7122:
5607:
1126:
3504:
2616:
3574:
4782:
4191:
3664:
2977:
4734:
4143:
3615:
2692:
3145:
2269:
765:
3184:
2321:
817:
1174:
5600:
4950:
4359:
3832:
2860:
7113:
5318:
661:
2629:
3353:
2503:
999:
3949:
3478:
1162:
4926:
4335:
3808:
2836:
5887:. Schlesinger told the journalist that "a more comprehensive realignment" of currencies would be needed, following a recent devaluation of the Italian lira. On the evening of Tuesday, 15 September 1992, the headline was already circulating. Schlesinger said he thought he was speaking off the record. He later wrote that he stated a fact and this could not have triggered the crisis. This remark hugely increased pressure on the pound leading to large sterling sales.
4914:
4323:
3796:
2824:
11347:
9986:
7589:
4878:
4287:
3760:
2938:
2788:
3327:
2477:
973:
1138:
5010:
4746:
4419:
4155:
3892:
3627:
2965:
2896:
4998:
4974:
4407:
4383:
3880:
3856:
2884:
2872:
3314:
2464:
960:
5956:, took to referring to ERM as an "Eternal Recession Mechanism" after the UK fell into recession during the early 1990s. While many people in the UK recall Black Wednesday as a national disaster that permanently affected the country's international prestige, some Conservatives claim that the forced ejection from the ERM was a "Golden Wednesday" or "White Wednesday", the day that paved the way for an economic revival, with the Conservatives handing
5613:
70:
8657:
8645:
8633:
4818:
4227:
3700:
2740:
4866:
4758:
4275:
4167:
3748:
3639:
3001:
2704:
1622:
1198:
1150:
4986:
4806:
4794:
4722:
4395:
4215:
4203:
4131:
3868:
3688:
3676:
3603:
3418:
3158:
3025:
2989:
2728:
2680:
2568:
2282:
1114:
1064:
778:
3405:
3379:
2555:
2529:
1051:
1025:
3223:
2360:
856:
4902:
4770:
4311:
4179:
3936:
3784:
3652:
3561:
3465:
3275:
3171:
2812:
2716:
2425:
2412:
2295:
1220:
1186:
921:
908:
791:
4854:
4263:
3736:
3392:
3210:
3197:
3132:
2776:
2542:
2347:
2334:
2256:
1242:
1038:
843:
830:
752:
5259:
649:
3548:
3301:
2451:
2308:
947:
804:
3962:
3491:
3262:
2399:
895:
4938:
4842:
4347:
4251:
3820:
3724:
2848:
2764:
727:
3340:
2490:
986:
5034:
4443:
3916:
3037:
2649:
4962:
4371:
3844:
3249:
3013:
2386:
882:
4830:
4239:
3712:
2752:
3108:
3444:
2594:
1090:
5922:, from an already high 10%, to 12% to tempt speculators to buy pounds. Despite this and a promise later the same day to raise base rates again to 15%, dealers kept selling pounds, convinced that the government would not keep its promise. By 7:00 pm that evening, Lamont announced Britain would leave the ERM and rates would remain at the new level of 12%; however, on the next day the interest rate was back to 10%.
4890:
4299:
3772:
3366:
2800:
2516:
1012:
3236:
2373:
869:
5022:
4431:
3904:
2908:
3288:
2438:
934:
35:
6046:
3431:
2581:
1077:
9996:
5821:, while the UK was also hurt by the rapid depreciation of the United States dollar β a currency in which many British exports were priced β that summer. Issues of national prestige and the commitment to a doctrine that the fixing of exchange rates within the ERM was a pathway to a single European currency inhibited the adjustment of exchange rates. In the wake of the rejection of the
3997:
5980:'s reputation for economic excellence had been damaged to the extent that the electorate was more inclined to support a claim of the opposition of the time β that the economic recovery ought to be credited to external factors, as opposed to government policies implemented by the Conservatives. The Conservatives had recently won the
5911:. They began accepting orders of Β£300 million twice before 8:30 am, but to little effect. The Bank of England's intervention was ineffective because traders were dumping pounds far faster. The Bank of England continued to buy, and traders continued to sell, until Lamont told Prime Minister
5857:
authorised the spending of billions of pounds worth of foreign currency reserves to buy up sterling being sold on the currency markets. These measures failed to prevent the pound falling below its minimum level in the ERM. The
Treasury took the decision to defend sterling's position, believing that
5809:
2.773 (β¬1.4178 at the DM/Euro conversion rate), the government would be obliged to intervene. In 1989, the UK had inflation three times the rate of
Germany, higher interest rates at 15%, and much lower labour productivity than France and Germany, which indicated the UK's different economic state in
5988:
for
September showed a small lead of 2.5% for the Conservative Party. By the October poll, following Black Wednesday, their share of the intended vote in the poll had plunged from 43% to 29%. The Conservative government then suffered a string of by-election defeats which saw its 21-seat majority
5844:
in sterling that would become immensely profitable if the currency fell below the lower band of the ERM. Soros believed the rate at which the United
Kingdom was brought into the Exchange Rate Mechanism was too high, inflation was too high (triple the German rate), and British interest rates were
5746:
as to become, by the mid-eighties, a self-styled "exchange-rate monetarist", one viewing the sterlingβDeutschmark exchange rate as at least as reliable a guide to domestic inflation – and hence to the setting of interest rates – as any of the various
6030:(earlier estimates placed losses at a much higher range of Β£13β27 billion). Trading losses in August and September made up a minority of the losses (estimated at Β£800 million) and the majority of the loss to the central bank arose from non-realised profits of a potential
10517:
2069:
10227:
237:
5894:
to accept any offers to sell pounds. However, the Bank of
England only accepted orders during the trading day. When the markets opened in London the next morning, the Bank of England began their attempt to prop up their currency, as decided by
6034:. Treasury papers suggested that, had the government maintained $ 24 billion foreign currency reserves and the pound had fallen by the same amount, the UK might have made a Β£2.4 billion profit on sterling's devaluation.
10803:
5964:
a much stronger economy in 1997 than had existed in 1992 as the new economic policy swiftly devised in the aftermath of Black
Wednesday led to re-establishment of economic growth with falling unemployment and inflation.
5771:'s reluctant acquiescence), from early 1987 to March 1988 the Treasury followed a semi-official policy of "shadowing" the Deutsche Mark. Matters came to a head in a clash between Lawson and Thatcher's economic adviser
8998:
6592:
398:
384:
370:
356:
342:
328:
314:
300:
286:
276:
11162:
444:
123:
10476:
10471:
10458:
10917:
12002:
10609:
6004:
led them to victory in the 2010 general election, 13 years later. Five years later in 2015, the party won its first overall majority 23 years after its last in 1992, five months before the crisis.
4681:
415:
10856:
10439:
10063:
10052:
1486:
1254:
575:
553:
11141:
10466:
9497:
10147:
6914:
11167:
263:
10653:
1731:
10848:
10377:
9003:
5612:
1677:
1634:
1626:
691:
111:
10486:
5949:
Other ERM countries such as Italy, whose currencies had breached their bands during the day, returned to the system with broadened bands or with adjusted central parities.
11033:
6581:
5146:
595:
13037:
10362:
9926:
9151:
79:
6892:
Gottschalk, Sylvia. "From black
Wednesday to Brexit: Macroeconomic shocks and correlations of equity returns in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom."
11125:
8747:
1762:
1130:
10641:
10152:
10057:
5296:
1717:
558:
267:
10729:
10315:
9956:
9767:
8722:
8694:
7457:
7411:
7046:
5583:
404:
390:
376:
362:
348:
334:
320:
306:
292:
10671:
1722:
627:
5941:
as well as senior
Cabinet ministers), and that the interest rate hike to 15% had only been a temporary measure to prevent a rout in the pound that afternoon.
9010:
3985:
1444:
6808:
459:
13101:
12237:
11091:
9888:
6260:
449:
5853:
The UK government attempted to prop up the depreciating pound to avoid withdrawal from the monetary system the country had joined only two years earlier.
4509:
1833:
12772:
11023:
10429:
6403:
6065:
5813:
From the beginning of the 1990s, high German interest rates, set by the
Bundesbank to counteract inflationary effects related to excess expenditure on
1931:
1178:
684:
5989:
eroded by
December 1996. The party's performances in local government elections were similarly dismal during this time, while Labour made huge gains.
12757:
8403:
7649:
2663:
1979:
6511:
6026:
estimated the cost of Black Wednesday at Β£3.14 billion, which was revised to Β£3.3 billion in 2005, following documents released under the
5925:
It was later revealed that the decision to withdraw had been agreed at an emergency meeting during the day between Lamont, Major, foreign secretary
5790:, convinced the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the ERM in October 1990, effectively guaranteeing that the UK Government would follow an economic and
12734:
11251:
11100:
10140:
9868:
5992:
Black Wednesday was a major factor in the Conservatives losing the 1997 general election to Labour, who won by a landslide under the leadership of
1871:
1793:
1687:
13106:
13031:
10683:
10372:
5678:
5140:
2108:
1613:
242:
54:
11157:
11121:
9999:
9839:
46:
5798:
between the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%. On 8 October 1990, Thatcher entered the pound into the ERM at
12837:
12719:
12658:
12621:
12455:
11136:
10207:
9814:
7260:
5500:
1480:
1166:
677:
12779:
12318:
11116:
10367:
10299:
10294:
10120:
9851:
9744:
9541:
7465:
7324:
7097:
6844:
5637:
5590:
5564:
5289:
1926:
1574:
454:
97:
38:
The number of Deutschmarks which Β£1 could purchase from August 1992 to January 1993; Black Wednesday is marked by a solid red vertical line
5833:
as well, those ERM currencies that were trading close to the bottom of their ERM bands came under pressure from foreign exchange traders.
12983:
12971:
10927:
10767:
10636:
10631:
10412:
10217:
10090:
9834:
8687:
7432:
7427:
7280:
5520:
5382:
5136:
4033:
1778:
1712:
1702:
1232:
1210:
1104:
514:
13075:
13025:
12703:
12563:
12462:
11383:
10648:
9531:
8777:
8613:
7826:
7245:
5515:
5485:
5158:
1841:
1202:
1154:
1118:
6702:
6639:
6090:
12570:
12413:
12046:
10970:
10939:
10256:
10251:
10246:
10241:
10095:
9809:
9679:
9301:
6887:
6312:
4053:
2207:
1881:
1821:
1559:
1384:
1246:
1224:
1190:
464:
200:
185:
170:
155:
2194:
12966:
12727:
12644:
12614:
12497:
12490:
12434:
12427:
12295:
11984:
9861:
9804:
9632:
9121:
9041:
9026:
7919:
6947:
5830:
5826:
5121:
4630:
4048:
12976:
12801:
12420:
11673:
11594:
11131:
10787:
10777:
10032:
8983:
8978:
8829:
7102:
5354:
5282:
5091:
4786:
4674:
708:
12871:
12607:
12511:
12476:
12333:
12171:
11666:
11018:
10341:
9989:
9536:
9526:
9511:
9446:
8943:
8878:
8680:
7717:
7702:
5904:
5701:
5056:
5046:
2177:
2113:
1966:
1946:
1936:
1859:
1741:
1660:
7121:
5890:
Currency traders began a massive sell-off of pounds on Wednesday, 16 September 1992. The Exchange Rate Mechanism required the
5269:
12288:
12201:
11950:
11942:
10346:
9898:
9893:
9819:
9094:
8608:
7625:
7295:
7275:
7208:
6729:
6484:
6430:
6413:
6322:
5535:
5446:
5181:
4574:
4549:
2165:
12956:
12946:
11111:
11096:
10912:
10741:
10714:
10444:
10320:
9794:
9711:
7395:
7390:
7030:
7009:
6938:
6926:
5981:
5697:
5693:
5419:
5186:
5131:
5106:
5086:
5081:
5051:
4954:
4537:
4291:
4018:
4011:
1769:
1598:
1591:
1549:
1342:
1142:
632:
580:
548:
509:
6610:
13004:
12941:
12636:
11905:
10724:
10719:
10709:
10573:
10261:
9883:
9799:
9652:
8182:
7154:
6756:
5126:
5116:
5111:
5101:
5066:
5061:
4564:
2642:
2217:
2152:
215:
6286:
13146:
13116:
12665:
10235:
10135:
9829:
9480:
9468:
9424:
8938:
8411:
5763:, both of which he explained by citing the lasting impact in Germany of the disastrous hyperinflation of the inter-war
5245:
5176:
5096:
5071:
4706:
4701:
3990:
1389:
1279:
740:
92:
9657:
6537:
Explaining the September 1992 ERM Crisis: The Maastricht Bargain and Domestic Politics in Germany, France, and Britain
6459:
13141:
12794:
12600:
12252:
12119:
11869:
10289:
9941:
9844:
9789:
9568:
9551:
9521:
9286:
9136:
8799:
8794:
7203:
6386:
6243:
5441:
5223:
5076:
4581:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
2187:
2172:
1876:
1816:
1803:
1672:
1527:
1512:
1269:
247:
8973:
13070:
12961:
12039:
11651:
11213:
11075:
9777:
9556:
8836:
8392:
8275:
7707:
7149:
6920:
6886:
Bustos, Sebastian, and Martin Rotemberg. "Elasticity Pessimism: Economic Consequences of Black Wednesday." (2017).
