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instead of a dress, making a mistake, leaving school grounds without permission, talking with village children through the fence, trying to run away, fighting with other children, crying, and "for no reason at all." As punishment, they remember losing their privileges or being assigned extra chores, being sent to bed without dinner, having their mouths washed out with soap, being made to stand or sit in the snow for long periods of time, being made to clean the school's stairs and stairwell and playroom with a toothbrush, and being spanked, shoved, poked with a knitting needle, slapped, punched, and strapped.
535:
and being chased around the dining room by a school employee who said he wanted to kiss her. A survivor said that when he was 11 years old and had a sore stomach, a teacher rubbed his penis and told him "this will help." A survivor described a teacher kicking and hitting a student who was having a seizure. Another described a supervisor bringing children into his bedroom and "fondling" them. A survivor remembers a friend from school telling him, years later, that the school principal had sexually assaulted the friend in the principal's office.
17:
592:
their family of origin; a period of anomie in which feelings of hopelessness, anger, frustration and ambivalence over Native identity manifested itself in bouts of partying and drinking; a point at which they settled down, sometimes accompanied by an awakening to the existence of a community and, more specifically, a generation of children, who need them."
579:
children in a deliberately permissive way as a result of their experiences at the school, but many felt they had learned discipline there, and modeled their own parenting on how they had been treated. A few told researchers they sometimes got angry and lost control with their own children, in the same way school supervisors had with them.
355:
The school put a heavy emphasis on religion. A survivor who was at the school in the 1960s remembers "prayers in the morning, prayers at breakfast, prayers after breakfast, prayers before lunch, prayers at lunch, prayers after lunch, prayers before supper, prayers at supper, prayers after supper, and
134:
there for Cree children, on land the Hudson's Bay
Company allowed the Church to use. The day school bought food and other goods from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the company's local coastal steamers transported Cree children from their home communities to the school, where they were "boarded out" to
519:
investigation into allegations that the school's principal had "severely strapped" two students. A medical investigation and RCMP investigation were carried out, and the district nurse told investigators that she had “noticed the patients there are very thin, and I do believe that these children are
500:
Survivors remember having been punished for many reasons, including for speaking Cree, talking in line, being late, making too much noise, wetting the bed, not performing chores properly, not being neat enough, not finishing their food, stealing food, switching beds with another child, wearing pants
399:
At Horden Hall, Horden's influence was still being felt as late as 1910, when Indian
Affairs records show the school was still conducting Sunday services in both English and Cree. However, many survivors of the school have described being punished for speaking Cree, and it's well-known that children
534:
Survivors have told other stories of abuse to researchers. One described being sexually threatened by a school supervisor, and said a different supervisor regularly took showers with the children. Another survivor described having her head shoved into a toilet by a supervisor, breaking her glasses,
395:
society, including by suppressing the children's use of
Indigenous languages. If during their visits government inspectors heard children speaking Indigenous languages they criticized the principal, and inspectors considered it a great accomplishment if they could report that children had forgotten
666:
488:
Horden Hall survivors remember the school as a cold, isolating, rigidly controlled environment in which they often felt lonely and missed their home communities. They remember not being allowed to speak during meals, being required to stay inside a fenced area when they were outside, and not being
351:
wanted the schools to be self-sufficient, children were expected to raise or grow and prepare most of the food they ate, to make and repair most of their own clothing, and to maintain the school buildings. Until the 1950s, children at Horden Hall spent only half their day in classes, and the other
591:
Here is how one researcher summarized survivor life experiences after leaving school: "As adults, their life experiences after Horden Hall have some remarkable similarities: prolonged absence from family and community after residential school(s); a difficulty reestablishing ties of closeness with
511:
had "cruelly whipped" two girls, leaving their hands "discoloured for days," and that he had at other times "chased the girls around their bedrooms." Indian
Affairs exonerated the principal. The teacher and another employee resigned, and the principal remained at the school until 1921.
