Afro-Brazilians - Knowledge

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study (from 2003) focused on the composition of the Brazilian population as a whole, "European contribution is highest in the South (81% to 82%), and lowest in the North (68% to 71%). The African component is lowest in the South (11%), while the highest values are found in the Southeast (18%–20%). Extreme values for the Amerindian fraction were found in the South and Southeast (7%–8%) and North (17%–18%)". The researchers were cautious with the results as their samples came from paternity test takers which may have skewed the results partly. Several other older studies have suggested that European ancestry is the main component in all Brazilian regions. Salzano (1997) reported 51% European, 36% African, and 13% Amerindian ancestry for the Northeastern population. Santos and Guerreiro (1995) found 47% European, 12% African, and 41% Amerindian ancestry in the north. In the southernmost state of Rio Grande do Sul, Dornelles et al. (1999) calculated 82% European, 7% African, and 11% Amerindian ancestries. Krieger et al. (1965) studied a Northeastern Brazilian population living in São Paulo and found that whites had 18% African and 12% Amerindian genetic contribution, while blacks had 28% European and 5% Amerindian genetic contribution. These Amerindian estimates, like others, have limitations. Compared to earlier studies, the 2002 study findings showed higher levels of bidirectional admixture between Africans and non-Africans.

2869:, 49% of the Caucasian population would have over 10% native African genes, according to that study. Thus, 86% of Brazilians would have at least 10% of genes that came from Africa. The researchers however were cautious about their conclusions: "Obviously these estimates were made by extrapolation of experimental results with relatively small samples and, therefore, their confidence limits are very ample". An autosomal study from 2011, also led by Sérgio Pena, but with nearly 1000 samples this time, from all over the country, shows that in most Brazilian regions most Brazilians "whites" are less than 10% African in ancestry, and it also shows that the "pardos" are predominantly European in ancestry, the European ancestry being therefore the main component in the Brazilian population, in spite of a very high degree of African ancestry and significant Native American contribution. Other autosomal studies show a European predominance in the Brazilian population. 1518:" the population, banning African and Asian immigration in 1891. To incentivize European immigration, the federal government subsidized travel to Brazil until 1927. European and white Brazilian workers were favored in factory jobs over Brazilians of African descent, who were often relegated to domestic and plantation labor. Afro-Brazilians established their own social and cultural institutions to support each other. In Salvador, they founded religious brotherhoods like Rosário às Portas do Carmo (1888-1938). The Sociedade Protectora dos Desvalidos, created in 1832, was an early mutual aid society for Afro-Brazilians. There were also religiously affiliated groups led by Afro-Brazilian women, such as the Irmãndade de Boa Morte in Bahia. Facing exclusion from white social clubs, Afro-Brazilians formed their own organizations, including the Luvas Pretas in 1904 and the Palmares Civic Center in 1927, which served as a library and meeting place. 1579: 1554: 6167: 942:. In the case of the Portuguese, the weakness of the political systems of the Tupi-Guarani Amerindian groups they conquered on the Brazilian coastline, and the inexperience of these Amerindians with systematic peasant labor, made them easy to exploit through non-coercive labor arrangements. However, several factors prevented the system of Amerindian slavery from being sustained in Brazil. For example, Native American populations were not numerous or accessible enough to meet all demands of the settlers for labor. In many cases, exposure to European diseases caused high levels of mortality among the Amerindian population, to such an extent that workers became scarce. Historians estimate that about 30,000 Amerindians under the rule of the Portuguese died in a 1430: 734: 876:– dark brunette) make 99%. Racial classifications in Brazil are based primarily on skin color and on other physical characteristics such as facial features, hair texture, etc. This is a poor scientific indication of ancestry, because only a few genes are responsible for someone's skin color: a person who is considered White may have more African ancestry than a person who is considered Black, and vice versa. But, as race is a social construct, these classifications relate to how people are perceived and perceive themselves in society. In Brazil, class and economic status also affect how individuals are perceived. 3264:(Afro-Brazilian Roots), in which they analyzed the genetic ancestry of nine famous Brazilian blacks and "pardos". Three tests were based on analysis of different parts of their DNA: an examination of paternal ancestry, maternal ancestry and the genomic ancestry, allowing to estimate the percentage of African, European and Amerindian genes in the composition of an individual. Of the nine people analyzed, three had more European ancestry than African, while the other six people had more African ancestry, with varying degrees of European and Amerindian admixture. The African admixture varied from 19.5% in actress 2174: 153: 119: 3994: 1966: 3416: 2408: 2148: 2330: 2538: 2512: 3732: 3281: 2616: 170: 710: 56: 2356: 2044: 2434: 2096: 2590: 2226: 2070: 2122: 2486: 2200: 2252: 1992: 2830:. Analysing their mitochondrial DNA, that comes from female ancestors though maternal line, 85% of them come from Africa, 12.5% come from Native Americans and 2.5% come from Europe. The high level of European ancestry in African Brazilians through paternal line exists because, for much of Brazil's history, there were more Caucasian males than Caucasian females. So inter-racial relationships between Caucasian males and African or Native American females were widespread. 2564: 1090: 2460: 2018: 2278: 1875: 9471: 136: 2304: 1014: 1940: 1815:

the number of men and women. The vast majority of slaves were men, black women being a minority. Slaves rarely had a family and the unions between the slaves was hampered due to incessant hours of work. Another very important factor was that black women were held by white and mixed-race men. The Portuguese colonization, largely composed of men with very few women resulted in a social context in which white men disputed indigenous or African women.

2834: 2382: 951: 3373:, leading to new protests, mainly in social medias. But once again TV Globo denied racism, saying "We base our cast selection by talent, not by race". In 2018, a survey conducted by UOL reported that Black actors represented approximately 7.98% of those employed in the drama departments of Brazil's three major television networks. The data considered the soap operas that were either airing or in production at Globo, Record, and SBT. 3980: 7222: 1002: 2815:, that is present only in males and passed down with only minor mutations through the paternal line. Both can show from what part of the world a matrilineal or patrilineal ancestor of a person came from, but one can have in mind that they are only a fraction of the human genome, and reading ancestry from Y chromosome and mtDNA only tells 1/23rd the story, since humans have 23 chromosome pairs in the cellular DNA. 1798: 1780: 1762: 1744: 1726: 1708: 1690: 1672: 1654: 91: 77: 9481: 1636: 1835:, the black woman was the responsible for the growth of the "parda" population. The non-White population has grown mainly through sexual intercourse between the black female slave and the Portuguese master, which, together with assortative mating, explains the high degree of European ancestry in the black Brazilian population and the high degree of African ancestry in the white population. 1529:(1937-1945), which restricted political activities. Although this period was repressive, Vargas's 1931 Law of Naturalization of Labor, favoring Brazilian-born workers over European immigrants, garnered some Afro-Brazilian support for him. Before the 1940s, Afro-Brazilians also created their own newspapers and dance groups, with a small black elite leading intellectual thought in 2688:(58.3% of the total), while the self-identified black population was the majority in nine. More than half of the municipalities with a brown majority and all with a black majority are in the Northeast region of Brazil. With over 80% of its population being Afro-descendant, Salvador is considered the blackest city in the world outside the African continent. 3685:. It is marked by deft, tricky movements often played on the ground or completely inverted. It also has a strong acrobatic component in some versions and is always played with music. Recently, the sport has been popularized by Capoeira performed in various computer games and movies, and Capoeira music has been featured in modern pop music. 994:

uneven gender-ratios combined with the high mortality rate related to the physical duress that working in a mine or on a sugar plantation (for example) could have on a slave's body. The effect was often that many New World slave economies, including Brazil, relied on a constant importation of new slaves to replace those who had died.

3306:. In 2002, Araújo was the protagonist of another soap opera, being the only Black actress to have a more prominent role in a TV production of Brazil. Black actors in Brazil are usually required to follow stereotypes and are usually in subordinate and submissive roles, as maids, drivers, servants, bodyguards, and poor 3318:) which talks about how Brazilian TV hides the Black population. Araújo analyzed Brazilian soap operas from 1964 to 1997 and only 4 black families were represented as being of middle-class. Black women usually appear under strong sexual connotation and sensuality. Black men usually appear as rascals or criminals. 998:

Despite the changes in the slave population demographic related to the constant importation of slaves through the 1860s, a creole generation in the African population emerged in Brazil. By 1800, Brazil had the largest single population of African and creole slaves in any one colony in the American continent.

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Rodrigues de Moura, Ronald; Coelho, Antonio Victor Campos; de Queiroz Balbino, Valdir; Crovella, Sergio; Brandão, Lucas André Cavalcanti (10 September 2015). "Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries: Brazilian genetic admixture: A Meta-Analysis".

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at 5.0%. In absolute numbers, the Southeast has the largest self-identified Black population, with 9,003,372 individuals, while the Northeast has 7,127,018. Together, the Southeast and Northeast account for 78.08% of Black Brazilians. The North ranks third with 1,530,418 Black Brazilians, followed by

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Despite the large influx of Islamic slaves, most of the slaves in Brazil were brought from the Bantu regions of the Atlantic coast of Africa where today Congo and Angola are located, and also from Mozambique. In general, these people lived in tribes, kingdoms or city-states. The people from Congo had

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The nature of the work that slaves did had a direct effect on aspects of slaves' lives such as life expectancy and family formation. An example from an early inventory of African slaves (1569–71) from the plantation of Sergipe do Conde in Bahia shows that he owned nineteen males and one female. These

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According to another study from 2008, by the University of Brasília, European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil in all regions, accounting for 65,90% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24,80%) and the Native American (9,3%). According to an autosomal DNA

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According to another study conducted at a school in the poor periphery of Rio de Janeiro, autosomal DNA study (from 2009), the "pardos" there were found to be on average over 80% European, and the "whites" were found out to carry very little Amerindian and/or African admixtures. In general, the test

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The quilombola population in Brazil is 1,327,802 people, or 0.65% of the total population. The Northeast Region has 5,386 quilombola localities, 64% of the total. Bahia accounts for 29.90% of the quilombola population, followed by Maranhão, with 20.26%. Together, the two states are home to 50.16% of

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populations. Many of these acculturated blacks were accepted in these communities and taught them the Portuguese language and the European culture. In these areas the blacks were "agents for transmitting European culture" to those isolated communities in Brazil. Many blacks mixed with the Amerindian

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ancestry. Most multiracial Brazilians also have a range of degree of African ancestry. Brazilians whose African features are more evident are generally seen by others as Blacks and may identify themselves as such, while the ones with less noticeable African features may not be seen as such. However,

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with chants and dances they had brought from Africa. These religions have been persecuted in the past, mainly due to Catholic influence. However, the Brazilian government has legalized them. In current practice, Umbanda followers leave offerings of food, candles and flowers in public places for the

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In the fashion world Afro-Brazilians are also poorly represented. In Brazil there is a clear predominance of models from the South of Brazil, mostly of European descent. Many black models complained of the difficulty of finding work in the fashion world in Brazil. This reflects a Caucasian standard

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of Jabaquara (out of Santos, itself a center of abolitionist agitation), then maybe they would still be slaves today ... Slavery ended because slaves no longer wanted to be slaves, because slaves rebelled against their masters and against the law that enslaved them ... The law of 13 May was nothing

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project estimated that, during the slave trade, 4,821,126 Africans disembarked in Brazil. After thorough analyses in Africa and the Americas, researchers were able to trace the origins of the Africans brought to Brazil. About 70% of the slaves disembarked in Brazil came from Central-Western Africa.