6070:
5658:
5630:
4696:
4043:
3573:
3532:
3049:
2955:
2240:
2212:
2182:
2089:
1974:
1783:
1697:
1682:
26:
12441:
12215:
11702:
11276:
10828:
10392:
10273:
9931:
9878:
9739:
9684:
9516:
9419:
8898:
8846:
8772:
7924:
7382:
7038:
6268:
6124:
6027:
5908:
5817:, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM. The UK and Italy had additional difficulties with their
5349:
4930:
4586:
4504:
4195:
6550:
5726:
When the ERM was set up in 1979, the United Kingdom declined to join. This was a controversial decision, as the
12629:
12593:
12504:
12406:
11376:
10985:
10762:
10169:
9951:
9856:
9762:
9615:
9463:
9451:
9372:
8858:
7228:
5468:
4918:
2227:
2123:
1888:
1826:
1398:
1293:
717:
138:
5752:
13136:
13065:
12830:
12765:
12469:
12340:
12281:
12134:
11013:
10893:
10782:
10595:
10434:
10418:
9873:
9782:
9721:
9647:
9434:
9414:
9193:
8717:
8703:
7784:
7449:
7319:
7270:
5576:
5559:
5510:
5014:
5002:
4978:
4750:
4482:
4472:
4028:
2048:
1606:
1259:
622:
524:
6982:
Our analysis focuses on a neglected factor in the crisis: the role of the weak dollar in intra-EMS tensions.
6781:
6144:
12532:
12376:
12369:
12326:
12274:
12208:
11806:
9936:
9757:
9620:
9598:
9578:
9507:
9429:
9306:
9296:
9291:
8963:
8928:
8784:
8441:
7809:
7758:
7748:
7233:
7087:
5996:. The Conservatives failed to gain significant ground at the 2001 general election under the leadership of
5473:
4990:
4882:
4870:
4846:
4822:
4810:
4798:
4762:
4738:
4726:
4613:
4532:
4527:
4363:
2035:
1264:
13009:
12688:
12680:
12354:
12347:
12267:
12194:
12186:
12178:
12156:
11555:
11106:
10975:
10888:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10076:
10025:
9772:
9752:
9593:
9456:
9238:
9141:
8851:
8824:
8804:
8461:
8426:
8421:
8212:
7314:
7054:
6107:
5900:
5727:
5623:
5554:
5228:
5038:
4966:
4906:
4858:
4834:
4774:
4618:
4489:
3522:
3074:
3054:
1448:
610:
600:
487:
439:
6677:
6000:, with Labour winning another landslide majority. The Conservatives did not take Government again until
12864:
12672:
12577:
12383:
12061:
11824:
11028:
10818:
10525:
9971:
9583:
8789:
7914:
7238:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7144:
7139:
6911:
Economic Policy and Exchange Rate Regimes: What Have We Learned in the Ten Years since Black Wednesday?
6876:
Budd, Alan. "Black Wednesday-A Re-examination of Britain's Experience in the Exchange Rate Mechanism."
5818:
5739:
5705:
5478:
5359:
5026:
4942:
4894:
4559:
4494:
2222:
1941:
1913:
1906:
568:
8159:
6339:
6171:
12787:
12711:
12483:
11966:
11369:
11291:
10980:
10772:
10082:
9603:
9441:
9377:
9367:
9362:
8177:
7804:
7743:
7618:
7290:
7265:
7072:
5700:. The rebounding of the UK economy in the years following Black Wednesday has been attributed to the
5530:
5505:
5370:
4499:
1866:
1810:
1522:
1372:
615:
11958:
12988:
12951:
12448:
12111:
12083:
11920:
11316:
11281:
11261:
10336:
10182:
8868:
8371:
8121:
8081:
7545:
7513:
7223:
7213:
7002:
6881:
6819:
5778:
This led to Lawson's resignation as Chancellor; he was replaced by former Treasury Chief Secretary
5666:
5451:
4023:
2019:
2014:
1544:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
434:
87:
8134:
12823:
12741:
12245:
12148:
11749:
11324:
11308:
11207:
10757:
10578:
10266:
9276:
8863:
8814:
8264:
7763:
7092:
5874:
5689:
4569:
4339:
3527:
1655:
1650:
504:
232:
9061:
5677:
above the lower limit required for ERM participation. At that time, the United Kingdom held the
13121:
12894:
12816:
12518:
11913:
11764:
11757:
11709:
11695:
11411:
11202:
10905:
10402:
10018:
9961:
8477:
8381:
8139:
7659:
7350:
5767:. Thus, although the UK had not joined the ERM, at Lawson's direction (and with Prime Minister
5240:
4608:
4544:
4327:
3588:
2648:
1569:
1466:
1306:
1125:
13111:
12925:
12899:
12857:
12748:
12141:
11995:
11658:
11640:
11567:
11546:
11234:
10531:
9716:
9706:
9473:
9321:
9188:
9166:
9099:
8903:
8809:
8648:
8207:
8187:
8096:
8076:
7934:
7697:
7674:
7654:
7193:
7082:
5977:
5685:
5431:
5409:
5263:
4625:
4591:
4423:
4411:
4387:
4159:
3069:
1959:
1746:
1726:
1564:
665:
653:
10121:
Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?
6897:
12695:
12525:
12069:
11681:
11586:
11578:
11490:
10663:
9696:
9689:
9344:
9281:
9253:
9228:
9223:
9198:
9156:
8958:
8913:
8908:
8737:
8436:
8232:
8222:
8217:
8129:
8106:
7611:
7537:
7529:
7255:
7176:
7077:
6706:
6637:
6129:
5814:
5495:
5392:
5387:
5217:
4657:
4637:
4467:
4399:
4279:
4255:
4231:
4219:
4207:
4171:
4147:
4135:
3099:
3084:
3079:
2061:
1553:
8:
13131:
13043:
12920:
12651:
12361:
12259:
12164:
12024:
11876:
11794:
11628:
11453:
10866:
10861:
10197:
10187:
10071:
9316:
9271:
9263:
9208:
9116:
9051:
8742:
8365:
8349:
8259:
8237:
8227:
8036:
8026:
8016:
7834:
7816:
7592:
7521:
6995:
6925:
Williams, Ben. "Black Wednesday: thirty years on." Political Insight 13.3 (2022): 22-25.
6587:
5970:
5866:
5805:
2.95 to Β£1. Hence, if the exchange rate ever neared the bottom of its permitted range, DM
5760:
5709:
5542:
5170:
4877:
4647:
4642:
4447:
4375:
4315:
4286:
4267:
4243:
4183:
3980:
3764:
3759:
3566:
3094:
3089:
2937:
2792:
2787:
2430:
1756:
1692:
1537:
1360:
1348:
1300:
926:
585:
178:
148:
119:
22:
8562:
8172:
6944:
6317:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 229.
13126:
11534:
10693:
10105:
9392:
9382:
9349:
9248:
9218:
9111:
9086:
9046:
8660:
8482:
8144:
8111:
8086:
8071:
8066:
8041:
8031:
8021:
7939:
7552:
7357:
7345:
7285:
6209:
6059:
5870:
5599:
5525:
5235:
5166:
4652:
4460:
4435:
4351:
4303:
3107:
2157:
1460:
1312:
5918:
At 10:30 am on 16 September, the British government announced an increase in the
3517:
11620:
11603:
11504:
11219:
10997:
10492:
10407:
10192:
10100:
9161:
9131:
8656:
8644:
8632:
8567:
8101:
8051:
8046:
7929:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7779:
7571:
7372:
7362:
7218:
6409:
6382:
6359:
6318:
6239:
5930:
5822:
5787:
5768:
5461:
5456:
3996:
1969:
1354:
1137:
519:
163:
12585:
12100:
12095:
11511:
11483:
11460:
11392:
11240:
11065:
10992:
10949:
10932:
10676:
10424:
10212:
9946:
9387:
9336:
9146:
9126:
8572:
8552:
8547:
8416:
8320:
8248:
8091:
8061:
8056:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7839:
7489:
6971:
6536:
6351:
3005:
1505:
1378:
590:
208:
9674:
6852:
6355:
1797:
12545:
12395:
12076:
12032:
11931:
11432:
11350:
11187:
10813:
10590:
9642:
9563:
8933:
8923:
8893:
8767:
8582:
7794:
6955:
6951:
6643:
6198:"Conflicting Authorities: States, Currency Markets and the ERM Crisis of 1992β93"
6011:
5966:
5938:
5891:
5841:
5791:
5764:
4596:
4038:
2942:
1773:
1173:
8672:
8325:
5836:
In the months leading up to Black Wednesday, among many other currency traders,
3017:
12310:
12222:
12127:
11497:
11476:
11271:
11224:
11192:
10900:
10808:
10688:
10583:
10563:
10498:
10202:
10177:
9669:
9213:
8953:
8841:
8732:
8727:
8587:
8527:
8512:
8507:
7949:
7849:
7753:
7495:
6655:
5934:
5755:" monetarists. He justified this by pointing to the dependable strength of the
5662:
5194:
4781:
4601:
4190:
3668:
3663:
3189:
2976:
2634:
2326:
1984:
1578:
1516:
1366:
1330:
1324:
822:
605:
193:
59:
5748:
13095:
13080:
11973:
11898:
11891:
11884:
11862:
11846:
11838:
11831:
11817:
11787:
11780:
11773:
11731:
11724:
11717:
11688:
11527:
11520:
11446:
11418:
11266:
11256:
11163:
UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018
11070:
10387:
9546:
9326:
9104:
9056:
9036:
8948:
8577:
8522:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8335:
8294:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7844:
7680:
7186:
6363:
6172:"1990β1992: Britain and the politics of the European exchange rate mechanism"
6001:
5997:
5953:
5896:
5799:
5795:
5756:
5731:
5674:
5402:
4688:
3954:
3483:
3122:
3041:
2969:
1787:
1336:
9573:
12880:
12302:
12053:
11854:
11425:
11246:
10823:
10734:
10568:
10481:
9664:
9311:
9183:
8636:
8592:
8557:
8542:
8537:
8517:
8330:
8315:
8299:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7307:
7302:
7181:
6576:
6408:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6051:
6007:
5926:
5919:
5882:
5837:
5783:
5772:
5743:
5735:
5547:
5397:
4476:
3029:
2993:
2981:
2128:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
1318:
7112:
5775:, when Walters claimed that the Exchange Rate Mechanism was "half baked".
5317:
12556:
12013:
11612:
11469:
11439:
11331:
11229:
11060:
9355:
9203:
9178:
9171:
8992:
8819:
8532:
7957:
7909:
7904:
7727:
7483:
7367:
7250:
6848:
6815:
6031:
6023:
5985:
5859:
5490:
4949:
4358:
3836:
3831:
3509:
3358:
2864:
2859:
2621:
2508:
1004:
6213:
6197:
12915:
11300:
10547:
9031:
7866:
7712:
7578:
7018:
6904:
Six days in September: Black Wednesday, Brexit and the Making of Europe
6379:
Six Days in September: Black Wednesday, Brexit and the making of Europe
5993:
5961:
5957:
5912:
5854:
5779:
5721:
5332:
4925:
4334:
3812:
3807:
3332:
2840:
2835:
2482:
1989:
1161:
978:
563:
11142:
UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Continuity) (Scotland) Act 2020
6611:"The reason that Europe is having a breakdown...it's the Euro, stupid"
5873:
triggered the attack on the pound. An interview of Schlesinger by the
11197:
10382:
8918:
7722:
7664:
6582:"A strong-arm policy is needed to hold the pound down on the rebound"
6377:
Marsh, David; Keegan, William; Roberts, Richard (15 September 2017).
6287:"A small remark with big consequences: what sparked Black Wednesday?"
5657:, was a financial crisis that occurred on 16 September 1992 when the
4913:
4322:
3800:
3795:
3319:
2923:
2828:
2823:
2469:
1665:
965:
497:
10148:
European Union Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations 2016
6958:
Business School tells Ione Mako about the upside of Black Wednesday.
6656:"Inflation Targeting Has Been A Successful Monetary Policy Strategy"
69:
11404:
11361:
10553:
8008:
7669:
7340:
6976:
6963:
6954:, Martin Upton, head of the Centre for Financial Management at The
5414:
5009:
4997:
4973:
4745:
4418:
4406:
4382:
4154:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3860:
3855:
3631:
3626:
3423:
3410:
3384:
3163:
2964:
2900:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2670:
2573:
2560:
2534:
2287:
1274:
1069:
1056:
1030:
783:
10558:
9966:
7799:
6125:"Not while I'm alive, he ain't β Part 4 Thatcher and Lawson"
5759:
and the reliably anti-inflationary management of the Mark by the
4985:
4865:
4841:
4817:
4805:
4793:
4757:
4733:
4721:
4394:
4274:
4250:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4166:
4142:
4130:
3941:
3872:
3867:
3752:
3747:
3728:
3723:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3680:
3675:
3643:
3638:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3602:
3470:
3397:
3280:
3254:
3228:
3215:
3202:
3176:
3150:
3137:
3024:
3000:
2988:
2768:
2763:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2547:
2417:
2391:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2300:
2274:
2261:
2070:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1621:
1197:
1149:
1113:
1043:
913:
887:
861:
848:
835:
796:
770:
757:
726:
34:
12849:
10041:
8988:
6045:
5829:
in the spring of 1992, and an announcement that there would be
5151:
5033:
4961:
4901:
4853:
4829:
4769:
4442:
4370:
4310:
4262:
4238:
4178:
3967:
3920:
3915:
3848:
3843:
3788:
3783:
3740:
3735:
3716:
3711:
3656:
3651:
3553:
3496:
3449:
3371:
3306:
3267:
3241:
3036:
3012:
2816:
2811:
2780:
2775:
2756:
2751:
2720:
2715:
2599:
2521:
2456:
2404:
2378:
2313:
1241:
1219:
1185:
1095:
1017:
952:
900:
874:
809:
540:
21:"White Wednesday" redirects here. For the online movement, see
11168:
European Union Withdrawal Agreement (Public Vote) Bill 2017β19
7603:
6236:
More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite
9701:
7789:
6987:
6902:
Roberts, Richard Whitfield, William Keegan, and David Marsh.
5021:
4937:
4889:
4430:
4346:
4298:
3908:
3903:
3824:
3819:
3776:
3771:
3436:
3345:
3293:
2912:
2907:
2852:
2847:
2804:
2799:
2586:
2495:
2443:
1082:
991:
939:
11034:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
5915:
that their pound purchasing was failing to produce results.