359:
In 1947 a trapping program was established at the School. Under the guidance of community member Daniel
Sailors a handful of boy students learned and worked on a local trap line. Boys included in this program included Peter Cheechoo, Sampson Koostan, Lawrence Mark, James Sutherland, George Mark,
256:
During its years of operation, Bishop Horden
Memorial School was known by these names: Moose Fort Boarding School (1907-1922), Moose Factory Boarding School (1907-1919), Moose Fort Indian Residential School (1923-1964), Bishop Horden Memorial School and Bishop Horden Memorial Indian Residential
233:
In 1937, the Church built a new residential school planned to house 100 children, for which the federal government provided desks and blackboards. The buildings were officially occupied
December 29 and included a two-storey annex. On the ground floor the annex contained the laundry, the boys and
496:
In Cree communities, children had been part of an interdependent multi-generational group. They had been taught by example and by storytelling, and physical punishment was rare. Horden Hall was different. Upon arrival, the children's possessions were taken, and their hair cut off. Children were
492:
Survivors describe the school atmosphere as being like a "military school," "the army," "a jail," "a reform school," "a detention centre" or "a penitentiary," and they describe themselves as having been treated like "criminals." One survivor who was at Horden Hall in the 1960s remembers village
578:
Because they hadn't been raised by their own parents, they found parenting difficult. Some deliberately showered their children with the affection, praise and individual attention that their own childhood had lacked, while others found it difficult to express love and warmth. Some raised their
411:
At school, they found the
European-style food "disorienting," and were often hungry. They regularly stole fruit, bread, and peanut butter from the school kitchen. One survivor remembered losing weight during the school year, and gaining it back when she went home in the summers.
273:
For most of its history, the school taught Grades 1 to 8. From 1948-1950 and 1952-1959, it also taught kindergarten. Student attended the Moose
Factory School from a number of the communities along the cost of James Bay and from the Albany River region. Communities included:
237:
In 1951 the
Canadian government bought the school buildings from the Bishop of Moosonee, returned the land and its buildings to the Hudson's Bay Company, and then, in 1952, bought them back. In 1952 the government built a new dormitory, and in 1955 it built another one.
435:
In 1921, according to a government report, several children were very badly affected by tuberculosis and "gland trouble." One died of TB and another was paralyzed. One was placed in a tent and not expected to live, although what happened to him or her was not recorded.
252:
declined, citing its high operating cost, and also that the Hudson's Bay Company’s rights meant the building could not be used for commercial purposes. However, the government did give the band the building's surplus furniture. In 1983, the building was demolished.
230:, as of 1920, required children to attend school until they turned 16, which the RCMP started to enforce in the 1930s. Starting in the 1950s, some Cree families began moving to Moose Factory so their children could attend day school instead of Horden Hall.
582:
Their strict, regimented experiences at Horden Hall, survivors have said, trained them to keep their heads down and look out for their own interests, to be "individualized," "reclusive," and "self-centred and self-motivated and selfish," and led other
343:
than on teaching ability, and because the pay was so low, many lacked qualifications. An oral history of Horden Hall survivors found that most didn't have strong memories of their teachers, and didn't consider them "significant adults" in their lives.
587:
people to describe them as "cold," "blunt," or "not having a heart." It was only later in life, several survivors said, that they were able to overcome their conditioning from school and behave in a more communal and interdependent way.
538:
In its 2012 narrative history of Horden Hall, produced as part of the IRSSA settlement, the government of Canada notes that it is unaware of any convictions for abuse at the school, or of any convicted abusers present at the school.
568:
They lost proficiency in Cree, and their ability to learn how to hunt and trap was interrupted. After leaving the school, many felt unable to fit in anywhere, resentful, and lonely. Some former students killed themselves.
225:
Initially, Cree parents wanted their children to go to school, because they wanted them to have access to education. Later, many came to see the school as harmful to their children, but didn't take them out because the
553:
When children ran away, the Indian supervisor or the RCMP would come to find them. One survivor has described hiding under the blankets at his mother's and uncle's, hoping to avoid being returned to the school.
