Black Panther Party

3226:, brothers who had been peddling dope, brothers who ain't gonna take no shit, brothers who had been fighting the pigs". Also, they did not realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about "female leadership". Regina Jennings recalls that many male leaders had an "unchecked" sexism problem, and her task was to "lift the bedroom out of their minds." She remembers overhearing members: "Some concluded that the FBI sent me, but the captain assured them with salty good humor that, 'She's too stupid to be from the FBI.' He thought my cover and my comments too honest, too loud, and too ridiculous to be serious." She recalls her days in Oakland, California as a teenager looking for something to do to add purpose to her life and her community. She grew up around police brutality, so it was nothing new. Her goal in joining was "smashing racism" because she viewed herself as Black before she was a woman. In her community, that identity is what she felt held her back the most. 1680: 1316: 3235: 1178:, and demanding full citizenship rights for black people. However, not much changed in the cities of the North and West. As the wartime and post-war jobs which drew much of the black migration "fled to the suburbs along with white residents", the black population was concentrated in poor "urban ghettos" with high unemployment and substandard housing and was mostly excluded from political representation, top universities, and the middle class. Northern and Western police departments were almost all white. In 1966, only 16 of Oakland's 661 police officers were African American (less than 2.5%). 3432:, the Panthers became national heroes in black communities by infusing abstract nationalism with street toughness—by joining the rhythms of black working-class youth culture to the interracial élan and effervescence of Bay Area New Left politics ... In 1966, the Panthers defined Oakland's ghetto as a territory, the police as interlopers, and the Panther mission as the defense of community. The Panthers' famous "policing the police" drew attention to the spatial remove that White Americans enjoyed from the police brutality that had come to characterize life in black urban communities. 2570:, enrolled twenty-eight students in its first year, with the majority being the children of Black Panther parents. This number grew to fifty by the 1973–1974 school year. To provide full support for Black Panther parents whose time was spent organizing, some of the students and faculty members lived together year around. The school itself was dissimilar to traditional schools in a variety of ways including the fact that students were separated by academic performance rather than age, and students were often provided one-on-one support as the faculty to student ratio was 1:10. 3078: 1383:

permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one. Generally this was done while monitoring and observing police behavior in their neighborhoods, with the Panthers arguing that this emphasis on active militancy and openly carrying their weapons was necessary to protect individuals from police violence. For example, chants like "The Revolution has come, it's time to pick up the gun. Off the pigs!", helped create the Panthers' reputation as a violent organization.

60: 13564: 1410: 12828: 1441: 1557: 1166:, altering the once white-dominated demographics. A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents, and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them. Black Panther Party membership "consisted of recent migrants whose families traveled north and west to escape the southern racial regime, only to be confronted with new forms of segregation and repression". In the early 1960s, the 14232: 10315: 3349:". In this branch, unlike the average BPP divisions, the "brothers" never turned violent or physical: "That kind of thing didn't take place in Detroit." She left the organization in 1973, keeping a link through her husband, their circulation manager. Summing up the legacy of the Detroit branch, she says, "It's crucial that people realize that the strength of the organization was rooted in discipline, deep commitment, and a genuine love for the people." 1193:, went into decline. By 1966 a "Black Power ferment" emerged, consisting largely of young urban black people, posing a question the Civil Rights Movement could not answer: "How would black people in America win not only formal citizenship rights, but actual economic and political power?" Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed study groups and political organizations, and from this ferment the Black Panther Party emerged. 3484: 1437:, put together a plan to send a group of 26 armed Panthers led by Seale from Oakland to Sacramento to protest the bill. The group entered the assembly carrying their weapons, an incident which was widely publicized, and which prompted police to arrest Seale and five others. The group pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of disrupting a legislative session. At the time of the protest, the Party had fewer than 100 members in total. 1639:

War on Poverty". According to Bloom & Martin, the FBI denounced the Party's efforts as a means of indoctrination because the Party taught and provided for children more effectively than the government. "Police and Federal Agents regularly harassed and intimidated program participants, supporters, and Party workers and sought to scare away donors and organizations that housed the programs like churches and community centers".

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Struggle by arguing that the United States government was only using them for its own purposes. Instead of risking their lives on the battlefield for a country that continued to oppress them, Cleaver believed that the black GIs should risk their lives in support of their own liberation. After leaving Vietnam, Cleaver met with the Chinese ambassador to Algeria to express their mutual animosity towards the American government.

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Preston Callins. Although Newton confided to friends that Kathleen Smith was his "first nonpolitical murder", he was ultimately acquitted, after one witness's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had been smoking marijuana on the night of the murder, and another prostitute witness recanted her testimony. Newton was also acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges.

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summer programs. While these campuses were the first to open, the first full-time and longest-running Liberation School was opened in January 1971 in Oakland in response to the inequitable conditions in the Oakland Unified School District which was ranked one of the lowest-scoring districts in California. Named the Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI), this school, under the directorship of Brenda Bay, and later

3293:, the previous chair, while Newton and other leaders dealt with their legal issues. From the beginning of her tenure as chair, she faced opposition and feared a coup. She appointed many female officials and faced backlash for her policies for equality within the organization. When Huey Newton returned from exile and approved of the beating of a female Panther schoolteacher, Brown left the organization. 2938:

nor Brown were elected, and many Party members resigned after the losses, although a few Panthers won seats on local government commissions. Following the electoral defeat, Newton embarked on a major purge of the party in early 1974, expelling Bobby and John Seale, David and June Hilliard, Robert Bay, and numerous other top party leaders. Dozens of other Panthers loyal to Seale resigned or deserted.

1079: 9108: 1342: 3503:. On June 29, 2009, Herman Bell pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in the death of Sgt. Young. In July 2009, charges were dropped against four of the accused: Ray Boudreaux, Henry W. Jones, Richard Brown and Harold Taylor. Also, that month Jalil Muntaquim pleaded no contest to conspiracy to commit voluntary manslaughter, becoming the second person convicted in this case. 1631:, a Chicago street gang. The FBI sent an anonymous letter to the Rangers' gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life, a letter whose intent was to provoke "preemptive" violence against Panther leadership. In Southern California, the FBI made similar efforts to exacerbate a "gang war" between the Black Panther Party and a black nationalist group called the 280: 2050:

liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history." Through this program, the Party was able to influence young minds, and strengthen their ties to communities as well as gain widespread support for their ideologies. The breakfast program became so popular that the Panthers Party claimed to have fed twenty thousand children in the 1968–69 school year.

2620:. A federal investigation reported that only one shot was fired by the Panthers, and police fired at least 80 shots. The only shot fired by the Panthers was from Mark Clark, who appeared to fire a single round determined to be the result of a reflexive death convulsion after he was immediately struck in the chest by shots from the police at the start of the raid. 2876:, which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the Party. The split turned violent, as the Newton and Cleaver factions carried out retaliatory assassinations of each other's members, resulting in the deaths of four people. From mid-to-late 1971, hundreds of members throughout the country quit the Black Panther Party. 1649:, implacable to the ultimate degree, held out to the Black masses ... liberation from the chains of the oppressor and the treacherous embrace of the endorsed spokesmen. Only with the gun were the black masses denied this victory. But they learned from Malcolm that with the gun, they can recapture their dreams and bring them into reality. 1304:(LCFO) in Alabama and their use of the Black Panther symbol. Newton and Seale decided to adopt the Black Panther logo and form their own organization called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. Newton and Seale decided on a uniform of blue shirts, black pants, black leather jackets, black berets, the latter adopted as an homage to 2799:

international anti-imperialist movements. This was a significant time, which led to the formation of the International Section of the Party. It is at this festival that Cleaver met with the ambassador of North Korea, who later invited him to an International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists in Pyongyang. Eldridge also met with

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ranging between 50 and 150 between 1974 and 1977, the original core values of individualized instruction remained. In September 1977, the school received a special award from Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and the California Legislature for "having set the standard for the highest level of elementary education in the state.

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officer that violated their constitutional rights. Between the end of 1966 to the start of 1967, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense's armed police patrols in Oakland black communities attracted a small handful of members. Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967, when the party provided an

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in 2012, a large contingent of local officials and community leaders came together to install a historic marker of the local BPP headquarters; State Representative Earline Parmone declared " dared to stand up and say, 'We're fed up and we're not taking it anymore'. ... Because they had courage, today

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Nevertheless, women were present in the party from the early days and expanded their roles throughout its life. Women often joined to fight against unequal gender norms. By 1969, the Party newspaper officially instructed male Panthers to treat female Party members as equals, a drastic change from the

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In October 1977, Flores Forbes, the party's assistant chief of staff, led a botched attempt to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial, who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. When three Panthers attacked the wrong house by mistake, the occupant

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was the director of the school and Regina Davis was an administrator. The school was unique in that it did not have grade levels but instead had different skill levels so an 11-year-old could be in second-level English and fifth-level science. Elaine Brown taught reading and writing to a group of 10-

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in the United States. After leaving North Korea, the group traveled to North Vietnam with the same agenda in mind: finding ways to put an end to American imperialism. Eldridge Cleaver was invited to speak to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government. He encouraged them to join the Black Liberation

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As Newton awaited trial, the "Free Huey" campaign developed alliances with numerous students and anti-war activists, "advancing an anti-imperialist political ideology that linked the oppression of antiwar protestors to the oppression of blacks and Vietnamese". The "Free Huey" campaign attracted black

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Police killed or incarcerated many male leaders, but female Panthers were less targeted for much of the 1960s and 1970s. By 1968, women made up two-thirds of the party, while many male members were out of duty. In the absence of much of the original male leadership, women moved into all parts of the

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was a mix of black nationalism and the vindication of women, putting race and community struggle before the gender issue. Womanism posited that traditional feminism failed to include race and class struggle in its denunciation of male sexism and was therefore part of white hegemony. In opposition to

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created the Buddha Samurai, the party's underground security cadre in Oakland. Newton expelled Hewitt from the party later in 1972, but the security cadre remained in operation under the leadership of Flores Forbes. One of the cadre's main functions was to extort and rob drug dealers and after-hours

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Activists from many countries around the globe supported the Panthers and their cause. In Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Finland, for example, left-wing activists organized a tour for Bobby Seale and Masai Hewitt in 1969. At each destination along the tour, the Panthers talked about their

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that night and would have been unable to have been awoken by the sounds of the police raid. His body was then dragged into the hallway. He was 21 years old and unarmed at the time of his death. Seven other Panthers sleeping at the house at the time of the raid were then beaten and seriously wounded,

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In 1968, the group shortened its name to the Black Panther Party and sought to focus directly on political action. Members were encouraged to carry guns and to defend themselves against violence. An influx of college students joined the group, which had consisted chiefly of "brothers off the block".

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was shot dead by police in North Richmond. Dowell's family contacted the Black Panther Party for assistance after county officials refused to investigate the case. The Party held rallies in North Richmond that educated the community on armed self-defense and the Denzil Dowell incident. Police seldom

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The Black Panther Party's focus on militancy was often construed as open hostility, feeding a reputation of violence even though early efforts by the Panthers focused primarily on promoting social issues and the exercise of their legal right to carry arms. The Panthers employed a California law that

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and appeal to the "brothers on the block", Huey and Bobby took matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, an unarmed young black man in San Francisco, Newton observed the violent insurrection that followed. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party

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associated with the Black Panther Party. Huggins is noted as saying, "I think that the school's principles came from the socialist principles we tried to live in the Black Panther Party. One of them being critical thinking—that children should learn not what to think but how to think ... the school

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The first Liberation School was opened by the Richmond Black Panthers in July 1969 with brunch served and snacks provided to students. Another school was opened in Mt. Vernon New York on July 17 of the subsequent year. These schools were informal in nature and more closely resembled after-school or

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to protect Party members when policing the police. This act was done to record incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods. When confronted by a police officer, Party members cited laws proving they had done nothing wrong and threatened to take to court any

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The party developed a five-year plan to take over the city of Oakland politically and focused nearly all of its resources on winning political power in the Oakland city government. Bobby Seale ran for mayor, Elaine Brown ran for city council, and other Panthers ran for minor offices. Neither Seale

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In early 1972, the party began closing down dozens of chapters and branches all over the country and bringing members and operations to Oakland. The political arm of the Southern California chapter was shut down and its members moved to Oakland, although the underground military arm remained for a

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and other BPP members in a car. The group confronted Oakland Police officers, then fled to an apartment building where they engaged in a 90-minute gun battle with the police. The standoff ended with Cleaver wounded and Hutton voluntarily surrendering. According to Cleaver, although Hutton had

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COINTELPRO also aimed to dismantle the Black Panther Party by targeting their social/community programs, including its Free Breakfast for Children program, whose success had served to "shed light on the government's failure to address child poverty and hunger—pointing to the limits of the nation's

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during the Vietnam War. Party membership peaked in 1970 and gradually declined over the next decade, due to vilification by the mainstream press and infighting largely fomented by COINTELPRO. Support further declined over reports of the party's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and

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newspaper proclaimed the all-male organization as "the cream of Black Manhood ... there for the protection and defense of our Black community". Scholars consider the Party's stance of armed resistance highly masculine, with guns and violence proving manhood. In 1968, several articles urged female

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in Cuba, and received complaints from male members about the excessive power of women in the organization, who now outnumbered men. According to Elaine Brown, Newton authorized the physical punishment of school administrator Regina Davis for scolding a male coworker. Davis was hospitalized with a

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There was insufficient evidence for police to charge anyone with van Patter's murder, but the Black Panther Party leadership was "almost universally believed to be responsible". Huey Newton later allegedly confessed to a friend that he had ordered Van Patter's murder, and that Van Patter had been

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Significant disagreements among the Party's leaders over how to confront ideological differences led to a split within the party. Certain members felt that the Black Panthers should participate in local government and social services, while others encouraged constant conflict with the police. For

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At the time, Newton claimed that he had been falsely accused, leading to the Party's "Free Huey!" campaign. The police killing gained the party even wider recognition by the radical American left and it stimulated the growth of the Party nationwide. Newton was released after three years, when his

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in Detroit. "There were some students who would use the N-word freely" and "a P.E. instructor accused of stealing her keys." She was "shoved" into the pool when she refused to swim for fear of wetting her hair, while a White teacher who taught Afro-American history would kick people out "if you

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Although many scholars and activists date the Party's downfall to the period before Brown's leadership, a shrinking cadre of Panthers struggled through the 1970s. By 1980, Panther membership had dwindled to 27, and the Panther-sponsored Oakland Community School closed in 1982 amid a scandal over

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In 1974, Huey Newton and eight other Panthers were arrested and charged with assault on police officers. In August 1974, Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute. Newton was also indicted for pistol-whipping his tailor,

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Number 5 of the "What We Want Now!" section of the Ten-Point Program reads: "We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society." To ensure that this occurred, the

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The Black Panther Party was involved in many community projects as part of their organization. These projects included community outreach, like the breakfast program, education, and health programs. In many cases women were the ones primarily involved with administering these types of programs.

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from the waist down, Malloy escaped and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events "might have been the result of overzealous party members". Newton was ultimately acquitted of the

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In 1974, due to increased interest in enrolling in the school, school officials decided to move to a larger facility and subsequently changed the school's name to Oakland Community School. During this year, the school graduated its first class. Although the student population continued to grow

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dropped its wholesale attacks against whites and began to emphasize more of a class analysis of society. Its emphasis on Marxist–Leninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist

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The Free Breakfast For Children program was especially significant because it served as a space for educating youth about the current condition of the Black community, and the actions that the Party was taking to address that condition. "While the children ate their meal, members taught them

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Other survival programs were free services such as clothing distribution, classes on politics and economics, free medical clinics, lessons on self-defense and first aid, transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates, an emergency-response ambulance program, drug and alcohol

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Although at the time the BPP claimed that the police had ambushed them, several party members later admitted that Cleaver had led the Panther group on a deliberate ambush of the police officers, provoking the shoot-out. Seven other Panthers, including Chief of Staff David Hilliard, were also

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When Algeria held its first Pan-African Cultural Festival, they invited many important figures from the United States. Among the important figures invited to the festival were Bobby Seale and Cleaver. The cultural festival allowed Black Panthers to network with representatives of various

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was an expression of the collective wisdom of the people who envisioned it. And it was ... a living thing changed every year. Joan Kelley oversaw funding for the Intercommunal Youth Institute which was provided through a combination of Black Panther fundraising and community support.

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The Party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression, particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender conflict were common. When Oakland Panthers arrived to bolster the New York City Panther chapter after

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By the end of the year, party membership peaked at around 2,000. Party members engaged in criminal activities such as extortion, stealing, violent discipline of BPP members, and robberies. The BPP leadership took one-third of the proceeds from robberies committed by BPP members.

3702:. The Huey Newton Foundation, former chairman and co-founder Bobby Seale, and members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that this New Black Panther Party is illegitimate and they have strongly objected to it, stating that there "is no new Black Panther Party". 1273:, he decided to organize patrols to follow the police around to monitor for incidents of brutality. But with a crucial difference: his patrols would carry loaded guns. Huey and Bobby raised enough money to buy two shotguns by buying bulk quantities of the recently publicized 1087: 3203:

were incarcerated, they displayed such chauvinistic attitudes towards New York Panther women that they had to be fended off at gunpoint. Some Party leaders thought the fight for gender equality was a threat to men and a distraction from the struggle for racial equality.