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Two IBGE surveys, the 1976 National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) and the July 1998 Monthly Employment Survey (PME), have been analyzed to assess how Brazilians think of themselves in racial terms. The results of these surveys show that a great number of racial terms are in use in Brazil, but most

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alternative would mean to impose unto Brazil a vision of the racial issue as a dichotomy, similar to that of the United States, which would not be true." Members of the black movement in Brazil seek to define their racial identity in political and socioeconomic terms; pardos are grouped with blacks

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are of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, not African. A survey conducted in the early 2000s with a sample of 2,364 people from 102 municipalities showed that if the "brown" category were removed and Brazilians had to choose between "black" or "white", the population would appear 68% white and

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Pena, Sérgio D. J.; Di Pietro, Giuliano; Fuchshuber-Moraes, Mateus; Genro, Julia Pasqualini; Hutz, Mara H.; Kehdy, Fernanda de Souza Gomes; Kohlrausch, Fabiana; Magno, Luiz Alexandre Viana; Montenegro, Raquel Carvalho; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Moraes, Maria Elisabete Amaral de; Moraes, Milene Raiol

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Carnival in Brazil is the traditional combination of a Roman Catholic festival with the lively celebrations of people of African ancestry. It evolved principally in urban coastal areas, notably in the former plantation zones along the coast between Recife and Rio de Janeiro. Salvador’s Carnival is

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in January 2008, of the 344 models only eight (2.3% of total) were blacks. A public attorney required the fashion show to contract Black models and demanded that during São Paulo Fashion Week 2009, at least 10% of the models should be "Blacks, Afro-descendants or Indians", under penalty of fine of

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Before abolition, the growth of the black population was mainly due to the acquisition of new slaves from Africa. In Brazil, the black population had a negative growth. This was due to the low life expectancy of the slaves, which was around seven years. It was also because of the imbalance between

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According to Petrônio Domingues, by 1887 the slave struggles pointed to a real possibility of widespread insurrection. On 23 October, in São Paulo, for instance, there were violent confrontations between the police and rioting Blacks, who chanted "long live freedom" and "death to the slaveowners".

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estimated that, in this process, some 12 million Africans were captured to be brought to Brazil, even though the majority of them died before becoming slaves in the country. The African slaves in Brazil were known to have suffered various types of physical violence. Lashes on the back was the most

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The Brazilian population of more evident black physiognomy is more strongly present along the coast, due to the high concentration of slaves working on sugar cane plantations. Another region that had a strong presence of Africans was the mining areas in the center of Brazil. Freyre wrote that the

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who immigrated to Brazil alone. Most of them were men (the proportion was eight or nine men for each woman) and then it was natural that they had relationships with the Amerindian or Black women. According to him the mixture of races in Brazil, more than a sexual domination of the rich Portuguese

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and in 1888 the country abolished slavery, making it the last one in the Americas to do so. With the largest Afro-descendant population outside of Africa, Brazil's cultural, social, and economic landscape has been profoundly shaped by Afro-Brazilians. Their contributions are especially notable in

3601:). This heavy oil extracted from the fruits of an African palm tree is one of the basic ingredients in Bahian or Afro-Brazilian cuisine, adding flavor and bright orange color to foods. There is no equivalent substitute, but it is available in markets specializing in Brazilian or African imports. 997:

With Brazil’s proximity to Africa, it was easy for the Portuguese to continue transporting Africans to Brazil when enslaved people ran away or died. Not all Africans and their descendants were enslaved, some were free and others were able to buy their freedom by earning money for their services.

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A 2015 autosomal genetic study, which also analyzed data of 25 studies of 38 different Brazilian populations concluded that: European ancestry accounts for 62% of the heritage of the population, followed by the African (21%) and the Native American (17%). The European contribution is highest in

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An autosomal study from 2011 has also concluded that European ancestry is the predominant ancestry in Brazil, accounting for nearly 70% of the ancestry of the population. European ancestry ranged from 60.6% in the Northeast to 77.7% in the South. The 2011 autosomal study samples came from blood

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Lighter-skinned mulattoes (who obviously were descendants of some Europeans) were easily integrated into the white population. Through years of integration and racial assimilation, a white Brazilian population has developed with more historic African ancestry, as well as a black population with

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In Brazil it is possible for two siblings of different colors to be classified as people of different races. Children who are born to a black mother and a European father would be classified as black if their features read more as African, and classified as white if their features appeared more

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Over nearly three centuries from the late 1500s to the 1860s, Brazil was consistently the largest destination for African slaves in the Americas. In that period, approximately 4.9 million enslaved Africans were imported to Brazil. Brazilian slavery included a diverse range of labor roles. For

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in Northeastern Brazil. It found that people identified as White in Porto Alegre had 8% African ancestry, while those in Natal had a mix of 58% White, 25% Black, and 17% Amerindian ancestry. The study also showed that individuals identified as White or Pardo in Natal have a dominant European

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to refer to individuals who self-identify as black and brown according to the IBGE race or color classification. Although evidence suggests that blacks and browns have similar socio-economic profiles and indicators of material well-being compared to whites, some researchers note that it is

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Historian Manolo Florentino refutes the idea that a large part of the Brazilian people is a result of the forced relationship between the rich Portuguese colonizer and the Amerindian or African slaves. According to him, most of the Portuguese settlers in Brazil were poor adventurers from

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European. The Brazilian emphasis on physical appearance rather than ancestry is evident from a large survey in which less than 10% of Brazilian black individuals cited Africa as one of their origins when allowed to provide multiple responses. In the July 1998 PME, the categories

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argue that the inclusion of this category in the census distorts Brazil's demographic depiction. They contend that the ideological privileging of whiteness in Brazilian society leads many Brazilians to ‘deny their blackness’ and ‘lighten’ themselves on the census by choosing the

3057:(at 52%), the African contribution at 41% and the Native American 7%. According to another autosomal DNA study, those who identified as Whites in Rio de Janeiro turned out to have 86.4% – and self identified pardos 68.1% – European ancestry on average (autosomal). 1392:

and spoke Arabic and many of them could read and write in this language. Muslim slaves were brought from northern Mozambique. Freyre noted that many enslaved Africans were better educated than their masters, because many Muslim slaves were literate in Arabic, while many

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results showed that European ancestry is far more important than the students thought it would be. The "blacks" (pretos) of the periphery of Rio de Janeiro, according to this study, thought of themselves as predominantly African before the study and yet they turned out

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Callegari-Jacques, Sidia M.; Grattapaglia, Dario; Salzano, Francisco M.; Salamoni, Sabrina P.; Crossetti, Shaiane G.; Ferreira, Márcio E.; Hutz, Mara H. (November 2003). "Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population".

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it could take as many as 76 days. Once in Brazil, from 10 to 12% of the slaves also died in the places where they were taken to be bought by their future masters. In consequence, only 45% of the Africans captured in Africa to become slaves in Brazil survived.

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In Africa, about 40% of Blacks died on the route between the areas of capture and the African coast. Another 15% died in the ships crossing the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and Brazil. From the Atlantic coast, the journey could take from 33 to 43 days. From

4145:(Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint. 636:(indigenous). In the 1940 census, respondents were asked for their color or race, and if the answer was not "white", "black", or "yellow", interviewers marked the "color or race" box with a slash. These slashes were later aggregated into the category 946:

epidemic in the 1560s. The Iberian conquerors could not attract sufficient settlers from their own countries to the colonies and, after 1570, they began increasingly to bring enslaved people who had been kidnapped in Africa as a primary labor force.

3335:) a white actor, Sérgio Cardoso, played Thomas, who was a black man in the book. The actor had to paint his body in black to look black. The choice of a White actor to play a black character caused major protests in Brazil. In 1975 the telenovela 1830:

and a peaceful integration, was a process of sexual domination, in which the white man imposed an unequal relationship using violence because of his prime condition in society. As an official wife or as a concubine or subjected to a condition of

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based on shared realities of racial discrimination rather than merely as a result of having "a drop of black blood." Research by Hasenbalg and Silva (1983) indicates that sociological racism is the primary factor uniting blacks and pardos.

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at the turn of the 20th century, so that people with any known African ancestry were automatically classified as Black, regardless of skin color. In the 21st century, many Black Americans have some degree of European ancestry, while few

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states with strongest African presence were Bahia and Minas Gerais, but that there is no region in Brazil where the black people have not penetrated. Many blacks fled to the hinterland of Brazil, including the Northern region, and met

3295:, which are the most-watched programs on Brazilian television. The Brazilian soap operas, as well as throughout Latin America, are accused of under-representing the Black, Mixed and Amerindian population and over-representing whites. 3439:

have many followers. Although these religions have a higher proportion of Black practitioners, Whites also make up a significant portion, particularly in Umbanda. These religions are mainly practiced in large urban centers such as

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It was as a response to such situation that, on 13 May 1888, slavery was abolished, as a means to restore order and the control of the ruling class, in a situation in which the slave system was almost completely disorganised.

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Color (in Portuguese, cor) denotes the Brazilian equivalent of the English term race (raça) and is based on a complex phenotypic evaluation that takes into account, besides skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip

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de; Ojopi, Élida B.; Perini, Jamila A.; Racciopi, Clarice; Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Ândrea Kely Campos; Rios-Santos, Fabrício; Romano-Silva, Marco A.; Sortica, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (16 February 2011).

3681:. Despite being reprimanded, Africans continued to practice this martial art, on the pretext that it was just a dance. Until the present, Capoeira confuses dance and fight, and is an important part of the 5355: 4406: 358:(Blacks). In 2010, this perspective gained official recognition when Brazilian Congress passed a law creating the Statute of Racial Equality. However, this definition is contested since a portion of 2881:

ancestry, while those identified as White in Porto Alegre have an overwhelming majority of European ancestry. According to an autosomal DNA genetic study from 2011, both "whites" and "pardos" from

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developed agriculture, raised livestock, domesticated animals such as goat, pig, chicken and dog and produced sculpture in wood. Some groups from Angola were nomadic and did not know agriculture.

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of beauty demanded by the media. To change this trend, the Black Movement of Brazil entered in court against the fashion show, where almost all the models were whites. In a fashion show during

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reflecting their heritage. In contemporary times, Afro-Brazilians still face socioeconomic disparities and racial discrimination and continue the fight for racial equality and social justice.

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Many Afro-Brazilians have been prominent in Brazilian society, especially in the arts, music and sports. Many important figures in Brazilian literature have been of African descent, such as

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Afro-Brazilians challenged racial exclusion through cultural and political movements. Notably, in 1928, they protested a decree barring them from enlisting in the São Paulo Civil Guard. The

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During the slavery period between the 16th and 19th centuries, Brazil received approximately four to five million Africans, who constituted about 40% of all Africans brought to the

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Alves-Silva, Juliana; da Silva Santos, Magda; Guimarães, Pedro E.M.; Ferreira, Alessandro C.S.; Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen; Pena, Sérgio D.J.; Prado, Vania Ferreira (August 2000).

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Said of, or someone who has black hair and slightly dark skin; of the colour of ripe wheat. / In Brazil, an ironic or euphemistic designation given to blacks and mulattos.

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Fernández Bravo, Nicolás (2016). "Soares, Isa (1953– ), Afro-Brazilian dancer, dance instructor, and activist". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.).

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common repressive measure. About 40 lashes per day were common and they prevented the mutilation of slaves. The colonial chroniclers recorded the extreme violence and

7571: 6779: 6043: 5746: 6746: 5648:[Blacks and pardos of Rio have more European genes than they know, according to a study] (in Portuguese). Meionews.com.br. 27 November 2009. Archived from 2818:

Analysing the Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors through paternal line, it was concluded that half (50%) of Brazilian "negros" Y chromosomes come from

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more than the legal recognition – so as not to discredit public authority – of an act that had already been accomplished by the mass revolt of slaves.

