773:, later commonly known as the Black Prince, was given the Gascon command and began assembling men, shipping and supplies. He was scheduled to sail in July, but eventually set off on 9 September, arriving in Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, on the 20th accompanied by 2,200 English soldiers. The next day he was formally acknowledged as the king's lieutenant in Gascony, with plenipotentiary powers. The Gascon nobility pressed on him the advantages of striking at the County of Armagnac. The Black Prince agreed to make Armagnac his first target. Gascon nobles, who had been preparing for the expedition for some time, reinforced him to a strength of somewhere between 5,000 and 6,000 and provided a bridging train and a substantial
819:
1016:, in eastern Armagnac, and so strand them in French territory. The two advance guards met in a fierce clash on 20 November; the French were defeated and they retreated. The English followed and camped close to the French on the 22nd, in formation, anticipating a battle the next day, but the numerically superior French withdrew during the night. The English headed directly for Gascony, following a different route to that of six weeks earlier. The marching was hard and water was short in places, causing an increase in deaths among the horses. On 28 November the English crossed the border of Gascony, and many Gascons left at this point. The balance of the army returned to
158:
897:
108:
148:
125:
98:
45:
743:
1002:
660:, the capital of Gascony, was more than all other customs duties combined and by far the largest source of state income. Bordeaux had a population of more than 50,000, greater than London's, and Bordeaux was possibly richer. However, by this time English Gascony had become so truncated by French encroachments that it relied on imports of food, mostly from England. Any interruptions to regular shipping were liable to starve Gascony and financially cripple England; the French were well aware of this.
138:
915:. They offered a huge sum if the English would spare the town, but this was refused. After three days of rest and looting the town was thoroughly fired. The tax records for the region were also captured, which enabled the English to form an accurate view of the damage they were doing to the French economy and war effort. They continued east, in weather which had turned wintery: "the whole area was burned" according to a participant. Two days later, on 8 November, they reached
944:
998:, the most powerful French noble in the region after Armagnac, and a great enemy of his. The details of the discussion are unknown, but Gaston allowed the English free passage, arranged provisions, allowed his men to join the Black Prince's army and provided guides. The weather was bad, and the going difficult; the army again forded the Garonne and Ariège in flood, to the amazement of locals. Numerous towns not belonging to Gaston were looted and burnt.
664:
845:, reaching the border with Armagnac on 12 October. The rapid march to this point caused many of the expedition's 15,000 horses to die or break down, especially those which had accompanied the English on the exhausting eleven-day sea voyage and been given inadequate time to recover; this had been allowed for, and they were replaced locally. Before crossing the border new knights were
961:. They apparently hoped to force the English to attack them across the river, and so fight at an advantage. The English were unable to remain in any one place for long, as it soon became stripped of food, especially fodder and grain for the 15,000 horses with the army. So on 10 November the English moved out from Narbonne, their rearguard and stragglers being harassed by a
672:
hard-pressed by the French. In 1339 the French besieged
Bordeaux, the capital of Gascony, even breaking into the city with a strong force before they were repulsed. Typically the Gascons could field 3,000–6,000 men, the large majority infantry, although up to two-thirds of them would be tied down in garrisons. In July 1346, Edward III
907:
unlikely to be able to provide a surplus to support the French military. As before, they stormed all but the largest towns and strongest castles, often amidst brutality and slaughter. Small groups ranged at least 24 miles (39 km) from the main body, looting and burning smaller places across a wide front. The major city of
1056:
As well as the direct financial effects, towns throughout the south of France looked to their defences, spending large amounts over several years on building or repairing fortifications, and being much less willing to let troops raised locally serve away from home. Contemporaries, including the Black
1079:
in charge of defending this front over the winter, but as he had only 600 men he felt there was little he could do. Other, local, French commanders felt similarly under-resourced and attempted no countermeasures. Several members of the local French nobility went over to the
English; the Black Prince
1074:
dispersed to their homes for winter. After a three-week break and an enthusiastic celebration of
Christmas the English force, plus a small number of Gascons, was divided into four groups and resumed the offensive. French morale was low, and the lack of money for wages kept garrisons small. More than
752:
In their 1345 and 1346 Gascon campaigns, the
English had pushed the main front back well beyond the borders of Gascony to the north and west, among other things guaranteeing its food supplies and putting the Gascon territory beyond reach of French advances from those directions. Numerous French-held
906:
The area they now passed through was known as the granary of southern France; a contemporary described the area east of
Toulouse as the "fattest land in the world". The English continued to burn everything they could, targeting windmills in particular; as a region unable to grind its own grain was
1061:
to have been as successful in non-financial terms as in financial, itemising the punishment of minor lords who had switched sides to the French; the persuasion of local magnates, especially Gaston of Foix, to move towards the