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to be able to fully participate in the organization. The Party responded by establishing on-site child development centers in multiple US chapters. "Childcare became largely a group activity", with children raised collectively, in accord with the Panther's commitment to

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and displaying signs that said, "We support the Black Panther Party, down with US imperialism" or, "We support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown." During the trip, the Chinese delegate arranged for him to meet and have dinner with a

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wanted protection against police brutality. With only three main streets for entering and exiting the neighborhood, it was easy for police to control, contain, and suppress the population. On April 1, 1967, a black unarmed twenty-two-year-old construction worker named

3050:, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. Fearing that Malloy would discover the truth behind the botched assassination attempt, Newton allegedly ordered a "house cleaning", and Malloy was shot and buried alive in the desert. Although permanently 2578:

assimilationist curriculum with little to no attention to black history and culture. While students were provided with traditional courses such as English, Math, and Science, they were also exposed to activities focused on class structure and the prevalence of

9202: 3404:, Newton acknowledged women and homosexuals as oppressed groups and urged the Black Panthers to "unite with them in a revolutionary fashion". The Black Panther Party and the Gay Liberation Movement shared common ground in their fight against police brutality. 3033:

broken jaw. Brown said, "The beating of Regina would be taken as a clear signal that the words 'Panther' and 'comrade' had taken a gender-on-gender connotation, denoting an inferiority in the female half of us." Brown resigned from the party and fled to LA.

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some feminist viewpoints, womanism promoted a vision of gender roles: that men are not above women, but hold a different position in the home and community, so men and women must work together for the preservation of African-American culture and community.

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stripped down to his underwear and had his hands raised in the air to prove that he was unarmed, Oakland Police shot Hutton more than 12 times, killing him. Two police officers were also shot. He became the first member of the party to be killed by police.

2077:, eventually being established in 13 places across the country. These clinics were involved in community-based health care that had roots connected to the Civil Rights Movement, which made it possible to establish the Medical Committee for Human Rights. 1209:

founded the Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense). In formulating a new politics, they drew on their work with a variety of Black Power organizations. Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at

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The party's history is controversial. Scholars have characterized the Black Panther Party as the most influential black power organization of the late 1960s, and "the strongest link between the domestic Black Liberation Struggle and global opponents of

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Newton focused the BPP on the Party's Oakland school and various other social service programs. In early 1971, the BPP founded the "Intercommunal Youth Institute" in January 1971, with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated.

1084: 1588:" COINTELPRO actions. The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant black nationalist groups and to weaken their leadership, as well as to discredit them to reduce their support and growth. The initial targets included the 3003:

and a major fundraiser and board member for the Panther school. Later that year, after a dispute with Brown over financial irregularities, Van Patter went missing on December 13, 1974. Some weeks later, her severely beaten corpse was found on a

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The Panther's goal in opening Liberation Schools, and specifically the Intercommunal Youth Institute, was to provide students with an education that was not being provided in the "white" schools, as the public schools in the district employed a

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some of the Party's supporters, the separations among political action, criminal activity, social services, access to power, and grass-roots identity became confusing and contradictory as the Panthers' political momentum was bogged down in the

3647:, the longest of which was the 25-day occupation of the San Francisco Federal Building by over 120 people with disabilities. Panthers provided daily home-cooked meals in support of the protest's eventual success, which eventually led to the 3117:

was regulated throughout the United States in the early 1960s, the role of women as birth givers preserving the livelihood of future generations became stressed on African American women. The introduction of the pill acted as an opening for

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which set forth the ideals and goals of the party, they demanded an equitable education for all black people. Study and reading was important for all would-be candidates of the Party, which included studying the Ten-Point Program, reading

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at three times the price. According to Bobby Seale, they would "sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, and go on the streets with the guns. We'll protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops."

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murder of Kathleen Smith, after Crystal Gray's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had smoked marijuana on the night of the murder, and he was acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges.

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to 11-year-olds deemed "uneducable" by the system. The school children were given free busing; breakfast, lunch, and dinner; books and school supplies; children were taken to have medical checkups; many children were given free clothes.

1234:. Their paid jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service, later a key element in the Black Panther Party's " 3301:

In an interview with Judson Jeffries, Gwen Robinson reflects on her time in the Black Panther Party Detroit Division. She explains that she joined in October 1969 despite doubts from her mother, who had participated in a march with

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as the first Chairwoman of the Party. Under Brown's leadership, the Party became involved in organizing for more radical electoral campaigns, including Brown's 1975 unsuccessful run for Oakland City Council. The Party supported

3345:" where all work was shared, and she enjoyed working all day selling newspapers. She climbed the ranks and became the branch's Communications Secretary in January 1971, after her predecessor left due to "some issues related to 1461:. Still, they scared a lot of important people that day. At the time, the Panthers had almost no following. Now, (a year later) however, their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather, and many whites wear 2242:, and attending a series of political education classes as well as weapons training. A 1968 "Panther Party Book List" was circulated in the party newspaper, recommending Panthers read the following titles (listed in order): 3494:

In January 2007, a joint California state and Federal task force charged eight men with the August 29, 1971, murder of California police officer Sgt. John Young. The defendants have been identified as former members of the

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organization. Roles included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and uplifting the black community. Women in the group called attention to sexism within the Party and worked to make changes from within.

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While the exact size of the party is difficult to determine,the best estimates are that at its peak in 1969, the Black Panthers had as many as 5,000 members and between thirty-four and forty local chapters in the United

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described the Black Panthers as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country". By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized

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during a traffic stop in which Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also sustained gunshot wounds. Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter at trial, but the conviction was later overturned. In his book

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described their alliances with Los Siete as particularly important, they saw that both Black and Brown activist groups had been dealing with similar issues regarding oppression and violence in the United States.

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in his successful election as the first black mayor of Oakland, in exchange for Wilson's assistance in having criminal charges dropped against Party member Flores Forbes, leader of the Buddha Samurai cadre.

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organizations. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a social force and believed that if he could stand up to the police, he could organize that force into political power. Inspired by

1126:, and black people to be exempt from the military. Black Panther Party members are shown as they marched in uniform. Students at the rally marched, sang, clapped hands, and carried protest signs. Police in 12200: 12195: 1627:

COINTELPRO attempted to create rivalries between black nationalist factions and to exploit existing ones. One such attempt was to "intensify the degree of animosity" between the Black Panthers and the

1975:. Fonda and other Hollywood celebrities became involved in the Panthers' leftist programs. The Panthers attracted a wide variety of left-wing revolutionaries and political activists, including writer 1401:

interfered at these rallies because every Panther was armed and no laws were broken. The Party's ideals resonated with several community members, who then brought their own guns to the next rallies.

2583:. The overall goal of the school was to instill a sense of revolutionary consciousness in the students. With a strong belief in experiential learning, students had the opportunity to participate in 3157:. The Black Panther Party newspaper often showed women as active participants in the armed self-defense movement, picturing them with children and guns as protectors of home, family and community. 2786:. The group's first stop was in North Korea, where the Panthers met with local officials to discuss ways in which they could help each other fight against American imperialism. Cleaver traveled to 4009: 8292: 12207: 8468: 3895:

for its permanent collection. In 2021, they were featured in a show and series of events highlighting the importance of the paper's artwork, with a selection to be placed on permanent display.

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Paramount to their beliefs regarding the need for individual agency to catalyze community change, the Black Panther Party (BPP) strongly supported the education of the masses. As part of their

1333:. The newspaper would be in continuous circulation, though varying in length, format, title, and frequency until the party dissolved. At its height, it sold one hundred thousand copies a week. 1751:

was born April 21, 1950, in Jefferson County, Arkansas. At the age of three, he and his family moved to Oakland, California after being harassed by racist vigilante groups associated with the

1083: 11948: 7117: 3168:, its final editor. In 1970, approximately 40% to 70% of Party members were women, and several chapters, like the Des Moines, Iowa, and New Haven, Connecticut, chapters were headed by women. 1829:

November 6, 1968: Lauren Watson, head of the Denver chapter, is arrested by Denver Police for fleeing a police officer and resisting arrest. His trial will be filmed and televised in 1970 as

6073: 3456:, called the organization a "serious political and cultural force" and "a movement of intelligent, explosive dreamers". The Black Panther Party is featured in exhibits and curriculum of the 1533:

We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States.

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Hampton was sleeping next to his pregnant fiancée and was subsequently shot twice in the head at point-blank range while unconscious. Coroner reports show that Hampton was drugged with a

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We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society.

12212: 8071: 7463:"Whose Revolution is This – Gender's Divisive Role in the Black Panther Party Ninth Symposium Issue of Gender and Sexuality Law: Note 9 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 2008" 2209:, a black nationalist group, resulted in shootings and beatings and led to the murders of at least four Black Panther Party members. On January 17, 1969, Los Angeles Panther Captain 13576: 7045: 6232: 4258: 4101: 2891:

In late September 1971, Huey P. Newton led a delegation to China and stayed for 10 days. At every airport in China, Huey was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the

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This created some tension in the group. Some members were more interested in supporting the Panthers' social programs, while others wanted to maintain their "street mentality".

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Meghelli, Samir (2009), "From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962–1978", in Marable, Manning (ed.),

1724:. The Black Panther Party provided needed legitimacy to the Peace and Freedom Party's racial politics and in return received invaluable support for the "Free Huey" campaign. 915:. The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major American cities, including San Francisco, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, 14388: 2635:

announced to the media later that the Panthers were first to shoot in the interaction and that they showed a "refusal to cease firing... when urged to do so several times."

4050:""Concrete Analysis of Concrete Conditions": A Study of the Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism" 1931:

for black men, among other demands. With the Ten-Point program, "What We Want, What We Believe," the Black Panther Party expressed its economic and political grievances.

1624:, the Bureau "did not differentiate" between Soviet spies and suspected Communists in black nationalist movements when deploying surveillance and neutralization tactics. 14273: 3606:

movement, which flourished in London in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was not affiliated with the American organization although it fought for many of the same rights.

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Government persecution initially contributed to the party's growth among African Americans and the political left, who both valued the party as a powerful force against

8133: 7654: 1717: 8185: 4053: 2860:, embraced a more confrontational strategy. In February 1971, Eldridge Cleaver deepened the schism in the party when he publicly criticized the Party for adopting a " 2604:

The school eventually closed in 1982 due to governmental pressure on party leadership, which caused insufficient membership and funds to continue running the school.

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The Black Panther Party first publicized its original "What We Want Now!" Ten-Point program on May 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, in the second issue of

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left the country days before Cleaver was to turn himself in to serve the remainder of a thirteen-year sentence for a 1958 rape conviction. They settled in Algeria.

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publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers during the early 1970s. She actually ended up informally adopting the daughter of two Black Panther members,

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in the early part of the decade. She chose the Black Panther Party (BPP) because " felt a closeness and a bond with them" more than other organizations like the "

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reporting would later demonstrate that this was not in fact the case and found a great deal of fake evidence being used by Chicago Police to assert their claims.

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campus, in a gun battle with members of the US Organization. Another shootout between the two groups on March 17 led to further injuries. Two more Panthers died.

14353: 14308: 2038:, Newton called on the Panthers to "serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. The most famous of their programs was the 923:. They were also active in many prisons and had international chapters in the United Kingdom and Algeria. Upon its inception, the party's core practice was its 12733: 12728: 12277: 11009: 10866: 7944: 7235:

Spencer, Robyn Ceanne (2008). "Engendering the Black Freedom Struggle: Revolutionary Black Womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area, California".

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Benjamin R. Young, "'Our Common Struggle against Our Common Enemy': North Korea and the American Radical Left", NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14, Woodrow Wilson Center.

1943:

movement. Every Party member had to study Mao Tse-tung's "Little Red Book" to advance his or her knowledge of peoples' struggle and the revolutionary process.

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There is considerable debate about the impact of the Black Panther Party on the wider society or even their local environments. Author Jama Lazerow writes:

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titled "A Letter from Huey to the Revolutionary Brothers and Sisters About the Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements". Written one year after the

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The Black Panther Party's free breakfast program is "the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for."

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and the African American extended-family tradition. Childcare allowed women Panthers to embrace motherhood while fully participating in Party activism.

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In the beginning, recruiting women was a low priority for Newton and Seale. Seale stated in an interview that Newton targeted "brothers who had been

3207:

In response, the Chicago and New York chapters, among others, established equal gender rights as a priority and tried to eradicate sexist attitudes.

7109: 5236: 961:(FBI), described the party as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." The FBI sabotaged the party with an illegal and covert 14156: 13572: 13417: 12190: 7945:"'All of Us Are Unapprehended Felons': Gay Liberation, the Black Panther Party, and Intercommunal Efforts Against Police Brutality in the Bay Area" 6065: 3122:

and autonomy for women to take control of their intimate relationships. However, members of the Black Panthers saw this as a possible hindrance to

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asserts that the Bureau was guilty of a "plot to murder" the Panthers. Hampton had been slipped the barbiturates which had left him unconscious by

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then arrested under charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers involved in the raid. These charges would later be dropped.

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The Black Panthers were part of the larger Black Power movement, which emphasized black pride, community control and unification for civil rights.

2654:

over the raid, but the charges were later dismissed. In 1979 civil action, Hampton's family won $ 1.85 million from the city of Chicago in a

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Poster showing four women demonstrating for release of six members of the Black Panther Party from the Niantic State Women's Farm in Connecticut

2977:, Brown also increased the influence of women Panthers by placing them in more visible roles within the previously male-dominated organization. 14373: 13651: 12884: 12807: 12782: 10147: 8158: 7929: 7448: 7139: 4950: 2735: 1469:

buttons, supporting the fight to free Newton, who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 (1967) on the charge that he killed a policeman ...

14333: 14046: 13623: 12858: 12792: 12787: 11719: 11167: 9304: 7277:

Williams, Jakobi (2012). "'Don't no woman have to do nothing she don't want to do': Gender, Activism, and the Illinois Black Panther Party".

5333: 874: 8068: 6823: 5932: 5219: 4079: 1671:, writer Hugh Pearson alleges that Newton was intoxicated in the hours before the incident, and claimed to have willfully killed John Frey. 14328: 14166: 14146: 13065: 12508: 12344: 12053: 12043: 11701: 11691: 9260: 7200: 3575:, a far-left, anti-racist, white American political party of the 1970s, as well as the White Panthers UK, an unaffiliated group started by 9215:—Contains FBI Files on BPP members, information on destroyed BPP FBI files, and inventories of BPP FBI files held by the National Archives 13257: 12550: 12322: 10354: 10318: 6961: 6575: 6330: 6252: 3046:

returned fire and killed one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, while the other two assailants escaped. One of them, Flores Forbes, fled to

7037: 7002: 6876: 6229: 5909: 5307: 3776:, is a fictionalized account of the founding of the Black Panther Party and the first feature-length film to take the BPP as its topic. 3270:

and educational measures taken by the party. Despite the fact that men were out distributing the newspaper, women like Elaine Brown and

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that was distributed by the party, and the public commentary shared by the Panthers. The newspaper was one of the primary and original

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From its beginnings, the Black Panther Party championed black masculinity and traditional gender roles. A notice in the first issue of

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Late September 1968: Days before he is due to return to prison to serve out a rape conviction, Cleaver flees to Cuba and later Algeria.

243: 38: 6282: 4379: 3499:, with two linked to the Black Panthers. In 1975, a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence using 14303: 14181: 13913: 13762: 13752: 13737: 13287: 12429: 11933: 11042: 10386: 3715:

Many former members of the Black Panther Party have gone on to write books and memoirs about their experiences in the party, such as

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goals and the "Free Huey!" campaign. Seale and Hewitt made a stop in Germany as well, gaining support for the "Free Huey!" campaign.

1823: 1593: 1186: 1143: 1001:(Minister of Information) led an ambush in 1968 of Oakland police officers, in which two officers were wounded and Panther treasurer 553: 5542: 4227: 14383: 14051: 13694: 13502: 13327: 13262: 13110: 12851: 12777: 12407: 11928: 11150: 10982: 8114: 8034: 7462: 6360: 6210: 6030: 3471:(US House of Representatives). Most of them praise the BPP's contribution to black liberation and American democracy. In 1990, the 2588: 1840: 1589: 360: 7110:"Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target; Murder, Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation" 5647: 1934:

Curtis Austin states that by late 1968, Black Panther ideology had evolved from black nationalism to become more a "revolutionary

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From the beginning of the Black Panther Party, education was a fundamental goal of the organization. This was highlighted in the

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From 1968 to the end of its publication in 1982, the head editors of the Black Panther Party newspaper were all women, including

2230: 1924: 1759: 1701: 1494: 1119: 1033:". Other scholars have described the party as more criminal than political, characterized by "defiant posturing over substance". 1013: 728: 7973: 2925:

time. The underground remnants of the LA chapter, which had emerged from the Slausons street gang, eventually re-emerged as the

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and two accomplices in a van marked "Black Panther Black Community News Service" allegedly rob a gas station in San Francisco's

13015: 12875: 12802: 12797: 12765: 12535: 12439: 12402: 12349: 12183: 8270: 6491: 2000:. By the end of 1968, the BPP had established 38 chapters and branches, claiming more than five thousand members. Eldridge and 8385: 7988: 2790:

twice in 1969 and 1970 and following these trips he made an effort to publicize the writings and works of North Korean leader

2616:. The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. Hampton was shot and killed, as was Panther guard 14111: 13826: 13095: 12760: 12718: 12530: 11078: 10944: 10939: 10824: 7893: 4926: 2892: 2670:, a 19-year-old member of the New York chapter, because they suspected him of being a police informant. Three party officers— 2218: 2034: 1277: 1242: 1123: 928: 503: 3105:

ideology responding to the unique experiences of African-American women, emphasizing racism as more oppressive than sexism.

14176: 14141: 13992: 13781: 13407: 13187: 12708: 12693: 12557: 12466: 12461: 12395: 10856: 10281: 9197: 9026: 8195: 6340: 4049: 8008: 2650:, who had been working as an FBI informant. Hanrahan, his assistant, and eight Chicago police officers were indicted by a 1755:. In December 1966, he became the first treasurer and recruit of the Black Panther Party at the age of just 16 years old. 1327:

By January 1967, the BPP opened its first official headquarters in an Oakland storefront and published the first issue of

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Henceforth, the Party newspaper portrayed women as intelligent political revolutionaries, exemplified by members such as

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for her support for the Black Panther Party, by attempting to publicly "cause her embarrassment" and "tarnish her image".

