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354:. He was survived by his wife Petronella. Dr. Büttikofer was held in high regard by his European and African colleagues. Some 25 years after his death, G. A. Brouwer noted, in his book on Dutch ornithologists that "he was not merely a friend of animals, but he also had a great sympathy for his fellow man, a characteristic that had already been very useful in Liberia, and was pleasant, convivial and a man of authority, who played a leading role in several societies."
268:, which recognizes individuals for assisting the Liberian nation and for playing prominent roles in the 'uplifting of its people'. Thereafter, when the subject of Liberia came before many scientific groups, the general reaction was reported to be, in essence, 'No need to go to Liberia, for Dr. Büttikofer has thoroughly covered that subject.' Büttikofer's very success may have impeded further zoological work in Liberia for several decades.
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Franz Xaver
Stampfli (1847-1903) of Solothurn, Switzerland, who had come to visit him while intending to emigrate to the United States. Stampfli travelled to Liberia in 1884 while Büttikofer continued his recovery. During his stay in the general area of the Junk River, Stampfli discovered an antelope species entirely new to science, the
188:(Leiden) in 1890. To this day, this work stands out as the first comprehensive monograph ever written about the Republic of Liberia, including natural history, geology, agricultural production, ethnography, customs and dress, history, finance, commerce and trade etc.; while also providing highly vivid travel accounts.
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Whereas Büttikofer's first expedition was funded by
Schlegel, his second was largely financed by himself, on an unpaid leave of absence, with costs to be recuperated by selling specimens to the Leiden museum and others. As a co-worker, he recruited a Swiss boyhood acquaintance and fellow avid hunter,
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where his father Jakob was a school teacher. He attended village school until the age of 16 and then studied French for one year, after which he attended a teacher training college in Hofwil until the age of 20. He taught school in
Graswil, Switzerland for six years, hunted, began to learn taxidermy,
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Recognizing Büttikofer's capabilities and potential, Schlegel proposed sending him on a six-year expedition to Africa to collect zoological specimens from several largely unexplored forest regions, specifically
Liberia, the Ivory Coast, the Gold Coast, Cameroon and Gabon. Liberia was selected as the
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During a lengthy period of convalescence, Büttikofer wrote an extensive account of his findings, in Dutch, which was published in 1883 in the journal of the
Netherlands Royal Geographical Society, whose translated title is: "A Report on Liberia: Results of a Journey of Exploration Undertaken by J.
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which had several trading factories along the
Liberian coast. Two zoological expeditions to Liberia were carried out between November 1879 - April 1882 and November 1886 - June 1887; the great success of the Liberia expeditions, the death of Dr. Schlegel, and Buttikofer's own health considerations
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In 1890 he published a two-volume work, "Reisebilder aus
Liberia" in German. This constituted the first monograph on the Republic of Liberia, and contains some of the earliest photographs of nature in Liberia. An annotated English translation of this publication was produced in November, 2012 by
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The "Reisebilder aus
Liberia", as well as the ongoing series of publications based upon his collected specimens, soon established Büttikofer as the unrivalled authority on Liberian fauna. Having maintained close contact with scientific circles in Switzerland, the University of Bern bestowed an
240:). Büttikofer's animal specimens are in a number of European museum collections, but principally at the natural history museum in Leiden (Naturalis). Ethnographic artifacts from his work in Liberia, as well as collection of photographs taken during the second expedition, are at the
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In 1924 Büttikofer retired and relocated to Bern, Switzerland, residing only a short distance from the natural history museum where he began his highly productive career. He remained active in scientific meetings until he died of pneumonia on June 24, 1927, following a trip to the
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Between 1897 and 1924, Büttikofer was the
Director of the Zoological Garden in Rotterdam. During his long directorship he was associated with some of the main forerunners of nature conservation in The Netherlands. He is best known for his two zoological expeditions to the
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Anon. 1993. Hans
Stampfli: Der Afrikajäger Franz Xaver Stampfli (1847–1903), Ein Solothurner entdeckt neue Tierarten und bereichert naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen, Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Kantons Solothurn 36 (1993):
91:) in Leiden, the Netherlands. He became an understudy of Schlegel, who sought to expand the museum's role in understanding animal life in Western Africa. Büttikofer joined Schlegel on a study trip to the major museums of Germany and Austria.