3272:. The European admixture varied from 0.4% in Nascimento to 70% in Silva. The Amerindian admixture from 0.3% in Nascimento to 25.4% in football player Obina. 338:

is usually used to refer to those with the darkest skin colour, so as a result of this many Brazilians of African descent identify themselves as part of the

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full of blacks. In the Rede Globo's soap opera, on the other hand, almost all the cast was white. The same situation has been seen in the 2018 telenovela

1485:. Flights were happening in daylight, guns were spotted among the fugitives, who, instead of hiding from police, seemed ready to engage in confrontation. 3517: 3357:, who is an olive-skinned woman. The producer claimed he "did not find any talented Black actress" for the role of Gabriela. In 2001 Rede Globo produced 2885:

have a predominant degree of European ancestry (>70%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions. "Whites" and "pardos" from

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Since the end of the 1980s, the political participation of Afro-Brazilians has increased. Some important politicians include former mayor of São Paulo

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Had the slaves not fled en masse from the plantations, rebelling against their masters ... Had they not, more than 20,000 of them, gone to the famous

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Helena, M.; Franco, L. P.; Weimer, Tania A.; Salzano, F. M. (1981). "Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations".

693:) in the census. Many scholars and social scientists have also combined the brown and black categories in their studies, using terms such as 9510: 7528: 3265: 5956: 3291:

Afro-Brazilians, along with other non-European groups, are significantly underrepresented in Brazilian media. They have a low presence in

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32% black. In this binary format, 44% of those identifying as brown would choose the white category. According to a 2000 survey held in

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is a martial art developed initially by enslaved Africans who came predominantly from Angola or Mozambique to Brazil, starting in the

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Southern Brazil (77%), the African highest in Northeast Brazil (27%) and the Native American is the highest in Northern Brazil (32%).

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In 2010, the Brazilian Congress passed the Estatuto da Igualdade Racial (Statute of Racial Equality). The law adopts the racial term

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donors, public health personnel and health students. Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, greater within regions than between them:

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of White women against female slaves, usually due to jealousy or to prevent a relationship between their husbands and the slaves.

9430: 9388: 7930: 7599: 4213: 3834: 8873: 7721: 7619: 7546: 6599: 808: 566: 387:, communities where they could live freely and resist oppression. In 1850, Brazil determined the definitive prohibition of the 5509: 4935: 8972: 8363: 7956: 7609: 7556: 6797: 6570: 6521: 6487: 6382: 6314: 6027: 5671: 5472: 5185: 4986: 4953: 4781: 4501: 5979: 4442:"Entenda quais foram os significados de 'pardo' nos últimos 80 anos e como isso dificultou a identificação racial do Brasil" 3535:

Protestants, while Whites make up the largest group of non-Pentecostal Protestants. As mentioned, some black Brazilians are

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has the highest proportion of self-identified Black Brazilians, comprising 13.0% of its population. It is followed by the

9505: 9338: 8559: 8380: 7614: 6875: 6832: 6626:[Episode Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (1927–2001)] (in Portuguese). Futura Channel – Episode Details. Archived from 5750: 1437: 6756: 6720: 9520: 8564: 7716: 4940:. Cambridge Studies in Stratification Economics: Economics and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4660: 2827: 939: 896:

European ancestry. In the United States, the efforts to enforce white supremacy resulted in southern states adopting a

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Today, this region includes the countries of Angola, the Republic of Congo, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

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are acculturated indigenous people or people with indigenous and European rather than African ancestry, especially in

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master over the poor slaves, was a mixture between the poor Portuguese settlers with the Amerindian and Black women.

970:

example, gold mining in Brazil began to grow around 1690 in interior regions of Brazil, such as modern-day region of

811:(IPEA), ministries, government departments, and international organizations. However, not all people who identify as 4583:"Who Is Black in Brazil? A Timely or a False Question in Brazilian Race Relations in the Era of Affirmative Action?" 3770:

In popular music, the talents of Afro-Brazilians have found fertile ground for their development. Masters of samba,

9515: 9308: 8492: 8213: 8186: 1351: 1143: 7420: 5553:"The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected" 17: 6155: 5838: 2893:

also were found to be predominantly European in ancestry, with minor Native American and African contributions.

784:

and 38% of the self-reported white population reported to have African ancestors. It is notable that 14% of the

8155: 8117: 7849: 7689: 7398: 7175: 7110: 6870: 6825: 4518:"Panorama Nacional e Internacional da Produção de Indicadores Sociais - A investigação étnico-racial pelo IBGE" 1453:

threatens, in some places in the province, public order, alarming the proprietaries and the productive classes.

929: 6370: 4428: 4214:"Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem" 290:

Brazilians rarely use the term "Afro-Brazilian" as a term of ethnic identity and never in informal discourse.

9049: 9012: 8912: 8843: 8829: 8573: 8507: 7826: 7415: 7105: 1078: 892:("African") was used by 0.004% of the respondents. In the 1976 PNAD, none of these terms was used even once. 667: 6698: 8942: 7747: 7255: 7226: 7057: 6899: 5236:(retrieved 22 August 2008). Notice how the source groups Amerindians and "pardos", not "pardos" and Blacks. 4196: 3830: 3707:, making a wide variety of styles. Brazil is well known for the rhythmic liveliness of its music as in its 1849: 632: 599: 322: 7218: 6454: 6273: 3791: 9333: 9288: 9216: 8863: 8477: 6701:[Ruth de Souza – Our biggest star] (in Portuguese). Geledés Black Women's Institute. 30 July 2010 6358: 3203: 2865:, regions which received large waves of European immigration beginning in the 1820s and growing strongly 1895: 7474: 5356:"2022 Census: self-reported brown population is the majority in Brazil for the first time | News Agency" 3922: 1429: 9363: 9267: 9227: 8902: 8502: 8487: 8270: 4797: 3783: 3500:

spirits. The Candomblé terreiros are more hidden from general view, except in famous festivals such as

3410: 2877: 2569: 8007: 6073: 3857: 3461: 2678: 2641:

has the largest self-identified Black population in Brazil, with 1,160,073 individuals identifying as

1330:

to refer to Yoruba-speaking people. The Dahomey enslaved and sold large numbers of Yoruba, largely of

660:

was formalized as its own category, while Indigenous peoples gained a separate category only in 1991.

9474: 9114: 8967: 8962: 8148: 6979: 4377: 4239: 3655:

Similar to other countries with large populations of African descent, there are many Black Brazilian

2179: 388: 3751:, widely regarded as the greatest writer of Brazilian literature. Some of these individuals include 3378: 9017: 8741: 8452: 8191: 8069: 7726: 7594: 7047: 4517: 3219: 3187: 2685: 1891: 1887: 671: 343: 215: 109: 105: 6095: 733: 326:(indigenous). In the 2022 census, 20.7 million Brazilians (10,2% of the population) identified as 9525: 9450: 9242: 8897: 8568: 7971: 7799: 7757: 7518: 7062: 7041: 6994: 6371:

Gilberto Ferreira da Silva; José António dos Santos; Luiz Carlos da Cunha Carneiro, eds. (2008).

5123: 3764: 3674: 975: 7457: 5964: 815:

are of African descent, especially in Northern Brazil, and identify with Blackness. Sociologist

9368: 9163: 8922: 8398: 8346: 8336: 8324: 8097: 7821: 6857: 4493: 4485: 3760: 3391: 3298:

Brazil has produced soap operas since the 1960s, but it was only in 1996 that a black actress,

2838: 2621: 1971: 914: 788:

from Rio de Janeiro said they have no African ancestors. This percentage may be even higher in

420: 157: 152: 7961: 6661: 6645: 6372: 6148: 5069: 3907: 3895: 3779: 3677:. Documents, legends and literature of Brazil record this practice, especially in the port of 719:

self-identifies as black, but only 27% of Brazilians consider her as such and 36% view her as

9420: 9345: 9252: 9168: 9153: 9107: 9102: 8977: 8617: 8544: 8539: 8410: 8253: 8200: 8112: 8107: 8012: 7966: 7809: 7629: 6507: 6424: 6411: 6013: 4771: 4470: 3926: 1522: 84: 4266:"Pardos: os dilemas dos brasileiros que formam maior grupo étnico-racial segundo Censo 2022" 3891: 9378: 9158: 8957: 8707: 7987: 7940: 7904: 7624: 7579: 7508: 7503: 7495: 7260: 7122: 7117: 6789: 6412:"Escola dá samba? O que têm a dizer os compositores do bairro de Oswaldo Cruz e da Portela" 5909: 5564: 4694: 3838: 3694: 3656: 3531:

churches. Among Brazil's predominant ethnicities, Blacks make up the largest proportion of

3331: 3235: 3171: 1903: 1899: 1526: 1394: 1006: 429: 241: 189: 3818: 2413: 1482: 1470: 123: 118: 8: 9136: 9127: 9092: 8868: 8497: 8302: 8048: 8017: 7992: 7889: 7831: 7804: 7789: 7699: 7584: 7481: 7452: 7035: 4012: 3945: 3670: 3594: 3492: 3469: 3415: 3101: 2858: 2854: 2335: 1246: 534: 274: 265: 253: 44: 8285: 6949: 6117: 6009: 5913: 5568: 4937:

The Politics of Blackness: Racial Identity and Political Behavior in Contemporary Brazil

4698: 3953: 3864: 978:. Other products of slave labor in Brazil during that era in Brazilian history included 816: 9410: 9293: 9059: 9022: 8982: 8917: 8632: 8124: 8044: 8038: 8022: 8002: 7935: 7684: 7589: 7486: 7027: 6889: 6201: 5878: 5837:(in Portuguese). University of Brazil, Institute of Biological Sciences. Archived from 5811: 5723: 5698: 5587: 5552: 4681:

Parra, FC; Amado, RC; Lambertucci, JR; Rocha, J; Antunes, CM; Pena, SD (January 2003).

4265: 4188: 4022: 4017: 4007: 3887: 3574: 3528: 3473: 3406: 3359: 2714: 2543: 990:, which were often vital items traded in exchange for slaves on the African continent. 488: 286: 225: 8265: 6912: 5957:"Latinos are racist, too. Just turn on the TV: Soap operas on Latin TV are lily white" 5932: 5897: 5833:[The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations] 5410:"IBGE will release results for color or race of 2022 Census in Salvador | News Agency" 4717: 4682: 2857:

would have over 10% native African genes, according to this particular study. Even in

1314:

The Africans brought to Brazil belonged to two major groups: the West African and the

670:, but it can also refer to racial mixture. Activists and scholars associated with the 9373: 9313: 9173: 9039: 8907: 8798: 8554: 8529: 8059: 7909: 7899: 7814: 7711: 7513: 7127: 6984: 6937: 6865: 6793: 6726: 6566: 6517: 6483: 6378: 6310: 6205: 6182:"African Gods in Contemporary Brazil: A Sociological Introduction to Candomblé Today" 6023: 5937: 5870: 5803: 5728: 5627: 5592: 5254: 5225: 5181: 5173:

Uma história não contada: negro, racismo e branqueamento em São Paulo no pós-abolição

5096: 5045: 4982: 4949: 4777: 4722: 4628: 4602: 4556: 4497: 4166:"Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" 3879: 3795: 3700: 3682: 3624: 3556: 3269: 2808: 2743: 2517: 1840: 1445:

The president of the province, Rodrigues Alves, reported the situation as following:

1170: 1139: 925: 828: 516: 479: 205: 8578: 5882: 5815: 4287: 4192: 3860: 2595: 2153: 1458: 1409:

in Brazil, produced one of the greatest slave revolts in the Americas, known as the

9146: 8815: 8768: 8736: 8662: 8600: 8583: 8549: 8482: 8447: 8442: 8420: 8415: 8351: 8329: 8233: 8208: 8171: 8129: 8064: 8054: 7997: 7914: 7894: 7864: 7658: 7643: 7313: 7278: 7080: 7052: 6927: 6917: 6785: 6586: 6193: 5927: 5917: 5862: 5793: 5785: 5718: 5710: 5619: 5582: 5572: 5517: 4941: 4712: 4702: 4594: 4180: 4052: 4047: 3868: 3748: 3620: 3523:

Since the late 20th century, a large number of Afro-Brazilians became followers of

3299: 3284: 3117: 2666: 1827: 626: 616: 610: 464: 459: 316: 310: 300: 9071: 6219: 5831:"O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações Latino-Americanas" 5774: 5675: 5384: 5274: 5142:"A história esquecida do 1º barão negro do Brasil Império, senhor de mil escravos" 4748: 4623: 3949: 3821:, nicknamed "Black Diamond", are well known historic names of Brazilian football; 294: 9097: 9029: 8952: 8834: 8810: 8778: 8773: 8724: 8687: 8593: 8472: 8292: 8275: 8238: 8228: 8102: 7794: 6941: 6606: 6556: 6477: 6300: 5987: 5577: 5171: 5141: 4184: 3930: 3929:

since its inception during the imperial period, only three have been Black, with

3903: 3853: 3704: 3678: 3666: 3628: 3570: 3565:

in Brazil is expressed in a wide variety of dishes. In the northeastern state of

3562: 3441: 3322: 3133: 3085: 2862: 2850: 2650: 1414: 1380:

noted the major differences between these groups. Some Sudanese peoples, such as

1377: 1223: 902: 789: 767:

into a collective black category because part of Brazilians who self-identify as

520: 363: 6197: 5646:"Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo" 5436:"Brasil tem 1,3 milhão de quilombolas em 1.696 municípios | Agência de Notícias" 5239:"Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" 5210:"Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" 3937: 974:. Slaves in Brazil also worked on sugar plantations, such as those found in the 9440: 9425: 8937: 8927: 8885: 8853: 8848: 8788: 8692: 8637: 8627: 8588: 8430: 8425: 8314: 8223: 7299: 7072: 7017: 5902:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5896:

Parra, FC; Amado, RC; Lambertucci, JR; Rocha, J; Antunes, CM; Pena, SD (2003).

4880: 4057: 3918: 3878:, itself a creation of Black Brazilians; important "Mestres" (masters) include 3787: 3608: 3532: 3481: 3449: 3303: 2842: 2654: 2646: 1832: 1367: 1150: 773: 716: 469: 434: 6894: 4582: 3756: 3354: 3280: 1410: 709: 9499: 9141: 9066: 9002: 8932: 8793: 8783: 8763: 8751: 8719: 8514: 8435: 8368: 8297: 8258: 4606: 4598: 3999: 3985: 3941: 3899: 3799: 2684:

The 2022 census revealed that the brown population was the majority in 3,245

1823: 1819: 1515: 1402: 1343: 1319: 1315: 1073: 955: 897: 849: 792:, where there was a greater ethnic contribution from Amerindian populations. 370:

category were removed from the census, at least half of those identifying as

220: 210: 55: 5922: 5851: 5623: 5385:"Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos" 5275:"Tabela 9605: População residente, por cor ou raça, nos Censos Demográficos" 4760:

José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada. Anexo 1. p. 43 (unavailable online)

4707: 4664: 3961: 3731: 3627:. The dish is traditionally encountered in Bahia, especially in the city of 3302:, was the protagonist of a telenovela, playing the role of the famous slave 1334:

heritage. Slaves descended from the Yoruba are strongly associated with the

9398: 9393: 9232: 8890: 8880: 8612: 8218: 7463: 7150: 6964: 5941: 5874: 5807: 5732: 5696: 5596: 4726: 4403:"Entrevista com Laurentino Gomes: um mergulho na origem da exclusão social" 3883: 3803: 3752: 3453: 2898: 2873: 2812: 2776: 2674: 2387: 2101: 1381: 1371: 1355: 1277: 971: 935: 807:

tends to be validated by the mainstream media, official bodies such as the

544: 474: 174: 169: 7002: 6904: 6044:"Globo, Record e SBT têm, em média, apenas 8% de atores negros em novelas" 5631: 4945: 4798:"Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians" 4131:"Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" 4101: 3432: 2638: 1530: 1335: 860:). Petruccelli shows that the seven most common responses (the above plus 747:

by 51% of Brazilians and as Black by 31%, according to a Datafolha survey.

497: 9415: 9257: 9081: 9044: 9034: 9007: 8622: 8534: 8243: 7145: 5798: 5178:

The untold story: black, racism and whitening in São Paulo post-abolition

4032: 3914: 3771: 3632: 3540: 3465: 3369: 3340: 2231: 1385: 1261: 7320: 6817: 4743: 4741: 3457: 3345: 2658: 2361: 2049: 1874: 827:

as Blacks as an assault on the racial vision of Brazilians. Sociologist

9383: 9054: 8994: 8712: 8319: 8307: 7373: 7249: 7085: 6357:

Maria Angela Pavan and Francisco das Chagas Fernandes Santiago Júnior.

5866: 5789: 3965: 3822: 3524: 3424: 3350: 3292: 3257: 2205: 1474: 1466: 1397:

masters could not read or write in Portuguese. These slaves of greater

1363: 1339: 1331: 1201: 1194: 1190: 1089: 1068: 1013: 780:

population reported to have African ancestry. 86% of the self-reported

398: 282: 7265: 6516:] (in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Mauad Editora Ltda. p. 16. 6359:

Música para os poros: Cartola e a memória do Samba Negro, Verde e Rosa

4624:

Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e só 39% se autodefinem como brancos

3826: 3604: 3501: 2439: 1514:

Political elites in Brazil actively promoted European immigration to "

987: 740: 8652: 7469: 7007: 6552: 6482:(in Portuguese). Biblioteca24horas, Seven System Internacional Ltda. 4738: 4042: 3814: 3363:, also based on a book by Jorge Amado. In the book Amado described a 2983: 2882: 2833: 2670: 1997: 950: 864:) sum up 97% of responses, and the 10 most common (the previous plus 724: 502: 383: 7339: 6674:"Tribunais Superiores têm apenas 3,8% de ministros negros ou pardos" 6181: 4314:"Dilemas de brasileiros pardos-mestiços que vivem em 'limbo racial'" 3578: 2890: 2720:

Genetic origin of Afro-Brazilian population (Perc.% rounded values)

1405:

influence were largely sent to Bahia. These Muslim slaves, known as

685:, defining it as the sum of individuals who self-classify as brown ( 8803: 8756: 8702: 8519: 8403: 8373: 8356: 8140: 7293: 7090: 6969: 6959: 6884: 6880: 5714: 5549: 4836:

Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800.

3875: 3662: 3616: 3590: 3520:

with heavy, though not necessarily authentic, indigenous elements.

3428: 2699: 1853: 1478: 1462: 1166: 943: 549: 539: 454: 403: 378: 8248: 6954: 6805: 5328: 3505: 2886: 2491: 2309: 2127: 2075: 1436:(1826–1901), first and only Baron of Guaraciaba, title granted by 529: 392:

sports, cuisine, literature, music, and dance, with elements like

9445: 9435: 7379: 7329: 7286: 7012: 6751: 6448:"A Gênese do Samba-Rock: Por um Mapeamento Genealógico do Gênero" 6399:

Falsa Baiana – Geraldo Pereira, samba sincopado e bossa nova

5845: 4773:

Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil

4490:

Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil

4037: 4027: 3775: 3636: 3586: 3582: 3513: 3436: 3397:

less highly commercialized and has a stronger African component.

2465: 2283: 2023: 1858: 1826:

between whites and blacks in Brazil, in contrast to an idealized

1389: 1359: 1327: 1293: 1212: 1162: 1001: 983: 979: 507: 449: 7271: 6340:(in Portuguese). dc.itamaraty.gov.br. p. 52. Archived from 5770: 5768: 3849: 3810: 3737: 2257: 852:

notes that 95% of the population used only six different terms (

8729: 8647: 8605: 8280: 7230: 7097: 6922: 5828: 4817: 4815: 3957: 3809:

Another field where Afro-Brazilians have excelled is football:

3488: 3477: 3445: 3307: 2872:

A 1981 study of blood polymorphisms examined 1,000 people from

2823: 2819: 2662: 1907:

the South with 1,505,526, and the Central-West with 1,490,124.

1347: 1216: 1135: 444: 6070:"Glamour da SP Fashion Week não reflete diversidade do Brasil" 5512:[Is racial mixing synonymous with racial democracy?]. 4846: 4844: 4164:

Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011).

9122: 8746: 7306: 6974: 6268: 6266: 5960: 5765: 5203:

REIS, João José. "Presença Negra: conflitos e encontros". In

3708: 3644: 3640: 3566: 3536: 3509: 3496: 3364: 2845:

showing a Brazilian family each generation becoming "whiter".

1945: 1257: 1238: 1174: 1018: 681: 554: 393: 330:, while 92.1 million (45,3% of the population) identified as 304:("brown/mixed") are among five ethnic categories used by the 140: 135: 6022:] (in Portuguese). Editora SENAC São Paulo. p. 96. 4812: 4523:. Instuto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. p. 189 4268:(in Brazilian Portuguese). BBC News Brasil. 22 December 2023 3740:, often regarded as the greatest football player of all time 3577:

using locally available ingredients. Typical dishes include

334:, together making up 55.5% of Brazil's population. The term 6722:

The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made

4841: 4754: 4240:"Brazil - Migration, Urbanization, Population | Britannica" 3061:

were found out to have on average 41.8% European ancestry.

1398: 1234: 6263: 5895: 4981:

Laurentino Gomes. 1808. São Paulo, Editora Planeta, 2007.

4680: 4557:"Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" 4471:"Cor de celebridades revela critérios "raciais" do Brasil" 3856:, nicknamed "The Brazilian Blur", referring to his speed. 1093:

Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries

104: Entire country; highest percent found in the 6781:

Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography

5609: 5095:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 95–96. 5066:"Regiões de origem dos Africanos desembarcados no Brasil" 4838:

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 130–131.

3845: 3287:

was the first black protagonist of a Brazilian soap opera

1417:, until then the largest city of the American continent. 1362:

ethnic groups. Bantu slaves were also taken from coastal

888:("African Brazilian") were not used at all; the category 608:(IBGE) uses five race or color categories in the census: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 3569:, an exquisite cuisine evolved when cooks improvised on 3487:

These enslaved Africans would summon their gods, called

1322:, who became known as the "nagô". The word derives from 6374:

RS negro: cartografias sobre a produção do conhecimento

5749:(in Portuguese). Cienciahoje.uol.com.br. Archived from 4975: 4376:(in Portuguese). laboratoriogene.com.br. Archived from 4136:(in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from 6445: 6247:(in Portuguese). Ministério da Cultura. Archived from 3936:

Afro-Brazilians have also excelled as actors, such as

2608: 2582: 2556: 2530: 2504: 2478: 2452: 2426: 2400: 2374: 2348: 2322: 2296: 2270: 2244: 2218: 2192: 2166: 2140: 2114: 2088: 2062: 2036: 2010: 1984: 1958: 1932: 6020:

The denial of Brazil: blacks in Brazilian soap operas

6015:

A negação do Brasil: o negro na telenovela brasileira

5025: 3512:

northwards there is also different practices such as

679:

category. Many black movement actors prefer the term

366:. A survey from the early 2000s revealed that if the 6747:"Morre o ator e cineasta Zózimo Bulbul, aos 75 anos" 6479:

O dia Nacional da Consciência Negra & Adão e Eva

5331:"Metade de negros em pesquisa tem ancestral europeu" 4405:(in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from 3975: 1026:

African disembarkments in Brazil, from 1500 to 1855

848:

of these terms are used by small numbers of people.

5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 4868:

African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean,

4823:

African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean.