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From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago

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official site of the association of Black Panther alumni, with copies of historical documents, histories and timeline.

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Civil rights tactics proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had "led much of the

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In Chicago, on December 4, 1969, two Panthers were killed when the Chicago Police raided the home of Panther leader

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Mid-July 1968: Huey Newton's murder trial commences. Panthers hold daily "Free Huey" rallies outside the courthouse.

13472: 13382: 13352: 13317: 13090: 12995: 12908: 12901: 12748: 12713: 12698: 12456: 12058: 11302: 11272: 11088: 10817: 10446: 10426: 10406: 10240: 9852: 7860: 1960: 1721: 780: 518: 463: 327: 323: 3525:, an all-black activist group in Chicago, was founded in 2015 by Page May; the group is named after Black Panther 3463:

Numerous former Panthers have held elected office in the United States, some into the 21st century; these include

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they wanted from the administration which was to include full employment, decent housing and education, an end to

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April 17, 1968: Funeral for Bobby James Hutton in Berkeley, followed by a rally at the Alameda County Courthouse.

1572: 1367: 958: 924: 528: 513: 473: 8316: 1579:" to "neutralize ... black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups. In September 1968, FBI Director 1046: 14161: 14009: 13940: 13791: 13674: 13337: 13252: 12960: 12525: 12419: 12334: 11938: 10260: 9950: 9580: 9252:

An essay and selection of primary sources on the Black Panther Party's ties with North Korea in the late 1960s.

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Alameen-Shavers, Antwanisha (Fall 2016). "The Woman Question: Gender Dynamics within the Black Panther Party".

5501: 5459: 3453: 3389: 2929:, a street gang who at first advocated social reform before devolving into racketeering. Minister of Education 2695: 2247: 2120: 2073:. The free medical clinics were very significant because they modeled an idea of how the world might work with 1628: 770: 31: 3210:

By the time the Black Panther Party disbanded, official policy was to reprimand men who violated the rules of

2196:, as BPP head, advocates violent revolution. Panther membership is down significantly from the late 1968 peak. 14056: 13769: 13757: 13732: 13582: 13312: 13307: 13010: 12562: 12495: 12478: 12424: 12373: 12312: 12217: 12178: 12118: 11918: 11307: 11287: 11094: 11073: 10551: 10011: 9986: 9844: 9727: 8216: 6844: 5760: 5609: 4509:

Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities

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May 1969: Two more southern California Panthers are killed in violent disputes with US Organization members.

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Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement

8164: 7524:"No Revolution Without Us: Feminists of the Black Panther Party, with Lynn C. French and Salamishah Tillet" 3457: 2830: 2157: 2126:

January 14, 1969: The Los Angeles chapter was involved in a shootout with members of the black nationalist

1421:

Awareness of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense grew rapidly after their May 2, 1967, protest at the

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tracks the geography of the BPP, including offices, facilities, and locations of key events in six cities.

8241: 6022: 981:, all designed to undermine and criminalize the party. The FBI was involved in the 1969 assassinations of 14323: 14090: 14024: 14019: 13898: 13888: 13801: 13527: 13507: 13487: 13167: 12934: 12919: 12650: 12642: 12585: 12500: 11988: 11893: 11749: 11731: 11633: 11292: 11262: 10987: 10907: 10886: 10757: 10456: 10155: 9839: 9212: 8850:

Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California

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Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California

3830: 3692: 3250:

with the title "10,000 Free Bags of Groceries" for the Black Community Survival Conference in March 1972.

3239: 2039: 1997: 1935: 1433:," which would make the public carrying of loaded firearms illegal. Newton, with Minister of Information 1235: 1230:

perspective working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the

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Newton embezzling funds for his drug addiction, which marked the formal end of the Black Panther Party.

14202: 13477: 13447: 13182: 13045: 12668: 12605: 12595: 12145: 11903: 11863: 11220: 10914: 10441: 10340: 10255: 10083: 3809: 3797:, who was persecuted under COINTELPRO for her public and financial support of the Black Panther Party. 3015:

FBI files investigating Van Patter were destroyed in 2009 for reasons the FBI has declined to provide.

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Late July 1969: The BPP ideology undergoes a shift, with a turn toward self-discipline and anti-racism.

1709: 1300:

to keynote a Black Power conference. At the time, he was promoting the armed organizing efforts of the

1099: 558: 248: 4508: 3970: 1762:, and with riots raging across cities in the United States, the 17-year-old Hutton was traveling with 1341: 14041: 13997: 13945: 13903: 13846: 13699: 13542: 13492: 13367: 13237: 13177: 13020: 12970: 12577: 12390: 12222: 11783: 11282: 11120: 10927: 10461: 10275: 9494: 8523: 2262: 1659: 1454: 1426: 1215: 990: 932: 671: 238: 7794:. American Crossroads Volume 19 (Ebook ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. 7789: 7147: 4942: 3234: 14106: 14096: 13923: 13918: 13873: 13532: 12267: 11831: 11744: 11388: 11177: 10992: 10932: 10922: 10848: 10689: 10516: 10270: 9880: 9671: 9645: 9138: 9134: 9118: 8500: 6412: 6268:

John Kifner, "State's Attorney in Chicago Makes Photographs of Black Panther Apartment Available,"

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called the Panthers "the most effective black revolutionary organization in the 20th century". The

3223: 3131: 2743: 2683: 2554: 2509: 1989:(who later became a major critic of what he describes as Panther criminality) and left-wing lawyer 1972: 1679: 1422: 1414: 1226:

and others. Eventually dissatisfied with Warden's accommodationism, they developed a revolutionary

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who, since 1970, had been in jail facing a pending murder charge. Newton also expelled two of the

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to carry out the execution. Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an

939:

Programs, education programs, and community health clinics. The Black Panther Party advocated for

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Black Panther Party took the education of their youth into their own hands by first establishing

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October 18, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police outside a Los Angeles restaurant.

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conference in Oakland, which was attended by around 5,000 people representing a number of groups.

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Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. Newton declared:

1635:, allegedly sending a provocative letter to the US Organization to increase existing antagonism. 1315: 651: 533: 498: 8721:

This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party

7637:

Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A new look at the Panthers and their legacy

6409:

People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War

6211:

http://scalar.usc.edu/works/pictures-and-progress-the-black-panther-1966-2016/liberation-schools

4559:

The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States

3480:

I stand as ... the first African American ever to represent Forsyth County in the state Senate".

14207: 14076: 14029: 13742: 13727: 13277: 13135: 13125: 13080: 13070: 12965: 12515: 12245: 11483: 11277: 11267: 11205: 11015: 10954: 10709: 10411: 10401: 10198: 10131: 9915: 9905: 9885: 9273: 7038:"Women of the revolution: More than 50% of the Black Panther Party were women and carried guns" 6567: 6327: 5735: 3688: 3603: 3323: 3303: 3192: 2425: 1806:

August 5, 1968: Three Panthers killed in a gun battle with police at a Los Angeles gas station.

1601: 1266: 1163: 1151: 1139: 734: 538: 493: 478: 458: 433: 309: 8968:

Swirski, Peter (2010). "Chapter One: 1960s: The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's

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The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther

6957:"As Shelters Against the Cold": Women Poets of the Black Arts and Chicano Movements, 1965–1978 6955: 6123:

Wahad, D. B., Abu-Jamal, M., Shakur, A., Fletcher, J., Jones, T., & Lotringer, S. (1993).

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The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther

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Panthers to "stand behind black men" and be supportive. The first woman to join the party was

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Early 1969: In late 1968 and January 1969, the BPP began to purge members due to fears about

2074: 1880: 1167: 1159: 986: 825: 741: 448: 443: 428: 8413:"There Is No New Black Panther Party: An Open Letter From the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation" 6492:

https://books.google.com/books?id=OEJaCwAAQBAJ&q=barbara+easley+cox+algiers&pg=PA183

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of 1970. Kimbro, Sams and McLucas were convicted of the murder, but the trials of Seale and

2682:—later admitted taking part. Sams, who gave the order to shoot Rackley at the murder scene, 1530:

We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails.

14318: 14121: 14101: 14066: 13836: 13040: 12832: 12240: 12003: 11814: 11766: 11638: 11528: 11433: 11200: 11190: 11162: 11027: 10881: 10451: 10396: 10295: 10222: 9459: 9242: 8592: 7616:

Jennings, Regina (2001). "Africana Womanism in The Black Panther Party: A Personal Story".

6290: 5305:"History of the Black Panther Party, Part Two" Civilrightsteaching.org/Teaching for Change. 5193: 3883: 3510:

has offered tours in Oakland of sites historically significant to the Black Panther Party.

3472: 3448: 3370: 3366: 2655: 2643: 2580: 2503: 2494: 2098: 1948: 1429:

Committee on Criminal Procedure was scheduled to convene to discuss what was known as the "

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July 17, 1969: Two policemen are shot, and a Panther is killed in a gun battle in Chicago.

8: 13747: 13632: 13522: 13222: 13140: 13130: 13120: 13085: 12985: 12615: 11973: 11368: 11157: 11047: 10977: 10790: 10561: 10495: 9955: 9935: 9686: 9605: 9223: 9182: 8746: 7659: 5532: 4918: 4219: 3572: 3543: 3176: 3077: 2991: 2090: 2085:

In 1968, BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for presidential office on the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20150704181939/https://vault.fbi.gov/Black%20Panther%20Party

9027:"The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution | Documentary about Black Panther Party" 8111: 8031: 6357: 2916:. Huey described China as "a free and liberated territory with a socialist government." 2742:

Spring 1970: The Oakland BPP engages in another ambush of police officers with guns and

13362: 13217: 12688: 12625: 12368: 11826: 11593: 11573: 11478: 11403: 11230: 11135: 11125: 11113: 11004: 10901: 10876: 10764: 10490: 10182: 9818: 9758: 9625: 9565: 9454: 9404: 9265: 8987: 8644: 8293:"Power struggle: A new exhibition looks back at the rise of the British Black Panthers" 7923: 7852: 7821: 7767: 7720: 7595: 7442: 7252: 7217: 7093: 6719: 6182: 5998: 5965: 4491: 3899: 3773: 3165: 3114: 2754: 2489: 2399: 2384: 2330: 2315: 1884: 1787: 1605: 1289: 1252: 1182: 1102:. The footage also shows a student protest demonstration at Alameda County Courthouse, 810: 765: 691: 681: 661: 611: 299: 212: 4829: 2803:

and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation.

2169:

August 1969: Bobby Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the Rackley murder.

2143:, are indicted and jailed for a bombing conspiracy. All would eventually be acquitted. 1818:

November 1968: The BPP finds numerous supporters, establishing relationships with the

14358: 14116: 13961: 13878: 13831: 13796: 13704: 13537: 13060: 13025: 12135: 11856: 11518: 11488: 11083: 10840: 10771: 10593: 10391: 9945: 9560: 9499: 9419: 9085: 9075: 9056: 9012: 8977: 8938: 8919: 8912: 8896: 8877: 8853: 8834: 8813: 8788: 8777: 8760: 8750: 8725: 8704: 8685: 8679: 8655: 8619: 8613: 8598: 8559: 8553: 8439: 7899: 7889: 7825: 7813: 7803: 7771: 7724: 7664: 7599: 7428: 7368: 7333: 7323: 7256: 7221: 6992: 6757: 6616: 6483: 6416: 6003: 5985: 5937: 5875: 5865: 5739: 5728: 5655: 4922: 4866: 4537: 4530: 4481: 4454: 4186: 4155: 4144: 3582: 3442: 3437: 3334: 3333:

In 12th grade, she decided to work full-time with the Party, dropping out of chaotic

3289:

fled abroad. In 1974, she became chair for the Oakland chapter. She was appointed by

3135: 3119: 3071: 3005: 2869: 2726: 2691: 2584: 2550: 2518: 2514: 1836: 1830: 1794:

April 6, 1968: Death of Bobby James Hutton, killed in a gunfight with Oakland police.

1585: 1261: 1219: 978: 805: 696: 621: 380: 350: 345: 165: 8266: 7552:

Regina Jennings, "Africana Womanism in the Black Panthers Party: a Personal story",

14002: 13971: 13512: 13442: 13437: 13412: 13172: 13035: 12291: 12262: 12257: 12155: 12123: 12096: 11821: 11438: 11408: 11398: 11393: 10960: 10684: 10643: 10638: 10531: 10250: 10214: 10139: 9895: 9793: 9360: 9355: 9031: 8772: 8555:

Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party

8389: 8353: 7985: 7956: 7795: 7759: 7712: 7587: 7360: 7244: 7209: 6762: 6608: 5993: 5977: 4324:

Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination

3903: 3786: 3747: 3696: 3475:

passed a resolution declaring "Fred Hampton Day" in honor of the slain leader. In

3286: 3271: 3146: 3123: 3047: 2974: 2857: 2833:. These (and other) disagreements led to a split. In January 1971, Newton expelled 2771: 2675: 2553:

in a variety of locations throughout the country which focused their curriculum on

2527: 2349: 2294: 2133:

January 1969: The Oakland BPP begins the first free breakfast program for children.

2001: 1920: 1763: 1621: 1445: 1434: 1227: 1158:. The sweeping migration transformed the Bay Area as well as cities throughout the 1155: 1111: 1095: 1005:

was killed. The party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting in the murder of

998: 715: 606: 438: 400: 390: 201: 196: 8830:

In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement

8432:

In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement

6125:

Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War Against Black Revolutionaries

2856:, favored a focus on community service coupled with self-defense; others, such as 1481:. The bill was crafted in response to members of the Black Panther Party who were 993:. Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. 13976: 13966: 13934: 13851: 13689: 13646: 13587: 13452: 13377: 13372: 13292: 13282: 13212: 12286: 12113: 12023: 12018: 11949:

Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

11799: 11754: 11608: 11598: 11578: 11563: 11463: 11338: 11328: 10967: 10797: 10783: 10628: 10623: 10598: 10431: 10363: 9940: 9763: 9555: 9540: 8828: 8719: 8671:

Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America

8651: 8323: 8299: 8223: 8171: 8137: 8118: 8095: 8075: 8057: 8038: 8015: 7992: 6880: 6848: 6837: 6827: 6364: 6344: 6337: 6334: 6236: 6217: 5692: 5463: 5311: 5223: 4836: 4516: 3850: 3790: 3677: 3401: 3319: 3211: 2842: 2632: 2206: 2127: 2061: 1892: 1632: 1613: 1597: 1580: 1458: 1211: 954: 830: 656: 596: 563: 523: 395: 365: 9194: 9183:

Mapping American Social Movements: Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities

9170: 9072:

Saying It Loud: 1966 – The Year Black Power Challenged the Civil Rights Movement

8584:

I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence

8165:

Suspects arrested in police officer's 1971 shooting had settled into quiet lives

4433: 4410: 3916:

Abolition for the People: The Movement For a Future without Policing and Prisons

3564:, a protest movement that advocates social justice and fights for the rights of 3547: 3513: 2224: 14036: 14014: 13928: 13517: 12723: 12128: 12091: 12081: 11841: 11836: 11778: 11613: 11543: 11473: 11468: 10972: 10896: 10750: 10714: 10108: 9910: 9691: 9600: 9570: 9550: 9545: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9504: 9484: 9469: 9449: 9414: 9375: 9329: 9256: 8867: 7213: 7194:

Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the

5537: 4319: 3867: 3835: 3769: 3722: 3518:

Various groups and movements have picked names inspired by the Black Panthers:

3507: 3464: 3417: 3358: 3290: 3247: 3154: 2996: 2930: 2853: 2849: 2834: 2816: 2778:

traveled to Asia and they were welcomed as guests of the governments of China,

2699: 2679: 2567: 2434: 2285: 2193: 1986: 1684: 1663: 1509:

We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community.

1485:. The bill repealed a law that allowed the public carrying of loaded firearms. 1464: 1350: 1202: 1107: 1057: 994: 940: 908: 631: 405: 370: 80: 59: 9930: 9089: 8893:

The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America

7903: 7364: 6612: 4251:"Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians" 2989:

in 1974 as a bookkeeper. Van Patter had previously served as a bookkeeper for

2973:

In addition to changing the Party's direction towards more involvement in the

2749:

May 1970: Huey Newton's conviction is overturned, but he remains incarcerated.

1815:

October 5, 1968: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Los Angeles.

1409: 14252: 14217: 13679: 11681: 11663: 11653: 11623: 11568: 11523: 11508: 11453: 11443: 11428: 11378: 11373: 11343: 11140: 11068: 10891: 10719: 10704: 10289: 10163: 9920: 9803: 9737: 9650: 9635: 9610: 9595: 9474: 9444: 9429: 9365: 9176: 8779:

Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America

8764: 8491: 8341: 7668: 7493:"Say It Loud: 9 Black Women in the Black Power Movement Everyone Should Know" 7372: 7320:

Seize the time : the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton

6620: 5989: 5981: 5879: 5659: 5570: 4190: 3911: 3858: 3814: 3742: 3533: 3526: 3420:

is one of the numerous former Panthers to have held elected office in the US.

2919: 2901: 2865: 2800: 2779: 2702:

ended with a hung jury, and the prosecution chose not to seek another trial.

2671: 2500:

Africa’s Gift to America, World’s Great Men of Color: 3,000 B.C. to 1946 A.D.

2443: 2408: 2324: 2276: 2210: 1990: 1733: 1478: 1397: 1376: 1171: 1053: 646: 591: 9219:

UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party

8416: 8358: 8242:"Tour of Black Panther Sites: Former member shows how party grew in Oakland" 7817: 7763: 7716: 7591: 7337: 4146:

New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975

3491:

In October 2006, the Black Panther Party held a 40-year reunion in Oakland.

3428:

As inheritors of the discipline, pride, and calm self-assurance preached by

2182:

November 13, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Chicago.