English; the securing of Gascony against attack from the south; and the
892:
rivers; the former described by a member of the expedition as "rough, rocky and most frightening" and the latter as even "more dangerous". Several horses and a small, but unknown, number of men were lost during the operation, but the supply wagons all crossed successfully. This took the French by
973:
they turned back to the west, expecting to have to fight
Armagnac's force. It was an arduous march and water was short; one chronicler writes that the horses, which would normally require 120,000 imperial gallons (550,000 L; 140,000 US gal) of water each day, had to be given wine
930:
The whole of southern France was in uproar. A major offensive so late in the year had not been expected and the Black Prince's willingness to march 300 miles (480 km) from his base, crossing rivers considered impassable to large bodies and living off the land, took the French completely by
1048:
annually in war taxes. All were subsequently given considerable tax exemptions and trade privileges for many years. For example, the town of
Avignonet was exempted from war taxes for seven years. In addition, 500 villages were destroyed. The modern historian Clifford Rogers concluded that "the
765:
and besieging several important towns, albeit unsuccessfully. In spring 1355 he again made unsuccessful attempts to capture
English-held towns. Frustrated, and with the peace talks having failed, he launched repeated raids deep into Gascony throughout the summer, to great effect. He devastated
671:
Although
Gascony was the cause of the war, Edward III was able to spare few resources for its defence, and previously when an English army had campaigned on the continent it had operated in northern France. In most campaigning seasons the Gascons had to rely on their own resources and had been
1032:
left immense destruction in its wake, and that an enormous amount of booty was seized; according to one account, English soldiers jettisoned the silver they had looted, in order to be able to carry all the gold and jewellery available. It was reported that the formal booty took 1,000 carts to
884:, expecting a siege. They broke the bridges enabling access to the city and confidently expected the Black Prince to withdraw to Gascony once he saw the strength of the fortifications. The English passed within a few miles of the city and continued east, fording the strongly flowing
849:, as if it were the eve of a formal battle, and banners were unfurled. As soon as Armagnac was entered the army started devastating the countryside; the Anglo-Gascons divided into three columns, which marched parallel to each other, to maximise the destruction. Over eleven days the
1011:
The French were initially quiescent as the English swung wide to the south of Toulouse, but James of Bourbon persuaded John of Armagnac to lead the French army south-west from Toulouse on 18 November in an attempt to cut off the English. They hoped to turn back the English at the
857:. The weather was fine, and one combatant reported the area to be "a noble, rich and beautiful region". Most towns were fortified in name only and were easily stormed and burnt. Within reach of the line of march only two towns escaped destruction. The Black Prince wrote "we rode
761:, the French King's personal representative in the south west and the most powerful French noble in the region. John had long been a proponent of pressing the war against Gascony. He had ignored his orders to keep the truce in 1354, raiding repeatedly into
1036:
While no territory was captured, enormous economic damage was done to France. Carcassonne alone generated more tax than seven entire provinces combined. The four main cities burnt down alone paid for 1,000 men-at-arms and generated an additional 100,000
582:
can hardly be exaggerated." The English component resumed the offensive after Christmas to great effect, and more than 50 French-held towns or fortifications were captured during the following four months. In August 1356 the Black Prince headed north on
931:
surprise. English scouts, foragers and arson parties pushed out in all directions from Narbonne, some as far as 30 miles (48 km). French towns up to 100 miles (160 km) away began hastily reinforcing their fortifications. Two
1043:
in tax each year; if unadulterated this would be approximately half a tonne (0.5 ton) of silver, or two per cent of the French Crown's annual income. It was estimated that the towns destroyed generated a total of 400,000
1075:
50 French-held towns or fortifications were captured during the following four months, including strategically important towns close to the borders of Gascony, and others over 80 miles (130 km) away. Armagnac put
978:
would lead to their defeat. The Black Prince pursued them as far as Carcassonne, where, struggling to forage in territory which had already been well picked over, he struck south towards the prosperous city of
911:, 50 miles (80 km) east of Toulouse, was the cultural, political, religious and financial centre of the area and was captured when the population abandoned the town and retreated to the strongly fortified
640:
in Paris agreed that the lands held by Edward III in France should be taken back into Philip's hands on the grounds that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as a vassal. This marked the start of the
734:) attempted to strongly garrison his northern towns and fortifications against the expected descent by Edward III, at the same time assembling a field army; he was unable to, largely due to lack of money.
923:. It was only a little less populous than London, but again the town was rapidly captured and sacked while the citadel was ignored. The French in the citadel responded by bombarding the English with
680:
in northern France. Philip concentrated French forces against this threat and over the following year the Anglo-Gascons were able to push the focus of the fighting away from the heart of Gascony.