387:, and to carry out much of their work in those languages. But when the federal government got involved in the education of Indigenous children through the establishment of residential schools, its goal was to
1163:"Power through testimony: reframing residential schools in the age of reconciliation: Chapter Seven: Remembering Residential Schools, Accounting for Decolonization through Development: Conflicting Viewpoints"
1139:
217:
opened Moose Fort Boarding School. In 1906, it started to receive funding from the Canadian government to operate the school, at which point the school became part of the residential school system. Some
73:
Between 1906 and 1927, an average of 25 children lived at the school. Residency peaked between 1957 and 1958, with 251 children. When the school closed in 1976, there were 107 children living there.
746:. pp. 114, 79, 12, 43, 38–43, 46–47, 58, 26–28, 29–32, 37, 51–52, 38–49, 60–61, 113, 91–95, 66, 67, 98, 122–126, 110–112, 141, 153, 148–149, 157, 145–146, 115–116, 127–129, 134–135, 154–155, 63
234:
girls washrooms, and the boys recreation room. The second storey consisted of two large classrooms. The annex was connected to the main building by a twenty foot long closed and covered passageway.
547:
It was common for children to try to run away from residential schools, and many survivors have told stories about trying to escape Horden Hall by climbing the fence or digging underneath it.
572:
Many had difficulty as adults regaining closeness with their families, including, for some, because they blamed their parents for putting them in the school or not helping them to leave it.
531:
children at the school. The allegations included physical abuse and inadequate food. The Superintendent of the James Bay Indian Agency and the principal of the school denied the charges.
339:, the residential schools were failures, and much of what went on in classrooms was simply repetitive drill. The teachers were hired by the Church, which placed a greater priority on
257:
School (1937-1955), Moose Factory Indian Residential School (1931, 1941, 1947 ), Horden Hall and Horden Hall Hostel (1964-1968), and Horden Hall Student Residence (1968 to 1976).
265:
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assigned a number that was affixed to the objects the school provided for them, such as their bed, school uniforms, and toothbrush. They were separated from their siblings.
58:
During its 70 years, Horden Hall was known by nine names and operated out of several different buildings. Bishop Horden Hall is the name used for the school in the 2006
565:
Many say the school taught them to believe that being Indigenous meant they were "bad" and "had no morals," and they grew to be ashamed of their family and community.
348:
550:
In November 1943, two boys who ran away walked 24 miles to the camp of one of their parents, until they were overtaken by police and returned to the school by train.
104:
gave control of all lands draining into Hudson Bay to "the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson Bay," which later became known as the
890:
89:
in seasonal migrations throughout the area. In the summers, they would congregate and socialize on and near Moose Factory Island, before returning to their winter
135:
local families during the school year. A book about Horden published in 1893 says that at one point in the school's history, pre-1872, it had a "native master."
396:
how to speak their native tongue. Many residential schools completely forbade children from speaking their Indigenous language, and punished them if they did.
1066:
1264:
LeBeuf, Marcel-Eugène (2011). "The Role of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police During the Indian Residential School System". Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
1349:
127:
1023:
Blythe, Jennifer; McGuire, Peggy Martin (1996). Miller, Christine; Chuchryk, Patricia Marie; National Symposium on Aboriginal Women of Canada (eds.).
892:
Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1, Origins to 1939, The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, Volume 1
1237:
Canada's Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada Volume 4
116:
59:
332:
115:
In 1806, the Hudson’s Bay Company established a school in Moose Factory that was attended by eight children of company employees and their “
1422:
477:
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Because they had left the school with less Cree proficiency than they had entered with, most couldn't teach Cree to their own children.
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who attended residential schools, and established a $ 1.9-billion compensation package to compensate them for the harms they suffered.
449:. The Indian agent reported that one boy’s family was "not notified of sickness or death of child as there was no way to send word."
36:
1373:
122:
In 1851, the Church Missionary Society decided to establish a permanent mission on the island, and recruited English schoolteacher
20:
Bishop Horden Memorial School in Moose Factory Island, Ontario. Front exterior of dormitory, shot from the southeast, May 24, 1956.