1440: 1379:, Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker for a conference held in his honor. 14171: 13457: 13207: 11993: 11761: 11686: 11658: 11643: 11628: 11583: 11558: 11538: 11448: 11418: 11413: 11383: 11333: 11185: 10871: 10777: 10669: 10613: 10603: 10541: 9798: 9706: 9701: 9681: 9666: 9630: 9620: 9615: 9585: 9489: 9479: 9464: 9434: 9409: 9370: 9350: 9277: 7883: 7655:"'I have all the guns and money': When a woman led the Black Panther Party" 7248: 6888: 6007: 5237:"UC Berkeley Library acquires FBI records of surveillance of Black leaders" 4598: 3839: 3800: 3761: 3628:, which fought for Latino self-determination and Puerto-Rican independence. 3610: 3565: 3362: 3282: 3243: 3150: 3139: 3087: 3040: 2961: 2775: 2667: 2613: 2575: 2477: 2454: 2449: 2267: 2214: 2150: 1952: 1912: 1896: 1752: 1748: 1609: 1556: 1354: 1309: 1256: 1241:

Dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge

1135: 1127: 1071: 1067: 1006: 1002: 982: 966: 920: 835: 820: 616: 601: 586: 355: 75: 8991: 7799: 3532:

Gray Panthers often used to refer to advocates for the rights of seniors (

3086:

idea of the female Panther as subordinate. The same year, Deputy chairman

2868:" agenda and called for Hilliard's removal. Cleaver was expelled from the 2666:

In May 1969, three members of the New Haven chapter tortured and murdered

12892: 12013: 11998: 11846: 11809: 11648: 11603: 11588: 11353: 11348: 11195: 10729: 10724: 10674: 10633: 10618: 10608: 10566: 9960: 9783: 9696: 9439: 9334: 8959: 8594:

Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party

8009:

Hector Tobar "'Black Against Empire' tells the history of Black Panthers"

7960: 6830: 3818: 3794: 3732: 3625: 3576: 3555: 3467:(New York City Council), Nelson Malloy (Winston-Salem City Council), and 3376: 3322:, Shrines of Madonna, Eastside Voice of Independent Detroit (ESVID), the 2897: 2791: 2783: 2687: 2624: 1956: 1888: 1771:

arrested. Hutton's death became a rallying issue for Panther supporters.

1705: 1564: 1474: 1430: 1346: 1305: 1293: 1270: 1247: 1206: 1115: 1061: 947: 944: 904: 636: 626: 385: 319: 271: 171: 9009:

Out of Oakland: Black Panther Party Internationalism during the Cold War

7888:. Hilliard, David,, Weise, Donald,, Brown, Elaine, 1943–. New York, NY. 7856: 6165:

Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle

2960:

In 1974, as Huey Newton prepared to go into exile in Cuba, he appointed

1996:

The BPP adopted a "Serve the People" program, which at first involved a

1527:

We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people.

1515:

We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community.

14212: 14061: 13883: 11548: 11533: 11503: 11498: 11247: 11215: 11054: 11022: 10699: 10679: 10653: 10546: 10265: 10245: 9925: 9742: 9732: 9676: 9590: 9509: 9424: 8935:

Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton

7840: 7351:

Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (June 1, 1999). "Women, power, and revolution".

4863:

Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton

3863: 3699: 3644: 3618: 3468: 3342: 3200: 3187: 2913: 2909: 2838: 2533: 2256: 2176: 2140: 2029: 1976: 1968: 1900: 1576: 1560: 1551: 1274: 962: 795: 686: 676: 186: 13601: 11884:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

9282: 8958:

A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to

8914:

Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon

7700: 6933: 3179:, including abortion. That same year, the Party condemned and opposed 3126:

and a way of further controlling black bodies, akin to the history of

1826:. Money contributions flow in, and BPP leadership begins embezzlement. 1269:

extensively. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the

13482: 12162: 12008: 11513: 11297: 11235: 11130: 10648: 9813: 8976:. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26–56. 6066:"The Black Panther Party and Black Anti-fascism in the United States" 3614: 3429: 3361:, also frequently collaborated with Latino activist groups, like the 3051: 2880: 2861: 2787: 2730: 2252: 1904: 1868: 1860: 1646: 1536:

We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace.

1372: 1223: 1022: 935:. From 1969 onward, the party created social programs, including the 815: 785: 760: 666: 641: 10809: 10332: 9237: 9229:

The Black Panther Party Newspaper, electronic archive, published in

8131:

Ex-militants charged in S.F. police officer's '71 slaying at station

5456: 3023: 12873: 12635: 12630: 12140: 10694: 9228: 9137:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

8575:

Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party

5502:"Interview With Eldridge Cleaver; The Two Nations Of Black America" 4790:

Robin D. G. Kelley "Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution"

3529:

and has objectives similar to the Black Panthers' 10-Point Program.

3483: 3172: 3171:

During the 1970s, recognizing the limited access poor women had to

3106: 1915:, and Washington, D.C. Peak membership was near 5,000 by 1969, and 1844: 1740:

gang, and many of the L.A. chapter's early recruits were Slausons.

1697: 1482: 1175: 1091: 970: 800: 790: 217: 191: 11899:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

9207: 6841: 5933:"Reunion of Black Panthers stirs memories of aggression, activism" 5804:"27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers" 11252: 7841:"A Rainbow in Black: The Gay Politics of the Black Panther Party" 4532:

Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972

3853:

is a collection of biographies of fifteen Black Panther leaders.

3804: 3500: 3412: 3352: 1908: 1856: 1855:

By 1968, the Party had expanded into many U.S. cities, including

974: 916: 314: 126: 9203:

Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database

8429: 4673: 4671: 2729:

holds a fundraiser for the BPP, which was notoriously mocked by

2587:

as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to

1477:

was passed by the California legislature and signed by governor

1218:, where they read widely, debated, and organized in an emergent 12086: 8876:. Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition. Penguin Books. p. 349. 8142: 7750:

Jeffries, Judson (Fall 2016). "Conversing with Gwen Robinson".

6802: 6800: 3871: 3781: 3673: 3346: 3091: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1653: 181: 5385:(Lexington, North Carolina) via UPI. Retrieved August 5, 2012. 4917:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: 3676:, Texas. Ten years later, the NBPP became home to many former 3285:

rose to power within the BPP as Minister of Information after

2900:

ambassador, a Tanzanian ambassador, and delegations from both

2306:

A Documentary History of the Negro People of the United States

2149:

May 1969: Members of the New Haven chapter torture and murder

11898: 10436: 5686:

William Lee Brent – former Black Panther hijacked jet to Cuba

4700: 4698: 4668: 3592: 3514:

Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers

3383: 3311: 3029: 2926: 2225:

Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools

1712:. For example, the Black Panther Party collaborated with the 39:

Black panther (disambiguation) § Political organisations

6797: 5457:"Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops" 4428:. Afro – American Company of Baltimore City. July 26, 1969. 4102:"Intercommunalism: The Late Theorizations of Huey P. Newton" 1993:, who acted as counsel in the Panthers' many legal battles. 1831:"Trial: The City and County of Denver vs. Lauren R. Watson." 1174:

system of racial subordination in the South with tactics of

11943: 9053:

The Black Panthers: Portraits from an Unfinished Revolution

7132: 7091:"Gunmen Try To Kill Witness Against Black Panther Leader". 6808:

Autobiography As Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties

6358:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" 6045: 5648:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" 5533:"The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" 4405:. WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post. July 16, 1969. 2205:

Violent conflict between the Panther chapter in LA and the

1720:

and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment

1662:

officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with

9179:

The largest collection of materials on any single chapter.

8461:"Can a Comic Book Contain the Drama and Heat of Activism?" 5862:

Power to the people : the world of the Black Panthers

4695: 2920:

Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland

2686:

and testified that he had received orders personally from

2139:

April 1969: Members of the New York chapter, known as the

13568:

State and local political parties (without national body)

9036: 8681:

Will You Die with Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party

8410: 7497:

For Harriet | Celebrating the Fullness of Black Womanhood

6480:

Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line

6097:"The Black Panther Party's 1968 Recommended Reading List" 5505: 5323:

Newton, Huey. "In Defense of Self Defense July 3, 1967".

5143: 4556: 3591:, an Indian social reform movement, which fights against 2995:

magazine and was introduced to the Panther leadership by

2883:

of ordering the Rackley murder, and returned to Oakland.

2607: 2094: 1524:

We want all Black men to be exempt from military service.

7986:"The strange history of the Black Panthers in the Triad" 3041:

Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton

2912:. One of these meetings also included Mao Zedong's wife 2806:

In fall 1971, a larger group of Panthers visited China.

1518:

We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings.

8186:"8 arrested in 1971 cop-killing tied to Black Panthers" 6810:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 5. 5966:"Beyond Berets: The Black Panthers as Health Activists" 4796:, Vol. 1, No. 4, Fall 1999 (Columbia University Press). 4214: 4212: 3369:. Newton himself even attended some court sessions for 3090:

of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning

1809:

Early September 1968: Newton convicted of manslaughter.

1732:

In 1968 the southern California chapter was founded by

1050:

Original six members of the Black Panther Party (1966):

279: 9177:

Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project

7072: 6715:"The Gangs of Los Angeles: Roots, Branches and Bloods" 6163:

Woodard, K., Theoharis, J., & Gore, D. F. (2009).

4179:"October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded" 6874:

Frank Browning. The Strange Journey of David Horowitz

6205: 6203: 3452:, an "authoritative" history of the BPP published by 3242:

flier shows images of Black Panther female activists

2941: 2906:

Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam

2200: 1967:

banned them from all future Olympic Games. Film star

30:"Black panthers" redirects here. For other uses, see 14389:

Political parties of minorities in the United States

8641: 6900:

Christopher Hitchens, "Left-leaving, left-leaning",

6751: 6749: 6283:"Wes Swearigen on FBI Assassination of Fred Hampton" 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6119: 6117: 4209: 1923:, had a circulation of 250,000. The group created a 9224:

Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents

9050: 4915:

The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History

4720:. afroamhistory.about.com. Retrieved June 25, 2016. 4480:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 167. 4002:

On The Ideology of the Black Panther Party (Part 1)

3759:The Black Panther Party briefly appeared in 1994's 3643:In April 1977, Panthers were key supporters of the 3338:challenged his position on certain Black leaders." 2136:

March 1969: There is a second purge of BPP members.