711:, and especially fiercely in south-west France, where the English raided deep into French territory, but no large forces took the field. Negotiations for a permanent peace commenced in 1353 in
1062:
establishment of a moral ascendancy over the French forces. All this had been achieved during the Black Prince's first independent command and with almost no losses among the Anglo-Gascons.
1033:
transport; a gross exaggeration, but indicative of the impression the amount of loot seized made on contemporaries. The French knights and merchants captured were ransomed.
986:
On Sunday 15 November the English army razed four large French towns and devastated the surrounding area, while their leaders were inducted as lay brothers at the Dominican
753:
castles and small towns remained within what was nominally English territory, just as the English had outposts deep within French territory. To the immediate south lay the
974:
instead. The French retreated to Toulouse, not wishing to meet the English on equal terms, when they anticipated that the English combined arms tactics and use of
2795:
1139:(954 litres) of wine. Eighty thousand tuns of wine equates to 76.32 million litres (16.79 million imperial gallons; 20.16 million US gallons).
219:
3206:
3009:
2843:
723:, with the treasury in an unusually favourable financial position, decided to launch offensives that year in both northern France and Gascony.
3253:
260:
426:
864:
John of Armagnac deliberately avoided battle, even though the French forces in the region outnumbered the English. He was reinforced by
389:
805:, causing the English to return to Calais within ten days. They had achieved nothing, but did focus French attention on the north.
572:
many French towns on the way. While no territory was captured, enormous economic damage was done to France; the modern historian
212:
1092:
584:
441:
2971:(June 2016). "Disaster Recovery: New Archaeological Evidence for the Long-Term Impact of the 'Calamitous' Fourteenth Century".
3219:
3195:
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on 2 December, having marched 675 miles (1,100 km); the Black Prince and his entourage moved on to Bordeaux on the 9th.
719:
and the war died down to skirmishes and small-scale raids. These talks collapsed in early 1355. In April 1355 Edward III and
436:
421:
306:
231:
362:
3134:
277:
205:
2814:
1102:, then withdrew, pursued by the main French army, 11,000 strong, under John II. The English were forced to battle at
935:
arrived from Pope Innocent, attempting to arrange a truce; they were turned away, being told to apply to Edward III.
3263:
3164:
987:
688:
355:
777:. The latter largely carried grain for the horses, although later it was used to transport the spoils of the
553:, who commanded the local French forces, avoided battle, and there was little fighting during the campaign.
695:
was signed. This was partially the result of both countries being financially exhausted. The same year the
3225:
865:
287:
151:
197:
3268:
3248:
965:
of the town militia. The English crossed the Aude north of Narbonne and then headed north-east towards
877:
818:
2856:
995:
833:
On 5 October 1355 the Black Prince's Anglo-Gascon force left Bordeaux on their own carefully planned
786:
The English expedition to Normandy was intended to be carried out with the cooperation of the French
758:
610:
of 1066, English monarchs had held titles and lands within France, the possession of which made them
550:
141:
404:
3258:
590:
with 6,000 men; he was intercepted by the main French army, 11,000 strong, and forced to battle at
542:
157:
505:
500:
313:
297:
270:
128:
861:... through the land of Armagnac, harrying and wasting the country, the were much comforted."
703:, resulting in the death of approximately 45 per cent of the population. Fighting continued in
700:
345:
2909:(1999). "Inter-frontal Cooperation in the Fourteenth Century and Edward III's 1346 Campaign".
107:
3047:
790:
642:
626:
546:
340:
36:
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265:
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292:
255:
147:
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in November. However, the French King had stripped the area of fodder, food and potential
8:
2852:
1091:
arrived from England during the spring, and at the start of August 1356 the Black Prince
869:
754:
615:
485:
468:
374:
323:
495:
3130:
3109:
3093:
3073:
2996:
2934:
2926:
1103:
975:
953:
John of Armagnac, with Bourbon and Clermont, moved at least part of the French army to
591:
573:
446:
330:
318:
101:
896:
350:
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2804:
2777:
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677:
595:
431:
394:
250:
111:
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889:
673:
335:
124:
97:
3122:
3085:
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399:
379:
161:
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490:
282:
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1013:
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50:
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France in 1330. The diminished Gascony alone remained under the English crown.
3242:
3156:
3126:
3105:
3055:
2992:
2968:
2898:
2834:
920:
838:
2879:
The King's Lieutenant: Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
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137:
44:
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227:
3135:"The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster"
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1017:
969:; their scouts reported that the town was strongly held, and so after a
3097:
2946:
2791:
766:
agricultural areas and burnt down the suburbs of several Gascon towns.