5147:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
13038:
George Soros: The Life and Times of a Messianic Billionaire
7634:
6314:
Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979β2003
1937:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
6512:"Black Wednesday: The day that Britain went over the edge"
10010:
6405:
An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945β1992
5742:, nevertheless so admired the low inflationary record of
5199:
10153:
The European Union Referendum (Conduct) Regulations 2016
6678:"Targeting Inflation: The United Kingdom in Retrospect"
11710:
Post-Napoleonic Irish grain price and land use shocks
7458:
More Than a Game: The Story of Cricket's Early Years
6919:
Ward, David. "Black Wednesday 30 years on." (2022).
6338:
Eichengreen, Barry; Naef, Alain (1 September 2022).
6170:
Bonefeld, Werner; Burnham, Peter (13 January 2006).
6041:
5692:
suffered a landslide defeat five years later at the
6460:"Black Wednesday 20 years on: how the day unfolded"
6580:
6376:
9680:Glasgow International Financial Services District
8702:
7650:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
6608:
13093:
11252:Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
6894:International Journal of Finance & Economics
6845:"Guide to the papers and full list of documents"
6782:"Treasury papers reveal cost of Black Wednesday"
6539:. Harvard University. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
1932:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
6964:"Imported or Home Grown? The 1992-3 EMS Crisis"
6961:
6340:"Imported or home grown? The 1992β3 EMS crisis"
6337:
6169:
5679:Presidency of the Council of the European Union
2109:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
1211:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
11158:Terms of Withdrawal from EU (Referendum) Bills
6548:
6485:"Major's dither cost UK billions, says Lamont"
6261:"Pound fall is UK's get-out-of-jail-free card"
6066:1999β2002 sale of United Kingdom gold reserves
6017:
12865:
12838:List of stock market crashes and bear markets
11377:
10026:
8688:
7619:
7003:
5734:, was staunchly pro-European. His successor,
5631:
5290:
685:
13032:Soros: The World's Most Influential Investor
10295:European Communities Act 1972 (Repeal) Bills
7466:My Old Man: A Personal History of Music Hall
6575:
5880:
5688:in handling of economic matters. The ruling
13102:September 1992 events in the United Kingdom
12984:Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft
12972:Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa
10940:EUβUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)
10928:Trade negotiation between the UK and the EU
10218:United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
7281:1995 Conservative Party leadership election
6730:"Billionaire who broke the Bank of England"
6604:
6602:
6431:"Billionaire who broke the Bank of England"
6062: β Trilemma in international economics
5879:was reported by the German financial paper
5848:
5521:1995 Conservative Party leadership election
4034:Political groups of the European Parliament
2105:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
515:United Kingdom opt-outs from EU legislation
13026:Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve
12872:
12858:
11384:
11370:
10033:
10019:
8695:
8681:
8614:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
7626:
7612:
7246:1993 reviews of the British honours system
7010:
6996:
6809:"The Cost of Black Wednesday Reconsidered"
6284:
6208:(2). Cambridge University Press: 359β380.
6091:How the ERM disaster turned into a triumph
6073:, other currency crises in British history
5684:The crisis damaged the credibility of the
5638:
5624:
5516:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
5486:1993 reviews of the British honours system
5297:
5283:
692:
678:
12659:2015β2016 Chinese stock market turbulence
10971:2024 Northern Ireland Executive formation
6975:
6906:(OMFIF Press, 2017). ISBN 9780995563636
6727:
6428:
5673:, following a failed attempt to keep its
2208:Publications Office of the European Union
465:Department for Exiting the European Union
243:Proposed European Constitution referendum
12967:Open Society Foundation for South Africa
10300:European Union (Referendum) Bill 2013β14
6962:Eichengreen, Barry; Naef, Alain (2022).
6599:
6509:
4631:European System of Financial Supervision
1927:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
33:
12977:Open Society Initiative for West Africa
8989:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
8929:Second Industrial Revolution 1860sβ1914
6941:, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
6779:
6233:
6010:made over Β£1 billion in profit by
5704:of sterling and the replacement of its
5137:United KingdomβEuropean Union relations
3062:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
233:2011 UK Act on new EU Treaty amendments
13107:Economic history of the United Kingdom
13094:
12564:Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009β2010
12334:South American economic crisis of 2002
12231:Black Wednesday (1992 Sterling crisis)
6728:Litterick, David (13 September 2002).
6510:Johnston, Philip (10 September 2012).
6453:
6451:
6429:Litterick, David (13 September 2002).
6258:
6227:
6195:
5159:United StatesβEuropean Union relations
2178:European Economic and Social Committee
450:Northern Ireland Executive in Brussels
12853:
12615:2013 Chinese banking liquidity crisis
12571:2010β2014 Portuguese financial crisis
12047:Secondary banking crisis of 1973β1975
11365:
10014:
8676:
8609:European Financial Stability Facility
7800:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
7607:
7296:Committee on Standards in Public Life
7276:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
7209:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
6991:
6913:(LSE Financial Markets Group, 2002).
6595:from the original on 12 January 2022.
6551:"An electoral curse yet to be lifted"
6457:
6310:
6280:
6278:
5667:European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM
5536:Committee on Standards in Public Life
5447:Further and Higher Education Act 1992
5182:European Union and the United Nations
4714:Foreign relations of EU member states
12947:International Renaissance Foundation
12645:Russian financial crisis (2014β2016)
12498:2008β2011 Icelandic financial crisis
12491:2008β2009 Ukrainian financial crisis
12456:2000s U.S. housing market correction
12296:1998β2002 Argentine great depression
11391:
9995:
9712:London Platinum and Palladium Market
8001:Coins by country with minting rights
7031:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
6780:Tempest, Matthew (9 February 2005).
6458:Inman, Phillip (13 September 2012).
6401:
5937:(the latter three all being staunch
5366:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
5187:European Union Association Agreement
5122:SwitzerlandβEuropean Union relations
4019:Elections to the European Parliament
13005:American University of Central Asia
12942:Institute for New Economic Thinking
12802:2023β2024 Egyptian financial crisis
12637:Puerto Rican government-debt crisis
12630:2014β2016 Brazilian economic crisis
12003:1963β1965 Indonesian hyperinflation
11906:Shanghai rubber stock market crisis
11595:Dutch Republic stock market crashes
11092:Notification of Withdrawal Act 2017
10574:Campaign for an Independent Britain
8183:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
6806:
6549:Tebbit, Norman (10 February 2005).
6448:
6234:Mallaby, Sebastian (10 June 2010).
5810:comparison to other ERM countries.
5092:KazakhstanβEuropean Union relations
2643:Nuclear power in the European Union
2218:European Personnel Selection Office
2153:European Data Protection Supervisor
2114:European Public Prosecutor's Office
445:Permanent EU Representatives for UK
13:
12608:2012β2013 Cypriot financial crisis
12512:2008β2014 Spanish financial crisis
12484:2008β2009 Russian financial crisis
12477:2008β2009 Belgian financial crisis
12172:1988β1992 Norwegian banking crisis
11667:British credit crisis of 1772β1773
10136:European Union Referendum Act 2015
8412:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
7810:European payments initiative (EPI)
7111:
6968:Journal of International Economics
6870:
6344:Journal of International Economics
6275:
6106:Moore, Charles (3 November 2018).
6089:McRae, Hamish (10 February 2005).
5929:, president of the Board of Trade
5696:and did not return to power until
5246:Convention on the Future of Europe
5177:Microstates and the European Union
5057:AustraliaβEuropean Union relations
5047:ArgentinaβEuropean Union relations
3995:
3991:Microstates and the European Union
3572:
3540:Non-Schengen area EU member states
3106:
2647:
1280:Withdrawal from the European Union
554:2015β2016 membership renegotiation
14:
13158:
12795:2023 United States banking crisis
12601:2011 Bangladesh share market scam
12289:1998β1999 Ecuador economic crisis
12253:Venezuelan banking crisis of 1994
12179:Japanese asset price bubble crash
12120:Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
11870:Australian banking crisis of 1893
11674:Dutch Republic financial collapse
10316:2014 European Parliament election
9942:Confederation of British Industry
9137:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
8800:Department for Business and Trade
8795:Competition and Markets Authority
7286:Cullen Report (Dunblane massacre)
6932:
6609:Kaletsky, Anatole (9 June 2005).
6108:Bring on the next Black Wednesday
5751:beloved of those he labelled as "
5738:, whilst not at all advocating a
5224:European Coal and Steel Community
2188:European Union Military Committee
2173:European Committee of the Regions
2076:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1804:Member of the European Parliament
1475:Abandoned treaties and agreements
12962:Open Society Institute-Baltimore
12957:Open Society FoundationsβArmenia
12879:
11652:Amsterdam banking crisis of 1763
11346:
11345:
11076:Brexit withdrawal agreement plan
10487:Unlawful campaigning allegations
9994:
9985:
9984:
8837:Office for Budget Responsibility
8655:
8643:
8631:
7805:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
7708:European System of Central Banks
7588:
7587:
7120:
6754:
6285:Alain Naef (30 September 2022).
6071:Sterling crisis (disambiguation)
6044:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5316:
5257:
5132:UkraineβEuropean Union relations
5107:MoldovaβEuropean Union relations
5087:IcelandβEuropean Union relations
5082:GeorgiaβEuropean Union relations
5052:ArmeniaβEuropean Union relations
5032:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4972:
4960:
4948:
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4888:
4876:
4864:
4852:
4840:
4828:
4816:
4804:
4792:
4780:
4768:
4756:
4744:
4732:
4720:
4441:
4429:
4417:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4369:
4357:
4345:
4333:
4321:
4309:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4165:
4153:
4141:
4129:
3960:
3947:
3934:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3559:
3546:
3533:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
3502:
3489:
3476:
3463:
3442:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3208:
3195:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3143:
3130:
3035:
3023:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2963:
2936:
2906:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2738:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2627:
2614:
2592:
2579:
2566:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2345:
2332:
2319:
2306:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2254:
2213:European External Action Service
2183:Political and Security Committee
2090:European Supervisory Authorities
1620:
1467:European Economic Area Agreement
1240:
1218:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
958:
945:
932:
919:
906:
893:
880:
867:
854:
841:
828:
815:
802:
789:
776:
763:
750:
725:
659:
647:
68:
27:Black Wednesday (disambiguation)
12377:2007 Chinese stock bubble crash
11703:Danish state bankruptcy of 1813
11277:Voting pencil conspiracy theory
10829:Independent Alliance for Reform
10768:2016 Sleaford and North Hykeham
10274:European Economic Area Act 1993
10096:Trade and Cooperation Agreement
8773:Governor of the Bank of England
7633:
7039:Chief Secretary to the Treasury
6837:
6800:
6773:
6748:
6721:
6695:
6670:
6648:
6631:
6569:
6542:
6529:
6503:
6477:
6422:
6395:
6370:
6331:
6304:
6259:Bootle, Roger (28 April 2008).
6202:Review of International Studies
5909:governor of the Bank of England
5127:TurkeyβEuropean Union relations
5117:RussiaβEuropean Union relations
5112:NorwayβEuropean Union relations
5102:MexicoβEuropean Union relations
5067:CanadaβEuropean Union relations
5062:BrazilβEuropean Union relations
4587:Passports of the European Union
3577:Schengen Area from January 2023
12758:Chinese property sector crisis
12666:2015β2016 stock market selloff
12594:August 2011 stock markets fall
12505:2008β2011 Irish banking crisis
12202:1990s Swedish financial crisis
11951:Weimar Republic hyperinflation
9952:Federation of Small Businesses
7229:Northern Ireland peace process
7017:
6252:
6189:
6163:
6137:
6117:
6100:
6083:
5469:Northern Ireland peace process
5097:JapanβEuropean Union relations
5072:ChinaβEuropean Union relations
2228:European Administrative School
2124:European Data Protection Board
2009:European Investment Bank Group
718:Politics of the European Union
1:
13066:Blinken Open Society Archives
12831:List of sovereign debt crises
12773:2022 Russian financial crisis
12470:2008 Latvian financial crisis
12463:U.S. bear market of 2007β2009
12341:Stock market downturn of 2002
12282:1998 Russian financial crisis
12135:1983 Israel bank stock crisis
11122:Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020
10684:Petition to revoke Article 50
10435:Balance of Competences Review
10419:The European Union: In or Out
10378:1975 EC membership referendum
10236:European Communities Act 1972
9722:Alternative Investment Market
9702:London Interbank Offered Rate
9658:List of UK building societies
8704:Economy of the United Kingdom
7785:Economy of the European Union
7450:John Major: The Autobiography
7271:Privatisation of British Rail
6356:10.1016/j.jinteco.2022.103654
5978:Conservative Party government
5952:Some commentators, following
5511:Privatisation of British Rail
5379:(November 1990 β April 1992)
5077:European UnionβNATO relations
4123:Elections in EU member states
4054:Referendums related to the EU
2049:European University Institute
2043:European University Institute
1270:GermanyβNetherlands relations
559:2016 EU membership referendum
525:Balance of Competences Review
440:House of Commons EU Committee
248:European Union Bill 2004β2005
12533:Greek government-debt crisis
12370:2004 Argentine energy crisis
12327:2001 Turkish economic crisis
12216:1990s Armenian energy crisis
12209:1990s Finnish banking crisis
12070:1976 British currency crisis
12040:1973β1974 stock market crash
11137:Future Relationship Act 2020
9937:British Chambers of Commerce
9932:British Bankers' Association
7915:2 β¬ commemorative coins
7749:European Stability Mechanism
7405:European Parliament Election
7234:Downing Street mortar attack
6267:. London, UK. Archived from
6196:Aykens, Peter (April 2002).
6114:. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
6097:. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
6077:
5944:
5845:hurting their asset prices.
