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lateral scales have white tips, giving the snake a velvety appearance. The top of the head is blue or green, overlaid with a distinct black arrow mark. The belly is dull green to dirty white, strongly marbled and blotched in black and gray. Western specimens are more blue, while those from the east are more green. After they shed their skins, the bright colors fade quickly as silt from their generally moist habitat accumulates on the rough scales.
589:
647:
535:
551:(gaboon viper) grow to "between four and five feet" (about 120 to 150 cm) in Liberia. He also states that: "in case of the horned puff-adder, the young when born are a foot long" (~30 cm), which is 20 to 65 percent longer than the average birth length given by Spawls et al. (2004): 18–25 cm (7–10 in). Females grow larger than males.
542:
Large and stout, it ranges in total length (body + tail) from 72 to 107 cm (about 28 to 42 inches). Spawls et al. (2004) mentioned a maximum total length of 120 cm (47 in), but admitted this is exceptional, quoting an average total length of 60–90 cm (about 24–35 inches). Explorer
554:
The head is narrow, flat, triangular and relatively small compared to the rest of the body. The neck is thin. It has a distinctive set of two or three horn-like scales on the end of the nose, the front pair of which may be quite long. The eyes are small and set well forward. The fangs are not large:
581:
The color pattern consists of a series of 15–18 blue or blue-green, oblong markings, each with a lemon-yellow line down the center. These are enclosed within irregular, black, rhombic blotches. A series of dark crimson triangles run down the flanks, narrowly bordered with green or blue. Many of the
971:
When not in use, the rhino viper's fangs are folded up into the roof of the snake's mouth. The snake has the ability to control the movement of its fangs. When a rhino viper opens its mouth, it does not necessarily mean that the fangs will flip down into place. The fangs penetrate deep into the
776:
They are slow moving, but capable of striking quickly, forwards or sideways, without coiling first or giving a warning. Holding them by the tail is not safe; as it is somewhat prehensile, they can use it to fling themselves upwards and strike.
792:. When approached, they often reveal their presence by hissing, said to be the loudest hiss of any African snake—almost a shriek. These adders also make a sort of hissing noise through their nose as part of their respiratory function.
834:
1023:). Another showed little variation in the venom potency of these snakes, whether they were milked once every two days or once every three weeks. In rabbits, the venom is apparently slightly more toxic than that of
1034:, who was keeping a specimen as a pet, was bitten and subsequently died. At least one antivenom protects specifically against bites from this species: India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.
857:
Preferring to hunt by ambush, it probably spends much of its life motionless, waiting for prey to wander by. Froesch (1967) described a captive specimen that would hardly ever leave its
578:
number 16–32, with males having a higher count (25–30) than females (16–19). Spawls et al. (2004) stated there are 12–32 subcaudals, paired, and males have the higher numbers of them.
1821:
769:, they are also known to climb into trees and thickets, where they have been found up to 3 m (9.8 ft) above the ground. This climbing behavior is aided by a partially
814:
761:, in holes, around fallen trees or tangled roots of forest trees. Their vivid coloration actually gives them excellent camouflage in the dappled light conditions of the
1920:
1054:
Penner, J.; Rödel, M.-O.; Luiselli, L.; Trape, J.-F.; Spawls, S.; Malonza, P.K.; Beraduccii, J.; Chippaux, J.-P.; LeBreton, M.; Kusamba, C.; Gonwouo, N.L. (2021).
630:
956:, as well as hemotoxic venom, as do most other venomous snakes. The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant. This venom attacks the
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1738:
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is 18–25 cm (7–10 in) to a 1 foot (0.30 m) in total length when born. In eastern Africa, the breeding season is indefinite.
1030:
In only a few detailed reports of human envenomation, massive swelling, which may lead to necrosis, had been described. In 2003, a man in
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861:, even when hungry, and once waited for three days for a live mouse to enter its hide box before striking. Feeding mainly on small
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for several minutes after a strike before swallowing. It generally feeds on smaller prey than the closely related Gaboon viper (
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1925:
1862:
618:
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1535:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (
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black and white illustration no. 306: Examples of the principal poisonous snakes of
Liberia, (Rhinoceros puff-adder)
1955:
1900:
709:
270:
1782:
925:, the species gives birth to between six and 38 young in March–April at the beginning of the rainy season. Each
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The name "horned puff adder" (in relation to the viper subfamily "puff adders", today synonumous with the genus
1950:
1378:
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547:(1858 – 1927) mentions in his book 'Liberia' (1906) that adult "puff-adders" of the species B. nasicornis and
1960:
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993:. The maximum wet venom yield is 200 mg. One study reported this venom has the highest intramuscular LD
1940:
1965:
1905:
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Catalogue of the Snakes in the
British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ.
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Because of its restricted geographic range, few bites have been reported. No statistics are available.