576:
concluded that "the importance of the economic attrition aspect of the
568:
and back to Gascony, devastating a wide swathe of French territory and
966:
880:, and the French concentrated in the strongly fortified large city of
957:, 15 miles (24 km) west of Narbonne, where the road crossed the
943:
458:
3089:
614:
of the kings of France. Following a series of disagreements between
1088:
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881:
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846:
657:
565:
557:
1106:, where they decisively defeated the French and captured John II.
663:
3190:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber.
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with an Anglo-Gascon force of 6,000. He penetrated as far as the
912:
885:
802:
787:
762:
704:
569:
3171:. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber.
3076:(1994). "Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327-1360".
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962:
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684:
648:
Before the war commenced, at least 1,000 ships a year departed
611:
49:
A medieval town under assault. A miniature from a chronicle by
2746:
2133:
1874:
1714:
1712:
1039:
2620:
1972:
1970:
1099:
842:
797:, a large-scale mounted raid, was attempted from the English
2683:
2644:
2555:
1777:
1614:
1421:
1277:
841:, 30 miles (48 km) to the south, and continued through
594:, where he decisively defeated the French and captured King
3141:. Vol. II. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer.
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of wine. The duty levied by the English Crown on wine from
2608:
2596:
2584:
2490:
2478:
2444:
2442:
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1494:
1492:
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1486:
1484:
1087:
Reinforcements of men and horses and supplies of food and
541:
carried out by an Anglo-Gascon force under the command of
2409:
2397:
2349:
2169:
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1982:
1886:
1801:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1301:
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1253:
901:
The walls of the old town of Carcassone, pictured in 2016
545:, between 5 October and 2 December 1355 as a part of the
2734:
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2014:
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1217:
757:, largely untouched by the war. It was the heartland of
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1481:
1469:
1349:
1337:
1313:
1205:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1155:
556:
The Anglo-Gascon force of 4,000–6,000 men marched from
2722:
2710:
2632:
2543:
2531:
1724:
1566:
1241:
1181:
853:
traversed Armagnac from west to east, in sight of the
2951:
The Medieval Warhorse: from Byzantium to the Crusades
2845:
Henry of Grosmont, First Duke of Lancaster, 1310–1361
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1193:
1049:importance of the economic attrition aspect of the
2876:
1070:The majority of the Gascon troops involved in the
793:, but Charles reneged on the agreement. Instead a
3020:(PhD thesis). Minnesota: University of Minnesota.
990:. The English then turned east again, across the
3240:
1109:
893:surprise; they had not even guarded the fords.
16:1355 mounted raid during the Hundred Years' War
1135:used as a standard measure, and contained 252
687:fell to the English on 3 August 1347 after an
213:
3078:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2776:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
837:. It took in reinforcements and supplies at
824:
652:. Among their cargoes were more than 80,000
3011:The Black Prince at War: The Anatomy of a
220:
206:
43:
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1463:
1451:
1427:
1403:
1355:
1343:
1331:
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1223:
1187:
1000:
994:. On the 17th the Black Prince met with
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817:
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662:
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1940:
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1868:
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1807:
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1307:
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1235:
1211:
1199:
1163:
3208:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
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2005:
1907:
1735:
1660:
1608:
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1415:
1391:
1379:
1367:
201:
26:Chevauchée of the Black Prince (1355)
3139:Journal of Medieval Military History
3032:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13:
14:
3280:
3214:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2953:. Dover: Alan Sutton Publishing.
938:
919:, 10 miles (16 km) from the
2883:. New York: Barnes & Noble.
2797:The Hundred Years' War 1337–1453
1028:Contemporary accounts agree the
442:Black Prince's chevauchée (1356)
417:Black Prince's chevauchée (1355)
156:
146:
136:
123:
106:
96:
813:
729:
645:, which was to last 116 years.
631:
620:
1121:
422:Edward III's chevauchée (1355)
1:
3254:Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360
3030:Plantagenet England 1225–1360
3008:Madden, Mollie Marie (2014).
2875:Fowler, Kenneth Alan (1969).
2803:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
808:
601:
363:Lancaster's chevauchée (1346)
3121:Rogers, Clifford J. (2004).
1146:
1110:Notes, citations and sources
1084:from them on 24 April 1356.
1065:
1053:can hardly be exaggerated."
699:reached northern France and
674:landed the main English army
7:
3186:Sumption, Jonathan (1999).
636:), on 24 May 1337 Philip's
564:300 miles (480 km) to
64:5 October – 2 December 1355
10:
3285:
2923:10.1177/096834459900600401
2761:
737:
427:Normandy chevauchée (1356)
1675:, pp. 190, 201, 209.
1023:
769:Edward III's eldest son,
241:
183:
170:
117:
90:
56:
42:
34:
25:
3205:Wagner, John A. (2006).
3052:The Safeguard of the Sea
2842:Fowler, Kenneth (1961).