1563:document outlining the FBI's plans to 'neutralize' 1280:and reselling them to leftists and liberals on the 1196: 903:political organization founded by college students 14274:African and Black nationalism in the United States 8911: 8776: 8643: 7634: 6230:"Black Panther Raid and the Death of Fred Hampton" 6200: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6023:"Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at 62" 5906:"Black Panther Party Community Programs 1966–1982" 5569: 5381:December 15, 1971. "Case Against Newton Dropped". 5263:"Black Panther Party Pieces of History: 1966–1969" 4529: 4353: 4143: 2955: 2369:Black Mother: The Years of the African Slave Trade 2018:No kid should be running around hungry in school. 1386: 1366:The initial tactic of the party used contemporary 927:patrols ("copwatching") designed to challenge the 9261:"Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos" 9121:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 8217:"2nd guilty plea in 1971 killing of S.F. officer" 6746: 6148: 6130: 6114: 5802:Workneh, Lilly; Taryn, Post (February 18, 2016). 4173: 4171: 4032: 4030: 3585:, used to refer to two LGBT rights organizations. 3024:Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party 2661: 14250: 11934:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 10301:Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 8239: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7189: 7187: 7185: 5721: 5719: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5444:Fire this Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s 4401:"Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security". 3910:newspaper illustrator and "Minister of Culture" 3634:, named after the Black Panther Party's founder. 3274:were behind the scenes working on those papers. 2560: 1727: 997:allegedly killed officer John Frey in 1967, and 14294:Anti-fascist organizations in the United States 14279:African-American history in Oakland, California 11979:Black players in professional American football 11929:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 9191:according to the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation. 8826: 8597:. University of California Press. p. 315. 8544: 7577: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 6525: 6523: 6478:Marable, Manning; Agard-Jones, Vanessa (2008). 6170: 5855: 5853: 5789: 4220:"Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities" 4008:. Black Panther Party Ministry of Information. 3506:Since the 1990s, former Panther chief of staff 2736:Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers 2105:), which also promulgated a ten-point program. 1947:Panther slogans and iconography spread. At the 1457:, guns in hand, in what appears to have been a 1413:Black Panther Party armed demonstration at the 1330:The Black Panther: Black Community News Service 14354:Left-wing militant groups in the United States 14309:Anti-racist organizations in the United States 12885:List of political parties in the United States 10148:The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution 9233:, Alexander Street Press, Alexandria, VA 2005. 8952:Shames, Stephen (2006). "The Black Panthers". 8827:Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru, eds. (2006). 6697: 6695: 6693: 6338:https://www.pbs.org/pov/disturbingtheuniverse/ 4896: 4894: 4168: 4027: 3353:Connections to other political activist groups 2694:employed by the FBI. The case resulted in the 1292:– a leader of SNCC – championed the call for " 13617: 12859: 10825: 10348: 10103:Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom 9298: 9240:, a 1978 profile and history of the Party by 8586:. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute. 8317:"Reliving The British Black Panther Movement" 8051:National Civil Rights Museum Curriculum Guide 7546: 7379: 7263: 7201:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 6982: 5716: 5628: 5065:The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s 3963: 3938: 2338:Black Moses: The Story of Garvey and the UNIA 1736:in Los Angeles. Carter was the leader of the 1138:, tens of thousands of black people left the 868: 14314:Black political parties in the United States 14075: 11692:Historically black colleges and universities 8717: 8591:Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013). 7317: 7162: 6787: 6785: 6680: 6678: 6520: 6402: 6400: 6313:The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement 5850: 5801: 4527: 4453:. Cornell University Press. pp. 60–61. 4446: 3396:in a 1970 letter published in the newspaper 3357:Members of the Black Panther Party, such as 2980: 2761:August 1970: Newton is released from prison. 2414:The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey 1760:assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1683:A button supporting the campaign to release 1654:Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey 1596:, the Revolutionary Action Movement and the 1404: 1361: 14339:Defunct Maoist parties in the United States 14269:1982 disestablishments in the United States 8590: 8386:"Active U.S. Hate Groups: Black Separatist" 6690: 6590: 6502: 6466: 6438:"North Korea and the American Radical Left" 6379: 6328:"William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe" 6323: 6321: 6209:Liberation Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from 6051: 5892: 5430: 5418: 5406: 5394: 5292: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5026: 5007: 4995: 4983: 4891: 4885: 4848: 4805: 4794:Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics 4749: 4704: 4689: 4677: 4614: 4586: 4340: 4306: 3680:members when its chairmanship was taken by 2595: 2153:, who they suspected of being an informant. 1708:of the Community for New Politics, and the 1154:to find work in the war industries such as 27:US Black political organization (1966–1982) 13624: 13610: 12866: 12852: 10832: 10818: 10355: 10341: 9305: 9291: 8642:Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1988). 8632: 8577:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 8159:Black Liberation Army tied to 1971 slaying 8089:"Black Panther Legacy Honored with Marker" 7928:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7447:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6597:Cox, Donald (1999). "Split in the Party". 4138: 3657: 3571:White Panthers, used to refer to both the 3388:Huey Newton expressed his support for the 3384:Connections to the Gay Liberation Movement 3094:. After 1969, the Party considered sexism 2872:but went on to lead a splinter group, the 1743: 1540: 1336: 875: 861: 11909:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 10387:Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 9157:Learn how and when to remove this message 8572: 8489: 8430:Jama Lazerow and Yohuru Williams (2006). 8357: 7648: 7646: 6919: 6782: 6712: 6675: 6565: 6397: 5997: 5924: 5646:Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971). 5531:Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971). 5191:"Black Panthers: A Taut, Violent Drama". 4424:"Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says". 3772:, based on the novel of the same name by 3341:In the BPP, she "was living as part of a 2557:, writing skills, and political science. 2455:LeRoi Jones (later known as Amiri Baraka) 2189:are killed by law enforcement in Chicago. 2089:ticket. They were a big influence on the 1963:during the American national anthem. The 1594:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 14369:Political parties disestablished in 1982 10037:Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America 9069: 8581: 8404: 7942: 7749: 7698: 7615: 7410: 7398: 7276: 6713:Heffernan, Virginia (February 6, 2007). 6482:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 183. 6318: 6257:Encyclopedia of African-American History 6167:. New York University Press. pp. 168–181 6057: 5930: 5167: 5062: 4473: 4279: 3482: 3411: 3233: 3076: 3012:tortured and raped before being killed. 2765: 1800:April to mid-June 1968: Cleaver in jail. 1700:, and other activist groups such as the 1678: 1600:, as well as leaders including the Rev. 1590:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 1555: 1439: 1408: 1340: 1314: 1077: 1045: 963:counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) 13631: 9312: 8967: 8890: 8635:Black Power: The Politics of Liberation 8615:A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story 8342:"Lomax's Matrix The Black Power of 504" 8339: 8183: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7635:Cleaver, Kathleen; Katsiaficas (2001). 7611: 7609: 7350: 7322:. Baltimore, Md.: Black Classic Press. 7313: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7234: 7193: 7078: 7048:from the original on September 16, 2016 7035: 6913: 6776: 6740: 6391: 6063: 5963: 5844: 5832: 5710: 5672: 5645: 5596: 5545:from the original on September 28, 2007 5530: 5369: 5357: 5161: 5050: 4900: 4865:. Black Classic Press. pp. 79–83. 4839:, Wayne State University Press website. 4626: 4294: 4288: 4150:. University of Chicago Press. p. 3998: 3407: 2770:In 1970, a group of Panthers including 2080: 1512:We want full employment for our people. 1495:Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party) 37:For similarly named organisations, see 14: 14379:Politics and race in the United States 14344:Far-left politics in the United States 14284:African-American-related controversies 14251: 13016:Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party 12876:political parties in the United States 12808:Topics related to the African diaspora 11914:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 9255: 9006: 8951: 8909: 8866: 8771: 8677: 8668: 8551: 8521: 8471:from the original on December 16, 2023 8366:from the original on November 21, 2016 7910:from the original on February 15, 2021 7881: 7838: 7787: 7783: 7781: 7643: 7565: 7515: 7107: 6964:from the original on December 23, 2016 6831:http://www.salon.com/1999/12/13/betty/ 6755: 6701: 6669: 6657: 6645: 6633: 6406: 6094: 6064:Spencer, Robyn C. (January 26, 2017). 6020: 5859: 5758: 5725: 5610:"Bobby Hutton (1950–1968) • BlackPast" 5479: 5038: 4745: 4348: 4336: 4318: 4197:from the original on December 21, 2015 4126: 4056:from the original on February 22, 2021 4036: 4015:from the original on December 16, 2020 2886: 2758:that "we've never advocated violence". 2608:Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark 1785:Early Spring 1968: Eldridge Cleaver's 1674: 1453:In May 1967, the Panthers invaded the 14374:Political parties established in 1966 13605: 12847: 12788:Landmark African-American legislation 10839: 10813: 10362: 10336: 9286: 9051:Shih, Bryan; Yohuru Williams (2016). 8932: 8847: 8801: 8738: 8718:Hilliard, David; Cole, Lewis (1993). 8611: 8490:Tommasino, Akili (October 12, 2021). 8240:DelVecchio, Rick (October 25, 1997). 7653:Brown, DeNeen L. (January 10, 2018). 7652: 7521: 7473:from the original on October 18, 2016 7295: 7108:Turner, Wallace (December 14, 1977). 7066: 7023: 6953: 6947: 6861: 6791: 6684: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6514: 6435: 6429: 6033:from the original on October 21, 2015 5814:from the original on February 5, 2017 5564: 5562: 5560: 5446:, University of Virginia Press, 1995. 5288: 5286: 5284: 5226:, Public Broadcasting System website. 5178: 5018: 5016: 4971: 4912: 4860: 4817: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4382:from the original on January 26, 2013 4344: 4284:, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 99–119 4248: 3058: 2705: 2093:, tied to the Detroit/Ann Arbor band 1758:On April 6, 1968, two days after the 1687:, founder of the Black Panther Party. 1353:standing in the street, armed with a 504:League of Revolutionary Black Workers 14334:Defunct American political movements 14052:Oakland – Jack London Square station 11919:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 9101: 8742:The Black Panther Party Reconsidered 8698: 8458: 8269:. Zed Collective. October 19, 2016. 8184:Wohlsen, Marcus (January 23, 2007). 7974:Lazerow & Williams (2006). p. 37 7687: 7618:The Western Journal of Black Studies 7606: 7534:from the original on August 11, 2016 7422: 7300: 6989:Notable Black American Women, Book 2 6925: 6819:Horowitz, David (December 13, 1999) 6436:Young, Benjamin (February 6, 2013). 4571: 4359: 4261:from the original on January 3, 2017 4230:from the original on January 1, 2017 3947:from the original on October 2, 2018 3914:to create the cover art of his book 3186:Many women Panthers began to demand 2217:were killed in Campbell Hall on the 2011: 1919:, under the editorial leadership of 1488: 1455:State Assembly Chamber in Sacramento 893:Black Panther Party for Self-Defense 18:Black Panther Party for Self Defense 14329:Crime in the San Francisco Bay Area 13001:Freedom Road Socialist Organization 12273:African-American Vernacular English 9809:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 8069:"Black Power-Questions to Consider" 7778: 7146:. November 13, 1978. Archived from 7036:Keating, Fiona (October 24, 2015). 6596: 5912:from the original on April 25, 2016 5512:from the original on March 12, 2011 5491:David Hilliard, This Side of Glory 5339:from the original on March 14, 2020 5326:Essays from the Minister of Defense 5217:"COINTELPRO" A Huey P. Newton Story 4953:from the original on March 15, 2008 4906: 3977:from the original on April 11, 2020 3705: 3595:in Indian society. This became the 2185:December 4, 1969: Fred Hampton and 2040:Free Breakfast for Children Program 1998:free breakfast program for children 1959:, two American medalists, gave the 1716:, which sought to promote a strong 1692:conviction was reversed on appeal. 1302:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1060:(Defense Minister), Sherwin Forte, 989:, who were killed in a raid by the 826:United States civil rights movement 509:Lowndes County Freedom Organization 24: 13573:Presidential nominating convention 12191:U.S. cities with large populations 11894:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 9074:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 9000: 8273:from the original on March 7, 2017 8194:. Associated Press. Archived from 7731:from the original on June 20, 2018 7675:from the original on June 20, 2018 7554:The Western Journal of Black Study 7503:from the original on June 20, 2018 7279:Black Women, Gender & Families 7120:from the original on July 23, 2018 7005:from the original on July 27, 2020 6954:Ryder, Ulli Kira (December 2008). 6756:Kelley, Ken (September 15, 1989). 6578:from the original on April 8, 2007 6076:from the original on July 28, 2018 5771:from the original on June 26, 2006 5557: 5322: 5281: 5269:from the original on June 10, 2010 5013: 4608: 4557:Churchill and Vander Wall (2002). 3939:Delli Carpini, Michael X. (2000). 3609:The French Black Dragons, a Black 3217: 2985:Panther leader Elaine Brown hired 2942:Newton indicted for violent crimes 2201:Shoot-out with the US Organization 1098:speaks at Hutton Memorial Park in 25: 14400: 14289:Anti-capitalist political parties 14264:1966 establishments in California 11064:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 11060:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 10867:African American founding fathers 10473:Students for a Democratic Society 10282:Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song 10017:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 9097: 8833:. Durham: Duke University Press. 8112:Photos of the Black Panther Party 7863:from the original on June 4, 2020 7699:Jeffries, Judson L. (Fall 2016). 7522:Bauer, Kari (February 22, 2016). 6987:. In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.). 6448:from the original on May 11, 2015 5970:American Journal of Public Health 5759:Newton, Huey (October 15, 1966). 5616:from the original on June 2, 2019 5571:"1500 at Rites of Panther Member" 4249:Brown, Mark (December 27, 2013). 4224:Mapping American Social Movements 4108:from the original on June 8, 2020 4082:from the original on June 8, 2020 3874:in 1974, to avoid legal charges. 3695:list the New Black Panthers as a 3638:Memphis Black Autonomy Federation 3599:, now a political party in India. 3175:, the Party officially supported 1375:at the San Francisco airport for 723:Black Power and the American Myth 549:Revolutionary Black Panther Party 14304:Anti-racism in the United States 14231: 14230: 13993:San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge 13563: 13562: 12826: 11944:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 11089:Nadir of American race relations 10447:Up Against the Wall Motherfucker 10407:Maoist Internationalist Movement 10314: 10313: 10241:1968 Olympics Black Power salute 9106: 8852:. University of North Carolina. 8558:. University of Arkansas Press. 8515: 8483: 8452: 8423: 8378: 8333: 8309: 8285: 8259: 8233: 8210: 8177: 8149: 8124: 8105: 8081: 8062: 8044: 8025: 8002: 7978: 7967: 7936: 7875: 7832: 7752:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 7743: 7705:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 7628: 7580:Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men 7571: 7559: 7485: 7455: 7416: 7404: 7344: 7289: 7228: 7101: 7084: 7060: 7029: 7017: 6976: 6907: 6894: 6867: 6855: 6813: 6770: 6758:"Huey Newton: I'll Never Forget" 6734: 6706: 6663: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6559: 6547: 6535: 6508: 6496: 6472: 6460: 6385: 6373: 6350: 6305: 6275: 6262: 6246: 6222: 6088: 6014: 5957: 5931:Westneat, Danny (May 11, 2005). 5898: 5886: 5838: 5826: 5795: 5783: 4326:. University of Minnesota Press. 3941:"Black Panther Party: 1966–1982" 3751:by Elaine Brown, and many more. 3487:Black Panther 40th Reunion, 2006 3296: 2156:July 1969 the BPP organized the 2123:and various petty disagreements. 2069:rehabilitation, and testing for 2032:'s advice to revolutionaries in 1620:later testified in front of the 1197:Founding the Black Panther Party 464:Black Revolutionary Assault Team 424:African People's Socialist Party 278: 58: 14384:Politics of Oakland, California 14086:12th Street Oakland City Center 10950:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 10940:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 10070:Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther 10002:New Afrikan Black Panther Party 9789:Deacons for Defense and Justice 9505:Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) 9274:The Black Panther Party Archive 8411:Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation. 8388:. Splcenter.org. Archived from 8078:, National Civil Rights Museum. 7701:"Conversing with Gwen Robinson" 6983:McClendon III, John H. (1996). 6021:Warren, Jenifer (May 2, 1998). 5752: 5704: 5678: 5666: 5602: 5590: 5524: 5494: 5485: 5473: 5449: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5400: 5388: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5316: 5298: 5255: 5229: 5210: 5201: 5184: 5155: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5001: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4935: 4879: 4854: 4842: 4830:"Negroes With Guns-Description" 4823: 4811: 4799: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4735: 4723: 4710: 4683: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4592: 4580: 4565: 4550: 4521: 4502: 4467: 4440: 4417: 4394: 4365: 4330: 4312: 4300: 4273: 4242: 3650:Americans with Disabilities Act 3277: 3229: 2956:The Panthers under Elaine Brown 2719: 2473:The Colonizer and the Colonized 2345:Black Reconstruction in America 2113: 1965:International Olympic Committee 1573:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1387:Rallies in Richmond, California 959:Federal Bureau of Investigation 529:National Joint Action Committee 514:May 19th Communist Organization 14349:History of Oakland, California 14299:Anti-imperialist organizations 14010:Posey and Webster Street Tubes 13941:2012 Oikos University shooting 13792:The College Preparatory School 13675:California College of the Arts 11939:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 10945:Civil right movement 1896–1954 10261:New Haven Black Panther trials 10097:In the Event Anyone Disappears 9951:Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 8808:. Simon and Schuster. p. 8100:The Chronicle of Winston-Salem 8032:"What Do We Want? Black Power" 7791:Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left 7427:. New York. pp. 155–156. 6821:"Who killed Betty Van Patter?" 6095:Turner, Page (June 10, 2022). 5734:. Sage Publications. pp. 4496:10.5149/9781469608167_williams 4132: 4120: 4094: 4068: 4042: 3992: 3932: 3454:University of California Press 3028:In 1977, Newton returned from 2848:Some Panther leaders, such as 2696:New Haven Black Panther trials 2662:Torture-murder of Alex Rackley 2524:The Strange Career of Jim Crow 2440:MUNTU: The New African Culture 2375:Studies in a Dying Colonialism 2248:The Autobiography of Malcolm X 2130:, and two Panthers are killed. 1575:(FBI) instructed its program " 1214:. They joined Donald Warden's 1176:non-violent civil disobedience 1106:. Black Panther Party leaders 929:excessive force and misconduct 32:Black panther (disambiguation) 13: 1: 14057:Oakland International Airport 13770:American Indian Model Schools 13733:Coliseum College Prep Academy 13583:Politics of the United States 12119:Cherokee freedmen controversy 11095:The Negro Motorist Green Book 10552:Revolutionary Action Movement 10012:New Panther Vanguard Movement 9987:Black Riders Liberation Party 8582:Blackmon, Janiece L. (2008). 8459:Park, Ed (February 2, 2021). 8041:National Civil Rights Museum. 7885:The New Huey P. Newton Reader 7425:The Black Woman: An Anthology 6960:(Dissertation). p. 124. 5730:Encyclopedia of Black Studies 3921: 3436:Professor Judson Jeffries of 3328:Revolutionary Action Movement 3101:The Black Panthers adopted a 2999:, who had been the editor of 2879:In May 1971, Bobby Seale was 2631:Cook County State's Attorney 2561:Intercommunal Youth Institute 1779: 1728:Founding of the L. A. Chapter 1545: 1345:Black Panther Party founders 1321:Black Panther Party newspaper 1232:Revolutionary Action Movement 1183:nonviolent civil disobedience 544:Revolutionary Action Movement 469:Black Riders Liberation Party 149: 13914:Shootings of police officers 13273:Democratic-Republican (1844) 13101:South Carolina Workers Party 10557:Sojourner Truth Organization 10486:Revolutionary Youth Movement 9992:Black Women's Defense League 9858:United Front Against Fascism 9743:Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) 9011:. Cornell University Press. 