
878:Constanța
780:into the
735:Constanța
707:Strandzha
605:Black Sea
528:shoreline
247:44°N 35°E
218:West Asia
156:Ukrainian
126:Bulgarian
89:შავი ზღვა
59:Karadeniz
49:Black Sea
18:Black sea
12776:Category
12702:Borjgali
12657:Diaspora
12602:Religion
12548:Georgian
12539:Gambling
12497:Alphabet
12373:Military
12324:Politics
12305:Abkhazia
12200:Glaciers
12103:Monarchs
12091:By topic
11773:articles
11651:Năvodari
11646:Mangalia
11636:Istanbul
11530:Bulgaria
11517:Abkhazia
11193:Channels
11075:Category
11011:Dead Sea
11001:Aral Sea
10968:Sulu Sea
10923:Savu Sea
10893:Koro Sea
10888:Java Sea
10788:Bali Sea
10369:Kara Sea
10301:Ross Sea
10145:Archived
10062:(1989).
10031:, 1999,
10017:, 2004,
9947:BBC News
9930:Politico
9888:BBC News
9733:Archived
9573:Archived
9510:. NATO.
9418:EURACTIV
9309:BBC News
9190:12 April
9128:Chiftlik
9108:12 April
8909:26062507
8850:25731166
8739:Archived
8657:Archived
8645:Archived
8626:Archived
8578:1 August
8427:Archived
8393:Archived
8273:21 April
8264:Archived
8260:56221055
8215:83515152
8117:Archived
8091:Archived
8071:Archived
7958:Archived
7954:30559038
7794:Archived
7774:Archived
7594:Archived
7531:Archived
7513:2 August
7155:Archived
7103:Archived
7047:16057188
6970:Archived
6915:Archived
6911:13472363
6793:23769140
6785:17758812
6564:Anatolia
6441:Archived
6422:Archived
6259:28989833
6015:de facto
6012:nation,
6006:Abkhazia
5938:See also
5932:Abkhazia
5863:littoral
5825:Yorktown
5801:(Turkey)
5751:(Russia)
5739:(Turkey)
5699:(Russia)
5691:Skadovsk
5687:(Turkey)
5681:(Turkey)
5669:(Turkey)
5657:(Turkey)
5637:Pitsunda
5633:(Turkey)
5609:(Russia)
5589:Năvodari
5583:Mangalia
5571:Lozenetz
5561:Koktebel
5555:Kobuleti
5490:(Turkey)
5484:(Russia)
5456:Feodosia
5354:(Russia)
5342:(Turkey)
5303:Cold War
5264:190,425
5229:204,156
5194:223,902
5185:Bulgaria
5159:241,952
5124:293,661
5089:343,334
5054:379,200
5019:de facto
5001:disputed
4983:491,498
4948:500,076
4939:Bulgaria
4913:639,930
4837:Country
4728:started
4678:seaports
4637:, Crimea
4483:corvette
4248:via the
4190:colonies
4177:Urheimat
4129:Caucasus
4068:Ottomans
4004:Persians
3980:Hittites
3936:Bosporus
3871:Bosporus
3869:and the
3837:Bosporus
3793:Seahorse
3716:Stingray
3618:copepods
3444:Aral Sea
3398:biofilms
3390:bacteria
3366:Holocene
3290:ammonium
3134:brackish
2973:cyclonic
2915:Bosporus
2845:alluvial
2795:Euxinian
2762:system.
2743:Eurasian
2727:Bosporus
2719:Istanbul
2696:Pontides
2664:Mesozoic
2660:Laurasia
2646:and the
2626:, Crimea
2608:Caucasus
2591:(SSTs).
2581:cyclones
2522:K Island
2475:Abkhazia
2418:Slovenia
2405:Slovakia
2210:Bulgaria
2098:Molochna
2083:Kamchiya
2033:Dniester
1991:460,084
1973:Abkhazia
1910:Bulgaria
1875:132,414
1854:172,484
1821:Country
1795:Bay and
1739:Slavonia
1439:ὁ πόντος
1366:axšaina-
1337:Hittites
1333:Hattians
1319:and the
1138:Romanian
1099:უჩა ზუღა
1061:Georgian
959:Armenian
723:Bosporus
676:Dniester
640:Bulgaria
636:Anatolia
632:Caucasus
609:marginal
599:, Russia
524:sediment
435:Abkhazia
352:Bulgaria
325:Bosporus
303:Dniester
210:Location
141:Romanian
96:Georgian
12760:Outline
12685:Symbols
12522:Cuisine
12485:Culture
12459:Tourism
12407:Economy
12280:Regions
12275:Tbilisi
12220:Mammals
12185:Climate
12170:Borders
12123:Battles
11831:Colchis
11826:Diauehi
11781:History
11769:Georgia
11701:Trabzon
11696:Sukhumi
11626:Giresun
11595:Ukraine
11556:Romania
11543:Georgia
10760:Red Sea
10164:. 244p.