2755:, pp. 276–278, 306.
2142:, pp. 271–272, 274.
1883:, pp. 189–190, 216.
1114:
1093:headed north on another
747:Edward, the Black Prince
543:Edward, the Black Prince
129:Edward, the Black Prince
3264:Edward the Black Prince
1057:Prince, considered the
983:, which was destroyed.
948:John, Count of Armagnac
759:John, Count of Armagnac
551:John, Count of Armagnac
2825:Deaux, George (1969).
1786:, pp. 14–15, 359.
1008:
950:
903:
830:
825:
749:
715:under the auspices of
691:and shortly after the
668:
118:Commanders and leaders
2851:(PhD thesis). Leeds:
2827:The Black Death, 1347
2820:on 27 September 2018.
1004:
996:Gaston, Count of Foix
988:monastery at Prouille
946:
899:
821:
791:Charles II of Navarre
745:
666:
627:Edward III of England
437:Loire campaign (1356)
184:Casualties and losses
3123:Bachrach, Bernard S.
2985:10.15184/aqy.2016.69
2829:. London: Hamilton.
2629:, pp. 185, 190.
1979:, pp. 250, 255.
1859:, pp. 146, 148.
1623:, pp. 168, 175.
1430:, pp. 153, 160.
1286:, pp. 273, 275.
585:another devastating
537:, was a large-scale
531:, also known as the
3074:Rogers, Clifford J.
2853:University of Leeds
2692:, pp. 191–193.
2653:, pp. 191–192.
2617:, pp. 363–364.
2605:, pp. 100–101.
2593:, pp. 263–264.
2569:, pp. 186–187.
2499:, pp. 331–332.
2487:, pp. 330–333.
2430:, pp. 184–185.
2418:, pp. 317–318.
2406:, pp. 316–317.
2382:, pp. 183–184.
2370:, pp. 182–184.
2358:, pp. 298–299.
2319:, pp. 256–257.
2190:, pp. 176–187.
2178:, pp. 280–281.
2070:, pp. 260–261.
1991:, pp. 247–248.
1895:, pp. 189–190.
1810:, pp. 195–196.
1750:, pp. 131–132.
1721:, pp. 171–173.
1706:, pp. 126–129.
1599:, pp. 154–155.
1587:, pp. 153–154.
1466:, pp. 547–549.
1454:, pp. 171–172.
1406:, pp. 111–113.
1334:, pp. 541–550.
1310:, pp. 385–386.
1298:, pp. 143–144.
1262:, pp. 139–140.
1006:A town being sacked
870:Constable of France
771:Edward of Woodstock
683:The French port of
616:Philip VI of France
475:Treaties and truces
390:Saint-Jean-d'Angély
288:Tournaisis campaign
3165:Sumption, Jonathan
3131:Rogers, Clifford J
3026:Prestwich, Michael
2907:Harari, Yuval Noah
2862:on 11 October 2018
2743:, pp. 43, 45.
1798:, pp. 13, 17.
1214:, pp. xix–xx.
1009:
951:
904:
831:
755:County of Armagnac
750:
689:eleven-month siege
669:
643:Hundred Years' War
547:Hundred Years' War
356:Calais (1346–1347)
266:Thiérache campaign
229:Hundred Years' War
142:Jean I de Armagnac
102:Kingdom of England
37:Hundred Years' War
3269:Looting in France
3249:Conflicts in 1355
3221:978-0-313-32736-0
3197:978-0-571-13896-8
3178:978-0-571-20095-5
3148:978-1-84383-040-5
3065:978-0-14-029724-9
3039:978-0-19-922687-0
2960:978-0-86299-983-4
2890:978-0-389-01003-6
2810:978-1-84176-269-2
2783:978-1-84022-210-4
2295:, pp. 283ff.
1738:, pp. 42–43.
1322:, pp. 67–71.
1250:, pp. 79–80.
1226:, pp. 39–40.
1077:John of Boucicaut
878:Marshal of France
823:The route of the
799:enclave of Calais
725:John II of France
596:John II of France
534:grande chevauchée
519:
518:
278:Scheldt campaigns
196:
195:
112:Kingdom of France
86:
85:
30:
29:Grande chevauchée
3276:
3232:
3231:on 16 July 2018.
3230:
3224:. Archived from
3213:
3201:
3182:
3160:
3117:
3069:
3048:Rodger, N. A. M.
3043:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2979:(351): 777–797.
2964:
2942:
2902:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2855:. Archived from
2850:
2838:
2821:
2819:
2813:. Archived from
2802:
2787:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1722:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:, pp. 79ff.