3343:, who described Gabriela, the main character, as a 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5329:Carolina Glycerio and Silvia Salek (28 May 2007). 4970:African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 4906:African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean 4751:, BBC Brasil, 10 July 2007, accessed 13 July 2009. 4483: 4372:[From racial thought to rational thought] 4363: 4361: 4163: 3933:being the most recent, serving from 2003 to 2014. 1338:religious tradition. Other slaves belonged to the 6118:"Brazil - Culture, Diversity, Music | Britannica" 4933: 4632:, 25 June 1995. (PDF) Accessed 19 September 2010. 9497: 6624:"Episódio Adhemar Ferreira da Silva (1927–2001)" 6501: 6499: 6168:"População residente por cor ou raça e religião" 5954: 5259:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5230:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5109: 3484:were introduced to Brazil by enslaved Africans. 934:The first Spaniards and Portuguese explorers in 6777: 6563:Brazilian Encyclopaedia of the African Diaspora 6505: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6364: 5638: 5532: 5510:"A mestiçagem é sinônimo de democracia racial?" 4825:New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 22. 4358: 1318:people. The West Africans mostly belong to the 640:, which included individuals who identified as 606:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 306:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 4776:. Princeton University Press. pp. 80–85. 593: 8156: 7204: 6833: 6496: 6329: 5212:. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 5156: 4370:"Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" 3925:. Of the 170 justices who have served on the 3806:, have built the Brazilian musical identity. 1413:, when in 1835 they tried to take control of 574: 6784:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 6658:Enciclopédia brasileira da diáspora africana 6642:Enciclopédia brasileira da diáspora africana 6558:Enciclopédia Brasileira da Diáspora Africana 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6464: 6298: 5022:, Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008. 381:. Many Africans who escaped slavery fled to 374:would instead choose to identify as black. 6475: 6008: 5459: 5457: 5241:. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 3844:Important athletes in other sports include 3721:List of Brazilians of Black African descent 3468:religions, and Umbanda blends Catholic and 656:, indigenous, etc. In subsequent censuses, 281:), are an ethno-racial group consisting of 8163: 8149: 7211: 7197: 6840: 6826: 6173: 6002: 5898:"Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians" 5699:"The Ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA Lineages" 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 4763: 4683:"Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians" 3611:formed into a ball and then deep-fried in 1864: 1481:; ten thousand fugitive slaves grouped in 1449:The massive flight of slaves from several 1181:Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean Islands 854:branco, moreno, pardo, moreno-claro, preto 581: 567: 54: 6847: 6600:Há dez anos, o Brasil perdia João do Pulo 6530: 6292: 5931: 5921: 5797: 5722: 5612:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5586: 5576: 5465:"DNA do negro: Negros de origem européia" 5207:. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2000. p. 94 apud 5169: 5060: 5058: 4881:"The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" 4716: 4706: 4618: 4616: 4448:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 January 2024 4368:Pena, Sérgio Danilo (11 September 2009). 4206: 3841:and many others continue this tradition. 3472:beliefs with African beliefs. Candomblé, 6587:"Barbosa runs away with Sixth Man Award" 6579: 6377:(in Portuguese). EDIPUCRS. p. 111. 5977: 5829:Niede Maria de Oliveira Godinho (2008). 5479: 5454: 3917:, former governor of Rio Grande do Sul, 3419:Black girls during a Candomblé ceremony. 3414: 3279: 2832: 1873: 1577: 1552: 1428: 1088: 1012: 1000: 949: 7138: 6699:"Ruth de Souza – A nossa estrela maior" 6309:] (in Portuguese). Pallas editora. 5442:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 27 July 2023 5300:"A África nos genes do povo brasileiro" 5199: 5197: 5005: 4663:. Dicionario do Aurelio. Archived from 4581:Santos, Sales Augusto dos (July 2006). 4554: 4492:. Princeton University Press. pp. 4465: 4463: 3874:Particularly important among sports is 1424: 1098:The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database 354:together as part of a single category: 14: 9498: 6739: 6179: 6141: 6139: 5703:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5672:"Profile of the Brazilian blood donor" 5090: 5055: 4769: 4613: 4580: 4477: 3464:. Candomblé is closer to the original 1869: 809:Institute of Applied Economic Research 8144: 7192: 6821: 6551: 6245:"Estado é exaltado em festa nacional" 5471:(in Portuguese). 2005. Archived from 5379: 5377: 5350: 5348: 5139: 4934:Mitchell-Walthour, Gladys L. (2017). 4929: 4927: 4862: 4860: 4790: 4676: 4674: 4640: 4638: 4311: 4220:from the original on 22 December 2023 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 3921:, former governor of Espírito Santo, 3635:, and is also found in most parts of 3349:. But to play Gabriela on television 3321:Another common stereotype is of the " 2705:the country's quilombola population. 1544:Evolution of the Brazilian population 1346:were mostly brought from present-day 1342:and other neighboring ethnic groups. 1107:Origin of Africans brought to Brazil 264: 9480: 8170: 6790:10.1093/acref/9780199935796.001.0001 5674:. Amigodoador.com.br. Archived from 5516:(in Portuguese) (46). Archived from 5194: 4460: 4367: 4125: 4123: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3699:The music of Brazil is a mixture of 3650: 1084: 99:Regions with significant populations 9511:Brazilian people of African descent 6302:Cruz e Sousa: Dante negro do Brasil 6180:Prandi, Reginaldo (December 2000). 6136: 6072:. Estilo.uol.com.br. Archived from 5507: 5491:DNAPrint Genomics Genealogy website 4749:"BBC delves into Brazilians' roots" 3719:For a more comprehensive list, see 3431:. Afro-Brazilian religions such as 2982:Genomic ancestry of individuals in 2897:Genomic ancestry of individuals in 1366:. They were sent in large scale to 440:Brazilians of Black African descent 320:("yellow", ethnic East Asian), and 24: 6307:Cruz e Souza: Brazil's black Dante 5978:Quinonez, Ernesto (19 June 2003). 5374: 5345: 4924: 4857: 4671: 4635: 4312:Souza, Etelvina (26 August 2023). 4150: 3310:. Joel Zito Araújo wrote the book 2708: 2632: 954:Slave from Brazil photographed by 94:10.17% of the Brazilian population 25: 9537: 6755:. 24 January 2013. Archived from 6098:. .folha.uol.com.br. 17 June 2009 5955:Ernesto Quiñonez (19 June 2003). 5855:American Journal of Human Biology 5778:American Journal of Human Biology 4800:. Genetics and Molecular Research 4545:, Editora Contexto, 2008, p. 143. 4120: 4085: 3714: 3339:was produced, based on a book by 2715:Brazilians § Genetic studies 1527:Getúlio Vargas’s New State period 1509: 9479: 9470: 9469: 8352:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7220: 6771: 6299:Farias Alves, Uelington (2015). 6096:"Cota para Negros mobiliza SPFW" 5130:, Vol. 47, Issue 8, August 1997. 4342:. Geledes.org.br. Archived from 3992: 3978: 3730: 2876:in Southern Brazil and 760 from 2614: 2588: 2562: 2536: 2510: 2484: 2458: 2432: 2406: 2380: 2354: 2328: 2302: 2276: 2250: 2224: 2198: 2172: 2146: 2120: 2094: 2068: 2042: 2016: 1990: 1964: 1938: 1797: 1796: 1779: 1778: 1761: 1760: 1743: 1742: 1725: 1724: 1707: 1706: 1689: 1688: 1671: 1670: 1653: 1652: 1634: 1583:Percentual in overall population 1326:, a derogatory term used by the 1144:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1121:Countries in the current region 732: 708: 630:(yellow, ethnic East Asian) and 242:Afro-descendant in Latin America 168: 151: 134: 117: 90: 89: 76: 75: 6725:. Macmillan. 21 February 2004. 6713: 6691: 6666: 6650: 6634: 6616: 6592: 6439: 6417: 6404: 6391: 6351: 6323: 6237: 6212: 6161: 6110: 6088: 6062: 6036: 5971: 5948: 5889: 5822: 5747:"Nossa herança europeia —" 5739: 5690: 5664: 5603: 5508:Ruy, José Carlos (March 2005). 5501: 5428: 5402: 5322: 5292: 5267: 5133: 5084: 4992: 4962: 4911: 4898: 4873: 4828: 4653: 4574: 4548: 4535: 4510: 4434: 4421: 4395: 4070: 1546:according skin color: 1872–1991 1536: 831:points out that to "substitute 6871:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil 5205:Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento 5180:] (in Portuguese). Senac. 5140:Lopes, Marcus (15 July 2018). 4332: 4305: 4280: 4258: 4232: 2841:" (1895), by Galician painter 1635: 1492:As an abolitionist newspaper, 930:Atlantic slave trade to Brazil 13: 1: 6509:O negro no futebol brasileiro 6427:. Belezadaraca.webnode.com.br 4063: 1606:African Brazilians 1872–2022 959: 266:[ˈafɾobɾaziˈle(j)ɾus] 7058:Palmares Cultural Foundation 6900:Revolution of the Ganhadores 6514:Blacks in Brazilian football 6446:Luciana Xavier de Oliveira. 6274:"Capoeira: the dance of war" 5578:10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 5170:Domingues, Petrônio (2003). 4770:Telles, Edward Eric (2004). 4687:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 4185:10.1080/01419870.2011.607503 3767:, journalist, among others. 3543:whose ancestors were called 2849:Over 75% of Caucasians from 2691: 600:Race and ethnicity in Brazil 285:with predominantly or total 27:Ethno-racial group in Brazil 7: 6331:Bello de Carvalho, Hermínio 6198:10.1177/0268580900015004005 4587:Latin American Perspectives 4484:Edward Eric Telles (2004). 3971: 3763:, abolitionist and author, 3607:is a dish made from peeled 3504:Festival and the Waters of 3400: 1919:Federative units of Brazil 1882:Brazilians per state, 2009. 1560:White people in white color 1496:, put it, ten years later, 1374:, and Northeastern Brazil. 776:, the entire self-reported 594:Brazilian census categories 60:Afro-Brazilians (excluding 41: 10: 9542: 9506:African diaspora in Brazil 9364:African diaspora religions 8488:Indigenous Black Canadians 5440:Agência de Notícias - IBGE 5414:Agência de Notícias - IBGE 5360:Agência de Notícias - IBGE 5093:Encyclopedia of the Yoruba 3718: 3692: 3554: 3550: 3411:African diaspora religions 3404: 3389: 3385: 2807:The research analysed the 2712: 2697: 1434:Francisco Paulo de Almeida 1017:Afro-Brazilians dancing a 923: 919: 912: 908: 819:considers classifying all 597: 9521:People of African descent 9465: 9354: 9339:African Hebrew Israelites 9324: 9278: 9215: 9204: 9184: 9115:Afro-Asians in South Asia 9080: 8993: 8828: 8678: 8463: 8389: 8199: 8185: 8178: 8090: 8031: 7980: 7949: 7923: 7882: 7873: 7857: 7848: 7782: 7766: 7735: 7677: 7668: 7651: 7642: 7570: 7527: 7494: 7446: 7439: 7407: 7390: 7360: 7351: 7241: 7237: 7163: 7071: 7026: 6993: 6980:Afro-Brazilian literature 6936: 6856: 6735:– via Google Books. 6476:de Oliveira, Ely (2009). 6050:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 5980:"Y Tu Black Mama Tambien" 5124:"Brazil's African Legacy" 4320:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 4173:Ethnic and Racial Studies 4108:(in Brazilian Portuguese) 3329:(based on American novel 2772: 2739: 2730: 2727: 2724: 1805: 1605: 1543: 1106: 1047: 1030: 389:transatlantic slave trade 239: 234: 201: 196: 188: 183: 166: 149: 132: 115: 103: 98: 74: 69: 53: 40: 8381:Turks and Caicos Islands 7453:American (United States) 6506:Mário Rodrigues (2003). 5514:Revista Espaço Acadêmico 4989:. Not available online. 4599:10.1177/0094582x06290122 4102:"Panorama do Censo 2022" 3688: 3325:". In 1970, in the soap 3275: 2867:in the late 19th century 2637:As of 2022, the city of 1807:Source: Brazilian census 1354:, most belonging to the 759:problematic to collapse 672:Brazilian Black movement 666:literally translates to 344:Brazilian Black Movement 216:Afro-Brazilian religions 9516:Ethnic groups in Brazil 6810:(subscription required) 6806:Oxford University Press 6410:Augusto César de Lima, 6186:International Sociology 6156:Fundação Getúlio Vargas 5923:10.1073/pnas.0126614100 5624:10.1002/ajpa.1330580204 4708:10.1073/pnas.0126614100 4644:José Luiz Petruccelli. 