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In November 1886 Büttikofer and Stampfli jointly set out for Liberia. While Büttikofer conducted a journey to Robertsport to collect Jackson Demery to join the expedition, Stampfli set up a collecting station at
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Büttikofer, J. 1883. "Mededeelingen over Liberia. Resultaten van eene Onderzoekingsreis, door J. Büttikofer en C. F. Sala in de Jaren 1879–1882, Uitgegeven van wege het Aardrijkskundig Genootscap, Bijblad
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Encouraged by the earlier success of the "Results of a Journey of Exploration", Büttikofer combined the results of the two expeditions into the two-volume German "Reisebilder aus Liberia" published by
280:, a well-known Dutch explorer. This work resulted in valuable contributions to the knowledge of the wildlife of that region, during which he travelled up the Mandai and Sibau rivers and also ascended
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in Rotterdam. After his retirement he settled in Bern, Switzerland. For his extensive contributions to the knowledge of Liberian fauna he is regarded as the 'Father of Liberian Natural History'.
342:. This reserve is now part of a complex of larger and smaller terrains referred to as "The low lands of Texel" and managed by the Netherlands Society for the Preservation of Natural Monuments
181:) were collected. In May 1887, at the expiry of his leave of absence and again suffering from ill-health, Büttikofer returned to Europe while Stampfli continued collecting for another year.
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that had never before been visited by Europeans, Büttikofer and Sala were highly successful in their collecting activities. Among their finds was the first ever complete specimen of the
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in Rotterdam. After his retirement he settled in Bern, Switzerland. For his extensive contributions to the knowledge of Liberian fauna based on two zoological expeditions to the
140:. Here, Sala's condition worsened, and he died on 10 June 1881 and was buried in a mission cemetery. Büttikofer continued collecting, now in the company of the Liberian hunter
173:. After extensive forays in the surrounding area, a second station was set up in Hill Town, which proved to be most successful. Here, the first ever complete specimens of the
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Brill (Leiden), titled "Travel Sketches from Liberia: Johann Büttikofer's 19th Century Rainforest Explorations in West Africa", co-edited by Henk Dop and Phillip T. Robinson.
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Büttikofer was chairman of the Dutch Society for the Protection of Birds (1909-1924). A small 6 ha ornithological reserve established in his honour in 1926 on the island of
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Apart from the already mentioned finds, the collected material resulted in the identification of more entirely new species and subspecies of a variety of taxa, for example,
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314:. At a later date, Büttikofer remarked that working in the East Indies was more like a "holiday journey" in contrast to the difficulties that he had faced in Liberia.
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Dop, Henk and Phillip T. Robinson (eds), 2013, "Travel Sketches from Liberia- Johann Büttikofer's 19th Century Rainforest Explorations in West Africa." Brill (Leiden).
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419:: Resultate geographischer, naturwissenschaftlicher und ethnographischer Untersuchungen während der Jahre 1879-1882 und 1886-1887 (E.J.Brill) Leiden 2 vols.
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Brouwer, G.A, 1954. Historische gegevens over onze vroege ornithologen en over de avifauna van Nederland (Brill, Leiden, 1954); pp 84–87.
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On the first expedition, Büttikofer was accompanied by a Dutchman, Carolus Franciscus Sala of Leiden, who had previously served in the
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first destination, principally because the expedition had been offered free transportation on the ships of the Rotterdam trading firm
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Büttikofer and C. F. Sala in the Years 1879-1882." When Prof. Schlegel died in 1884, Büttikofer was appointed Curator of Birds.
144:, and also visited the various coastal trading posts in eastern Liberia, until severe ill health forced him to return to Europe.
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Robinson, Phillip T. Liberia's Wildlife: The Time for Decision," ZOONOOZ (San Diego)54, no. 10 (October 1981): 7–20.
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In 1893-1894 Büttikofer was the official zoologist of the Nieuwenhuis Expedition to central Borneo, organized by
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and had also collected zoological specimens in present-day Angola. Venturing into areas in the lands of the
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322:(1879 to 1882 and 1886 to 1887) and resulting publications; from 1897 to 1924 he was the Director of the
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read travel accounts, and longed to visit the tropics. He left teaching to become a preparator at the
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264:(dr. phil. h. c.) upon him in 1895. Around that same year, the Liberian Government awarded him the
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and other tropical medical afflictions, Büttikofer and Sala next set up a collecting station at
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Büttikofer J. 1917. Die Kurzschwanzaffen von Celebes Zoologische Mededelingen Vol. 3 p. 1-86
42:(1879 to 1882 and 1886 to 1887) he is regarded as the 'Father of Liberian Natural History'.
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in the North Holland province of the Netherlands still bears the name
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caused the other initially planned destinations to be dropped.
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Voous, K.H., 1994, In de ban van vogels, Scheffers, Utrecht.
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417:Reisebilder aus Liberia
242:Rijksmuseum Volkenkunde
209:Cercopithecus nictitans
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320:Republic of Liberia
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118:Gola people
455:Categories
358:References
120:along the
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200:stampflii
58:) in the
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