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1140:
1125:
874:Jean de Clermont
866:James de Bourbon
860:
828:
733:
732: 1350–1364
731:
717:Pope Innocent VI
701:southern England
635:
634: 1327–1377
633:
624:
623: 1328–1350
622:
560:in English-held
236:
222:
215:
208:
199:
198:
189:Unknown, but few
162:Jean de Clermont
160:
152:James de Bourbon
150:
140:
127:
110:
100:
58:
57:
47:
28:
23:
22:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3259:1350s in France
3239:
3238:
3235:
3228:
3222:
3211:
3198:
3179:
3169:Trial by Battle
3149:
3090:10.2307/3679216
3066:
3040:
3017:
2961:
2891:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2848:
2817:
2811:
2800:
2784:
2764:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2027:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1509:
1501:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1068:
1026:
1007:
949:
941:
902:
858:
829:
816:
811:
748:
740:
728:
693:Truce of Calais
630:
619:
608:Norman Conquest
604:
574:Clifford Rogers
526:Black Prince's
522:
521:
520:
515:
261:English Channel
237:
233:
232:Edwardian phase
230:
228:
226:
166:
82:English victory
74:
73:Southern France
48:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3234:
3233:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3183:
3177:
3161:
3147:
3127:DeVries, Kelly
3118:
3070:
3064:
3044:
3038:
3022:
3005:
2969:Lewis, Carenza
2965:
2959:
2943:
2917:(4): 379–395.
2911:War in History
2903:
2889:
2872:
2839:
2822:
2809:
2788:
2782:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2731:, p. 347.
2721:
2719:, p. 359.
2709:
2707:, p. 193.
2694:
2682:
2680:, p. 259.
2670:
2668:, p. 192.
2655:
2643:
2641:, p. 348.
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2554:
2552:, p. 360.
2542:
2540:, p. 100.
2530:
2513:
2511:, p. 258.
2501:
2489:
2477:
2475:, p. 329.
2465:
2463:, p. 328.
2453:
2451:, p. 185.
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2394:, p. 184.
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2346:, p. 257.
2333:
2331:, p. 306.
2321:
2309:
2307:, p. 285.
2297:
2285:
2283:, p. 256.
2273:
2271:, p. 283.
2261:
2259:, p. 281.
2249:
2247:, p. 282.
2237:
2235:, p. 212.
2225:
2223:, p. 182.
2204:
2202:, p. 284.
2192:
2180:
2168:
2166:, p. 280.
2156:
2154:, p. 274.
2144:
2132:
2130:, p. 255.
2111:
2109:, p. 180.
2096:
2094:, p. 265.
2084:
2082:, p. 264.
2072:
2060:
2058:, p. 258.
2048:
2046:, p. 181.
2025:
2023:, p. 256.
2010:
2008:, p. 254.
1993:
1981:
1966:
1964:, p. 178.
1945:
1943:, p. 229.
1933:
1931:, p. 179.
1912:
1910:, p. 253.
1897:
1885:
1873:
1871:, p. 217.
1861:
1849:
1847:, p. 190.
1837:
1835:, p. 176.
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1774:, p. 174.
1764:
1762:, p. 173.
1752:
1740:
1723:
1708:
1696:
1677:
1665:
1663:, p. 252.
1648:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1551:, p. 136.
1538:
1536:, p. 250.
1526:
1524:, p. 251.
1507:
1505:, p. 175.
1480:
1478:, p. 547.
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1418:, p. 246.
1408:
1396:
1394:, p. 225.
1384:
1382:, p. 793.
1372:
1370:, p. 122.
1360:
1358:, p. 584.
1348:
1346:, p. 585.
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1190:, p. 184.
1180:
1178:, p. 394.
1176:Prestwich 2007
1168:
1166:, p. 101.
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1067:
1064:
1025:
1022:
1005:
992:County of Foix
971:council of war
947:
940:
939:Returning west
937:
900:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
746:
739:
736:
603:
600:
517:
516:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
477:
476:
472:
471:
466:
464:Reims campaign
461:
455:
454:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
413:
412:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
359:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:Crécy campaign
333:
328:
327:
326:
321:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
285:
280:
275:
274:
273:
263:
258:
253:
247:
246:
242:
239:
238:
225:
224:
217:
210:
202:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
165:
164:
154:
144:
133:
131:
120:
119:
115:
114:
104:
93:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
51:Jean Froissart
40:
39:
32:
31:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:Trial by Fire
3184:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2774:The Crecy War
2771:
2770:Burne, Alfred
2767:
2766:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2705:Sumption 1999
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:Sumption 1999
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2666:Sumption 1999
2662:
2660:
2652:
2651:Sumption 1999
2647:
2640:
2635:
2628:
2627:Sumption 1999
2623:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 25.
2580:
2575:
2568:
2567:Sumption 1999
2563:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2528:, p. 43.