10070:(ed.).
9913:Reuters
9894:15 June
9250:2 April
9149:5 April
9008:2 April
8956:5 April
8941:bioRxiv
8935:2015).
8917:4399103
8889:Bibcode
8862:Europe.
8855:5 April
8841:5048219
8818:bioRxiv
8810:Bibcode
8792:bioRxiv
8689:17 June
8610:Bibcode
8529:Bibcode
8473:4347576
8453:Bibcode
8377:Bibcode
8321:Bibcode
7984:Bibcode
7882:Bibcode
7827:Bibcode
7739:Bibcode
7688:Bibcode
7634:Bibcode
7467:Bibcode
7193:Bibcode
7139:Bibcode
7085:Bibcode
7055:2991363
7027:Bibcode
6941:Bibcode
6857:Bibcode
6820:Bibcode
6765:Bibcode
6757:Science
6463:15 June
6438:Part II
6250:5606501
6221:Bibcode
6159:4306135
6139:Bibcode
6087:3 April
6020:Georgia
5917:Neptune
5886:Armenia
5737:Trabzon
5703:Sozopol
5661:Rusalka
5643:Pomorie
5601:Nesebar
5543:Kavarna
5537:Kamchia
5531:Jupiter
5506:Gudauta
5488:Giresun
5384:Balchik
5374:Alushta
5346:Anaklia
5334:Ahtopol
5316:towns:
5307:tourist
5271:Tourism
5220:Georgia
5120:Trabzon
5095:Trabzon
5038:de jure
5033:Ukraine
4974:Romania
4869:Ukraine
4792:Romania
4773:Miocene
4750:Romania
4738:Ukraine
4688:Fishing
4682:Ukraine
4592:scholar
4517:Frontex
4423:to the
4223:Crimean
4185:(PIE).
4156:Georgia
4152:Colchis
4125:steppes
4121:Balkans
4052:Genoese
3984:Carians
3863:straits
3822:History
3809:with a
3689:Actinia
3676:Actinia
3282:silicon
3266:Diatoms
3258:endemic
3235:nitrite
3205:diatoms
3170:ammonia
3166:nitrate
3146:diatoms
3138:trophic
3105:Ecology
3081:Sinop D
2900:fluvial
2884:SeaWiFS
2837:coquina
2781:on the
2771:Georgia
2747:African
2560:Climate
2482:Islands
2457:Ukraine
2366:Romania
2327:Moldova
2288:Hungary
2262:Germany
2249:Georgia
2223:Croatia
2184:Belarus
2171:Austria
2158:Albania
2103:Tylihul
2093:Kalmius
2048:Sakarya
2023:Dnieper
1959:29,756
1952:Romania
1938:22,947
1931:Georgia
1917:35,132
1896:67,351
1868:Ukraine
1759:Siberia
1716:In the
1549:Saspers
1505:Siyābun
1491:In the
1378:áxeinos
1360:Iranian
1313:Red Sea
1277:
1265::
1223::
1194:Turkish
1175::
1164:Russian
1134:, "Sea"
1018::
974:Sev cov
970::
963:Սեւ ծով
763:Trabzon
672:Dnieper
660:Ukraine
648:Romania
644:Georgia
624:Balkans
548:Georgia
498:Islands
417:Ukraine
378:Romania
365:Georgia
295:Dnieper
81:Russian
66:Turkish
12781:Portal
12692:Anthem
12607:Sports
12517:Cinema
12512:Chokha
12444:Mining
12434:Energy
12235:Rivers
12108:States
12030:Modern
11865:Middle
11841:Lazica
11821:Mushki
11771:
11681:Samsun
11616:Burgas
11611:Batumi
11604:Cities
11592:
11582:Turkey
11579:
11569:Russia
11566:
11553:
11540:
11527:
11514:
11126:Basins
11025:Others
10231:oceans
10160:
10129:
10078:
10052:
10035:
10021:
10004:
9986:
9514:
9485:
9315:27 May
9241:
9213:
9181:
9140:
9099:
9072:
9045:
8999:
8915:
8907:
8881:Nature
8848:
8838:
8820:
8765:
8718:
8564:
8502:
8471:
8445:Nature
8258:
8213:
8176:
7952:
7567:
7256:
7228:
7053:
7045:
7019:Nature
7000:
6909:
6791:
6783:
6682:
6486:
6404:1 July
6257:
6247:
6239:
6187:
6157:
6131:Nature
5891:Crimea
5749:Tuapse
5719:Sulina
5673:Saturn
5667:Samsun
5595:Neptun
5577:Mamaia
5515:Gurzuf
5444:Eforie
5414:Chakvi
5396:Burgas
5390:Batumi
5364:Alupka
5358:Albena
5340:Amasra
5328:Agigea
5314:resort
5287:; and
5255:Turkey
5252:
5225:Adjara
5217:
5200:Batumi
5190:Burgas
5182:
5165:Burgas
5150:Russia
5147:
5115:Turkey