5825:by the Danish electorate in
5474:Downing Street mortar attack
4614:European Banking Supervision
2652:Euratom since 1 January 2021
2099:Executive agencies of the EU
2036:European Stability Mechanism
2030:European Stability Mechanism
7:
13010:Central European University
12689:2017 Sri Lankan fuel crisis
12355:2003 Myanmar banking crisis
12348:2002 Uruguay banking crisis
12268:1997 Asian financial crisis
12195:1991 Indian economic crisis
12187:Rhode Island banking crisis
12157:Cameroonian economic crisis
11943:Early Soviet hyperinflation
11556:Crisis of the Third Century
11107:Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018
10976:Brexit and the Irish border
10788:2019 Brecon and Radnorshire
10778:2017 Stoke-on-Trent Central
10290:European Union Bill 2004β05
10077:Brexit withdrawal agreement
8825:Chancellor of the Exchequer
8805:Financial Conduct Authority
8422:European Monetary Institute
7315:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
7083:Second ministry (1992β1997)
7055:Chancellor of the Exchequer
6945:open.edu 24, September 2009
6818:. p. 4. Archived from
6133:. BBC Radio 4. 15 May 2003.
6037:
6018:The cost of Black Wednesday
5901:chancellor of the exchequer
5728:Chancellor of the Exchequer
5712:monetary stability policy.
5555:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
5229:European Economic Community
4619:Single Resolution Mechanism
3986:EEA National Identity cards
3523:Schengen Information System
3055:Enlargement of the eurozone
2664:Economic and Monetary Union
2120:Corporate bodies of the EU
1738:Council preparatory bodies
1487:UK membership renegotiation
455:EU Representative in London
435:House of Lords EU Committee
10:
13163:
13076:List of projects supported
12720:Sri Lankan economic crisis
12578:Energy crisis in Venezuela
12557:2009 Dubai debt standstill
12407:2007β2008 financial crisis
12062:Latin American debt crisis
11825:Paris Bourse crash of 1882
10819:Blue Collar Conservativism
10672:Proposed second referendum
10526:Britain Stronger in Europe
10342:2014 Heywood and Middleton
10040:
9972:UK Payments Administration
8924:New Imperialism 1830sβ1945
8748:Government-owned companies
8276:Other extant EU currencies
8122:Monetary agreement with EU
7239:Downing Street Declaration
7078:First ministry (1990β1992)
6151:(obituary). 5 January 2009
6028:Freedom of Information Act
5740:fixed exchange rate system
5719:
5715:
5479:Downing Street Declaration
2202:Inter-institutional bodies
1947:Public Prosecutor's Office
1914:European Court of Auditors
1907:European Court of Auditors
1860:Court of Justice of the EU
628:Proposed second referendum
576:Notification of withdrawal
569:Britain Stronger in Europe
98:1973 enlargement of the EC
20:
13147:History of pound sterling
13117:Premiership of John Major
13053:
13018:
12997:
12934:
12908:
12887:
12811:
12788:2022 stock market decline
12780:Pakistani economic crisis
12766:2021β2023 inflation surge
12712:Lebanese liquidity crisis
12681:Venezuelan hyperinflation
12673:Brexit stock market crash
12622:Venezuela economic crisis
12544:
12394:
12384:Zimbabwean hyperinflation
12094:
12012:
11983:
11967:Wall Street Crash of 1929
11930:
11807:2nd Industrial Revolution
11805:
11741:
11641:1st Industrial Revolution
11639:
11566:
11544:
11399:
11341:
11290:
11180:
11150:
11084:
11053:
11046:
11006:
10981:Northern Ireland Protocol
10961:
10948:
10913:Prorogation of Parliament
10841:
10796:
10750:
10702:
10662:
10619:
10608:
10540:
10516:
10507:
10457:
10355:
10347:2014 Rochester and Strood
10329:
10308:
10282:
10226:
10168:
10161:
10128:
10114:
10048:
9980:
9915:
9732:
9631:
9496:
9489:
9405:
9335:
9262:
9237:
9085:
9074:
9047:National champions policy
9042:Recessions and recoveries
9019:
8959:1979 Winter of Discontent
8894:1659β1849 Navigation Acts
8886:
8877:
8869:UK Trade & Investment
8778:Monetary Policy Committee
8756:
8710:
8626:
8601:
8470:
8450:
8357:
8348:
8308:
8284:
8273:
8249:Countries and territories
8246:
8196:
8178:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8157:
8120:
8007:
8000:
7948:
7920:Other commemorative coins
7865:
7858:
7825:
7772:
7744:Stability and Growth Pact
7736:
7690:
7642:
7565:
7505:
7476:
7441:
7420:
7404:
7381:
7333:
7129:
7109:
7073:Premiership of John Major
7065:
7025:
5862:would promote inflation.
5840:had been building a huge
5264:European Union portal
1867:European Court of Justice
1294:Treaties and Declarations
1260:BelgiumβGermany relations
616:Northern Ireland Protocol
460:UK European Commissioners
13142:1992 in economic history
12989:Stefan Batory Foundation
12952:Open Society Foundations
12449:Subprime mortgage crisis
12112:Brazilian hyperinflation
12084:Brazilian hyperinflation
11921:Financial crisis of 1914
11629:Mississippi bubble crash
11132:Internal Market Act 2020
10857:Invocation of Article 50
10730:2019 European Parliament
10445:Euroscepticism in the UK
8984:2009 bank rescue package
8979:2008 bank rescue package
8944:1929β39 Great Depression
8815:HM Revenue & Customs
8723:Employee-owned companies
8602:Former fiscal provisions
8372:European Monetary System
8162:using euro per agreement
7514:Thatcher: The Final Days
7320:Wirral South by-election
7224:1993 Newbury by-election
7214:Grant-maintained schools
6896:28.3 (2023): 2843-2873.
6878:IEA Occasional Paper 135
6291:Economic History Society
5849:The currency traders act
5560:Wirral South by-election
5452:Grant-maintained schools
5428:(April 1992 β May 1997)
5426:Second Ministry and Term
5383:1990 leadership election
5325:This article is part of
2147:Other independent bodies
1592:Legislative institutions
1565:College of Commissioners
1545:Von der Leyen Commission
1265:FranceβGermany relations
707:This article is part of
633:2019 UK general election
581:2017 UK general election
549:2015 UK general election
510:Euroscepticism in the UK
88:Treaty of Accession 1972
18:1992 UK financial crisis
12824:List of economic crises
12742:2020 stock market crash
12735:Financial market impact
12704:Turkish economic crisis
12319:9/11 stock market crash
12275:October 1997 mini-crash
12246:1994 bond market crisis
12238:Yugoslav hyperinflation
12149:Savings and loan crisis
11750:European potato failure
11325:Brexit: The Uncivil War
11208:European Research Group
10964:the Republic of Ireland
10962:on Northern Ireland and
10804:International reactions
10579:The Freedom Association
9152:List of counties by GVA
8934:1873β79 Long Depression
8899:Agricultural Revolution
8864:UK Statistics Authority
8251:using euro unilaterally
7764:European Fiscal Compact
7261:1993 vote of confidence
7093:One-nation conservatism
6642:16 October 2011 at the
6627:(subscription required)
5661:was forced to withdraw
5501:1993 vote of confidence
5377:First Ministry and Term
3528:Visa Information System
2956:Other currencies in use
1747:Council Working Parties
281:(elected by parliament)
238:EU-related British Acts
12895:Quantum Group of Funds
12817:List of banking crises
12586:Syrian economic crisis
12519:Blue Monday Crash 2009
12128:Chilean crisis of 1982
11959:ShΕwa financial crisis
11765:Highland Potato Famine
11621:South Sea bubble crash
11412:Commodity price shocks
11309:Postcards from the 48%
11262:Terminology (Glossary)
11203:Chaos with Ed Miliband
11024:Science and technology
10906:Operation Yellowhammer
10129:Referendum legislation
9962:Institute of Directors
9927:Business organisations
9852:Science and technology
9745:International students
9457:Working Time Directive
8830:Debt Management Office
8478:European Currency Unit
8164:without minting rights
7660:European banking union
7351:Sanctions against Iraq
7116:
6535:Sevilla, Christina R.
6311:James, Harold (2020).
5881:
5831:a referendum in France
5241:Western European Union
4609:European banking union
4545:European Single Market
4114:2024 (latest election)
4001:
4000:European Economic Area
3589:European Economic Area
3578:
3112:
2653:
2079:Single market agencies
1500:Executive institutions
1440:Treaties of succession
1131:Bosnia and Herzegovina
611:Impact on Irish border
39:
25:. For other uses, see
12926:Stanley Druckenmiller
12900:Soros Fund Management
12142:Black Saturday (1983)
11996:Kennedy Slide of 1962
11568:Commercial revolution
11235:Northern Future Forum
11214:Enemies of the People
10532:Labour In for Britain
10440:2015β16 renegotiation
10321:2015 general election
10208:European Constitution
10183:1972 Accession Treaty
9957:Industry trade groups
9717:London Stock Exchange
9707:London Metal Exchange
9474:Trades Union Congress
9167:East London Tech City
9011:Cost-of-living crisis
8949:1948β52 Marshall Plan
8904:Industrial Revolution
8649:European Union portal
8198:Potential adoption by
8188:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
7935:Europa coin programme
7698:European Central Bank
7655:Capital Markets Union
7194:Early 1990s recession
7115:
5982:1992 general election
5933:, and home secretary
5905:Robin Leigh-Pemberton
5720:Further information:
5694:1997 general election
5686:second Major ministry
5420:1992 general election
5410:Early 1990s recession
4626:Capital Markets Union
4538:Free Trade Agreements
3999:
3576:
3110:
2651:
1960:European Central Bank
1921:Other auditory bodies
1901:Auditory institutions
1854:Judicial institutions
1599:Legislative procedure
1481:European Constitution
1405:Treaties of accession
37:
13137:Stock market crashes
12696:Ghana banking crisis
12526:European debt crisis
12311:Dot-com bubble crash
12223:Cuban Special Period
11682:Copper Panic of 1789
11587:The Great Debasement
11579:Great Bullion Famine
10889:Withdrawal agreement
10664:Opposition to Brexit
10622:leadership elections
10430:Russian interference
9751:Entertainment &
8974:Late-2000s recession
8969:1992 Black Wednesday
8909:Financial Revolution
8738:FTSE Fledgling Index
8471:Preceding currencies
8437:European debt crisis
7827:International status
7256:Child Support Agency
7155:November 1993 budget
6703:"Gallup spreadsheet"
6402:Naef, Alain (2022).
6238:. Penguin Press HC.
6130:The Westminster Hour
5815:German reunification
5655:1992 sterling crisis
5496:Child Support Agency
5218:European Communities
4658:Enhanced cooperation
4029:European foundations
3646:(provisional member)
2195:EU/ESA Space Council
2062:Unified Patent Court
2056:Unified Patent Court
1842:National parliaments
1732:Directorates-general
601:Withdrawal agreement
428:Officials and bodies
13071:Conspiracy theories
13044:More Money Than God
12921:Victor Niederhoffer
12652:2015 Nepal blockade
12362:2000s energy crisis
12260:Mexican peso crisis
12165:Black Monday (1987)
12025:1970s energy crisis
11985:PostβWWII expansion
11659:Bengal bubble crash
11454:Financial contagion
11097:Withdrawal Act 2018
10894:Parliamentary votes
10867:Brexit divorce bill
10550:(official campaign)
10528:(official campaign)
10368:1973 EC enlargement
10188:Single European Act
10115:Referendum question
10072:Brexit negotiations
9447:Equal opportunities
9052:Economic liberalism
8954:1974 Three-Day Week
8939:1926 general strike
8743:FTSE SmallCap Index
8452:Previous EU members
8366:Snake in the tunnel
7817:Euro Currency Index
7522:Independence Day UK
7506:Cultural depictions
7325:Resignation Honours
7303:Arms-to-Iraq affair
6950:28 May 2010 at the
6734:The Daily Telegraph
6588:The Daily Telegraph
6516:The Daily Telegraph
6491:. 27 September 1999
6265:The Daily Telegraph
6149:The Daily Telegraph
5971:inflation targeting
5876:Wall Street Journal
5710:inflation targeting
5565:Resignation Honours
5543:Arms-to-Iraq affair
4697:Ext. Action Service
4682:High Representative
4648:European Federation
4522:Policies and issues
3981:EEA Joint Committee
3111:Eurozone since 2015
2133:Joint undertakings
1757:European Parliament
1538:European Commission
1361:Treaty of Amsterdam
1349:Single European Act
1301:Schuman Declaration
1255:Special territories
1233:Applicant countries
1105:Candidate countries
623:Parliamentary votes
596:Future relationship
586:Brexit negotiations
179:Treaty of Amsterdam
149:Single European Act
23:My Stealthy Freedom
11914:Panic of 1910β1911
11758:Great Irish Famine
11696:Panic of 1796β1797
11535:Stock market crash
11047:Brexit legislation
10919:Miller II / Cherry
10763:2016 Richmond Park
10694:Bollocks to Brexit
10642:Scottish, Feb 2020
9862:Telecommunications
9027:Economic geography
8661:Numismatics portal
8483:Austrian schilling
8160:Non-EU territories
7835:Proposed eurobonds
7358:Harare Declaration
7346:Iraqi no-fly zones
7291:Cash for Questions
7117:
6709:on 13 October 2009
6145:"Sir Alan Walters"
6060:Impossible trinity
5920:base interest rate
5871:Helmut Schlesinger
5690:Conservative Party
5531:Cash for Questions
5526:The Cullen Reports
5236:European Community
5167:Common Travel Area
4653:Multi-speed Europe
4510:Fundamental Rights
4061:European elections
4002:
3579:
3113:
2654:
2158:European Ombudsman
1635:JulyβDecember 2024
1461:Schengen Agreement
1373:Berlin Declaration
1343:Solemn Declaration
1313:Europe Declaration
40:
13089:
13088:
12847:
12846:
12728:COVID-19 pandemic
11613:Tulip mania crash
11604:Kipper und Wipper
11581:(c. 1400βc. 1500)
11359:
11358:
11220:Leave Means Leave
11176:
11175:
11112:CooperβLetwin Act
11042:
11041:
10998:Windsor Framework
10954:potential effects
10837:
10836:
10783:2019 Peterborough
10604:
10603:
10493:Brexit: The Movie
10453:
10452:
10408:Maastricht Rebels
10101:Windsor Framework
10091:Trade negotiation
10085:
10066:
10008:
10007:
9911:
9910:
9690:Lloyd's of London
9401:
9400:
9373:Industrialisation
9287:Industrialisation
9070:
9069:
8999:COVID-19 pandemic
8919:1815β46 Corn Laws
8670:
8669:
8622:
8621:
8568:Portuguese escudo
8344:
8343:
8153:
8152:
7996:
7995:
7925:Identifying marks
7780:Economy of Europe
7737:Fiscal provisions
7601:
7600:
7572:Margaret Thatcher
7383:General elections
7373:Operation Gabriel
7363:Maastricht Treaty
7219:Maastricht Rebels
7177:Citizen's Charter
7150:March 1993 budget
7047:Foreign Secretary
6970:. Cambridge, MA.