2527:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2449:Sumption 1999
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:Sumption 1999
2424:
2417:
2412:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2392:Sumption 1999
2388:
2381:
2380:Sumption 1999
2376:
2369:
2368:Sumption 1999
2364:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2221:Sumption 1999
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2188:Sumption 1999
2184:
2177:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:Sumption 1999
2103:
2101:
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2044:Sumption 1999
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:Sumption 1999
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:Sumption 1999
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1833:Sumption 1999
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1772:Sumption 1999
1768:
1761:
1760:Sumption 1999
1756:
1749:
1748:Sumption 1999
1744:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:Sumption 1999
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:Sumption 1999
1700:
1694:, p. 96.
1693:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1646:, p. 95.
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1622:
1621:Sumption 1999
1617:
1611:, p. 40.
1610:
1605:
1598:
1597:Sumption 1999
1593:
1586:
1585:Sumption 1999
1581:
1574:
1569:
1563:, p. 73.
1562:
1557:
1550:
1549:Sumption 1999
1545:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:Sumption 1999
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:Sumption 1990
1472:
1465:
1464:Sumption 1990
1460:
1453:
1452:Sumption 1999
1448:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1428:Sumption 1999
1424:
1417:
1412:
1405:
1404:Sumption 1999
1400:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1356:Sumption 1990
1352:
1345:
1344:Sumption 1990
1340:
1333:
1332:Sumption 1990
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1285:
1284:Sumption 1990
1280:
1274:, p. 95.
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1238:, p. 10.
1237:
1232:
1225:
1224:Sumption 1990
1220:
1213:
1208:
1202:, p. 79.
1201:
1196:
1189:
1188:Sumption 1990
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
984:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
945:
936:
934:
928:
926:
922:
921:Mediterranean
918:
914:
910:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Saint-Macaire
836:
827:
820:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
784:
782:
781:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
756:
744:
735:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
665:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
639:
638:Great Council
628:
617:
613:
609:
599:
597:
593:
589:
588:
581:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:
512:
509:
507:
506:Second London
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
451:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Calais (1350)
378:
376:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
332:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
304:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
235:
223:
218:
216:
211:
209:
204:
203:
200:
191:
188:
187:
182:
178:
175:
174:
169:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
143:
139:
135:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:
116:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:
89:
81:
78:
77:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
52:
46:
41:
38:
33:
24:
19:
3236:
3226:the original
3207:
3187:
3168:
3138:
3081:
3077:
3051:
3029:
3014:
3010:
2976:
2972:
2950:
2914:
2910:
2878:
2864:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2844:
2826:
2815:the original
2796:
2773:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2685:
2673:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2545:
2533:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2288:
2276:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
1984:
1936:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1699:
1668:
1616:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1529:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1442:, p. 6.
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1123:
1094:
1086:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1010:
985:
952:
929:
905:
863:
850:
834:
832:
814:Heading east
794:
785:
778:
775:supply train
768:
751:
682:
670:
647:
605:
586:
577:
555:
539:mounted raid
533:
532:
527:
525:
523:
501:First London
416:
346:Blanchetaque
91:Belligerents
18:
2947:Hyland, Ann
2792:Curry, Anne
2729:Madden 2014
2717:Madden 2014
2639:Madden 2014
2615:Madden 2014
2603:Rogers 1994
2591:Madden 2014
2550:Madden 2014
2538:Rogers 1994
2497:Madden 2014
2485:Madden 2014
2473:Madden 2014
2461:Madden 2014
2416:Madden 2014
2404:Madden 2014
2356:Madden 2014
2329:Madden 2014
2305:Madden 2014
2293:Madden 2014
2269:Madden 2014
2257:Madden 2014
2245:Madden 2014
2233:Madden 2014
2200:Madden 2014
2176:Madden 2014
2164:Madden 2014
2152:Madden 2014
2140:Madden 2014
2092:Madden 2014
2080:Madden 2014
2068:Madden 2014
2056:Madden 2014
2021:Madden 2014
1989:Madden 2014
1977:Madden 2014
1941:Madden 2014
1893:Madden 2014
1881:Madden 2014
1869:Madden 2014
1857:Hyland 1994
1845:Madden 2014
1808:Madden 2014
1796:Madden 2014
1784:Madden 2014
1692:Wagner 2006
1673:Madden 2014
1644:Wagner 2006
1573:Madden 2014
1561:Madden 2014
1440:Madden 2014
1320:Fowler 1969
1308:Harari 1999
1296:Fowler 1961
1272:Rogers 2004
1260:Fowler 1961
1248:Rodger 2004
1236:Madden 2014
1212:Rodger 2004
1200:Rodger 2004
1164:Rogers 1994
1131:was a wine
909:Carcassonne
721:his council
697:Black Death
234:(1337–1360)
176:5,000–8,000
3243:Categories
3084:: 83–102.