8633:Carmichael, Stokely (1967). 8545:General and cited references 8346:Disability Studies Quarterly 7140:"The Odyssey of Huey Newton" 7042:International Business Times 6766:. Vol. 11, no. 49. 3926: 3613:group closely linked to the 3458:National Civil Rights Museum 3018: 2950: 2809: 2300:American Negro Slave Revolts 2158:United Front Against Fascism 2121:law enforcement infiltration 1774: 1616:. As assistant FBI Director 943:, claiming to represent the 776:Black Power in the Caribbean 474:Black Women's Defense League 7: 13899:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 13802:Oakland School for the Arts 11989:Black players in ice hockey 11924:National Urban League (NUL) 11750:American Society of Muslims 10988:Selma to Montgomery marches 10908:Brown v. Board of Education 10457:Young Patriots Organization 10156:Judas and the Black Messiah 9840:Free Breakfast for Children 9208:Young Lords in Lincoln Park 8918:. New York: The New Press. 8492:"Black Power in Print: The 8298:September 27, 2017, at the 8191:The San Diego Union-Tribune 5790:Lazerow & Williams 2006 5586:– via Newspapers.com. 5578:. April 13, 1968. p. 4 4450:Ethics Along the Color Line 4447:Stubblefield, Anna (2018). 3831:Judas and the Black Messiah 3693:Southern Poverty Law Center 3390:Women's liberation movement 3177:women's reproductive rights 2746:. Two officers are wounded. 2291:The Nat Turner Slave Revolt 1236:community survival programs 937:Free Breakfast for Children 110:; 42 years ago 92:; 58 years ago 10: 14405: 13031:National Progressive Party 12956:African People's Socialist 12146:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 11904:Nashville Student Movement 10915:Children of the plantation 10442:Symbionese Liberation Army 10256:Murder of Betty Van Patter 10084:The Murder of Fred Hampton 10063:Interview with Bobby Seale 8974:Ars Americana Ars Politica 8739:Jones, Charles E. (1998). 8678:Forbes, Flores A. (2006). 8552:Austin, Curtis J. (2006). 8524:"Abolition for the People" 8267:"We're Assata's Daughters" 8170:December 23, 2015, at the 8094:September 8, 2014, at the 8014:September 8, 2014, at the 7991:September 9, 2014, at the 7839:Porter, Ronald K. (2012). 7237:Journal of Women's History 7214:10.1177/107769900908600411 6991:. VNR AG. pp. 66–67. 6847:November 13, 1999, at the 6836:December 22, 2015, at the 6826:December 19, 2005, at the 6333:November 17, 2015, at the 6235:September 4, 2014, at the 5726:Asante, Molefi K. (2005). 5691:November 24, 2018, at the 4528:O'Reilly, Kenneth (1989). 4515:February 12, 2015, at the 3999:Cleaver, Eldridge (1967). 3886:acquired 30 issues of the 3810:The Trial of the Chicago 7 3661: 2585:community service projects 2421:The Myth of the Negro Past 2042:, initially run out of an 1734:Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter 1549: 1492: 1444:Black Panther convention, 1255:' armed resistance to the 1100:Alameda County, California 1041: 1036: 559:Symbionese Liberation Army 36: 29: 14226: 14195: 14134: 13985: 13954: 13946:Ghost Ship warehouse fire 13860: 13819: 13807:St. Elizabeth High School 13787:Bishop O'Dowd High School 13713: 13700:Samuel Merritt University 13667: 13660: 13639: 13555: 13483:States Rights (Dixiecrat) 13200: 13160: 13153: 12948: 12927: 12918: 12891: 12882: 12816: 12783:Index of related articles 12661: 12576: 12300: 12233: 12171: 12071: 12032: 11964: 11957: 11872: 11792: 11784:Doctrine of Father Divine 11730: 11672: 11321: 11176: 11168:Women's suffrage movement 11121:Reconstruction Amendments 10928:Voting Rights Act of 1965 10847: 10742: 10662: 10586: 10579: 10509: 10471: 10462:Youth International Party 10379: 10370: 10309: 10233: 10174: 10029: 9969: 9873: 9866: 9827: 9776: 9751: 9715: 9659: 9533: 9397: 9384: 9343: 9322: 9231:Black Thought and Culture 8117:January 17, 2007, at the 8074:October 29, 2014, at the 8056:October 29, 2014, at the 8037:October 12, 2014, at the 7949:Journal of Social History 7365:10.1080/07393149908429865 6879:January 28, 2016, at the 6613:10.1080/07393149908429861 6444:. Woodrow Wilson Center. 6216:February 2, 2018, at the 6127:. Semiotexte. pp. 221–242 5964:Bassett, Mary T. (2016). 5310:October 31, 2014, at the 4474:Williams, Jakobi (2013). 4076:"Intercommunalism (1974)" 3842:and his Chicago chapter. 3416:New York City Councilman 2981:Death of Betty van Patter 2656:wrongful death settlement 2431:A History of Negro Revolt 2282:The Lost Cities of Africa 2263:The Wretched of the Earth 1936:internationalist movement 1427:California State Assembly 1405:Protest at the Statehouse 1362:Oakland patrols of police 1312:was their first recruit. 1259:(KKK) and Williams' book 1216:Afro-American Association 991:Chicago Police Department 933:Oakland Police Department 239:Politics of United States 234: 223: 211: 156: 145: 133: 122: 104: 86: 74: 66: 57: 48: 13924:Your Black Muslim Bakery 13874:Oakland Railroad Company 13076:Socialism and Liberation 12833:United States portal 12268:African-American English 11697:Inventors and scientists 11389:George Washington Carver 10993:Chicago Freedom Movement 10517:American Indian Movement 10510:Racial justice movements 10043:Black Panthers: A Report 9881:American Indian Movement 9646:Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor 9007:Malloy, Sean L. (2017). 8962:'s intervention in 1970. 8724:. Little, Brown and Co. 8703:. Chicago Review Press. 8573:Alkebulan, Paul (2007). 8501:The Museum of Modern Art 7943:Leighton, Jared (2019). 7882:Newton, Huey P. (2002). 6743:, pp. 265, 286, 328 6413:Cornell University Press 6407:Minami, Kazushi (2024). 5982:10.2105/ajph.2016.303412 5860:Shames, Stephen (2016). 5765:War Against the Panthers 4835:October 6, 2014, at the 4603:The Black Panthers Speak 4511:, United States Senate. 3738:Assata: An Autobiography 3710: 3597:Liberation Panther Party 3546:, an advocacy group for 3538:The Grays, Gray Panthers 2845:, who fled the country. 2823: 2752:July 1970: Newton tells 2596:Oakland Community School 2510:The Negro in Our History 2460:Black Muslims in America 1843:of $ 80, resulting in a 1423:California State Capitol 1415:California State Capitol 1150:and other cities in the 262:This article is part of 14093:(Uptown Transit Center) 14067:Eastmont Transit Center 14047:International Boulevard 13353:National States' Rights 13208:American (Know Nothing) 13056:Progressive Labor Party 12756:African-American firsts 11805:Back-to-Africa movement 11774:Black Hebrew Israelites 11554:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 11102:Partus sequitur ventrem 10501:Worker Student Alliance 10422:Progressive Labor Party 10417:Peace and Freedom Party 10118:All Power to the People 10007:New Black Panther Party 9997:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 9901:Black Panthers (Israel) 9581:Marshall "Eddie" Conway 9475:Elbert "Big Man" Howard 9070:Whitaker, Mark (2023). 8359:10.18061/dsq.v31i1.1371 8340:Schweik, Susan (2011). 8322:April 11, 2015, at the 8246:San Francisco Chronicle 7764:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07 7717:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07 7592:10.2979/spectrum.5.1.03 6929:Betty Louise Van Patter 6503:Bloom & Martin 2013 6467:Bloom & Martin 2013 6380:Bloom & Martin 2013 6343:August 5, 2017, at the 6052:Bloom & Martin 2013 5893:Bloom & Martin 2013 5847:, pp. 186–187, 191 5761:"The Ten-Point Program" 5698:San Francisco Chronicle 5431:Bloom & Martin 2013 5419:Bloom & Martin 2013 5407:Bloom & Martin 2013 5395:Bloom & Martin 2013 5293:Bloom & Martin 2013 5265:. Itsabouttimebpp.com. 5150:Bloom & Martin 2013 5138:Bloom & Martin 2013 5126:Bloom & Martin 2013 5114:Bloom & Martin 2013 5102:Bloom & Martin 2013 5090:Bloom & Martin 2013 5078:Bloom & Martin 2013 5027:Bloom & Martin 2013 5023:Black Panther Newspaper 5008:Bloom & Martin 2013 4996:Bloom & Martin 2013 4984:Bloom & Martin 2013 4947:Encyclopædia Britannica 4913:Crean, Jeffrey (2024). 4886:Bloom & Martin 2013 4849:Bloom & Martin 2013 4806:Bloom & Martin 2013 4756:, part II and chapter 5 4750:Bloom & Martin 2013 4705:Bloom & Martin 2013 4690:Bloom & Martin 2013 4678:Bloom & Martin 2013 4615:Bloom & Martin 2013 4587:Bloom & Martin 2013 4576:. Chicago Review Press. 4373:"Hoover and the F.B.I." 4341:Bloom & Martin 2013 4307:Bloom & Martin 2013 3906:worked with the former 3847:The Black Panther Party 3845:The 2021 graphic novel 3754: 3721:, the autobiography of 3670:New Black Panther Party 3664:New Black Panther Party 3658:New Black Panther Party 3632:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 3589:Dalit Panthers of India 3394:Gay liberation movement 3373:'s trial in June 1970. 2841:and his own secretary, 2831:criminal justice system 2714: 2684:turned state's evidence 2381:From Slavery to Freedom 2356:The Souls of Black Folk 2108: 2087:Peace and Freedom Party 1820:Peace and Freedom Party 1744:Killing of Bobby Hutton 1714:Peace and Freedom Party 1702:Progressive Labor Party 1612:, Maxwell Stanford and 1541:Late 1967 to early 1968 1391:The black community of 1337:Late 1966 to early 1967 1054:Elbert "Big Man" Howard 781:Black Power in Montreal 652:Martin Luther King, Jr. 534:New Black Panther Party 499:Huey P. Newton Gun Club 213:Political position 14208:San Francisco Bay Area 14167:Mountain View Cemetery 14030:Cypress Street Viaduct 13758:Oakland Technical High 13081:Serve America Movement 13071:Renew America Movement 12724:Spingarn Medal winners 12213:States and territories 11984:Black NFL quarterbacks 11484:Martin Luther King Jr. 11016:Dred Scott v. Sandford 10955:Montgomery bus boycott 10412:New Communist movement 10402:George Jackson Brigade 10132:A Huey P. Newton Story 9916:George Jackson Brigade 9906:British Black Panthers 9886:Black Guerrilla Family 9470:Raymond "Masai" Hewitt 8891:Pearson, Hugh (1994). 8783:. Henry Holt. p. 8699:Haas, Jeffrey (2009). 8669:Dooley, Brian (1998). 8612:Brown, Elaine (1993). 8222:June 29, 2011, at the 8136:June 29, 2011, at the 7788:Pulido, Laura (2019). 7639:. New York: Routledge. 7249:10.1353/jowh.2008.0006 6887:, May 1987, p. 34 (on 6442:NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14 6363:July 10, 2013, at the 5462:July 23, 2011, at the 5025:, May 15, 1967, p. 3; 4605:, Da Capo Press, 2002. 4572:Haas, Jeffrey (2010). 4140:Van Deburg, William L. 3877: 3821:, who is portrayed by 3689:Anti-Defamation League 3654:thirteen years later. 3536:in the United States, 3488: 3446:, in a 2013 review of 3434: 3421: 3324:Republic of New Africa 3304:Martin Luther King Jr. 3251: 3082: 2426:Melville J. Herskovits 2405:Garvey & Garveyism 2057: 2020: 1945: 1688: 1651: 1602:Martin Luther King Jr. 1568: 1471: 1449: 1425:. On May 2, 1967, the 1418: 1358: 1324: 1267:gun laws in California 1246:from the multitude of 1222:tradition inspired by 1201:In late October 1966, 1144:Second Great Migration 1131: 1075: 957:, the Director of the 735:The Diary of Malcolm X 539:Republic of New Afrika 494:George Jackson Brigade 479:British Black Panthers 459:Black Radical Congress 434:Black Guerrilla Family 310:Black Power Revolution 13488:Traditionalist Worker 13168:Democratic-Republican 13106:Social Democrats, USA 13096:Socialist Alternative 12034:Athletic associations 11969:Negro league baseball 11740:African-American Jews 11459:Ketanji Brown Jackson 11424:Henry Highland Garnet 11283:Negro National Anthem 11033:George Floyd protests 10998:Post–civil rights era 10527:Black Liberation Army 10522:Antonio Maceo Brigade 10481:New American Movement 10207:Revolutionary Suicide 9982:Black Panther Militia 9891:Black Liberation Army 9828:Programs and projects 9672:Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin 9641:Russell Maroon Shoatz 9259:(September 8, 2016). 8933:Seale, Bobby (1970). 8910:Rhodes, Jane (2007). 8873:Revolutionary Suicide 8848:Murch, Donna (2010). 8805:Walking with the Wind 8436:Duke University Press 8020:The Los Angeles Times 7800:10.1525/9780520938892 7353:New Political Science 7318:Seale, Bobby (1991). 6600:New Political Science 6568:"Black Panther Party" 6253:"BPP, Chicago Branch" 6141:Murch, D. J. (2010). 6070:Duke University Press 5222:May 15, 2011, at the 4943:"Black Panther Party" 4861:Seale, Bobby (1991). 4282:Black Routes to Islam 3838:, tells the story of 3823:Yahya Abdul-Mateen II 3718:Revolutionary Suicide 3682:Khalid Abdul Muhammad 3604:British Black Panther 3497:Black Liberation Army 3486: 3426: 3415: 3268:consciousness-raising 3237: 3080: 2874:Black Liberation Army 2766:International travels 2547:after-school programs 2321:American Negro Poetry 2053: 2016: 1940: 1696:power organizations, 1682: 1669:Shadow of the Panther 1658:On October 28, 1967, 1644: 1559: 1550:Further information: 1451: 1443: 1412: 1344: 1318: 1288:On October 29, 1966, 1168:Civil rights movement 1090: 1049: 742:Revolutionary Suicide 449:Black Panther Militia 444:Black Liberation Army 14142:Designated Landmarks 13909:Oscar Grant shooting 13343:National Renaissance 13268:Constitutional Union 12241:Afro-Seminole Creole 11767:Azusa Street Revival 11639:Booker T. Washington 11163:Underground Railroad 11028:Free people of color 10882:Atlantic slave trade 10452:United Freedom Front 10397:Free Speech Movement 10296:Black power movement 10271:Rice–Poindexter case 10223:Black Against Empire 10077:Finally Got the News 10030:Films and television 9127:improve this article 8802:Lewis, John (1998). 6904:, November 16, 2003. 6370:, February 13, 1971. 6356:Edward Jay Epstein, 6293:on September 4, 2015 6272:, December 12, 1969. 5864:. New York: Abrams. 5455:Kate Coleman, 1980, 5194:St. Petersburg Times 3898:NFL quarterback and 3884:Museum of Modern Art 3785:(2019), directed by 3473:Chicago City Council 3449:Black Against Empire 3408:Aftermath and legacy 3371:Los Siete de la Raza 3367:Los Siete de la Raza 3238:Black Panther Party 3132:forced sterilization 3096:counterrevolutionary 2625:powerful barbiturate 2581:institutional racism 2549:and then opening up 2495:William L. Patterson 2363:The World and Africa 2312:Before the Mayflower 2213:and Deputy Minister 2101:(author of the book 2081:Political activities 1949:1968 Summer Olympics 1571:In August 1967, the 1393:Richmond, California 1130:controlled marchers. 1031:American imperialism 1014:de facto segregation 305:Black power movement 14364:Political movements 14259:Black Panther Party 14162:Children's Hospital 14091:19th Street Oakland 13894:Black Panther Party 13633:Oakland, California 13543:Youth International 13493:Unconditional Union 13398:Populist (People's) 13308:Independence (2007) 13303:Independence (1906) 13263:Constitution (1952) 13238:American Vegetarian 13178:National Republican 13021:Legal Marijuana Now 12971:American Solidarity 12636:Trinidad and Tobago 12251:Black American Sign 12078:By African descent 12072:Ethnic subdivisions 12059:Southwestern (SWAC) 11974:Baseball color line 11889:Black Panther Party 11793:Political movements 11710:in computer science 11369:Carol Moseley Braun 11158:Tulsa race massacre 11151:Treatment of slaves 10983:March on Washington 10978:Birmingham movement 10562:White Panther Party 10537:Black Panther Party 10496:Weather Underground 10321:Black Panther Party 9956:White Panther Party 9936:Polynesian Panthers 9687:Robert Hillary King 9606:Denise Oliver-Velez 9315:Black Panther Party 9195:FBI file on the BPP 9139:footnote references 9055:. Bold Type Books. 8747:Black Classic Press 8522:Kaepernick, Colin. 8496:Newspapers at MoMA" 8315:Hazelann Williams, 8306:, October 13, 2013. 8102:, October 18, 2012. 8022:, January 24, 2013. 7660:The Washington Post 7528:Urban Democracy Lab 7423:Cade, Toni (1970). 7150:on November 6, 2012 7097:. October 25, 1977. 6259:(ABC-CLIO), p. 672. 6187:Black Panther Party 5945:on November 6, 2013 5835:, pp. 173, 176 5701:, November 20, 2006 5675:, pp. 185, 191 5599:, pp. 152–158 4919:Bloomsbury Academic 4716:McElrath, Jessica. 4403:The Washington Post 4376:Luna Ray Films, LLC 3573:White Panther Party 3544:Polynesian Panthers 3201:21 New York leaders 2887:Delegation to China 2744:fragmentation bombs 2589:political prisoners 2334:by Arna W. Bontemps 2308:by Herbert Aptheker 2302:by Herbert Aptheker 2179:activity increases. 2091:White Panther Party 2071:sickle-cell disease 2035:The Little Red Book 1973:Mary Luana Williams 1835:November 20, 1968: 1675:Free Huey! campaign 1368:open-carry gun laws 1308:. Sixteen-year-old 1170:had dismantled the 1104:Oakland, California 1094:from 1985 in which 1072:Little Bobby Hutton 1052:Top left to right: 913:Oakland, California 911:in October 1966 in 889:Black Panther Party 569:Weather Underground 489:Five-Percent Nation 484:Conscious Community 454:Black Panther Party 295:Black Arts Movement 51:Black Panther Party 14324:COINTELPRO targets 13889:Naval Supply Depot 13685:Lincoln University 13423:Progressive (1948) 13418:Progressive (1924) 13413:Progressive (1912) 13348:National Socialist 13328:Liberal Republican 13298:Human Rights Party 13258:Communist Workers' 13111:Socialist Equality 12734:US representatives 12729:US cabinet members 12621:Dominican Republic 12208:Metropolitan areas 12049:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 11874:Civic and economic 11852:Self-determination 11673:Education, science 11594:Fred Shuttlesworth 11574:A. Philip Randolph 11479:Coretta Scott King 11404:Frederick Douglass 11231:Harlem Renaissance 11136:Separate but equal 11126:Reconstruction era 11114:Plessy v. Ferguson 11005:Cornerstone Speech 10919:Civil Rights Acts 10902:Black Lives Matter 10877:American Civil War 10765:Liberated Barracks 10491:Venceremos Brigade 10091:Teach Our Children 9977:Assata's Daughters 9819:Robert F. Williams 9759:Stokely Carmichael 9626:George W. Sams Jr. 9566:Veronza Bowers Jr. 9455:Barbara Easley-Cox 9405:JoNina Abron-Ervin 9266:The New York Times 8528:haymarketbooks.org 8330:, January 9, 2012. 8198:on August 27, 2016 7963:– via EBSCO. 7961:10.1093/jsh/shx119 7871:– via JSTOR. 7568:, pp. 300–301 7114:The New York Times 7069:, pp. 444–450 6864:, pp. 363–367 6806:Perkins, Margo V. 6720:The New York Times 6687:, pp. 393–394 6505:, pp. 314–317 6469:, pp. 318–321 6270:The New York Times 5612:. April 24, 2018. 5243:. February 4, 2021 5053:, pp. 108–120 5041:, pp. x–xxiii 4718:The Black Panthers 4561:. South End Press. 3900:Black Lives Matter 3774:Melvin Van Peebles 3523:Assata's Daughters 3489: 3422: 3260:Ten Point Platform 3252: 3115:birth control pill 3083: 3059:Women and womanism 2931:Ray "Masai" Hewitt 2755:The New York Times 2706:International ties 2652:federal grand jury 2551:Liberation Schools 2490:We Charge Genocide 2400:Michael Harrington 2385:John Hope Franklin 2331:Story of the Negro 2316:Lerone Bennett Jr. 2273:I Speak of Freedom 2175:Mid-to-late 1969: 2097:and their manager 1961:black power salute 1749:Bobby James Hutton 1689: 1629:Blackstone Rangers 1606:Stokely Carmichael 1569: 1450: 1419: 1359: 1325: 1290:Stokely Carmichael 1253:Robert F. Williams 1132: 1120:a 10-point program 1076: 811:Red Power movement 766:Black Lives Matter 692:Stokely Carmichael 682:Robert F. Williams 662:Malik Zulu Shabazz 612:Fay Bellamy Powell 429:Assata's Daughters 300:Black is beautiful 14246: 14245: 14157:Tallest buildings 14130: 14129: 13962:Oakland Athletics 13904:Firestorm of 1991 13879:Oakland Army Base 13847:Police Department 13815: 13814: 13797:Head-Royce School 13705:Patten University 13652:List of companies 13599: 13598: 13551: 13550: 13468:Social Democratic 13463:Silver Republican 13433:Radical Democracy 13428:Proletarian Party 13196: 13195: 13149: 13148: 13116:Socialist Workers 13006:Freedom Socialist 12976:Christian Liberty 12841: 12840: 12669:African Americans 12541:Dallas–Fort Worth 12136:Black Southerners 12067: 12066: 11519:Thurgood Marshall 11489:Bernard Lafayette 11084:Million Man March 10841:African Americans 10807: 10806: 10772:National Guardian 10738: 10737: 10594:Theodor W. Adorno 10575: 10574: 10427:Rainbow Coalition 10371:Organizations and 10364:American New Left 10330: 10329: 10025: 10024: 9946:The Pink Panthers 9853:Rainbow Coalition 9846:The Black Panther 9835:Ten-Point Program 9772: 9771: 9561:Dhoruba bin Wahad 9500:Joan Tarika Lewis 9420:William Lee Brent 9167: 9166: 9159: 8895:. Da Capo Press. 8419:on April 1, 2011. 8392:on March 14, 2008 7999:, April 11, 2006. 7895:978-1-60980-900-3 6936:on March 30, 2018 6926:Leighton, Jared, 6902:Los Angeles Times 6027:Los Angeles Times 5976:(10): 1741–1743. 5938:The Seattle Times 5468:New West Magazine 5360:, pp. 7, 221 4928:978-1-350-23394-2 4104:. June 11, 2018. 4078:. June 11, 2018. 3583:The Pink Panthers 3443:Los Angeles Times 3438:Purdue University 3398:The Black Panther 3335:Denby High School 3240:Free Food Program 3136:Toni Cade Bambara 3120:sexual liberation 3072:Joan Tarika Lewis 3066:The Black Panther 3006:San Francisco Bay 2870:Central Committee 2727:Leonard Bernstein 2692:agent provocateur 2644:Wesley Swearingen 2642:Former FBI agent 2519:Carter G. Woodson 2515:Charles H. Wesley 2396:The Other America 2390:Black Bourgeoisie 2371:by Basil Davidson 2365:by W.E.B. Du Bois 2359:by W.E.B. Du Bois 2231:Ten-Point Program 2075:free medical care 2012:Survival programs 1925:Ten-Point Program 1907:, San Francisco, 1891:, New York City, 1837:William Lee Brent 1586:Black Nationalist 1502:The Black Panther 1489:Ten-point program 1265:, Newton studied 1262:Negroes with Guns 1220:black nationalist 1088: 979:police harassment 885: 884: 806:Political hip hop 729:Ten-Point Program 697:Wadsworth Jarrell 622:Gloria Richardson 381:Black nationalism 351:Africana womanism 346:African socialism 257: 256: 244:Political parties 166:Black nationalism 139:The Black Panther 16:(Redirected from 14396: 14234: 14233: 14073: 14072: 14003:Caldecott Tunnel 13972:Oakland Roots SC 13665: 13664: 13626: 13619: 13612: 13603: 13602: 13566: 13565: 13478:Socialist (1901) 13198: 13197: 13158: 13157: 13136:Working Families 13091:Socialist Action 13086:Socialist (1973) 13036:Progressive Dane 12966:American Freedom 12925: 12924: 12868: 12861: 12854: 12845: 12844: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12793:Lynching victims 12292:Louisiana Creole 12263:American English 12151:Louisiana Creole 12124:Choctaw freedmen 11962: 11961: 11499:Huddie Ledbetter 11439:Fannie Lou Hamer 11409:W. E. B. Du Bois 11399:Claudette Colvin 11394:Shirley Chisholm 11211:Family structure 11079:Military history 10961:Browder v. Gayle 10834: 10827: 10820: 10811: 10810: 10685:Bernardine Dohrn 10644:Erik Olin Wright 10639:Raymond Williams 10584: 10583: 10532:Black Liberators 10377: 10376: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10334: 10333: 10322: 10317: 10316: 10276:Robert Templeton 10251:Intercommunalism 10234:Related articles 10215:A Taste of Power 10140:Night Catches Us 9896:Black Liberators 9871: 9870: 9794:W. E. B. Du Bois 9651:James Dixon York 9534:East Coast based 9398:West Coast based 9395: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9361:Kathleen Cleaver 9356:Eldridge Cleaver 9316: 9307: 9300: 9293: 9284: 9283: 9270: 9238:The Party's Over 9189:Official website 9162: 9155: 9151: 9148: 9142: 9110: 9109: 9102: 9093: 9066: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9032:Independent Lens 9022: 8995: 8964: 8948: 8937:. Random House. 