5112:
5080:Russia
5077:
5030:
5014:Russia
5011:
4971:
4936:
4909:Samsun
4904:Turkey
4901:
4884:Samsun
4866:
4834:Image
4814:, and
4784:Turkey
4763:, the
4761:Eocene
4718:, and
4646:Amasra
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4472:Kalibr
4391:Kirpen
4242:Ragusa
4238:Venice
4203:Pontic
4145:Greece
4064:Tatars
4016:Romans
4000:Greeks
3865:, the
3765:sponge
3563:, and
3493:common
3478:Batumi
3318:motile
3246:anoxic
3172:. The
3110:Marine
3079:wreck
3040:seabed
3017:Turkey
3000:major
2982:eddies
2896:anoxic
2815:Eemian
2723:Turkey
2672:Aptian
2656:Tethys
2641:Albian
2604:Pontic
2472:
2454:
2444:Turkey
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2392:Serbia
2389:
2379:Russia
2376:
2363:
2353:Poland
2350:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2275:Greece
2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2138:Mzymta
2118:Rezovo
2113:Veleka
2018:Danube
2010:rivers
1988:5,800
1985:Total
1970:
1949:
1928:
1907:
1889:Russia
1886:
1872:2,782
1865:
1851:1,329
1847:Turkey
1844:
1805:Samsun
1743:Danube
1464:Pontus
1428:Strabo
1396:Pindar
1315:, the
1247:Greece
1063::
932:Adyghe
905:Abkhaz
890:Burgas
843:seabed
795:anoxic
767:Samsun
759:Batumi
727:Burgas
668:Danube
658:, and
656:Turkey
652:Russia
616:Europe
582:Turkey
578:Samsun
567:Crimea
552:Batumi
516:Veleka
432:
414:
404:Turkey
401:
391:Russia
388:
375:
362:
349:
291:Danube
252:44; 35
171:Abkhaz
167:
152:
137:
122:
107:
92:
77:
62:
12767:Index
12739:cross
12727:cross
12717:Motto
12669:Women
12592:Names
12582:Music
12577:Media
12534:Dance
12210:Lakes
12175:Birds
11789:Early
11711:Yalta
11706:Varna
11691:Sochi
11661:Odesa
11641:Kerch
11209:Gulfs
11032:Ocean
10227:Earth
10066:. In
9778:(PDF)
9771:(PDF)
9156:1789.
8913:S2CID
8800:arXiv
8629:(PDF)
8598:(PDF)
8469:S2CID
8396:(PDF)
8365:(PDF)
8267:(PDF)
8256:S2CID
8236:(PDF)
8211:S2CID
7961:(PDF)
7950:S2CID
7928:(PDF)
7856:(PDF)
7815:(PDF)
7758:(PDF)
7725:(PDF)
7707:(PDF)
7676:(PDF)
7653:(PDF)
7622:(PDF)
7597:(PDF)
7586:(PDF)
7565:S2CID
7158:(PDF)
7127:(PDF)
7106:(PDF)
7073:(PDF)
7051:S2CID
6918:(PDF)
6907:S2CID
6887:(PDF)
6789:S2CID
6680:S2CID
6514:(PDF)
6507:(PDF)
6155:S2CID
6008:is a
5779:Yalta
5773:Venus
5767:Varna
5755:Ureki
5709:Sudak
5697:Sochi
5685:Sinop
5625:Olimp
5619:Odesa
5613:Obzor
5549:Kiten
5500:Gonio
5476:Gagra
5466:Foros
5450:Emona
5432:Corbu
5402:Byala
5352:Anapa
5322:2 Mai
5060:Sochi
4944:Varna
4919:Varna
4874:Odesa
4849:Odesa
4831:City
4748:with
4635:Yalta
4599:JSTOR
4585:books
4509:Su-35
4497:Su-27
4475:SLCMs
4195:polis
4036:Slavs
4032:Avars
4024:Goths
3815:Sochi
3763:Blue
3535:]
3286:cysts
3278:algae
2882:This
2861:silts
2779:Yalta
2767:shelf
2652:Paleo
2624:Sudak
2301:Italy
2133:Supsa
2068:Rioni
2043:Kuban
1827:(km)
1681:) or
1569:from
1364:*
1362:word
1354:name
1352:Greek
1341:Zalpa
1254:Greek
822:shelf
751:Sochi
739:Odesa
731:Varna
607:is a
597:Sochi
336:Basin
307:Kuban
111:Greek
12712:Flag
12675:more
12652:List
12618:more
12569:Svan
12527:Wine
12470:more
12361:LGBT
12286:more
12246:more
12134:more
12118:Wars
11676:Rize
11671:Poti
11666:Ordu
11631:Hopa
11265:Seas
11142:Bays
10235:seas
10233:and
10158:ISBN
10127:ISBN
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