6909:Truman, Edwin M.
6807:Freeman, Harold.
6757:"Black_Wednesday"
6415:978-1-108-83999-0
6324:978-1-108-83501-5
5931:Michael Heseltine
5823:Maastricht Treaty
5788:Foreign Secretary
5769:Margaret Thatcher
5706:currency tracking
5665:from the (first)
5648:
5647:
5577:The Autobiography
5457:Maastricht Treaty
5393:Citizen's Charter
5355:MP for Huntingdon
5350:Electoral history
5342:
5341:
5307:
5306:
4675:Foreign relations
2608:Associated states
2223:Anti-Fraud Office
1942:Anti-Fraud Office
1877:Advocates General
1723:Secretary-General
1607:Council of the EU
1575:Secretary-General
1355:Maastricht Treaty
702:
701:
520:Maastricht Rebels
478:Issues and events
411:
410:
399:Members 2019β2020
385:Members 2014β2019
371:Members 2009β2014
357:Members 2004β2009
343:Members 1999β2004
329:Members 1994β1999
315:Members 1989β1994
301:Members 1984β1989
287:Members 1979β1984
277:Members 1973β1979
268:UK constituencies
222:
221:
164:Maastricht Treaty
13154:
12874:
12867:
12860:
12851:
12850:
12840:
12833:
12826:
12819:
12804:
12797:
12790:
12783:
12775:
12768:
12761:
12751:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12723:
12715:
12707:
12699:
12691:
12684:
12676:
12668:
12661:
12654:
12647:
12640:
12632:
12625:
12617:
12610:
12603:
12596:
12589:
12581:
12573:
12566:
12559:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12514:
12507:
12500:
12493:
12486:
12479:
12472:
12465:
12458:
12451:
12444:
12437:
12430:
12423:
12416:
12409:
12387:
12379:
12372:
12365:
12357:
12350:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12322:
12314:
12306:
12298:
12291:
12284:
12277:
12270:
12263:
12255:
12248:
12241:
12233:
12226:
12218:
12211:
12204:
12197:
12190:
12182:
12174:
12167:
12160:
12152:
12144:
12137:
12130:
12123:
12115:
12101:Great Regression
12096:Great Moderation
12087:
12079:
12072:
12065:
12057:
12049:
12042:
12035:
12028:
12005:
11998:
11976:
11969:
11962:
11954:
11946:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11901:
11894:
11887:
11880:
11872:
11865:
11858:
11850:
11842:
11834:
11827:
11820:
11798:
11790:
11783:
11776:
11767:
11760:
11753:
11734:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11705:
11698:
11691:
11684:
11677:
11669:
11662:
11654:
11632:
11624:
11616:
11608:
11598:
11590:
11582:
11559:
11537:
11530:
11523:
11514:
11507:
11500:
11493:
11486:
11484:Liquidity crisis
11479:
11472:
11463:
11461:Social contagion
11456:
11449:
11442:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11414:
11407:
11393:Financial crises
11386:
11379:
11372:
11363:
11362:
11349:
11348:
11292:Media depictions
11241:The New European
11066:Repeal Bill plan
11051:
11050:
11029:Economic effects
10993:Irish Sea border
10986:proposed changes
10959:
10958:
10950:Impact of Brexit
10933:Fish for finance
10617:
10616:
10514:
10513:
10425:Bloomberg speech
10166:
10165:
10081:
10062:
10035:
10028:
10021:
10012:
10011:
9998:
9997:
9988:
9987:
9947:Co-operatives UK
9537:Hydroelectricity
9512:Renewable energy
9494:
9493:
9378:Renewable energy
9359:
9307:Renewable energy
9095:Atlantic Gateway
9083:
9082:
8914:Panic of 1796β97
8884:
8883:
8697:
8690:
8683:
8674:
8673:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8573:Sammarinese lira
8563:MonΓ©gasque franc
8553:Luxembourg franc
8548:Lithuanian litas
8417:Delors Committee
8406:
8400:
8395:
8389:
8384:
8378:
8355:
8354:
8321:Hungarian forint
8288:
8282:
8281:
8173:Saint BarthΓ©lemy
8005:
8004:
7863:
7862:
7840:Reserve currency
7628:
7621:
7614:
7605:
7604:
7591:
7590:
7490:Terry Major-Ball
7204:National Lottery
7124:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6979:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6851:. Archived from
6841:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6813:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6761:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6705:. Archived from
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6682:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6652:
6646:
6635:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6606:
6597:
6596:
6584:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6546:
6540:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6455:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6399:
6393:
6392:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6121:
6115:
6104:
6098:
6087:
6054:
6049:
6048:
5886:
5808:
5804:
5670:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5602:
5584:More Than a Game
5442:National Lottery
5338:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5037:
5036:
5025:
5024:
5013:
5012:
5001:
5000:
4989:
4988:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4964:
4953:
4952:
4941:
4940:
4929:
4928:
4917:
4916:
4905:
4904:
4893:
4892:
4881:
4880:
4869:
4868:
4857:
4856:
4845:
4844:
4833:
4832:
4821:
4820:
4809:
4808:
4797:
4796:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4749:
4748:
4737:
4736:
4725:
4724:
4643:Supranationalism
4550:Area of FS&J
4446:
4445:
4434:
4433:
4422:
4421:
4410:
4409:
4398:
4397:
4386:
4385:
4374:
4373:
4362:
4361:
4350:
4349:
4338:
4337:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4313:
4302:
4301:
4290:
4289:
4278:
4277:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4253:
4242:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4205:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4169:
4158:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4024:European parties
3965:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3629:
3618:
3617:
3606:
3605:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3006:Hungarian forint
3004:
3003:
2992:
2991:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2967:
2941:
2940:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2754:
2743:
2742:
2731:
2730:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2671:Eurozone members
2632:
2631:
2630:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2102:Euratom agencies
1727:Thérèse Blanchet
1625:
1624:
1528:List of meetings
1506:European Council
1379:Treaty of Lisbon
1245:
1244:
1223:
1222:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1116:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1002:
1001:
1000:
989:
988:
987:
976:
975:
974:
963:
962:
961:
950:
949:
948:
937:
936:
935:
924:
923:
922:
911:
910:
909:
898:
897:
896:
885:
884:
883:
872:
871:
870:
859:
858:
857:
846:
845:
844:
833:
832:
831:
820:
819:
818:
807:
806:
805:
794:
793:
792:
781:
780:
779:
768:
767:
766:
755:
754:
753:
729:
704:
703:
694:
687:
680:
664:
663:
662:
652:
651:
650:
591:Impact of Brexit
498:UK budget rebate
273:
272:
209:Treaty of Lisbon
145:
144:
72:
42:
41:
13162:
13161:
13157:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13152:
13151:
13092:
13091:
13090:
13085:
13061:Black Wednesday
13049:
13014:
12993:
12930:
12904:
12883:
12878:
12848:
12843:
12836:
12829:
12822:
12815:
12807:
12800:
12793:
12786:
12778:
12771:
12764:
12756:
12747:
12740:
12733:
12726:
12718:
12710:
12702:
12694:
12687:
12679:
12671:
12664:
12657:
12650:
12643:
12635:
12628:
12620:
12613:
12606:
12599:
12592:
12584:
12576:
12569:
12562:
12555:
12548:
12546:Information Age
12540:
12531:
12524:
12517:
12510:
12503:
12496:
12489:
12482:
12475:
12468:
12461:
12454:
12447:
12440:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12412:
12405:
12398:
12396:Great Recession
12390:
12382:
12375:
12368:
12360:
12353:
12346:
12339:
12332:
12325:
12317:
12309:
12301:
12294:
12287:
12280:
12273:
12266:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12236:
12229:
12221:
12214:
12207:
12200:
12193:
12185:
12177:
12170:
12163:
12155:
12147:
12140:
12133:
12126:
12118:
12110:
12103:
12099:
12090:
12082:
12077:1979 oil crisis
12075:
12068:
12060:
12052:
12045:
12038:
12033:1973 oil crisis
12031:
12023:
12016:
12014:Great Inflation
12008:
12001:
11994:
11987:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11957:
11949:
11941:
11934:
11932:Interwar period
11926:
11919:
11912:
11904:
11897:
11890:
11883:
11875:
11868:
11861:
11853:
11845:
11837:
11830:
11823:
11816:
11809:
11801:
11793:
11786:
11779:
11772:
11763:
11756:
11748:
11737:
11730:
11723:
11716:
11708:
11701:
11694:
11687:
11680:
11672:
11665:
11657:
11650:
11643:
11635:
11627:
11619:
11611:
11601:
11593:
11585:
11577:
11570:
11562:
11554:
11540:
11533:
11526:
11519:
11510:
11503:
11496:
11489:
11482:
11475:
11468:
11459:
11452:
11445:
11438:
11433:Currency crisis
11431:
11424:
11417:
11410:
11403:
11395:
11390:
11360:
11355:
11337:
11286:
11282:Retained EU law
11188:Brexit 50p coin
11172:
11146:
11080:
11038:
11002:
10963:
10953:
10951:
10944:
10833:
10814:Brexit Alliance
10792:
10746:
10698:
10658:
10621:
10620:Political party
10611:
10600:
10591:Get Britain Out
10536:
10509:
10503:
10472:Opinion polling
10449:
10398:Black Wednesday
10351:
10325:
10304:
10278:
10222:
10157:
10124:
10110:
10044:
10039:
10009:
10004:
9976:
9919:
9917:
9907:
9815:Pharmaceuticals
9728:
9643:Baltic Exchange
9634:
9627:
9499:
9485:
9407:
9397:
9353:
9331:
9258:
9240:
9233:
9078:
9076:
9066:
9062:Nationalisation
9015:
8873:
8768:Bank of England
8760:
8758:
8752:
8706:
8701:
8671:
8666:
8618:
8597:
8583:Slovenian tolar
8466:
8455:
8453:
8446:
8432:Black Wednesday
8402:
8398:
8391:
8387:
8380:
8376:
8340:
8304:
8286:
8278:
8269:
8253:
8250:
8242:
8201:
8200:other countries
8199:
8192:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8149:
8116:
7992:
7944:
7854:
7821:
7795:Euro calculator
7768:
7732:
7686:
7638:
7632:
7602:
7597:
7561:
7501:
7472:
7437:
7421:Party elections
7416:
7400:
7377:
7329:
7199:Black Wednesday
7125:
7119:
7118:
7107:
7098:Huntingdonshire
7061:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7029:
7021:
7016:
6956:Open University
6952:Wayback Machine
6939:Black Wednesday
6935:
6873:
6871:Further reading
6868:
6858:
6856:
6855:on 3 April 2013
6843:
6842:
6838:
6828:
6826:
6825:on 3 April 2013
6822:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6778:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6753:
6749:
6739:
6737:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6701:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6649:
6644:Wayback Machine
6636:
6632:
6626:
6619:
6617:
6607:
6600:
6579:(15 May 2009).
6574:
6570:
6560:
6558:
6547:
6543:
6534:
6530:
6520:
6518:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6492:
6489:The Independent
6483:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6456:
6449:
6439:
6437:
6427:
6423:
6416:
6400:
6396:
6389:
6381:. OMFIF Press.