3054:. London:
3013:Chevauchée
2753:Burne 1999
2741:Curry 2002
2678:Burne 1999
2579:Curry 2002
2526:Curry 2002
2509:Burne 1999
2344:Burne 1999
2317:Burne 1999
2281:Burne 1999
2128:Burne 1999
2006:Burne 1999
1908:Burne 1999
1736:Curry 2002
1661:Burne 1999
1609:Curry 2002
1534:Burne 1999
1522:Burne 1999
1416:Burne 1999
1392:Burne 1999
1380:Lewis 2016
1368:Deaux 1969
1095:chevauchée
1072:chevauchée
1059:chevauchée
1051:chevauchée
1030:chevauchée
1014:River Save
976:longbowmen
959:River Aude
851:chevauchée
835:chevauchée
826:chevauchée
809:Chevauchée
795:chevauchée
780:chevauchée
606:Since the
602:Background
587:chevauchée
579:chevauchée
528:chevauchée
486:Malestroit
385:Winchelsea
293:Saint-Omer
256:Arnemuiden
3157:0961-7582
3114:163041276
3106:931311378
3001:164178697
2993:0003-598X
2973:Antiquity
2899:164491035
2835:242352826
2772:(1999) .
1147:Citations
1080:received
1066:Aftermath
925:artillery
481:Espléchin
459:Jacquerie
453:1358–1360
411:1355–1356
375:Lunalonge
369:1349–1352
331:Aiguillon
324:Auberoche
307:1345–1347
245:1337–1340
3167:(1990).
3133:(eds.).
3050:(2004).
3028:(2007).
2949:(1994).
2939:59055741
2931:26013966
2794:(2002).
1104:Poitiers
1089:materiel
1018:La Réole
917:Narbonne
882:Toulouse
855:Pyrenees
709:Brittany
678:Normandy
658:Bordeaux
592:Poitiers
566:Narbonne
558:Bordeaux
511:Brétigny
469:Chartres
447:Poitiers
432:Breteuil
319:Bergerac
171:Strength
69:Location
35:Part of
3098:3679216
3056:Penguin
2866:25 June
2762:Sources
1137:gallons
967:Béziers
933:nuncios
913:citadel
886:Garonne
788:magnate
763:Agenais
738:Prelude
713:Avignon
705:Picardy
650:Gascony
612:vassals
570:sacking
562:Gascony
395:Saintes
314:Gascony
298:Tournai
271:Cambrai
251:Cadzand
192:Unknown
179:Unknown
3218:
3194:
3175:
3155:
3145:
3129:&
3112:
3104:
3096:
3062:
3036:
2999:
2991:
2957:
2937:
2929:
2897:
2887:
2833:
2807:
2780:
1082:homage
1024:Effect
981:Limoux
963:sortie
890:Ariège
872:, and
859:
847:dubbed
685:Calais
625:) and
496:Guînes
491:Calais
405:Guînes
400:Ardres
79:Result
3229:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
3110:S2CID
3094:JSTOR
3018:(PDF)
2997:S2CID
2935:S2CID
2927:JSTOR
2860:(PDF)
2849:(PDF)
2818:(PDF)
2801:(PDF)
1115:Notes
1100:Loire
955:Homps
843:Bazas
803:booty
351:Crécy
283:Sluys
3216:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3153:ISSN
3143:ISBN
3102:OCLC
3060:ISBN
3034:ISBN
2989:ISSN
2955:ISBN
2895:OCLC
2885:ISBN
2868:2019
2831:OCLC
2805:ISBN
2778:ISBN
1133:cask
1127:The
888:and
707:and
654:tuns
524:The
341:Caen
61:Date
3086:doi
2981:doi
2919:doi
1129:tun
1046:écu
1040:écu
676:in
3245::
3151:.
3137:.
3125:;
3108:.
3100:.
3092:.
3080:.
3058:.
2995:.
2987:.
2977:90
2975:.
2933:.
2925:.
2913:.
2893:.
2697:^
2658:^
2557:^
2516:^
2435:^
2336:^
2207:^
2114:^
2099:^
2028:^
2013:^
1996:^
1969:^
1948:^
1915:^
1900:^
1815:^
1726:^
1711:^
1680:^
1651:^
1628:^
1541:^
1510:^
1483:^
1154:^
927:.
876:,
868:,
783:.
730:r.
632:r.
621:r.
598:.
549:.
3200:.
3181:.
3159:.
3116:.
3088::
3082:4
3068:.
3042:.
3003:.
2983::
2963:.
2941:.
2921::
2915:6
2901:.
2870:.
2837:.
2786:.
727:(
629:(
618:(
221:e
214:t
207:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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