8929: 8917: 8906: 8887: 8863: 8844: 8823: 8798: 8782: 8768: 8735: 8714: 8695: 8674: 8665: 8649: 8638: 8629: 8608: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8415:. 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July 21, 1968. 5188: 5182: 5176: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5128:, pp. 54–55 5123: 5117: 5116:, pp. 52–53 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5029:, pp. 71–72 5020: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4889: 4888:, pp. 39–44 4883: 4877: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851:, pp. 30–39 4846: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4808:, pp. 30–36 4803: 4797: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4693: 4692:, pp. 11–12 4687: 4681: 4675: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4535: 4525: 4519: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4175: 4166: 4165: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4014: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3971:"Black Panthers" 3967: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3952: 3936: 3904:Colin Kaepernick 3787:Benedict Andrews 3748:A Taste of Power 3706:In popular media 3697:black separatist 3672:" was formed in 3593:caste oppression 3287:Eldridge Cleaver 3272:Kathleen Cleaver 3147:Kathleen Cleaver 3124:black liberation 2987:Betty Van Patter 2858:Eldridge Cleaver 2772:Eldridge Cleaver 2676:George Sams, Jr. 2528:C. Vann Woodward 2485:by Kwame Nkrumah 2466:Malcolm X Speaks 2416:by Marcus Garvey 2325:Arna W. Bontemps 2295:Herbert Aptheker 2064: 2024: 2002:Kathleen Cleaver 1991:Charles R. Garry 1985:magazine editor 1921:Eldridge Cleaver 1841:Bayview district 1764:Eldridge Cleaver 1722:Democratic Party 1622:Church Committee 1618:William Sullivan 1446:Lincoln Memorial 1435:Eldridge Cleaver 1319:An issue of the 1243:police brutality 1228:anti-imperialist 1156:Kaiser Shipyards 1124:police brutality 1112:Eldridge Cleaver 1096:Kathleen Cleaver 1089: 999:Eldridge Cleaver 897:Marxist–Leninist 891:(originally the 877: 870: 863: 771:Black Power gang 716:A Taste of Power 607:Eldridge Cleaver 439:Black Liberators 401:Intercommunalism 391:Black separatism 361:Anti-Americanism 282: 259: 258: 229: 202:Intercommunalism 197:Anti-imperialism 177:Marxism–Leninism 151: 118: 116: 111: 100: 98: 93: 62: 46: 45: 21: 14404: 14403: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14395: 14394: 14393: 14249: 14248: 14247: 14242: 14222: 14191: 14126: 14071: 13981: 13977:Oakland Spiders 13967:Oakland Ballers 13950: 13935:Oakland Tribune 13862: 13856: 13852:Port of Oakland 13842:Fire Department 13811: 13743:McClymonds High 13728:Castlemont High 13715: 13709: 13690:Merritt College 13656: 13647:Oakland Seaport 13635: 13630: 13600: 13595: 13592: 13588:Politics portal 13547: 13473:Socialist Labor 13453:Red Guard Party 13403:Personal Choice 13338:National (1917) 13233:American (1969) 13228:American (1924) 13213:Americans Elect 13192: 13154:Defunct parties 13145: 12944: 12914: 12887: 12878: 12872: 12842: 12837: 12827: 12825: 12812: 12778:Historic places 12771:US state firsts 12657: 12572: 12296: 12229: 12201:2010 majorities 12196:2000 majorities 12167: 12114:Black Seminoles 12063: 12054:Southern (SIAC) 12037: 12036:and conferences 12035: 12028: 12024:Serena Williams 12019:Jackie Robinson 11953: 11877: 11875: 11868: 11788: 11755:Nation of Islam 11726: 11674: 11668: 11609:Sojourner Truth 11599:Clarence Thomas 11564:Gabriel Prosser 11464:Michael Jackson 11339:Crispus Attucks 11329:Ralph Abernathy 11317: 11273:Musical theater 11172: 11038:Great Migration 11010:COVID-19 impact 10968:Sit-in movement 10843: 10838: 10808: 10803: 10784:Radical America 10734: 10658: 10629:C. Wright Mills 10624:Herbert Marcuse 10599:Murray Bookchin 10571: 10505: 10467: 10432:Red Guard Party 10372: 10366: 10361: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10305: 10229: 10199:Blood in My Eye 10170: 10021: 9965: 9941:Red Guard Party 9867:Inspired groups 9862: 9823: 9768: 9764:Connie Matthews 9747: 9711: 9655: 9556:Kuwasi Balagoon 9541:Mumia Abu-Jamal 9529: 9387: 9385: 9380: 9339: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9257:Berger, Maurice 9171:It's About Time 9163: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9124: 9115:This section's 9111: 9107: 9100: 9082: 9063: 9041: 9039: 9025: 9019: 9003: 9001:Further reading 8998: 8984: 8945: 8926: 8903: 8884: 8868:Newton, Huey P. 8860: 8841: 8820: 8795: 8757: 8732: 8711: 8692: 8684:. Atria Books. 8662: 8652:South End Press 8637:. Random House. 8626: 8605: 8566: 8547: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8438:. p. 324. 8428: 8424: 8409: 8405: 8395: 8393: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8338: 8334: 8324:Wayback Machine 8314: 8310: 8304:The Independent 8300:Wayback Machine 8290: 8286: 8276: 8274: 8265: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8238: 8234: 8224:Wayback Machine 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8182: 8178: 8172:Wayback Machine 8154: 8150: 8138:Wayback Machine 8129: 8125: 8121:, Oakland 2006. 8119:Wayback Machine 8110: 8106: 8096:Wayback Machine 8086: 8082: 8076:Wayback Machine 8067: 8063: 8058:Wayback Machine 8049: 8045: 8039:Wayback Machine 8030: 8026: 8016:Wayback Machine 8007: 8003: 7993:Wayback Machine 7983: 7979: 7972: 7968: 7941: 7937: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7911: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7866: 7864: 7837: 7833: 7810: 7786: 7779: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7732: 7697: 7688: 7678: 7676: 7651: 7644: 7633: 7629: 7614: 7607: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7520: 7516: 7506: 7504: 7491: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7440: 7439: 7435: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7397: 7380: 7349: 7345: 7330: 7316: 7301: 7294: 7290: 7275: 7264: 7233: 7229: 7192: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7138: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7106: 7102: 7094:The Leader-Post 7090: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7049: 7034: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6999: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6952: 6948: 6939: 6937: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6899: 6895: 6881:Wayback Machine 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6849:Wayback Machine 6838:Wayback Machine 6828:Wayback Machine 6818: 6814: 6805: 6798: 6790: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6711: 6707: 6700: 6691: 6683: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6566:Brian Baggins. 6564: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6536: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6378: 6374: 6365:Wayback Machine 6355: 6351: 6345:Wayback Machine 6335:Wayback Machine 6326: 6319: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6267: 6263: 6251: 6247: 6241:Chicago Tribune 6237:Wayback Machine 6227: 6223: 6218:Wayback Machine 6208: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6181: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6149: 6140: 6131: 6122: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6019: 6015: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5929: 5925: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5872: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5724: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5693:Wayback Machine 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5644: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5576:Oakland Tribune 5568: 5567: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5513: 5500: 5499: 5495: 5490: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5464:Wayback Machine 5454: 5450: 5441: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5312:Wayback Machine 5303: 5299: 5291: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5224:Wayback Machine 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5190: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5061: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5021: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4982: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4859: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4837:Wayback Machine 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4788: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4764: 4760: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4696: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4526: 4522: 4517:Wayback Machine 4507: 4503: 4488: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4445: 4441: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4335: 4331: 4320:Nelson, Alondra 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4177: 4176: 4169: 4162: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3980: 3978: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3880: 3851:David F. Walker 3813:, features the 3793:as the actress 3791:Kristen Stewart 3757: 3713: 3708: 3678:Nation of Islam 3666: 3660: 3516: 3410: 3402:Stonewall riots 3386: 3355: 3320:Nation of Islam 3299: 3280: 3232: 3220: 3218:Gender dynamics 3212:gender equality 3061: 3043: 3026: 3021: 2983: 2975:electoral arena 2958: 2953: 2944: 2922: 2893:Little Red Book 2889: 2864:" rather than " 2843:Connie Matthews 2826: 2812: 2768: 2722: 2717: 2708: 2664: 2633:Edward Hanrahan 2610: 2598: 2563: 2462:by C.E. Lincoln 2392:by E.F. Frazier 2377:by Frantz Fanon 2227: 2207:US Organization 2203: 2128:US Organization 2116: 2111: 2083: 2066: 2062:J. Edgar Hoover 2059: 2026: 2022: 2014: 1917:their newspaper 1883:, Los Angeles, 1782: 1777: 1746: 1730: 1698:New Left groups 1677: 1656: 1633:US Organization 1614:Elijah Muhammad 1598:Nation of Islam 1581:J. Edgar Hoover 1554: 1548: 1543: 1497: 1491: 1459:publicity stunt 1448:, June 19, 1970 1417:on May 2, 1967. 1407: 1389: 1364: 1339: 1323:from July 1970. 1282:Berkeley campus 1278:Little Red Book 1271:Watts Rebellion 1212:Merritt College 1199: 1140:Southern states 1078: 1065: 1051: 1044: 1039: 955:J. Edgar Hoover 881: 841: 840: 756: 748: 747: 710: 702: 701: 657:Maulana Karenga 597:Donald DeFreeze 582: 574: 573: 564:US Organization 524:Nation of Islam 419: 411: 410: 396:Black supremacy 366:Black anarchism 341: 333: 332: 290: 253: 227: 207: 114: 112: 109: 96: 94: 91: 53: 52: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14402: 14392: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14296: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14227: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14203:Alameda County 14199: 14197: 14193: 14192: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14177:Temescal Creek 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14152:Notable people 14149: 14144: 14138: 14136: 14132: 14131: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14088: 14082: 14080: 14070: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14042:Warren Freeway 14039: 14037:Interstate 980 14034: 14033: 14032: 14025:Interstate 880 14022: 14020:Interstate 580 14017: 14015:MacArthur Maze 14012: 14007: 14006: 14005: 13995: 13989: 13987: 13986:Transportation 13983: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13931: 13929:Occupy Oakland 13926: 13921: 13919:Riders scandal 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13870: 13868: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13823: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13719: 13717: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13671: 13669: 13662: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13654: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13637: 13636: 13629: 13628: 13621: 13614: 13606: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13593: 13591: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13570: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13528:Young Patriots 13525: 13520: 13518:White Panthers 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13393:People's Party 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13333:Liberty (1840) 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13288:Gold Democrats 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13204: 13202: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13188:National Union 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13164: 13162: 13155: 13151: 13150: 13147: 13146: 13144: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12931: 12929: 12922: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12895: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12871: 12870: 12863: 12856: 12848: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12835: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12774: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12753: 12752: 12751: 12746: 12744:Visual artists 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12704:Mathematicians 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12665: 12663: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12645: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12610: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12582: 12580: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12538: 12528: 12523: 12521:South Carolina 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12491:North Carolina 12488: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12436:Massachusetts 12434: 12433: 12432: 12422: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12371: 12366: 12365: 12364: 12354: 12353: 12352: 12347: 12337: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12325: 12315: 12310: 12304: 12302: 12298: 12297: 12295: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12278:social context 12275: 12265: 12255: 12254: 12253: 12243: 12237: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12228: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12220: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12129:Creek Freedmen 12126: 12121: 12116: 12106: 12104:Alabama Creole 12101: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12075: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12044:Central (CIAA) 12040: 12038: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11965: 11959: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11880: 11878: 11873: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11837:Pan-Africanism 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11807: 11802: 11796: 11794: 11790: 11789: 11787: 11786: 11781: 11779:Black theology 11776: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11759: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11742: 11736: 11734: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11723: 11722: 11720:in STEM fields 11717: 11712: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11678: 11676: 11675:and technology 11670: 11669: 11667: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11614:Harriet Tubman 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11544:Michelle Obama 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11474:Barbara Jordan 11471: 11469:Harriet Jacobs 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11359:Amelia Boynton 11356: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11325: 11323: 11322:Notable people 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11258:LGBT community 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11239: 11238: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11182: 11180: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11110: 11105: 11098: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11057: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11045: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11012: 11007: 11002: 11001: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10973:Freedom Riders 10970: 10965: 10957: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10917: 10912: 10904: 10899: 10897:Black genocide 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10822: 10814: 10805: 10804: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10751:Berkeley Tribe 10746: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10715:Huey P. Newton 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10590: 10588: 10581: 10577: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10477: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10465: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10383: 10381: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10360: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10337: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10286: 10278: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10219: 10211: 10203: 10195: 10191:Seize the Time 10187: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10160: 10152: 10144: 10136: 10128: 10122: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10080: 10074: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10050:Black Panthers 10046: 10040: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9973: 9971: 9967: 9966: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9911:Dalit Panthers 9908: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9877: 9875: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9842: 9837: 9831: 9829: 9825: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9728:William O'Neal 9725: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9709: 9707:Albert Woodfox 9704: 9702:Herman Wallace 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9663: 9661: 9660:Southern based 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9601:Lonnie McLucas 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9576:W. Paul Coates 9573: 9571:Safiya Bukhari 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9551:Ashanti Alston 9548: 9546:Sundiata Acoli 9543: 9537: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9525:Michael Zinzun 9522: 9520:Robert Trivers 9517: 9515:Geronimo Pratt 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9495:George Jackson 9492: 9487: 9485:Ericka Huggins 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9450:B. Kwaku Duren 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9415:Charles Barron 9412: 9407: 9401: 9399: 9392: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9378: 9376:David Hilliard 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9330:Huey P. Newton 9326: 9324: 9320: 9319: 9310: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9271: 9253: 9247: 9235: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9119:external links 9114: 9112: 9105: 9099: 9098:External links 9096: 9095: 9094: 9080: 9067: 9062:978-1568585550 9061: 9048: 9023: 9018:978-1501713422 9017: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8983:978-0773537668 8982: 8965: 8949: 8943: 8930: 8925:978-1565849617 8924: 8907: 8902:978-0201483413 8901: 8888: 8883:978-0143105329 8882: 8864: 8859:978-0807871133 8858: 8845: 8840:978-0822338901 8839: 8824: 8819:978-0684810652 8818: 8799: 8794:978-0805075397 8793: 8773:Joseph, Peniel 8769: 8756:978-0933121966 8755: 8736: 8731:978-0316364218 8730: 8715: 8710:978-1569763650 8709: 8696: 8691:978-0743482660 8690: 8675: 8673:. Pluto Press. 8666: 8661:978-0896082946 8660: 8639: 8630: 8625:978-0679419440 8624: 8609: 8604:978-0520953543 8603: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8565:978-1557288271 8564: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8514: 8482: 8465:New York Times 8451: 8444: 8422: 8403: 8377: 8332: 8308: 8284: 8258: 8232: 8209: 8176: 8148: 8123: 8104: 8080: 8061: 8043: 8024: 8001: 7984:Jordan Green, 7977: 7966: 7935: 7894: 7874: 7831: 7808: 7777: 7742: 7686: 7642: 7627: 7605: 7570: 7558: 7545: 7514: 7484: 7467:heinonline.org 7454: 7433: 7415: 7403: 7378: 7359:(2): 231–236. 7343: 7328: 7299: 7288: 7262: 7227: 7208:(4): 900–922. 7198:, 1968–1980". 7161: 7131: 7100: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7028: 7016: 6997: 6985:"Elaine Brown" 6975: 6946: 6918: 6906: 6893: 6866: 6854: 6812: 6796: 6781: 6769: 6745: 6733: 6705: 6689: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6638: 6626: 6607:(2): 171–176. 6589: 6558: 6546: 6534: 6519: 6507: 6495: 6488:978-0230602687 6471: 6459: 6428: 6421: 6411:. Ithaca, NY: 6396: 6384: 6372: 6349: 6317: 6304: 6274: 6261: 6245: 6221: 6199: 6169: 6147: 6129: 6113: 6087: 6056: 6054:, p. 300. 6044: 6013: 5956: 5923: 5897: 5885: 5871:978-1419722400 5870: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5794: 5782: 5751: 5745:978-0761927624 5744: 5715: 5703: 5677: 5665: 5652:The New Yorker 5627: 5601: 5589: 5556: 5538:The New Yorker 5523: 5493: 5484: 5482:, p. 166 5472: 5448: 5442:Gerald Horne, 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5315: 5297: 5280: 5254: 5228: 5209: 5200: 5183: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5070: 5067:. p. 207. 5063:David Farber. 5055: 5043: 5031: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4934: 4927: 4905: 4890: 4878: 4872:978-0933121300 4871: 4853: 4841: 4822: 4820:, chapters 6–7 4810: 4798: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4734: 4732:, pp. 5–7 4722: 4709: 4694: 4682: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4607: 4591: 4579: 4564: 4549: 4543:978-0029236819 4542: 4536:. Free Press. 4520: 4501: 4487:978-0807838167 4486: 4466: 4460:978-1501717703 4459: 4439: 4416: 4393: 4364: 4352: 4329: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4272: 4241: 4208: 4167: 4161:978-0226847146 4160: 4131: 4119: 4093: 4067: 4052:. p. 29. 