6375:
6371:
6336:
6332:
6325:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6283:
6276:
6257:
6253:
6246:
6232:
6228:
6218:
6216:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6168:
6164:
6154:
6152:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6123:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6101:
6095:The Independent
6088:
6084:
6080:
6050:
6043:
6040:
6020:
5967:Monetary policy
5947:
5892:Bank of England
5851:
5819:double deficits
5806:
5802:
5794:preventing the
5792:monetary policy
5765:Weimar Republic
5724:
5718:
5708:policy with an
5668:
5651:Black Wednesday
5644:
5606:
5603:
5596:
5572:
5569:
5437:Black Wednesday
5427:
5424:
5378:
5375:
5367:
5364:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5303:
5274:
5270:Other countries
5258:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5191:
5163:
5043:
5031:
5019:
5007:
4995:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4935:
4923:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4875:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4815:
4803:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4755:
4743:
4731:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4693:
4685:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4597:Pro-Europeanism
4523:
4515:
4514:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4416:
4404:
4392:
4380:
4368:
4356:
4344:
4332:
4320:
4308:
4296:
4284:
4272:
4260:
4248:
4236:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4176:
4164:
4152:
4140:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4063:
4058:
4039:Spitzenkandidat
4014:
4004:
4003:
3977:
3972:
3961:
3959:
3948:
3946:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3581:
3580:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3537:
3518:PrΓΌm Convention
3514:
3503:
3501:
3490:
3488:
3477:
3475:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3428:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3363:
3352:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3300:
3298:
3287:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3183:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3155:
3144:
3142:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3064:
3059:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2959:
2952:
2950:
2943:Paschal Donohoe
2935:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2639:
2628:
2626:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2565:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2526:
2515:
2513:
2502:
2500:
2489:
2487:
2476:
2474:
2463:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2411:
2409:
2398:
2396:
2385:
2383:
2372:
2370:
2359:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2318:
2307:
2305:
2294:
2292:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2266:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2247:Euratom members
2243:
2233:
2232:
2204:
2199:
2169:
2166:Advisory bodies
2162:
2149:
2144:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2020:Investment Fund
2015:Investment Bank
2011:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1822:Vice Presidents
1766:
1760:
1753:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1560:Vice Presidents
1541:
1534:
1509:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1307:Treaty of Paris
1296:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1251:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1179:North Macedonia
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1089:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1063:
1061:
1050:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1009:
998:
996:
985:
983:
972:
970:
959:
957:
946:
944:
933:
931:
920:
918:
907:
905:
894:
892:
881:
879:
868:
866:
855:
853:
842:
840:
829:
827:
816:
814:
803:
801:
790:
788:
777:
775:
764:
762:
751:
749:
744:
720:
698:
660:
658:
648:
646:
639:
638:
637:
543:
533:
532:
531:
505:Nationality law
493:Black Wednesday
479:
471:
470:
469:
429:
421:
420:
419:
412:
270:
256:
255:
254:
223:
216:UK ratification
201:UK ratification
186:UK ratification
171:UK ratification
156:UK ratification
142:
131:
130:
129:
114:
112:1975 referendum
104:
103:
102:
82:
62:
57:
30:
19:
12:
11:
5:
13160:
13150:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13087:
13086:
13084:
13083:
13078:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13057:
13055:
13051:
13050:
13048:
13047:
13041:
13035:
13029:
13022:
13020:
13016:
13015:
13013:
13012:
13007:
13001:
12999:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12991:
12986:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12949:
12944:
12938:
12936:
12932:
12931:
12929:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12912:
12910:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12902:
12897:
12891:
12889:
12885:
12884:
12877:
12876:
12869:
12862:
12854:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12841:
12834:
12827:
12820:
12812:
12809:
12808:
12806:
12805:
12798:
12791:
12784:
12782:(2022βpresent)
12776:
12769:
12762:
12760:(2020βpresent)
12754:
12753:
12752:
12745:
12738:
12724:
12722:(2019βpresent)
12716:
12714:(2019βpresent)
12708:
12706:(2018βpresent)
12700:
12692:
12685:
12677:
12669:
12662:
12655:
12648:
12641:
12633:
12626:
12624:(2013βpresent)
12618:
12611:
12604:
12597:
12590:
12588:(2011βpresent)
12582:
12580:(2010βpresent)
12574:
12567:
12560:
12552:
12550:
12549:(2009βpresent)
12542:
12541:
12539:
12538:
12537:
12536:
12529:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12480:
12473:
12466:
12459:
12452:
12445:
12438:
12431:
12424:
12417:
12414:September 2008
12402:
12400:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12386:(2007βpresent)
12380:
12373:
12366:
12358:
12351:
12344:
12337:
12330:
12323:
12315:
12307:
12299:
12292:
12285:
12278:
12271:
12264:
12256:
12249:
12242:
12234:
12227:
12219:
12212:
12205:
12198:
12191:
12183:
12175:
12168:
12161:
12153:
12145:
12138:
12131:
12124:
12116:
12107:
12105:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12080:
12073:
12066:
12058:
12050:
12043:
12036:
12029:
12020:
12018:
12010:
12009:
12007:
12006:
11999:
11991:
11989:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11970:
11963:
11955:
11947:
11938:
11936:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11924:
11917:
11910:
11902:
11895:
11888:
11881:
11873:
11866:
11859:
11851:
11843:
11835:
11828:
11821:
11813:
11811:
11803:
11802:
11800:
11799:
11791:
11784:
11777:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11761:
11745:
11743:
11739:
11738:
11736:
11735:
11728:
11721:
11714:
11706:
11699:
11692:
11685:
11678:
11676:(c. 1780β1795)
11670:
11663:
11655:
11647:
11645:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11633:
11625:
11617:
11609:
11599:
11597:(c. 1600β1760)
11591:
11583:
11574:
11572:
11564:
11563:
11561:
11560:
11551:
11549:
11542:
11541:
11539:
11538:
11531:
11524:
11517:
11516:
11515:
11508:
11501:
11494:
11480:
11477:Hyperinflation
11473:
11466:
11465:
11464:
11450:
11443:
11436:
11429:
11422:
11415:
11408:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11389:
11388:
11381:
11374:
11366:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11353:
11342:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11329:
11321:
11313:
11305:
11296:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11272:United Ireland
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11237:
11232:
11227:
11225:Led By Donkeys
11222:
11217:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11193:Change Britain
11190:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11177:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11154:
11152:
11148:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11129:
11119:
11114:
11109:
11104:
11094:
11088:
11086:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11068:
11063:
11057:
11055:
11048:
11044:
11043:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11010:
11008:
11004:
11003:
11001:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10978:
10973:
10967:
10965:
10956:
10946:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10937:
10936:
10935:
10925:
10924:
10923:
10910:
10909:
10908:
10901:No-deal Brexit
10898:
10897:
10896:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10859:
10854:
10845:
10843:
10842:Brexit process
10839:
10838:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10809:March to Leave
10806:
10800:
10798:
10794:
10793:
10791:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10754:
10752:
10748:
10747:
10745:
10744:
10739:
10738:
10737:
10727:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10689:Led By Donkeys
10686:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10668:
10666:
10660:
10659:
10657:
10656:
10651:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10639:
10634:
10625:
10623:
10614:
10606:
10605:
10602:
10601:
10599:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10584:Better Off Out
10576:
10571:
10566:
10564:Grassroots Out
10561:
10556:
10551:
10544:
10542:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10534:
10529:
10522:
10520:
10511:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10499:Pro-EU leaflet
10496:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10463:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10451:
10450:
10448:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10385:
10380:
10375:
10370:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10350:
10349:
10344:
10339:
10333:
10331:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10318:
10312:
10310:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10286:
10284:
10283:Proposed bills
10280:
10279:
10277:
10276:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10232:
10230:
10224:
10223:
10221:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10200:
10195:
10190:
10185:
10180:
10174:
10172:
10163:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10132:
10130:
10126:
10125:
10118:
10116:
10112:
10111:
10109:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10093:
10088:
10087:
10086:
10074:
10069:
10068:
10067:
10055:
10049:
10046:
10045:
10038:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10015:
10006:
10005:
10003:
10002:
9992:
9981:
9978:
9977:
9975:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9923:
9921:
9913:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9905:
9904:
9903:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9886:
9876:
9871:
9866:
9865:
9864:
9859:
9849:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9797:
9795:Legal services
9792:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9780:
9775:
9770:
9765:
9760:
9749:
9748:
9747:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9729:
9727:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9714:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9693:
9692:
9682:
9677:
9675:Euronext.liffe
9672:
9667:
9662:
9661:
9660:
9655:
9645:
9639:
9637:
9629:
9628:
9626:
9625:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9610:
9609:
9608:
9607:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9504:
9502:
9491:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9483:
9478:
9477:
9476:
9466:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9427:
9422:
9420:Businesspeople
9417:
9411:
9409:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9347:
9341:
9339:
9333:
9332:
9330:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9268:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9245:
9243:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9214:Thames Gateway
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9175:
9174:
9169:
9159:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9097:
9091:
9089:
9080:
9072:
9071:
9068:
9067:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9023:
9021:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9013:
9008:
9007:
9006:
8996:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8890:
8888:
8881:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8855:
8854:
8849:
8842:Pound sterling
8839:
8834:
8833:
8832:
8827:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8781:
8780:
8775:
8764:
8762:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8733:FTSE 250 Index
8730:
8728:FTSE 100 Index
8725:
8720:
8714:
8712:
8708:
8707:
8700:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8677:
8668:
8667:
8665:
8664:
8652:
8640:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8620:
8619:
8617:
8616:
8611:
8605:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8596:
8595:
8590:
8588:Spanish peseta
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8513:Finnish markka
8510:
8508:Estonian kroon
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8464:
8462:United Kingdom
8458:
8456:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8408:
8407:
8396:
8385:
8369:
8361:
8359:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8291:
8289:
8279:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8268:
8267:
8262:
8256:
8254:
8247:
8244:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8213:Czech Republic
8210:
8204:
8202:
8197:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8117:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8013:
8011:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7954:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7871:
7869:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7853:
7852:
7850:World currency
7847:
7842:
7837:
7831:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7813:
7812:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7754:Euro Plus Pact
7751:
7746:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7694:
7692:
7691:Administration
7688:
7687:
7685:
7684:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7631:
7630:
7623:
7616:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7595:
7584:
7583:
7575:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7550:
7542:
7538:The Iron Lady
7534:
7526:
7518:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7496:Tom Major-Ball
7493:
7487:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7462:
7454:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7417:
7415:
7414:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7387:
7385:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7348:
7337:
7335:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7311:
7310:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7266:Back to Basics
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7236:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7133:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7088:Shadow Cabinet
7085:
7080:
7075:
7069:
7067:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7035:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7015:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6977:10.3386/w29488
6959:
6942:
6934:
6933:External links
6931:
6930:
6929:
6923:
6917:
6907:
6900:
6890:
6884:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6836:
6799:
6772:
6755:Dury, Hélène.
6747:
6720:
6694:
6669:
6647:
6630:
6598:
6591:. London, UK.
6568:
6541:
6528:
6502:
6476:
6447:
6421:
6414:
6394:
6387:
6369:
6330:
6323:
6303:
6274:
6271:on 1 May 2008.
6251:
6244:
6226:
6188:
6162:
6136:
6116:
6099:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6075:
6074:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6055:
6039:
6036:
6019:
6016:
5946:
5943:
5935:Kenneth Clarke
5850:
5847:
5842:short position
5749:M0-M3 measures
5717:
5714:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5587:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:Back to Basics
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5390:
5385:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5327:a series about
5323:
5321:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5266:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5214:
5212:Defunct bodies
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5042:
5041:
5029:
5017:
5005:
4993:
4981:
4969:
4957:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4837:
4825:
4813:
4801:
4789:
4787:Czech Republic
4777:
4765:
4753:
4741:
4729:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4707:Defence Policy
4704:
4702:Foreign Policy
4699:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:Euroscepticism
4599:
4594:
4589:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:Recommendation
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4438:
4426:
4414:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4282:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4196:Czech Republic
4186:
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Constituencies
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3957:
3944:
3928:Non-EU members
3926:
3924:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3669:Czech Republic
3659:
3647:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3556:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3457:Non-EU members
3455:
3453:
3452:
3439:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3192:
3190:Czech Republic
3179:
3166:
3153:
3140:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3044:
3032:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2984:
2972:
2953:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2819:
2807:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2635:United Kingdom
2624:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2342:
2329:
2327:Czech Republic
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:of the Euratom
2137:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1985:Euro banknotes
1982:
1977:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1779:Largest groups
1776:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:Configurations
1641:
1632:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1547:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1455:Other treaties
1453:
1443:
1438:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1367:Treaty of Nice
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1331:Euratom Treaty
1328:
1325:Treaty of Rome
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1072:
1059:
1046:
1033:
1020:
1007:
994:
981:
968:
955:
942:
929:
916:
903:
890:
877:
864:
851:
838:
825:
823:Czech Republic
812:
799:
786:
773:
760:
746:
745:
739:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
722:
721:
716:
713:
712:
700:
699:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:
656:
641:
640:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
613:
608:
606:No-deal Brexit
603:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
572:
571:
566:
556:
551:
545:
544:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
528:
527:
522:
517:
507:
502:
501:
500:
495:
490:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
468:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
413:
409:
408:
401:
395:
394:
387:
381:
380:
373:
367:
366:
359:
353:
352:
345:
339:
338:
331:
325:
324:
317:
311:
310:
303:
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
279:
271:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
250:
240:
235:
224:
220:
219:
212:
205:
204:
197:
194:Treaty of Nice
190:
189:
182:
175:
174:
167:
160:
159:
152:
143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
127:
120:Referendum Act
116:
115:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
90:
84:
83:
78:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
60:European Union
51:
50:
49:of articles on
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13159:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13122:Short selling
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13082:
13081:Soros Realism
13079:
13077:
13074:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13058:
13056:
13054:Miscellaneous
13052:
13045:
13042:
13039:
13036:
13033:
13030:
13027:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13017:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12996:
12990:
12987:
12985:
12982:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12954:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12933:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12907:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12892:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12875:
12870:
12868:
12863:
12861:
12856:
12855:
12852:
12839:
12835:
12832:
12828:
12825:
12821:
12818:
12814:
12813:
12810:
12803:
12799:
12796:
12792:
12789:
12785:
12781:
12777:
12774:
12770:
12767:
12763:
12759:
12755:
12750:
12746:
12743:
12739:
12736:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12725:
12721:
12717:
12713:
12709:
12705:
12701:
12697:
12693:
12690:
12686:
12682:
12678:
12674:
12670:
12667:
12663:
12660:
12656:
12653:
12649:
12646:
12642:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12627:
12623:
12619:
12616:
12612:
12609:
12605:
12602:
12598:
12595:
12591:
12587:
12583:
12579:
12575:
12572:
12568:
12565:
12561:
12558:
12554:
12553:
12551:
12547:
12543:
12534:
12530:
12527:
12523:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12509:
12506:
12502:
12499:
12495:
12492:
12488:
12485:
12481:
12478:
12474:
12471:
12467:
12464:
12460:
12457:
12453:
12450:
12446:
12443:
12439:
12436:
12435:December 2008
12432:
12429:
12428:November 2008
12425:
12422:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12410:
12408:
12404:
12403:
12401:
12397:
12393:
12385:
12381:
12378:
12374:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12359:
12356:
12352:
12349:
12345:
12342:
12338:
12335:
12331:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12308:
12304:
12300:
12297:
12293:
12290:
12286:
12283:
12279:
12276:
12272:
12269:
12265:
12261:
12257:
12254:
12250:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12232:
12228:
12224:
12220:
12217:
12213:
12210:
12206:
12203:
12199:
12196:
12192:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12173:
12169:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12143:
12139:
12136:
12132:
12129:
12125:
12121:
12117:
12113:
12109:
12108:
12106:
12102:
12097:
12093:
12085:
12081:
12078:
12074:
12071:
12067:
12063:
12059:
12055:
12051:
12048:
12044:
12041:
12037:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12015:
12011:
12004:
12000:
11997:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11982:
11975:
11974:Panic of 1930
11971:
11968:
11964:
11960:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11940:
11939:
11937:
11933:
11929:
11922:
11918:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11900:
11899:Panic of 1907
11896:
11893:
11892:Panic of 1901
11889:
11886:
11885:Panic of 1896
11882:
11878:
11874:
11871:
11867:
11864:
11863:Panic of 1893
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11847:Baring crisis
11844:
11840:
11839:Arendal crash
11836:
11833:
11832:Panic of 1884
11829:
11826:
11822:
11819:
11818:Panic of 1873
11815:
11814:
11812:
11808:
11804:
11796:
11792:
11789:
11788:Panic of 1866
11785:
11782:
11781:Panic of 1857
11778:
11775:
11774:Panic of 1847
11771:
11766:
11762:
11759:
11755:
11754:
11751:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11740:
11733:
11732:Panic of 1837
11729:
11726:
11725:Panic of 1825
11722:
11719:
11718:Panic of 1819
11715:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11700:
11697:
11693:
11690:
11689:Panic of 1792
11686:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11671:
11668:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11653:
11649:
11648:
11646:
11642:
11638:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11605:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11588:
11584:
11580:
11576:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11565:
11557:
11553:
11552:
11550:
11548:
11543:
11536:
11532:
11529:
11528:Social crisis
11525:
11522:
11521:Minsky moment
11518:
11513:
11509:
11506:
11502:
11499:
11495:
11492:
11488:
11487:
11485:
11481:
11478:
11474:
11471:
11467:
11462:
11458:
11457:
11455:
11451:
11448:
11447:Energy crisis
11444:
11441:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11420:
11419:Credit crunch
11416:
11413:
11409:
11406:
11402:
11401:
11398:
11394:
11387:
11382:
11380:
11375:
11373:
11368:
11367:
11364:
11352:
11344:
11343:
11340:
11333:
11330:
11327:
11326:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11306:
11303:
11302:
11298:
11297:
11295:
11293:
11289:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11267:Tufton Street
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11257:Rue du Brexit
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11242:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11231:
11228:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11218:
11215:
11211:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11185:
11183:
11179:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11149:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11133:
11130:
11127:
11123:
11120:
11118:
11115:
11113:
11110:
11108:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11095:
11093:
11090:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11071:Chequers plan
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11052:
11049:
11045:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10968:
10966:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10947:
10941:
10938:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10922:
10920:
10916:
10915:
10914:
10911:
10907:
10904:
10903:
10902:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10890:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10847:
10846:
10844:
10840:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10801:
10799:
10795:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10773:2017 Copeland
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10749:
10743:
10740:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10705:
10701:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10678:
10677:People's Vote
10675:
10674:
10673:
10670:
10669:
10667:
10665:
10661:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10629:
10628:Conservative
10627:
10626:
10624:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10607:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10549:
10546:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10533:
10530:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:organisations
10506:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10494:
10490:
10488:
10485:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10456:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10420:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10388:Bruges speech
10386:
10384:
10381:
10379:
10376:
10374:
10373:UK membership
10371:
10369:
10366:
10364:
10361:
10360:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10334:
10332:
10328:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10265:
10263:
10260:
10258:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10234:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10204:
10201:
10199:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10164:
10160:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10094:
10092:
10089:
10084:
10080:
10079:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10065:
10061:
10060:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10053:Renegotiation
10051:
10050:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10031:
10029:
10024:
10022:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10001:
9993:
9991:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:organisations
9914:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9881:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9853:
9850:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9827:
9825:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9800:Manufacturing
9798:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9774:
9771:
9769:
9766:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9731:
9723:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9691:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9683:
9681:
9678:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9659:
9656:
9654:
9653:List of banks
9651:
9650:
9649:
9646:
9644:
9641:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9630:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9595:
9592:
9591:
9589:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9562:
9558:
9555:
9553:
9550:
9548:
9547:North Sea oil
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9514:
9513:
9509:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9482:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9469:Trades unions
9467:
9465:
9462:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9444:
9443:
9440:
9436:
9433:
9432:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9404:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9357:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9334:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9261:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9236:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9106:
9105:Big City Plan
9103:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9073:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9057:Privatisation
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9037:Gold standard
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9018:
9012:
9009:
9005:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8964:1986 Big Bang
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8891:
8889:
8887:Chronological
8885:
8882:
8880:
8876:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8822:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8718:Co-operatives
8716:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8691:
8686:
8684:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8663:
8662:
8658:
8653:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8641:
8639:
8638:
8634:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8600:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8578:Slovak koruna
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8528:Greek drachma
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8503:Dutch guilder
8501:
8499:
8498:Cypriot pound
8496:
8494:
8493:Croatian kuna
8491:
8489:
8488:Belgian franc
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8469:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8449:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8405:
8397:
8394:
8386:
8383:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8362:
8360:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8337:
8336:Swedish krona
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8295:Bulgarian lev
8293:
8292:
8290:
8283:
8280:
8277:
8272:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8245:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8195:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8156:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7859:Denominations
7857:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7830:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7703:ECB president
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7681:Euro-Skulptur
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7636:
7629:
7624:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7594:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7567:
7564:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7525:(Radio, 1996)
7524:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7336:
7334:International
7332:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7188:
7187:Cones Hotline
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7114:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7013:
7008:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6889:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6840:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6803:
6787:
6783:
6776:
6758:
6751:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6698:
6679:
6673:
6657:
6651:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6616:
6612:
6605:
6603:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6532:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6452:
6436:
6435:The Telegraph
6432:
6425:
6417:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6388:9780995563636
6384:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6334:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6292:
6288:
6281:
6279:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6255:
6247:
6245:9781594202551
6241:
6237:
6230:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6177:
6173:
6166:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6120:
6113:
6112:The Spectator
6109:
6103:
6096:
6092:
6086:
6082:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6042:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:In 1997, the
6015:
6013:
6012:short selling
6009:
6005:
6003:
6002:David Cameron
5999:
5998:William Hague
5995:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5954:Norman Tebbit
5950:
5942:
5940:
5939:pro-Europeans
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5897:Norman Lamont
5893:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5811:
5801:
5797:
5796:exchange rate
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5757:Deutsche Mark
5754:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5732:Geoffrey Howe
5729:
5723:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5675:exchange rate
5672:
5664:
5660:
5659:UK Government
5656:
5652:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5601:
5593:
5592:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5403:Cones Hotline
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5286:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4689:Josep Borrell
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:Customs Union
4531:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:ECJ Case 6/64
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:Apportionment
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4007:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3969:
3958:
3956:
3955:Liechtenstein
3945:
3943:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3575:
3568:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3500:
3498:
3487:
3485:
3484:Liechtenstein
3474:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3360:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3334:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3308:
3297:
3295:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3245:
3243:
3232:
3230:
3219:
3217:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3191:
3180:
3178:
3167:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:Schengen Area
3119:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:Swedish krona
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2971:
2970:Bulgarian lev
2966:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2590:
2588:
2577:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2549:
2538:
2536:
2525:
2523:
2512:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2484:
2473:
2471:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2434:
2432:
2421:
2419:
2408:
2406:
2395:
2393:
2382:
2380:
2369:
2367:
2356:
2354:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2328:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2276:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2085:AFSC agencies
2084:
2082:CFSP agencies
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2024:EIB Institute
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1890:
1889:General Court
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:Iratxe GarcΓa
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:Manfred Weber
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:Civil Service
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:Von der Leyen
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:Merger Treaty
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1073:
1071:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1006:
995:
993:
982:
980:
969:
967:
956:
954:
943:
941:
930:
928:
917:
915:
904:
902:
891:
889:
878:
876:
865:
863:
852:
850:
839:
837:
826:
824:
813:
811:
800:
798:
787:
785:
774:
772:
761:
759:
748:
747:
742:
741:Member states
737:
736:
733:
732:
728:
724:
723:
719:
715:
714:
710:
706:
705:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
657:
655:
645:
644:
643:
642:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
506:
503:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
482:
475:
474:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
425:
424:
418:
417:
406:
405:2019 election
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
391:2014 election
388:
386:
383:
382:
378:
377:2009 election
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:2004 election
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
349:1999 election
346:
344:
341:
340:
336:
335:1994 election
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
321:1989 election
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:1984 election
304:
302:
299:
298:
294:
293:1979 election
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
269:
265:
260:
259:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
229:
228:
217:
213:
210:
207:
206:
202:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
146:
140:
135:
134:
125:
121:
118:
117:
113:
108:
107:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
81:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
56:
55:UK membership
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
36:
32:
28:
24:
16:
13112:George Soros
13060:
12998:Universities
12881:George Soros
12421:October 2008
12303:Samba effect
12230:
12159:(1987β2000s)
12054:Steel crisis
11877:Black Monday
11855:Encilhamento
11795:Black Friday
11602:
11558:(235β284 CE)
11426:Credit cycle
11332:@BorderIrish
11323:
11315:
11307:
11299:
11247:Open Britain
11239:
11054:White papers
11014:on Gibraltar
10918:
10862:Negotiations
10849:
10824:Brexit Party
10751:By-elections
10742:2019 general
10735:Brexit Party
10715:2017 general
10610:Aftermath of
10596:Bruges Group
10569:Labour Leave
10491:
10482:Project Fear
10477:Endorsements
10417:
10397:
10363:UK accession
10337:2014 Clacton
10330:By-elections
10240:Amendments:
9869:Supermarkets
9835:Construction
9830:Architecture
9665:Canary Wharf
9498:Resource and
9481:Unemployment
9452:Minimum wage
9415:Billionaires
9312:Silicon Glen
9184:M11 Corridor
8968:
8654:
8642:
8637:Money portal
8630:
8593:Vatican lira
8558:Maltese lira
8543:Latvian lats
8538:Italian lira
8518:French franc
8431:
8331:Romanian leu
8326:Polish zΕoty
8316:Czech koruna
8300:Danish krone
8145:Vatican City
7930:Starter kits
7679:
7577:
7570:
7553:
7549:(Play, 2013)
7546:The Audience
7544:
7541:(Film, 2011)
7536:
7528:
7520:
7512:
7464:
7456:
7448:
7308:Scott Report
7198:
7182:Charter Mark
6981:
6967:
6910:
6903:
6893:
6877:
6857:. Retrieved
6853:the original
6839:
6827:. Retrieved
6820:the original
6802:
6790:. Retrieved
6788:. London, UK
6786:The Guardian
6785:
6775:
6763:. Retrieved
6750:
6738:. Retrieved
6736:. London, UK
6733:
6723:
6711:. Retrieved
6707:the original
6697:
6685:. Retrieved
6672:
6660:. Retrieved
6650:
6633:
6618:. Retrieved
6614:
6586:
6577:Roger Bootle
6571:
6559:. Retrieved
6557:. London, UK
6555:The Guardian
6554:
6544:
6531:
6519:. Retrieved
6515:
6505:
6493:. Retrieved
6488:
6479:
6467:. Retrieved
6464:The Guardian
6463:
6438:. Retrieved
6434:
6424:
6404:
6397:
6378:
6372:
6347:
6343:
6333:
6313:
6306:
6294:. Retrieved
6290:
6269:the original
6264:
6254:
6235:
6229:
6217:. Retrieved
6205:
6201:
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6175:
6165:
6153:. Retrieved
6148:
6139:
6128:
6119:
6111:
6102:
6094:
6085:
6052:1990s portal
6021:
6008:George Soros
6006:
5991:
5975:
5969:switched to
5951:
5948:
5927:Douglas Hurd
5924:
5917:
5889:
5883:Handelsblatt
5875:
5864:
5852:
5838:George Soros
5835:
5827:a referendum
5812:
5784:Douglas Hurd
5777:
5773:Alan Walters
5744:West Germany
5736:Nigel Lawson
5725:
5702:depreciation
5683:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5604:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5571:Bibliography
5548:Scott Report
5436:
5398:Charter Mark
5220:(1958β1993)
4713:
4680:
4560:Agricultural
4483:Subsidiarity
4122:
4060:
3974:
3927:
3594:
3539:
3456:
3061:
3030:Romanian leu
3018:Polish zΕoty
2994:Danish krone
2982:Czech koruna
2954:
2949:
2930:
2922:
2917:
2669:
2607:
2246:
2201:
2164:
2146:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2008:
2004:Other bodies
1920:
1905:
1858:
1840:
1755:
1642:
1627:
1612:
1605:
1536:
1504:
1474:
1454:
1439:
1404:
1319:Spaak Report
1231:
1209:
1103:
492:
414:
226:
225:
31:
15:
12935:Foundations
12698:(2017β2018)
12683:(2016β2022)
12639:(2014β2022)
12399:(2007β2009)
12364:(2003β2008)
12313:(2000β2004)
12262:(1994β1996)
12240:(1992β1994)
12225:(1991β2000)
12189:(1990β1992)
12181:(1990β1992)
12151:(1986β1995)
12114:(1982β1994)
12104:(1982β2007)
12086:(1980β1982)
12064:(1975β1982)
12056:(1973β1982)
12027:(1973β1980)
12017:(1973β1982)
11988:(1945β1973)
11953:(1921β1923)
11945:(1917β1924)
11935:(1918β1939)
11857:(1890β1893)
11810:(1870β1914)
11752:(1845β1856)
11712:(1815β1816)
11661:(1769β1784)
11644:(1760β1840)
11607:(1621β1623)
11589:(1544β1551)
11571:(1000β1760)
11470:Flash crash
11440:Debt crisis
11334:(2018β2020)
11317:Not Tonight
11230:More United
11061:Brexit plan
10758:2016 Witney
10413:UK Opt-outs
10393:No. No. No.