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Relatively little is known about the toxicity and composition of the venom. In mice, the intravenous
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491:. The common name butterfly viper is therefore more distinct and preferred to avoid confusion.
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485:) but this introduced confusion after the reclassification of the closely related species
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that they sometimes inflict cuts on handlers when the snakes struggle. There are 117–140
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398:. This large viper is known for its striking coloration and prominent nasal "horns". No
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Historically this species was referred to as the rhinoceros viper (for example
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is 1.1 mg/kg. The venom is supposedly slightly less toxic than those of
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apparently call adult "puff-adders", such as the B. nasicornis, but also the
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Snake
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
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They have been described as generally placid creatures, less so than
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victim and the venom flows through the hollow fangs into the wound.
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True Vipers: Natural
History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers
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1364:(1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish".
1158:(1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish".
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value—8.6 mg/kg—of five different viperid venoms tested (
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It mainly occurs in forested areas, rarely venturing into
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1322:. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp.
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884:. One long-term captive specimen, regularly fed killed
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name for Bitis nasicornis is "rhinoceros puff adder" (
1343:. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
1239:. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp.
1208:
948:, which uses a considerably larger amount of venom.
1354:
402:are currently recognized. Its common names include
1425:. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp.
555:rarely more than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long.
1167:. London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 807–808.
1079:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13300910A13300919.en
1921:Reptiles of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1877:
765:, making them almost invisible. Although mainly
1546:, ein Problem-Pflegling? Aquar. U. Terrar. Z.
739:. Its range is therefore more restricted than
732:is listed only as "interior parts of Africa."
574:is single. Mallow et al. (2003) reported the
506:) and can cause confusion. Interestingly the
1423:A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa
1421:Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004.
1373:. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 809.
641:
1494:Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit
1464:Firefighter Dies After Bite From Pet Snake
207:
50:
31:
1446:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
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1916:Reptiles of the Central African Republic
1558:The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume III.
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917:Like most vipers, Bitis nasicornis are
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1946:Reptiles of the Republic of the Congo
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937:Small doses of the snake's primarily
664:B. nasicornis is found from southern
562:rows. These are so rough and heavily
386:known as "puff-adders", found in the
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1318:Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003.
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1444:Living Snakes of the World in Color
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1065:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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13:
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1114:. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
960:of the snake's victim, destroying
944:can be deadly. This is unlike the
921:(producing their young alive). In
14:
1987:
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968:. Internal bleeding also occurs.
888:and frogs, always held on to its
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1886:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
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498:) is also a historical name for
418:). Like all other vipers, it is
75:
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1237:The Dangerous Snakes of Africa
757:, they hide during the day in
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1:
1926:Reptiles of Equatorial Guinea
1617:. Accessed 16 September 2007.
1341:Poisonous Snakes of the World
1203:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1037:
786:, but not as bad-tempered as
1586:. Accessed 24 November 2007.
1514:. Accessed 5 September 2006.
1484:. Accessed 5 September 2006.
872:, it is also known to take
414:and many more (see section:
7:
1602:. Accessed 2 February 2007.
1205:. Accessed 3 February 2022.
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609:Vivid blue-green patterned
594:Vivid blue-green patterned
10:
1992:
1976:Reptiles described in 1792
1235:Spawls S, Branch B. 1995.
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636:Vivid blue patterned adult
1971:Taxa named by George Shaw
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72:Scientific classification
70:
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1591:Caring for River Jacks (
1072:: e.T13300910A13300919.
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690:Central African Republic
642:Distribution and habitat
624:Muted blue-green pattern
558:Midbody there are 31–43
1956:Reptiles of South Sudan
1901:Reptiles of West Africa
444:rhinoceros horned viper
376:belonging to the genus
1469:April 1, 2006, at the
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808:hidden under tree root
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1951:Vertebrates of Rwanda
1475:channelcincinnati.com
907:
824:resting flattened at
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452:rhinoceros puff adder
1961:Reptiles of Tanzania
1911:Reptiles of Cameroon
1539:, pp. 500–501.)
1505:VenomousReptiles.org
843:held captive with a
655:Kibale National Park
1941:Reptiles of Nigeria
1442:Mehrtens JM. 1987.
278:Cerastes nasicornis
42:Conservation status
1966:Reptiles of Uganda
1906:Reptiles of Angola
1834:Coluber nasicornis
1566:Coluber nasicornis
1542:Froesch VP. 1967.
1510:2008-04-09 at the
1499:2008-12-20 at the
1480:2006-09-04 at the
958:circulatory system
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524:gehoornde pofadder
306:Echidna nasicornis
266:Arastes nasicornis
234:Coluber Nasicornis
226:Coluber Nasicornis
173:B. nasicornis
1936:Reptiles of Kenya
1931:Reptiles of Gabon
1873:
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1804:Open Tree of Life
1627:Taxon identifiers
1339:U.S. Navy. 1991.