4041: 4026: 3991: 3962: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3879: 3876: 3836:Daniel Kaluuya 3828:The 2021 film 3770:Panther (film) 3768:The 1995 film 3756: 3753: 3728:Seize the Time 3723:Huey P. Newton 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3662:Main article: 3659: 3656: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3629: 3622: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3562:Black Panthers 3559: 3541: 3530: 3515: 3512: 3508:David Hilliard 3465:Charles Barron 3418:Charles Barron 3409: 3406: 3385: 3382: 3359:Huey P. Newton 3354: 3351: 3298: 3295: 3279: 3276: 3248:Ericka Huggins 3231: 3228: 3219: 3216: 3140:racial suicide 3060: 3057: 3042: 3039: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 2997:David Horowitz 2982: 2979: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2921: 2918: 2888: 2885: 2854:David Hilliard 2850:Huey P. Newton 2835:Geronimo Pratt 2825: 2822: 2817:Ericka Huggins 2811: 2808: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2750: 2747: 2740: 2725:January 1970: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2700:Ericka Huggins 2680:Lonnie McLucas 2663: 2660: 2648:William O'Neal 2637:New York Times 2609: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2568:Ericka Huggins 2562: 2559: 2542: 2541: 2539:Richard Wright 2530: 2521: 2506: 2497: 2486: 2480: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2352: 2350:W.E.B. Du Bois 2341: 2340:by E.D. Cronin 2335: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2286:Basil Davidson 2279: 2270: 2259: 2226: 2223: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2194:David Hilliard 2190: 2183: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2124: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2082: 2079: 2052: 2015: 2013: 2010: 1987:David Horowitz 1849: 1848: 1833: 1827: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1745: 1742: 1738:Slauson Street 1729: 1726: 1685:Huey P. Newton 1676: 1673: 1664:Huey P. Newton 1660:Oakland police 1655: 1652: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1406: 1403: 1388: 1385: 1363: 1360: 1351:Huey P. Newton 1338: 1335: 1296:" and came to 1203:Huey P. Newton 1198: 1195: 1108:Huey P. Newton 1058:Huey P. Newton 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1018:military draft 941:class struggle 909:Huey P. Newton 883: 882: 880: 879: 872: 865: 857: 854: 853: 852: 851: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 746: 745: 738: 731: 726: 719: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 672:Muhammad Ahmad 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 632:Huey P. Newton 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 409: 408: 406:Pan-Africanism 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 371:Black feminism 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 275: 274: 268: 267: 255: 254: 252: 251: 246: 241: 235: 232: 231: 225: 221: 220: 215: 209: 208: 206: 205: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 162: 160: 154: 153: 147: 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 124: 120: 119: 106: 102: 101: 88: 84: 83: 81:Huey P. Newton 78: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14401: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14239: 14238: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14219: 14218:United States 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14194: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14147:Neighborhoods 14145: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14133: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14074: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 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13673: 13672: 13670: 13666: 13663: 13659: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13644: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13627: 13622: 13620: 13615: 13613: 13608: 13607: 13604: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13561: 13560: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13523:White Patriot 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13388:Patriot Party 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13243:Black Panther 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13223:American Nazi 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201:Third parties 13199: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13161:Major parties 13159: 13156: 13152: 13142: 13141:Workers World 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13131:Working Class 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13121:Transhumanist 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13011:Forward Party 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12996:Freedom Party 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12947: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12920:Third parties 12917: 12911: 12910: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12893:Major parties 12890: 12886: 12881: 12877: 12869: 12864: 12862: 12857: 12855: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12834: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12815: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12803:Neighborhoods 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12766:Sports firsts 12764: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12660: 12652: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12569: 12568:West Virginia 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12505:Pennsylvania 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12484:New York City 12482: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12447: 12445: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12431: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12328:San Francisco 12326: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12303: 12301:By state/city 12299: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12260: 12259: 12256: 12252: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12246:American Sign 12244: 12242: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12179:Neighborhoods 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12157: 12154: 12153: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12109:Black Indians 12107: 12105: 12102: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12070: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12039: 12031: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11960: 11956: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11881: 11879: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11687:Black schools 11685: 11683: 11682:Black studies 11680: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11664:Whitney Young 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11654:Oprah Winfrey 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11624:Denmark Vesey 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11569:Joseph Rainey 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11524:Toni Morrison 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509:Joseph Lowery 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11454:Jesse Jackson 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11444:Kamala Harris 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11429:Marcus Garvey 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11379:Blanche Bruce 11377: 11375: 11374:Edward Brooke 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11364:James Bradley 11362: 11360: 11357: 11355: 11352: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11344:James Baldwin 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11288:Neighborhoods 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11175: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11141:Silent Parade 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11116: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11099: 11097: 11096: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11069:Jim Crow laws 11067: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10892:Black cowboys 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10835: 10830: 10828: 10823: 10821: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10800: 10799: 10795: 10793: 10792: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10753: 10752: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10720:Terry Robbins 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10705:Abbie Hoffman 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10690:David Gilbert 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10478: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10369: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10346: 10344: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10323: 10312: 10311: 10308: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10290:Panther Power 10287: 10284: 10283: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10225: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10173: 10166: 10165: 10164:The Big Cigar 10161: 10158: 10157: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10142: 10141: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10126: 10123: 10120: 10119: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10104: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10092: 10089: 10086: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10075: 10072: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10061: 10058: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10041: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9921:Gray Panthers 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9878: 9876: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9847: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9804:Harry Haywood 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9738:Marion Stamps 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716:Chicago based 9714: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9636:Assata Shakur 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9611:Larry Pinkney 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9596:Warren Kimbro 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9445:Emory Douglas 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9430:Bunchy Carter 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9308: 9303: 9301: 9296: 9294: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9161: 9158: 9150: 9140: 9136: 9135:inappropriate 9132: 9128: 9122: 9120: 9113: 9104: 9103: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9081:9781982114121 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9038: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9004: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8955: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8916: 8915: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8748: 8745:. Baltimore: 8744: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8716: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8529: 8525: 8518: 8503: 8502: 8497: 8495: 8494:Black Panther 8486: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8445:9780822338901 8441: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8407: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8288: 8272: 8268: 8262: 8247: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8108: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8090: 8087:Layla Garms, 8084: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8036: 8033: 8028: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7955:(3): 860–85. 7954: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7931: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7887: 7886: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7845:Counterpoints 7842: 7835: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7809:9780520938892 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7782: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7746: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7612: 7610: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7549: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7450: 7444: 7436: 7434:9780743476973 7430: 7426: 7419: 7412: 7411:Blackmon 2008 7407: 7400: 7399:Blackmon 2008 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7329:9780933121300 7325: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7196:Black Panther 7190: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7096: 7095: 7087: 7081:, p. 299 7080: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7052:September 13, 7047: 7043: 7039: 7032: 7026:, p. 444 7025: 7020: 7009:September 13, 7004: 7000: 6998:9780810391772 6994: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6968:September 17, 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6922: 6916:, p. 328 6915: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6794:, p. 394 6793: 6788: 6786: 6779:, p. 283 6778: 6773: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6686: 6681: 6679: 6672:, p. 352 6671: 6666: 6660:, p. 351 6659: 6654: 6648:, p. 349 6647: 6642: 6636:, p. 268 6635: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6556:, p. 393 6555: 6550: 6544:, p. 392 6543: 6538: 6532:, p. 391 6531: 6526: 6524: 6517:, p. 186 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6424: 6422:9781501774157 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6401: 6394:, p. 201 6393: 6388: 6382:, p. 313 6381: 6376: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6297:September 12, 6292: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6254: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6231: 6228:Ted Gregory, 6225: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6145:. pp. 171–185 6144: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6102: 6101:Radical Reads 6098: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6053: 6048: 6037:September 12, 6032: 6028: 6024: 6017: 6009: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5895:, p. 184 5894: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5791: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5741: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5722: 5720: 5713:, p. 175 5712: 5707: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5615: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5593: 5577: 5572: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5544: 5541:. p. 4. 5540: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5445: 5439: 5433:, p. 109 5432: 5427: 5421:, p. 107 5420: 5415: 5409:, p. 104 5408: 5403: 5397:, p. 110 5396: 5391: 5384: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5335: 5332:. p. 9. 5328: 5327: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5301: 5295:, p. 186 5294: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5187: 5181:, p. 393 5180: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5164:, p. 129 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5047: 5040: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4903:, p. 109 4902: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4779: 4774: 4767: 4762: 4755: 4752:, chapter 1; 4751: 4748:, parts 2–3; 4747: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4652: 4647: 4640: 4635: 4629:, p. 340 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4539: 4534: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4426:Afro-American 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4362:, p. 41. 4361: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4297:, p. 152 4296: 4291: 4283: 4276: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4172: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129:, p. 219 4128: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4039:, p. 170 4038: 4033: 4031: 4011: 4004: 4003: 3995: 3988: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912:Emory Douglas 3909: 3908:Black Panther 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3890: 3889:Black Panther 3885: 3882:In 2019, the 3875: 3873: 3870:'s escape to 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3859:The Big Cigar 3854: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3815:Chicago Seven 3812: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3743:Assata Shakur 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3534:Gray Panthers 3531: 3528: 3527:Assata Shakur 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3478: 3477:Winston-Salem 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3297:Gwen Robinson 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264:the newspaper 3261: 3256: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3156: 3155:Erika Huggins 3152: 3148: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2967:Lionel Wilson 2963: 2948: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:North Vietnam 2899: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:revolutionary 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2818: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2801:Yasser Arafat 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:North Vietnam 2777: 2773: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:Warren Kimbro 2669: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2602: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2558: 2556: 2555:Black history 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2445: 2444:Janheinz Jahn 2441: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2409:Marcus Garvey 2406: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2277:Kwame Nkrumah 2274: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2238:Black Panther 2232: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2211:Bunchy Carter 2208: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2099:John Sinclair 2096: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2060:FBI director 2056: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2009: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1479:Ronald Reagan 1476: 1473:In 1967, the 1470: 1468: 1466: 1463:"Honkeys for 1460: 1456: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1398:Denzil Dowell 1394: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377:Betty Shabazz 1374: 1369: 1357:and a shotgun 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1073: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1034: 1032: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 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Wells 11634:David Walker 11629:C. T. Vivian 11584:Paul Robeson 11579:Hiram Revels 11559:Colin Powell 11539:Barack Obama 11494:James Lawson 11449:Jimi Hendrix 11419:James Farmer 11414:Medgar Evers 11384:Ralph Bunche 11334:Maya Angelou 11308:Middle class 11186:Afrofuturism 11112: 11100: 11093: 11014: 10959: 10906: 10872:Afrocentrism 10862:Abolitionism 10796: 10789: 10782: 10778:The Newsreel 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10743:Publications 10670:Saul Alinsky 10614:Paul Goodman 10604:Noam Chomsky 10542:Brown Berets 10536: 10280: 10221: 10213: 10205: 10197: 10189: 10181: 10162: 10154: 10146: 10138: 10130: 10125:Public Enemy 10124: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10096: 10090: 10082: 10076: 10068: 10062: 10056: 10048: 10042: 10036: 9874:Contemporary 9845: 9799:Frantz Fanon 9682:James Forman 9667:H. Rap Brown 9631:Afeni Shakur 9621:Nile Rodgers 9616:Alex Rackley 9586:Jamal Joseph 9490:Bobby Hutton 9480:John Huggins 9465:Reggie Forte 9435:Mark Comfort 9410:Richard Aoki 9371:Fred Hampton 9351:Elaine Brown 9313: 9278:marxists.org 9264: 9241: 9230: 9153: 9147:January 2019 9144: 9129:by removing 9116: 9071: 9052: 9040:. Retrieved 9030: 9008: 8973: 8969: 8957: 8953: 8934: 8913: 8892: 8872: 8849: 8829: 8804: 8778: 8741: 8720: 8700: 8680: 8670: 8645: 8634: 8614: 8593: 8583: 8574: 8554: 8531:. Retrieved 8527: 8517: 8505:. Retrieved 8499: 8493: 8485: 8475:December 16, 8473:. Retrieved 8464: 8454: 8431: 8425: 8417:the original 8406: 8394:. Retrieved 8390:the original 8380: 8370:November 21, 8368:. Retrieved 8349: 8345: 8335: 8327: 8311: 8303: 8287: 8275:. Retrieved 8261: 8249:. Retrieved 8245: 8235: 8227: 8212: 8200:. Retrieved 8196:the original 8189: 8179: 8174:. 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Rogers 2192:Late 1969: 2103:Guitar Army 2023:Bobby Seale 1957:John Carlos 1889:New Orleans 1881:Kansas City 1879:, Detroit, 1867:, Chicago, 1788:Soul on Ice 1706:Bob Avakian 1565:Jean Seberg 1505:newspaper. 1483:copwatching 1475:Mulford Act 1431:Mulford Act 1347:Bobby Seale 1306:Che Guevara 1294:Black Power 1248:Black Power 1207:Bobby Seale 1185:", such as 1142:during the 1116:Bobby Seale 1064:(Chairman); 1062:Bobby Seale 1016:and the US 995:Huey Newton 945:proletarian 905:Bobby Seale 901:black power 831:White power 637:John Africa 627:Hakim Jamal 386:Black pride 320:Raised fist 272:Black power 172:Black Power 14253:Categories 14213:California 14062:AC Transit 13884:Key System 13820:Government 13513:U.S. Labor 13448:Red Guards 13443:Readjuster 13438:Raza Unida 13383:Opposition 13248:Boston Tea 13173:Federalist 12909:Republican 12902:Democratic 12684:Astronauts 12474:New Jersey 12318:California 11822:Capitalism 11619:Nat Turner 11549:Rosa Parks 11534:Diane Nash 11504:John Lewis 11293:Newspapers 11263:Literature 11248:Juneteenth 11201:Businesses 11055:Exodusters 11023:Free Negro 10700:Tom Hayden 10680:Bill Ayers 10654:Mao Zedong 10587:Influences 10547:I Wor Kuen 10266:Panther 21 10246:COINTELPRO 9970:Subsequent 9926:I Wor Kuen 9777:Influences 9733:Bobby Rush 9723:Mark Clark 9677:Mark Essex 9591:Chaka Khan 9510:Pat Parker 9425:Ed Bullins 9366:Donald Cox 9344:Leadership 9090:1365769400 9042:October 6, 8992:j.ctt80bj0 8944:093312130X 8618:. Anchor. 8533:August 16, 8507:August 16, 8202:August 14, 7904:1086404074 7624:: 146–152. 7507:October 6, 7477:October 6, 7296:Jones 1998 7067:Brown 1993 7024:Brown 1993 6862:Brown 1993 6792:Jones 1998 6685:Jones 1998 6554:Brown 1993 6542:Brown 1993 6530:Brown 1993 6515:Jones 1998 6368:New Yorker 6183:"Programs" 6106:August 16, 5273:August 27, 5179:Jones 1998 4974:, p. 4972:Jones 1998 4818:Seale 1970 4778:Murch 2010 4766:Seale 1970 4754:Murch 2010 4744:, part I; 4742:Seale 1970 4730:Murch 2010 4663:Murch 2010 4651:Murch 2010 4639:Murch 2010 4345:Murch 2010 4265:January 2, 4234:January 1, 4183:The Nation 3922:References 3866:, follows 3817:trial and 3733:Bobby Seal 3700:hate group 3619:rockabilly 3568:in Israel. 3554:people in 3469:Bobby Rush 3343:collective 3326:, and the 2914:Jiang Qing 2910:Zhou Enlai 2720:Chronology 2618:Mark Clark 2534:Native Son 2257:Alex Haley 2187:Mark Clark 2177:COINTELPRO 2141:Panther 21 2114:Chronology 2030:Mao Zedong 1977:Jean Genet 1969:Jane Fonda 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