4486:"Racial Classification" 3964:, and as dancers, like 3858:João Carlos de Oliveira 3675:Captaincy of Pernambuco 3508:in the Northeast. From 3262:Raízes Afro-Brasileiras 1865:Geographic distribution 976:Captaincy of Pernambuco 905:have African ancestry. 884:("Afro-Brazilian") and 9369:Anti-African sentiment 8098:Demographics of Brazil 7227:Ancestry and ethnicity 7176:Quilombola territories 7171:Quilombola communities 6804: – via 6589:, ESPN, 23 April 2007. 6397:Recanto das Palavras. 5493:. 2005. Archived from 5091:Falola, Toyin (2016). 5068:. 2015. Archived from 4288:"PERGUNTAS FREQUENTES" 4106:Panorama do Censo 2022 3761:Maria Firmina dos Reis 3598: 3527:denominations, mainly 3423:Most black people are 3420: 3392:Afro-Brazilian culture 3379:São Paulo Fashion Week 3288: 3055:predominantly European 2846: 1883: 1596: 1571: 1441: 1094: 1022: 1010: 966: 940:Amerindian populations 915:Afro-Brazilian history 421:Afro-Brazilian history 278: 257: 9421:Civil rights movement 9309:Afro-Caribbean people 8618:Chestnut Ridge people 8540:African-American Jews 8342:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7475:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste 6985:Afro-Brazilian Museum 6151:Panorama of religions 6048:tvefamosos.uol.com.br 5042:Casa-Grande e Senzala 4946:10.1017/9781316888742 4921:, (1998), p. 164-167. 3927:Supreme Federal Court 3671:Quilombo dos Palmares 3418: 3327:A Cabana do Pai Tomás 3283: 3260:launched the project 2836: 1877: 1585:White people in white 1581: 1556: 1523:Brazilian Black Front 1457:Uprisings erupted in 1432: 1092: 1016: 1004: 953: 739:Former soccer player 697:, Afro-Brazilian, or 235:Related ethnic groups 9379:Atlantic slave trade 9067:United Arab Emirates 7118:Caribbean immigrants 6905:Abolition of slavery 6808:'s Reference Online 6630:on 12 November 2009. 6347:on 4 September 2014. 6170:, Census 2000, IBGE. 5753:on 27 September 2011 5475:on 18 November 2007. 4216:. 22 December 2023. 3753:João da Cruz e Souza 3695:Afro-Brazilian music 3316:The Denial of Brazil 2645:. It is followed by 1425:Abolition of slavery 1395:Portuguese Brazilian 1241:and western Nigeria 1126:West Central Africa 1007:Jean-Baptiste Debret 1005:Berimbau player, by 430:Atlantic slave trade 9268:Sierra Leone Creole 9119:India and Pakistan 8364:Trinidad and Tobago 8214:Antigua and Barbuda 7102:African immigrants 7073:Ethnic subdivisions 7036:Black Awareness Day 6876:Early slave revolts 6678:www.migalhas.com.br 6605:6 July 2011 at the 6565:]. Selo Negro. 6251:on 17 November 2018 6076:on 22 February 2012 5914:2003PNAS..100..177P 5569:2011PLoSO...617063P 4919:Africa and Africans 4852:Africa and Africans 4699:2003PNAS..100..177P 4541:MAGNOLI, Demétrio. 4473:. Folha de S.Paulo. 4409:on 28 February 2019 4202:on 2 February 2014. 4013:Nigerian Brazilians 3946:Lourdes de Oliveira 3908:Mestre Pé de Chumbo 3896:Mestre João Pequeno 3780:Lupicínio Rodrigues 3470:Kardecist Spiritism 3312:A Negação do Brasil 3268:to 99.3% in singer 3204:Central-West Region 3102:Northeast of Brazil 2991: 2906: 2855:Northeastern Brazil 2826:and 1.6% come from 2721: 2336:Rio Grande do Norte 1913:% Black Brazilians 1870:By region and state 1594:Asians are very few 1569:Asians are very few 1027: 938:initially enslaved 886:Africano Brasileiro 535:Black Awareness Day 308:(IBGE), along with 287:Sub-Saharan African 37: 9411:Black Lives Matter 9018:Ethiopian Israelis 8668:African immigrants 8643:Louisiana Redbones 8579:Chickasaw freedmen 8508:African immigrants 8276:Dominican Republic 7256:Indigenous peoples 6890:Revolt of the Lash 6759:on 24 January 2013 6585:Associated Press, 6401:. Third paragraph. 6122:www.britannica.com 5990:on 27 October 2008 5867:10.1002/ajhb.10217 5790:10.1002/ajhb.22714 5678:on 6 February 2010 5416:. 12 December 2023 5362:. 22 December 2023 5310:on 10 January 2015 5072:on 27 October 2013 5044:, 51st edn, 2006. 5040:Freyre, Gilberto. 5018:Ribeiro, Darcy. O 4821:Klein, Herbert S. 4622:Cristina Grillo, " 4543:Uma Gota de Sangue 4346:on 17 October 2010 4244:www.britannica.com 4018:Angolans in Brazil 4008:Haitian Brazilians 3892:Mestre João Grande 3888:Mestre Cobra Mansa 3765:José do Patrocínio 3755:, symbolist poet, 3703:, Amerindian, and 3619:). It is found in 3421: 3407:Religion in Brazil 3360:Porto dos Milagres 3289: 2981: 2896: 2847: 2719: 2677:with 168,196, and 2544:Mato Grosso do Sul 1884: 1597: 1572: 1442: 1095: 1025: 1023: 1011: 967: 839:, suppressing the 279:Negros Brasileiros 43:Afro-brasileiros ( 36:African Brazilians 35: 9493: 9492: 9461: 9460: 9374:Anti-Black racism 9314:British Jamaicans 9304:African Americans 9289:African Americans 9243:Americo-Liberians 9228:African Americans 9200: 9199: 9023:Sudanese refugees 8824: 8823: 8594:Seminole freedmen 8574:Cherokee freedmen 8555:Black Southerners 8530:African Americans 8478:African Americans 8138: 8137: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8077: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7638: 7637: 7429: 7428: 7186: 7185: 7159: 7158: 6866:Slavery in Brazil 6799:978-0-199-93580-2 6572:978-85-87478-21-4 6523:978-85-7478-096-2 6489:978-85-7893-425-5 6384:978-85-7430-742-8 6335:"São Pixinguinha" 6316:978-85-347-0580-6 6029:978-85-7359-138-5 6010:Zito Araújo, Joel 5967:on 26 April 2005. 5389:sidra.ibge.gov.br 5279:sidra.ibge.gov.br 5187:978-85-7359-367-9 5000:O Povo Brasileiro 4987:978-85-7665-320-2 4955:978-1-107-18610-1 4850:Thornton (1998), 4783:978-0-691-11866-6 4629:Folha de S. Paulo 4503:978-0-691-11866-6 4429:Censo Demográfico 3880:Mestre Amen Santo 3819:Leônidas da Silva 3796:Milton Nascimento 3683:culture of Brazil 3673:, located in the 3651:Sports and dances 3625:Brazilian cuisine 3575:Portuguese dishes 3561:The influence of 3557:Brazilian cuisine 3332:Uncle Tom's Cabin 3270:Milton Nascimento 3250: 3249: 3148: 3147: 3050: 3049: 2979: 2978: 2839:A Redenção de Cam 2809:mitochondrial DNA 2805: 2804: 2630: 2629: 2518:Rio Grande do Sul 1902:at 8.8%, and the 1841:Northern Portugal 1812: 1811: 1808: 1621: 1601: 1600: 1558:Population growth 1388:and others, were 1312: 1311: 1171:Equatorial Guinea 1140:Republic of Congo 1085:Origins of Blacks 1064: 1063: 926:Slavery in Brazil 829:Simon Schwartzman 723:, according to a 591: 590: 480:Slavery in Brazil 269:), also known as 247: 246: 206:Roman Catholicism 110:Southeast regions 16:(Redirected from 9533: 9483: 9482: 9473: 9472: 9213: 9212: 8601:Creoles of color 8584:Choctaw freedmen 8550:Black Mennonites 8483:Black Mennonites 8330:Jamaican Maroons 8286:Samaná Americans 8197: 8196: 8183: 8182: 8172:African diaspora 8165: 8158: 8151: 8142: 8141: 7880: 7879: 7855: 7854: 7675: 7674: 7649: 7648: 7444: 7443: 7358: 7357: 7239: 7238: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7190: 7189: 7136: 7135: 6928:Racial democracy 6918:Racial whitening 6842: 6835: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6670: 6664: 6654: 6648: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6620: 6614: 6598:Mariana Kneipp. 6596: 6590: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6549: 6528: 6527: 6503: 6494: 6493: 6473: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6453:. Archived from 6452: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6425:"Beleza da Raça" 6421: 6415: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6368: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6220:"About Capoeira" 6216: 6210: 6209: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6147: 6143: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6124:. 26 August 2024 6114: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5986:. Archived from 5975: 5969: 5968: 5963:. Archived from 5952: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5925: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5836: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5801: 5772: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5726: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5547: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5497:on 12 June 2009. 5483: 5477: 5476: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5352: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5306:. Archived from 5304:Revista Pesquisa 5296: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5137: 5131: 5120: 5107: 5106: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5053: 5038: 5023: 5016: 5003: 5002:, Vol. 07, 1997. 4996: 4990: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4931: 4922: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4885:slavevoyages.org 4877: 4871: 4864: 4855: 4848: 4839: 4834:Thornton, John. 4832: 4826: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4736: 4730: 4720: 4710: 4678: 4669: 4668: 4667:on 10 July 2011. 4657: 4651: 4647:A Cor Denominada 4642: 4633: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4522: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4375: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4246:. 11 August 2024 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4195:. Archived from 4179:(8): 1466–1483. 4170: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4143:on 14 May 2014. 4142: 4135: 4127: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4098: 4077: 4074: 4053:Racism in Brazil 4048:Racial democracy 4002: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3954:Milton Gonçalves 3869:Adhemar da Silva 3865:Nelson Prudêncio 3817:, right-forward 3749:Machado de Assis 3734: 3573:and traditional 3220:Southeast Region 3188:Northeast Region 3166:Native American 3154: 3153: 3118:Southeast Brazil 3080:Native American 3068: 3067: 2992: 2980: 2907: 2895: 2828:Native Americans 2822:, 48% come from 2798:Native Brazilian 2765:Native Brazilian 2722: 2718: 2667:Feira de Santana 2620: 2618: 2617: 2610: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2568: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2542: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2402: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2376: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2282: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2246: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2194: 2180:Distrito Federal 2178: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2064: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2022: 2020: 2019: 2012: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1986: 1970: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1910: 1909: 1888:Northeast region 1828:racial democracy 1806: 1800: 1799: 1782: 1781: 1764: 1763: 1746: 1745: 1728: 1727: 1710: 1709: 1692: 1691: 1674: 1673: 1656: 1655: 1638: 1637: 1617: 1603: 1602: 1541: 1540: 1533:’s Black Press. 1296:and Ivory Coast 1161:Eastern part of 1115:Number of people 1112:Region of origin 1104: 1103: 1028: 1024: 964: 961: 817:Demétrio Magnoli 736: 712: 695:Afro-descendente 583: 576: 569: 465:Racial whitening 460:Racial democracy 409: 408: 271:Black Brazilians 268: 263: 258:afro-brasileiros 173: 172: 156: 155: 139: 138: 122: 121: 93: 92: 79: 78: 70:Total population 58: 38: 34: 21: 9541: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9531: 9530: 9496: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9457: 9431:Genetic history 9356: 9350: 9326: 9320: 9300:United Kingdom 9274: 9253:Afro-Brazilians 9208: 9206: 9196: 9180: 9085: 9076: 8989: 8832: 8820: 8680: 8674: 8545:Alabama Creoles 8465: 8459: 8391: 8385: 8190: 8174: 8169: 8139: 8134: 8074: 8027: 7976: 7945: 7919: 7875: 7869: 7836: 7778: 7762: 7731: 7670: 7664: 7634: 7566: 7529:Central America 7523: 7490: 7435: 7425: 7409: 7408:Central Africa 7403: 7392: 7386: 7347: 7233: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7187: 7182: 7155: 7134: 7067: 7022: 6989: 6932: 6852: 6846: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6800: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6682: 6680: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6655: 6651: 6639: 6635: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6607:Wayback Machine 6597: 6593: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6550: 6531: 6524: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6474: 6465: 6460:on 6 July 2011. 6457: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6392: 6385: 6369: 6365: 6356: 6352: 6344: 6337: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6146:(in Portuguese) 6145: 6144: 6137: 6127: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6099: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6053: 6051: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6007: 6003: 5993: 5991: 5976: 5972: 5953: 5949: 5894: 5890: 5850: 5846: 5841:on 6 July 2011. 