10228:Legislation
10083:NI protocol
9845:Real estate
9569:Agriculture
9356:Cardiff Bay
9345:Agriculture
9302:Oil and gas
9277:Agriculture
9204:Silicon Fen
9179:M4 corridor
9172:London Plan
8993:Growth deal
8820:HM Treasury
8790:Company law
8759:governance,
8533:Irish pound
8523:German Mark
8427:Enlargement
8092:Netherlands
7728:Euro summit
7484:Norma Major
7368:Bosnian War
7251:Council Tax
7170:1996 budget
7165:1995 budget
7160:1994 budget
7145:1992 budget
7140:1991 budget
7057:(1989β1990)
7041:(1987-1989)
7033:(1990β1997)
6849:HM Treasury
6816:HM Treasury
6765:24 February
6740:24 February
6620:30 December
6561:30 December
6032:devaluation
6024:UK Treasury
5986:Gallup poll
5865:Remarks by
5786:, the then
5491:Council Tax
5371:Premiership
5360:1990 budget
4955:Netherlands
4638:Integration
4582:Citizenship
4364:Netherlands
3837:Netherlands
3595:EEA members
3510:Switzerland
3359:Netherlands
2865:Netherlands
2622:Switzerland
2509:Netherlands
1813:(2019β2024)
1811:9th session
1718:Secretariat
1489:(2015β2016)
1005:Netherlands
93:1972 EC Act
63:(1973β2020)
13132:Black days
13096:Categories
12916:Jim Rogers
11491:Accounting
11301:Remainiacs
10725:2019 local
10720:2018 local
10710:2017 local
10612:referendum
10548:Vote Leave
10193:Maastricht
10162:Background
10058:Referendum
9899:High-speed
9894:Inter-city
9810:Automotive
9790:Healthcare
9778:Television
9768:Newspapers
9612:Materials
9527:Geothermal
9500:production
9442:Labour law
9425:Demography
9408:and labour
9189:Manchester
9100:Birmingham
9032:Free trade
8761:regulation
8442:Withdrawal
8265:Montenegro
8140:San Marino
8082:Luxembourg
7988:500 β¬
7983:200 β¬
7978:100 β¬
7713:Eurosystem
7579:Tony Blair
7558:(TV, 2022)
7533:(TV, 2009)
7517:(TV, 1991)
7103:Huntingdon
7019:John Major
6687:31 October
6662:31 October
6521:21 October
6495:21 October
6469:21 October
6350:: 103654.
6219:21 October
6181:17 January
6155:21 October
6014:sterling.
5994:Tony Blair
5984:, and the
5962:New Labour
5958:Tony Blair
5913:John Major
5869:President
5867:Bundesbank
5855:John Major
5782:who, with
5780:John Major
5761:Bundesbank
5753:Simon Pure
5722:Monetarism
5591:My Old Man
5334:John Major
4931:Luxembourg
4490:Regulation
4340:Luxembourg
3813:Luxembourg
3333:Luxembourg
2841:Luxembourg
2483:Luxembourg
2094:SRM bodies
1990:Euro coins
1834:Conference
1614:Presidency
1390:Article 50
1167:Montenegro
979:Luxembourg
564:Vote Leave
541:Withdrawal
141:amendments
13127:Wednesday
12888:Companies
12749:Recession
11742:1840β1870
11198:Change UK
11126:Gibraltar
11101:Gibraltar
11019:on the EU
10703:Elections
10383:UK rebate
10309:Elections
10198:Amsterdam
10141:Gibraltar
9916:Trade and
9879:Transport
9826:Property
9805:Aerospace
9740:Education
9685:Insurance
9633:Financial
9517:Biodiesel
9393:Transport
9322:Transport
9282:Edinburgh
9254:Transport
9229:Wiltshire
9224:Transport
9199:Sheffield
9157:Liverpool
9020:Recurrent
8847:Banknotes
8757:Currency,
8711:Companies
8077:Lithuania
7973:50 β¬
7968:20 β¬
7963:10 β¬
7950:Banknotes
7940:Euro mint
7845:Petroeuro
7723:Eurogroup
7665:Euro sign
7554:The Crown
7492:(brother)
6859:9 October
6829:9 October
6615:The Times
6364:0022-1996
6078:Footnotes
5945:Aftermath
5653:, or the
4919:Lithuania
4570:Fisheries
4556:Policies
4495:Directive
4328:Lithuania
4012:Elections
3801:Lithuania
3569:(Opt-out)
3320:Lithuania
2931:President
2924:Eurogroup
2829:Lithuania
2470:Lithuania
2136:of the EU
1967:President
1770:President
1666:Eurogroup
1579:Juhansone
1550:President
1513:President
1385:Article 7
966:Lithuania
666:UK portal
654:EU portal
80:Accession
11405:Bank run
11351:Category
11151:Proposed
11117:Benn Act
10850:Miller I
10554:Leave.EU
10508:Campaign
10459:Campaign
10170:Treaties
10106:Timeline
9990:Category
9918:business
9884:Aviation
9857:Internet
9763:Gambling
9670:The City
9635:services
9616:Forestry
9599:Scottish
9590:Fishing
9532:Fracking
9464:Pensions
9272:Aberdeen
9264:Scotland
9239:Northern
9209:Somerset
9117:Cornwall
9077:regions,
9075:Nations,
8859:Taxation
8454:and euro
8208:Bulgaria
8107:Slovenia
8102:Slovakia
8097:Portugal
8009:Eurozone
7958:5 β¬
7910:2 β¬
7905:1 β¬
7759:Six pack
7675:Language
7670:Eurozone
7593:Category
7556:season 5
7530:Margaret
7498:(father)
7341:Gulf War
7136:Budgets
7130:National
7066:Politics
6948:Archived
6880:(2005).
6792:26 April
6640:Archived
6593:Archived
6214:20097797
6038:See also
5663:sterling
5432:Ministry
5415:Gulf War
5388:Ministry
5015:Slovenia
5003:Slovakia
4979:Portugal
4751:Bulgaria
4592:Identity
4575:Regional
4500:Decision
4424:Slovenia
4412:Slovakia
4388:Portugal
4160:Bulgaria
3897:Slovenia
3885:Slovakia
3861:Portugal
3632:Bulgaria
3424:Slovenia
3411:Slovakia
3385:Portugal
3164:Bulgaria
3070:Bulgaria
2901:Slovenia
2889:Slovakia
2877:Portugal
2574:Slovenia
2561:Slovakia
2535:Portugal
2288:Bulgaria
1827:Quaestor
1673:AGRIFISH
1399:Opt-outs
1070:Slovenia
1057:Slovakia
1031:Portugal
784:Bulgaria
709:a series
488:The Euro
484:Economy
227:Related:
47:a series
45:Part of
12909:ProtΓ©gΓ©
11505:Funding
11498:Capital
11181:Related
11085:Enacted
10559:BeLeave
10064:results
10000:Commons
9967:Make UK
9874:Tourism
9840:Housing
9820:Exports
9783:Theatre
9648:Banking
9594:English
9490:Sectors
9435:Poverty
9388:Tourism
9383:Swansea
9368:History
9363:Fishing
9350:Cardiff
9317:Tourism
9297:History
9292:Fishing
9249:Belfast
9241:Ireland
9219:Tourism
9194:Reading
9142:Fishing
9122:Croydon
9112:Bristol
9087:England
8879:History
8852:Coinage
8358:General
8350:History
8233:Romania
8223:Hungary
8218:Denmark
8130:Andorra
8062:Ireland
8052:Germany
8042:Finland
8037:Estonia
8027:Croatia
8022:Belgium
8017:Austria
7773:Economy
7643:General
7582: β
7569:β
6713:28 July
5860:devalue
5716:Prelude
5171:Ireland
5141:History
4991:Romania
4883:Ireland
4871:Hungary
4847:Germany
4823:Finland
4811:Estonia
4799:Denmark
4763:Croatia
4739:Belgium
4727:Austria
4473:Primacy
4400:Romania
4292:Ireland
4280:Hungary
4256:Germany
4232:Finland
4220:Estonia
4208:Denmark
4172:Croatia
4148:Belgium
4136:Austria
3942:Iceland
3873:Romania
3765:Ireland
3753:Hungary
3729:Germany
3705:Finland
3693:Estonia
3681:Denmark
3644:Croatia
3620:Belgium
3608:Austria
3567:Ireland
3471:Iceland
3398:Romania
3281:Hungary
3255:Germany
3229:Finland
3216:Estonia
3203:Denmark
3177:Croatia
3151:Belgium
3138:Austria
3100:Romania
3085:Hungary
3080:Denmark
3075:Czechia
2793:Ireland
2769:Germany
2745:Finland
2733:Estonia
2709:Croatia
2697:Belgium
2685:Austria
2548:Romania
2431:Ireland
2418:Hungary
2392:Germany
2366:Finland
2353:Estonia
2340:Denmark
2301:Croatia
2275:Belgium
2262:Austria
2241:Euratom
1970:Lagarde
1882:Rulings
1872:Members
1794:S&D
1774:Metsola
1763:Members
1742:COREPER
1628:Hungary
1523:Parties
1519:(ALDE)
1381:(2007)
1203:Ukraine
1155:Moldova
1143:Georgia
1119:Albania
1044:Romania
927:Ireland
914:Hungary
888:Germany
862:Finland
849:Estonia
836:Denmark
797:Croatia
771:Belgium
758:Austria
124:results
58:of the
13046:(2010)
13040:(2002)
13034:(1996)
13028:(1995)
12675:(2016)
12321:(2001)
12305:(1999)
12122:(1982)
11961:(1927)
11908:(1910)
11879:(1894)
11849:(1890)
11841:(1886)
11797:(1869)
11631:(1720)
11623:(1720)
11615:(1637)
11512:Market
11328:(2019)
11320:(2018)
11312:(2018)
11304:(2017)
10649:Labour
10518:Remain
10467:Issues
10213:Lisbon
10042:Brexit
9758:Cinema
9621:Mining
9542:Marine
9508:Energy
9430:Income
9406:People
9352:
9327:Whisky
9162:London
9132:Dorset
9079:cities
9004:Impact
8785:Budget
8401:
8390:
8379:
8260:Kosovo
8238:Sweden
8228:Poland
8135:Monaco
8072:Latvia
8057:Greece
8047:France
8032:Cyprus
7718:Ecofin
7637:topics
7486:(wife)
7477:Family
7469:(2012)
7461:(2007)
7453:(1999)
7049:(1989)
6927:online
6921:online
6915:online
6898:online
6888:online
6882:online
6658:. NBER
6440:16 May
6412:
6385:
6362:
6321:
6296:26 May
6242:
6212:
6176:Libcom
5903:, and
5899:, the
5807:
5803:
5669:
5462:rebels
5152:Brexit
5039:Sweden
4967:Poland
4907:Latvia
4859:Greece
4835:France
4775:Cyprus
4565:Energy
4528:Budget
4468:Acquis
4448:Sweden
4376:Poland
4316:Latvia
4268:Greece
4244:France
4184:Cyprus
3975:Topics
3968:Norway
3966:
3953:
3940:
3921:Sweden
3849:Poland
3789:Latvia
3741:Greece
3717:France
3657:Cyprus
3565:
3554:Cyprus
3552:
3508:
3497:Norway
3495:
3482:
3469:
3450:Sweden
3448:
3435:
3422:
3409:
3396:
3383:
3372:Poland
3370:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3318:
3307:Latvia
3305:
3292:
3279:
3268:Greece
3266:
3253:
3242:France
3240:
3227:
3214:
3201:
3188:
3175:
3162:
3149:
3136:
3095:Sweden
3090:Poland
3050:ERM II
2817:Latvia
2781:Greece
2757:France
2721:Cyprus
2633:
2620:
2600:Sweden
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2522:Poland
2520:
2507:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2457:Latvia
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2405:Greece
2403:
2390:
2379:France
2377:
2364:
2351:
2338:
2325:
2314:Cyprus
2312:
2299:
2286:
2273:
2260:
1817:Bureau
1713:Voting
1683:COMPET
1661:ECOFIN
1517:Michel
1483:(2004)
1469:(1992)
1463:(1985)
1375:(2007)
1369:(2001)
1363:(1997)
1357:(1992)
1351:(1986)
1345:(1983)
1339:(1965)
1333:(1957)
1327:(1957)
1321:(1956)
1315:(1951)
1309:(1951)
1303:(1950)
1247:Kosovo
1225:Turkey
1191:Serbia
1096:Sweden
1094:
1081:
1068:
1055:
1042:
1029:
1018:Poland
1016:
1003:
990:
977:
964:
953:Latvia
951:
938:
925:
912:
901:Greece
899:
886:
875:France
873:
860:
847:
834:
821:
810:Cyprus
808:
795:
782:
769:
756:
211:, 2007
196:, 2001
181:, 1997
166:, 1992
151:, 1986
139:Treaty
13019:About
11007:Other
10797:Other
10541:Leave
10356:Other
9773:Radio
9753:Media
9733:Other
9604:Welsh
9574:Cider
9552:Solar
9337:Wales
9147:Leeds
9127:Devon
8810:Gilts
8309:Other
8112:Spain
8087:Malta
8067:Italy
7867:Coins
7790:Eonia
7442:Books
6823:(PDF)
6812:(PDF)
6760:(PDF)
6683:. IMF
6681:(PDF)
6210:JSTOR
5027:Spain
4943:Malta
4895:Italy
4436:Spain
4352:Malta
4304:Italy
3909:Spain
3825:Malta
3777:Italy
3437:Spain
3346:Malta
3294:Italy
2913:Spain
2853:Malta
2805:Italy
2587:Spain
2496:Malta
2444:Italy
2088:ESFS
1678:EPSCO
1556:(EPP)
1083:Spain
992:Malta
940:Italy
416:Women
12442:2009
11547:1000
11545:Pre-
10921:case
10882:2019
10877:2018
10872:2017
10852:case
10654:UKIP
10637:2019
10632:2016
10267:2011
10262:2008
10257:2002
10252:1998
10247:1993
10242:1986
10203:Nice
10178:Rome
9889:Rail
9584:Beer
9579:Wine
9564:Food
9557:Wind
9522:Coal
8285:ERM
7635:Euro
7433:1995
7428:1990
7412:1994
7396:1997
7391:1992
6861:2018
6831:2018
6794:2010
6767:2016
6742:2013
6715:2014
6689:2016
6664:2016
6622:2008
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