1110:, Touré T. 1999.
516:neushoornpofadder
483:Vipère rhinocéros
456:Americo-Liberians
448:horned puff adder
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1009:B. nasicornis
1006:
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984:
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966:blood vessels
963:
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841:B. nasicornis
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800:
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651:B. nasicornis
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182:Binomial name
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26:
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1833:
1634:
1610:eating a rat
1607:
1592:
1565:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1529:Boulenger GA
1489:
1459:
1443:
1438:
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1390:
1384:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1340:
1335:
1319:
1269:. Retrieved
1259:
1252:
1236:
1197:
1178:. Retrieved
1160:
1111:
1083:. Retrieved
1069:
1063:
1057:
1032:Dayton, Ohio
1029:
1024:
1020:Vipera aspis
1018:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
990:
986:
977:
974:
970:
949:
946:Gaboon viper
936:
916:
911:
900:Reproduction
893:
856:
845:Gaboon Viper
840:
821:
820:Fully adult
805:
787:
781:
779:
775:
763:forest floor
752:
740:
734:
724:and western
670:Sierra Leone
663:
650:
580:
560:dorsal scale
557:
553:
541:
504:horned adder
493:
486:
475:Nashornviper
468:
463:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
426:Common names
416:common names
411:
407:
403:
382:, part of a
377:
365:
364:
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347:
335:
322:
318:
314:
305:
286:
277:
265:
253:
241:
237:— Shaw, 1802
233:
225:
190:
188:
172:
171:
159:
24:
18:
1726:iNaturalist
1659:Wikispecies
1564:& Co. (
1562:F.P. Nodder
1108:Campbell JA
1025:B. gabonica
1005:B. gabonica
1001:B. arietans
991:B. gabonica
987:B. arietans
923:West Africa
789:B. arietans
783:B. gabonica
767:terrestrial
759:leaf litter
742:B. gabonica
692:, southern
682:West Africa
549:B. gabonica
530:Description
460:B. gabonica
1880:Categories
1849:Q109513301
1822:nasicornis
1550:: 186–189.
1386:2023-05-09
1380:1166209008
1271:3 February
1180:2023-05-09
1174:1166209008
1122:(series).
1085:3 February
1038:References
954:neurotoxic
919:viviparous
753:Primarily
576:subcaudals
572:anal scale
440:river jack
412:river jack
400:subspecies
341:BĂĽttikofer
323:nasicornis
229:Shaw, 1792
135:Suborder:
57:Vulnerable
1130:(volume).
952:has both
939:hemotoxic
880:and even
865:, but in
755:nocturnal
737:woodlands
684:, and in
384:subfamily
353:Boulenger
271:Hallowell
167:Species:
149:Viperidae
139:Serpentes
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1843:Wikidata
1770:13300910
1744:10363268
1650:Q2187394
1644:Wikidata
1560:London:
1556:. 1792.
1531:. 1896.
1508:Archived
1497:Archived
1478:Archived
1467:Archived
909:Juvenile
870:habitats
859:hide box
749:Behavior
710:DR Congo
698:Cameroon
596:juvenile
570:and the
420:venomous
217:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1863:1058593
1718:2444873
1705:1057051
1615:YouTube
1600:YouTube
1367:Liberia
1201:at the
1161:Liberia
927:neonate
867:wetland
863:mammals
853:Feeding
688:in the
674:Liberia
388:forests
374:species
319:Echidna
201:, 1792)
155:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1809:785603
1757:634956
1584:WhoZoo
1554:Shaw G
1450:
1429:
1377:
1347:
1326:
1243:
1171:
1126:
1118:
962:tissue
728:. The
722:Uganda
718:Rwanda
714:Angola
666:Guinea
659:Uganda
564:keeled
479:French
471:German
355:, 1896
343:, 1890
331:, 1863
301:, 1854
297:&
295:Bibron
273:, 1845
261:, 1842
249:, 1803
247:Daudin
1891:Bitis
1796:97466
1739:IRMNG
1731:30855
1692:68KF6
1371:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
942:venom
933:Venom
878:frogs
874:toads
828:, USA
726:Kenya
706:Congo
702:Gabon
694:Sudan
678:Ghana
611:adult
520:Dutch
512:Dutch
508:dutch
496:Bitis
379:Bitis
371:viper
369:is a
160:Bitis
1858:ITIS
1783:8695
1778:NCBI
1765:IUCN
1752:ITIS
1713:GBIF
1448:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1273:2022
1241:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1087:2022
1070:2021
1017:and
989:and
964:and
890:prey
886:mice
882:fish
804:Two
672:and
450:and
394:and
392:West
259:Gray
199:Shaw
1700:EoL
1687:CoL
1674:ADW
1613:on
1598:on
1582:at
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1473:at
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896:).
680:in
676:to
653:in
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390:of
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