5834: 5827: 5823: 5773: 5766: 5756: 5754: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5608: 5604: 5548: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5520:on 2 March 2012 5506: 5502: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5408: 5407: 5403: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5382: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5354: 5353: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5327: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5237: 5223: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5195: 5188: 5168: 5157: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5121: 5110: 5103: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5056: 5039: 5026: 5020:Povo Brasileiro 5017: 5006: 4998:Darcy Ribeiro. 4997: 4993: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4963: 4956: 4932: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4833: 4829: 4820: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4746: 4739: 4731:2nd paragraph: 4679: 4672: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4643: 4636: 4621: 4614: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4504: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4366: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4323: 4321: 4318:Portal Em Tempo 4310: 4306: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4168: 4162: 4151: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4099: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3931:Joaquim Barbosa 3923:Albuíno Azeredo 3904:Mestre Pastinha 3854:Leandro Barbosa 3839:Vinícius Júnior 3784:Geraldo Pereira 3745: 3744: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3724: 3717: 3697: 3691: 3667:colonial period 3653: 3609:black-eyed peas 3599:Azeite de Dendê 3563:African cuisine 3559: 3553: 3413: 3405:Main articles: 3403: 3394: 3388: 3382:250,000 reais. 3278: 3134:Southern Brazil 3086:Northern Brazil 2863:Southern Brazil 2774: 2741: 2734: 2717: 2711: 2709:Genetic studies 2702: 2696: 2635: 2633:By municipality 2615: 2613: 2589: 2587: 2563: 2561: 2537: 2535: 2511: 2509: 2485: 2483: 2459: 2457: 2433: 2431: 2407: 2405: 2381: 2379: 2355: 2353: 2329: 2327: 2303: 2301: 2277: 2275: 2251: 2249: 2225: 2223: 2199: 2197: 2173: 2171: 2147: 2145: 2121: 2119: 2095: 2093: 2069: 2067: 2043: 2041: 2017: 2015: 1991: 1989: 1965: 1963: 1939: 1937: 1923: 1922:Afro Brazilian 1872: 1867: 1822:the process of 1619: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1570: 1568: 1567:Black in yellow 1566: 1561: 1559: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1512: 1438:Princess Isabel 1427: 1378:Gilberto Freyre 1284:Windward Coast 1224:Bight of Biafra 1087: 962: 932: 924:Main articles: 922: 917: 911: 903:white Americans 882:Afro-Brasileiro 790:Northern Brazil 752: 751: 750: 749: 748: 737: 729: 728: 713: 620:(brown/mixed), 604:Currently, the 602: 596: 587: 364:Northern Brazil 261: 250:Afro-Brazilians 230: 192: 167: 150: 133: 116: 88: 65: 49: 33: 28: 23: 22: 18:Black Brazilian 15: 12: 11: 5: 9539: 9529: 9528: 9526:Race in Brazil 9523: 9518: 9513: 9508: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9459: 9458: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9453: 9443: 9441:Pan-Africanism 9438: 9433: 9428: 9426:Creole peoples 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9352: 9351: 9349: 9348: 9343: 9342: 9341: 9330: 9328: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9298: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9270: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9230: 9221: 9219: 9210: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9194: 9188: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9144: 9142:Black Dutchmen 9134: 9133: 9132: 9131: 9130: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9095: 9089: 9087: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8958:United Kingdom 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8893: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8826: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8786: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8739: 8734: 8733: 8732: 8722: 8717: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8591: 8589:Creek freedmen 8586: 8581: 8576: 8562: 8560:Black Hispanic 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8526:United States 8524: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8469: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8431:Miskito people 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8395: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8361: 8360: 8359: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8305: 8295: 8290: 8289: 8288: 8283: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8241: 8239:Cayman Islands 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8203: 8194: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8168: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8145: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8094: 8092: 8091:Related topics 8088: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8041: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7951: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7861: 7859: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7792: 7786: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7655: 7653: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7576: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7410: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7401: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7370: 7364: 7362: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7311: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7300:Amazonian Jews 7297: 7276: 7258: 7253: 7245: 7243: 7235: 7234: 7216: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7193: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7048:Black movement 7045: 7038: 7032: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7018:Tambor de Mina 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6878: 6873: 6862: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6849:Afro-Brazilian 6845: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6814: 6813: 6798: 6770: 6738: 6731: 6712: 6690: 6665: 6649: 6633: 6615: 6591: 6578: 6571: 6529: 6522: 6495: 6488: 6463: 6438: 6416: 6403: 6390: 6383: 6363: 6350: 6322: 6315: 6291: 6280:. 17 July 2011 6278:Times of Malta 6262: 6236: 6211: 6192:(4): 641–663. 6172: 6160: 6135: 6109: 6087: 6061: 6035: 6028: 6001: 5970: 5947: 5888: 5861:(6): 824–834. 5844: 5821: 5784:(5): 674–680. 5764: 5738: 5715:10.1086/303004 5709:(2): 444–461. 5689: 5663: 5652:on 6 July 2011 5637: 5618:(2): 127–132. 5602: 5531: 5500: 5478: 5453: 5427: 5401: 5373: 5344: 5333:. BBC (Brazil) 5321: 5291: 5266: 5193: 5186: 5155: 5132: 5108: 5101: 5083: 5054: 5024: 5004: 4991: 4974: 4968:Klein (1986), 4961: 4954: 4923: 4910: 4904:Klein (1986), 4897: 4872: 4866:Klein (1986), 4856: 4840: 4827: 4811: 4789: 4782: 4762: 4753: 4747:Silvia Salek, 4737: 4670: 4652: 4634: 4612: 4573: 4547: 4534: 4509: 4502: 4476: 4459: 4433: 4420: 4394: 4383:on 6 July 2011 4357: 4331: 4304: 4279: 4257: 4231: 4205: 4149: 4119: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4060: 4058:Tambor de Mina 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3989: 3973: 3970: 3919:Alceu Collares 3861:Jadel Gregório 3788:Wilson Moreira 3759:, chronicler, 3736: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715:Notable people 3713: 3693:Main article: 3690: 3687: 3669:. Appeared in 3652: 3649: 3555:Main article: 3552: 3549: 3529:Neopentecostal 3482:Tambor de Mina 3450:Rio de Janeiro 3402: 3399: 3390:Main article: 3387: 3384: 3304:Chica da Silva 3277: 3274: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2843:Modesto Brocos 2803: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2782:native African 2780: 2770: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2749:native African 2747: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2726: 2713:Main article: 2710: 2707: 2698:Main article: 2695: 2690: 2686:municipalities 2681:with 167,885. 2673:with 171,018, 2669:with 180,190, 2665:with 182,546, 2661:with 301,765, 2657:with 312,920, 2655:Belo Horizonte 2653:with 825,509, 2649:with 968,428, 2647:Rio de Janeiro 2634: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2622:Santa Catarina 2611: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2416: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2286: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2208: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2154:Espírito Santo 2143: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2013: 2008: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1972:Rio de Janeiro 1961: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1894:at 10.6%, the 1878:Percentage of 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1722: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1658: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1623: 1622: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1599: 1598: 1592:Black in black 1582: 1574: 1573: 1557: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1535: 1511: 1510:Modern history 1508: 1507: 1506: 1455: 1454: 1426: 1423: 1368:Rio de Janeiro 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1243: 1242: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151:Bight of Benin 1147: 1146: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1086: 1083: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 921: 918: 913:Main article: 910: 907: 795:The fusion of 774:Rio de Janeiro 738: 731: 730: 717:Camila Pitanga 714: 707: 706: 705: 704: 703: 598:Main article: 595: 592: 589: 588: 586: 585: 578: 571: 563: 560: 559: 558: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 524: 523: 513: 512: 511: 510: 505: 500: 492: 491: 485: 484: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 424: 423: 417: 416: 413:Afro-Brazilian 342:category. The 298:("black") and 245: 244: 237: 236: 232: 231: 229: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 202: 199: 198: 194: 193: 186: 185: 181: 180: 177: 164: 163: 160: 158:Rio de Janeiro 147: 146: 143: 130: 129: 126: 113: 112: 101: 100: 96: 95: 72: 71: 67: 66: 59: 51: 50: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9538: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9486: 9478: 9476: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9323: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9264:Sierra Leone 9263: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9214: 9211: 9207:Afro-American 9203: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9187: 9183: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9138: 9135: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9083: 9079: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8742:French Guiana 8740: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Somali Bantus 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8565:Black Indians 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8535:Affrilachians 8533: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8493:New Brunswick 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8462: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8436:Miskito Sambu 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369:Dougla people 8367: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8259:Ganga-Longoba 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8192:Latin America 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8161: 8159: 8154: 8152: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8071: 8070:Luxembourgian 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7847: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7797: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7781: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7667: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7641: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7572:South America 7569: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7447:North America 7445: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7431: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7214: 7209: 7207: 7202: 7200: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7162: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6913:Branqueamento 6910: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6838: 6836: 6831: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6732:9780312326111 6728: 6724: 6723: 6716: 6700: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6643: 6637: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6601: 6595: 6588: 6582: 6574: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6510: 6502: 6500: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6426: 6420: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6360: 6354: 6343: 6336: 6332: 6326: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6225: 6224:princeton.edu 6221: 6215: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6097: 6091: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5908:(1): 177–82. 5907: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5825: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5799:11368/2837176 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5769: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563:(2): e17063. 5562: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5487:"Ethnicities" 5482: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5441: 5437: 5431: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5189: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5128:History Today 5125: 5122:John Geipel, 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5104: 5102:9780253021441 5098: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5051: 5050:85-260-0869-2 5047: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4965: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4930: 4928: 4920: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4766: 4757: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4735: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4693:(1): 177–82. 4692: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4558: 4555:Schwartzman. 4551: 4544: 4538: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4491: 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3754: 3750: 3739: 3733: 3722: 3712: 3711:dance music. 3710: 3706: 3705:African music 3702: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3393: 3383: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3119: 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2482: 2477: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2404: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2285: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2129: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2066: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1936: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1898:at 9.1%, the 1897: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1876: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1824:miscegenation 1821: 1820:Darcy Ribeiro 1818:According to 1816: 1804: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1564: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1517: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:Yoruba people 1317: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268:Sierra Leone 1267: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1091: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1074:Darcy Ribeiro 1070: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 957: 956:Augusto Stahl 952: 948: 945: 941: 937: 931: 927: 916: 906: 904: 899: 898:one-drop rule 893: 891: 887: 883: 877: 875: 874:morena-escura 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:Edward Telles 845: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 766: 762: 757: 746: 742: 735: 726: 722: 718: 711: 702: 700: 696: 692: 689:) and black ( 688: 684: 683: 678: 673: 669: 665: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634: 629: 628: 623: 619: 618: 613: 612: 607: 601: 584: 579: 577: 572: 570: 565: 564: 562: 561: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 527: 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Retrieved 4105: 4072: 3938:Lázaro Ramos 3935: 3912: 3884:Mestre Bimba 3873: 3843: 3808: 3804:Gilberto Gil 3769: 3746: 3698: 3661: 3654: 3612: 3603: 3585:, both with 3560: 3544: 3522: 3486: 3466:West African 3454:Porto Alegre 3422: 3395: 3375: 3368: 3358: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3297: 3290: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3236:South Region 3172:North Region 3149: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3051: 2987: 2986:Sérgio Pena 2902: 2901:Sérgio Pena 2899:Porto Alegre 2874:Porto Alegre 2871: 2859:Southeastern 2848: 2817: 2813:Y chromosome 2806: 2777:Y chromosome 2731: 2703: 2692: 2683: 2675:Porto Alegre 2642: 2636: 2102:Minas Gerais 1896:Central-West 1885: 1879: 1846: 1837: 1833:sexual slave 1817: 1813: 1788: 1770: 1752: 1734: 1716: 1698: 1680: 1662: 1644: 1626: 1587: 1562: 1537:Demographics 1520: 1513: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1419: 1406: 1376: 1372:Minas Gerais 1344:Bantu people 1323: 1313: 1278:Sierra Leone 1260:and western 1097: 1096: 1065: 996: 992: 972:Minas Gerais 968: 936:the Americas 933: 894: 889: 885: 881: 878: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 846: 840: 836: 832: 824: 820: 812: 804: 800: 796: 794: 785: 781: 777: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 744: 720: 698: 694: 690: 686: 680: 676: 663: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 631: 625: 621: 615: 609: 603: 545:Funk carioca 412: 397: 382: 376: 371: 367: 359: 355: 351: 347: 339: 335: 331: 327: 321: 315: 309: 299: 293: 292: 270: 249: 248: 175:Minas Gerais 80: 61: 42: 32:Ethnic group 29: 9451:Reparations 9416:Black power 9164:New Zealand 8995:Middle East 8948:Switzerland 8908:Netherlands 8623:Dominickers 8498:Nova Scotia 8416:El Salvador 8347:Saint Lucia 8337:Puerto Rico 8118:from Europe 8113:Immigration 8108:Slave trade 7874:By country 7810:Palestinian 7743:Bangladeshi 7669:By country 7537:Costa Rican 7374:quilombolas 7086:Quilombolas 6895:Malê revolt 5148:5 September 4890:11 February 4431:, p. 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4064:References 3966:Isa Soares 3962:Zezé Motta 3823:Ronaldinho 3701:Portuguese 3595:Portuguese 3589:and dendê 3541:Sunni sect 3525:Protestant 3425:Christians 3351:Rede Globo 3266:Ildi Silva 3258:BBC Brasil 2998:Amerindian 2913:Amerindian 2837:Portrait " 2418:3,546,562 2206:Pernambuco 2106:2,432,877 1976:2,594,253 1950:3,164,691 1850:Amerindian 1793:20,656,458 1775:14,517,961 1757:10,554,336 1475:Piracicaba 1467:Indaiatuba 1364:Mozambique 1340:Fon people 1304:4,821,126 1247:Gold Coast 1202:Senegambia 1195:Madagascar 1191:Mozambique 1118:Percentage 1069:Mozambique 1043:1830–1855 399:bossa nova 346:considers 283:Brazilians 275:Portuguese 262:pronounced 254:Portuguese 190:Portuguese 81:20,656,458 45:Portuguese 9205:Secondary 9169:Sri Lanka 9147:Mardijker 9137:Indonesia 9108:Hong Kong 9103:Guangzhou 9093:Australia 9040:Palestine 8968:Liverpool 8963:Cambridge 8816:Venezuela 8688:Argentina 8443:Nicaragua 8421:Guatemala 8201:Caribbean 8179:Geography 8043:British ( 7988:Bulgarian 7941:Ukrainian 7905:Hungarian 7876:or region 7753:Pakistani 7717:Malaysian 7671:or region 7625:Uruguayan 7595:Colombian 7580:Argentine 7504:Barbadian 7496:Caribbean 7470:New Texas 7458:Americana 7421:Congolese 7294:mamelucos 7111:Nigerians 7008:Quimbanda 7003:Candomblé 6885:Quilombos 6683:26 August 6611:Plugmania 6206:141111634 6128:27 August 6054:27 August 5446:21 August 5420:21 August 5394:12 August 5366:13 August 4854:, p. 134. 4607:0094-582X 4452:20 August 4250:12 August 4043:Quimbanda 3848:players, 3815:Garrincha 3790:, and of 3433:Candomblé 3429:Catholics 3427:, mainly 3308:favelados 3160:European 3074:European 3004:European 2984:Fortaleza 2919:European 2883:Fortaleza 2693:Quilombos 2671:Fortaleza 2639:São Paulo 2414:São Paulo 1998:Tocantins 1892:Southeast 1739:7,335,136 1721:7,046,906 1703:6,116,848 1685:5,692,657 1667:6,035,869 1649:2,097,426 1631:1,954,452 1590:in yellow 1531:São Paulo 1336:Candomblé 1129:3,377,870 1057:1,720,000 1040:1761–1829 1037:1701–1760 1034:1500–1700 1021:, c. 1822 725:Datafolha 624:(black), 614:(white), 503:Quimbanda 498:Candomblé 384:quilombos 184:Languages 179:2,432,877 162:2,594,253 145:3,164,691 128:3,546,562 124:São Paulo 106:Northeast 64:) in 2022 9475:Category 9325:Asia and 9294:Haitians 9249:Nigeria 9239:Liberia 9209:diaspora 9185:Atlantic 9159:Malaysia 9060:Africans 8978:Scotland 8923:Portugal 8844:Abkhazia 8804:Saramaka 8779:Suriname 8769:Paraguay 8757:Saramaka 8725:Colombia 8703:Kalungas 8633:Garifuna 8569:Freedmen 8520:Mascogos 8453:Cimarrón 8426:Honduras 8404:Garifuna 8374:Merikins 8357:Garifuna 8271:Dominica 8229:Barbados 8209:Anguilla 8187:Americas 8049:Scottish 8018:Romanian 7993:Croatian 7981:Southern 7957:Estonian 7950:Northern 7890:Austrian 7805:Lebanese 7790:Armenian 7736:Southern 7700:Japanese 7690:Filipino 7615:Peruvian 7605:Guyanese 7585:Bolivian 7547:Honduran 7519:Jamaican 7482:Canadian 7440:Americas 7399:Nigerian 7322:caiçaras 7287:caboclos 7266:mestiços 7139:Diaspora 7128:Haitians 7106:Angolans 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7685:Chinese 7678:Eastern 7590:Chilean 7514:Haitian 7487:Mexican 7416:Angolan 7380:Kalunga 7340:sararás 7331:mulatos 7315:juçaras 7308:cafuzos 7273:ainokos 7164:Related 7098:Cafuzos 7013:Umbanda 6950:Cafundó 6938:Culture 6923:Favelas 6858:History 6752:O Globo 6662:p. 516. 6656:Lopes, 6646:p. 120. 6640:Lopes. 6431:21 July 6255:18 June 6158:, 2003. 6102:21 July 6080:21 July 5910:Bibcode 5757:21 July 5724:1287189 5682:21 July 5656:21 July 5632:7114199 5588:3040205 5565:Bibcode 5524:21 July 5337:21 July 5314:21 July 4804:13 July 4695:Bibcode 4566:21 July 4413:18 June 4387:12 July 4350:21 July 4297:24 June 4038:Macumba 4028:Kalunga 4023:Batuque 3827:Romário 3776:Cartola 3637:Nigeria 3605:Acarajé 3587:seafood 3583:Moqueca 3571:African 3551:Cuisine 3537:Muslims 3514:Catimbo 3502:Iemanjá 3497:Inkices 3474:Batuque 3437:Umbanda 3386:Culture 3157:Region 3141:10,30% 3138:79,50% 3125:17,30% 3122:74,20% 3109:29,30% 3106:60,10% 3096:18,50% 3093:10,50% 3090:68,80% 3071:Region 3001:African 2990:2011 . 2916:African 2905:2011 . 2470:49,195 2466:Roraima 2440:Paraíba 2392:71,086 2284:Alagoas 2189:10,04% 2163:10,71% 2137:11,21% 2132:86,662 2111:11,81% 2085:11,84% 2059:12,25% 2033:12,61% 2024:Sergipe 2007:12,85% 1981:13,19% 1955:16,16% 1929:22,38% 1861:women. 1859:caboclo 1801:10.17% 1693:10.96% 1675:14.64% 1657:14.63% 1639:19.68% 1390:Islamic 1360:Ambundu 1356:Bakongo 1328:Dahomey 1301:Totals 1294:Liberia 1228:114,651 1213:Senegal 1206:108,114 1184:276,441 1163:Nigeria 1155:867,945 1054:958,000 1051:510,000 1031:Period 988:cachaça 980:tobacco 920:Slavery 909:History 862:amarela 741:Romário 727:survey. 654:caboclo 627:amarela 517:Culture 508:Umbanda 450:Kalunga 317:amarelo 9404:Yoruba 9357:topics 9334:Israel 9279:Europe 9224:Ghana 9217:Africa 9055:Turkey 9030:Jordan 9013:Israel 8973:London 8943:Sweden 8933:Russia 8918:Poland 8913:Norway 8891:Blacks 8886:Greece 8869:France 8835:Blacks 8830:Europe 8794:Ndyuka 8784:Kwinti 8764:Guyana 8752:Ndyuka 8730:Raizal 8698:Brazil 8663:Yoruba 8648:Lumbee 8628:Fulani 8606:Gullah 8515:Mexico 8473:Canada 8448:Panama 8399:Belize 8308:Marron 8281:Cocolo 8130:Racism 8060:French 7910:Polish 7900:German 7850:Europe 7827:Jewish 7815:Syrian 7774:Afghan 7758:Romani 7712:Korean 7659:Yellow 7353:Africa 7280:pardos 7242:Brazil 7231:Brazil 7081:Pardos 7053:Racism 6851:topics 6796: 6729: 6569: 6520: 6486: 6381: 6313: 6284:15 May 6204: 6149:Study 6026: 5940: 5933:140919 5930: 5881: 5873: 5814: 5806: 5731: 5721: 5630: 5595: 5585: 5184: 5099: 5076:4 June 5048: 4985: 4952: 4780: 4725: 4718:140919 4715: 4605: 4500: 4427:IBGE. 4272:1 June 4191: 3958:Mussum 3579:Vatapá 3518:Jurema 3493:Voduns 3489:Orixas 3446:Recife 3353:chose 3346:mulata 3144:9,40% 3128:7,30% 3112:8,90% 3059:Pretos 3032:72.8% 3018:75.8% 2995:colour 2988:et al. 2975:77.7% 2961:43.1% 2947:44.2% 2933:85.5% 2910:colour 2903:et al. 2891:Ilhéus 2824:Africa 2820:Europe 2790:Europe 2768:12.5% 2757:Europe 2732:Negros 2728:Origin 2663:Recife 2643:pretos 2619: 2605:4,07% 2596:Paraná 2593: 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