867:
Forty-two years amongst the Indians and Eskimo, pictures from the life of the right reverend John Horden, first bishop of Moosonee
352:
half working. Boys worked in the gardens and barns, and in the bush cutting firewood, and girls cooked, cleaned, and did laundry.
1412:
1068:
Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
1111:"Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Volume 1 - Looking Forward, Looking Back Chapter 10 Residential Schools"
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903:
989:
1235:
364:
909:
1427:
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prayers before we went to bed." Children at Horden Hall were required to attend two religious services each Sunday.
269:
Cree children from Bishop Horden Hall attend service at St. Thomas' Anglican Church in Moose Factory Island, in 1946
1311:"Student-to-Student Abuse in the Indian Residential Schools in Canada: Setting the Stage for Further Understanding"
1085:
1184:
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children taunting residential school children from the other side of the school fence, saying "you're in jail."
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not being cared for properly due to the number of children who are becoming ill there.” No charges were laid.
516:
67:
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In 1941, a girl died of generalized tuberculosis, and two other children died of pulmonary tuberculosis.
1417:
384:
363:
In 1952, the Department of Indian Affairs decided that high school aged students be transferred to the
935:"A Historical Profile of the James Bay Area's Mixed European-Indian or Mixed European-Inuit Community"
368:
283:
275:
1292:
1270:
1310:
963:
291:
279:
637:
524:
480:'s National Student Memorial Register lists 25 students who are known to have died at the school.
584:
336:
245:
199:
105:
797:
1265:
772:"Six Moose Factory Cree Life Histories: The Negotiation of Self and the Maintenance of Culture"
446:
222:
Cree children attended the school, but the Canadian government did not pay any of their costs.
214:
408:
At home, the children had been raised on food their parents had hunted, fished, or harvested.
1279:
388:
323:
101:
241:
On June 30, 1976, the school's last incarnation, Horden Hall Student Residence, was closed.
307:
195:
63:
40:
8:
504:
Government and church records document three allegations of abuse at Bishop Horden Hall.
1211:
Picking Up the Pieces: Residential School Memories and the Making of the Witness Blanket
898:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. pp. 449, 735, 618–619.
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528:
392:
159:
840:
1334:
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1214:
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to Canada had been expected to learn the languages of the people they were trying to
303:
299:
287:
219:
139:
1110:
1322:
771:
739:
311:
203:
187:
52:
1326:
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151:
86:
16:
944:. PRAXIS Research Associates for Department of Justice Canada. pp. 116–117
1406:
1388:
1375:
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888:
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asked the government to transfer the building to them for their use, but the
147:
562:
Horden Hall survivors suffered many negative effects from their time there.
508:
421:
315:
155:
146:, a role in which he served until his death in 1893. He had been fluent in
109:
1243:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press. p. 111.
527:
Indian Agency informed the government of accusations of ill treatment of
183:
123:
515:
In 1949, the superintendent of the James Bay Indian Agency requested an
360:
William Cheechoo, Billy Nischoshie, James Cheechoo, and Robert Vincent.
1012:. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 74.
380:
319:
227:
175:
131:
48:
1108:
425:
207:
163:
44:
429:
295:
179:
143:
94:
776:
McMaster University MacSphere Open Access Dissertations and Theses
744:
McMaster University MacSphere Open Access Dissertations and Theses
90:
400:
left Horden Hall with less Cree fluency than when they arrived.
29:
Bishop Horden Memorial School, Moose Factory Residential School,
210:
to providing education for the children of treaty signatories.
191:
740:""Fenced In": Horden Hall Residential School at Moose Factory"
340:
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on the northern two-thirds of the island, and also committed
507:
In 1912, a teacher wrote Indian Affairs saying the school's
489:
allowed to talk with siblings, family members, or friends.
82:
1065:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
841:"Bishop Horden Memorial School — Moose Factory Island, ON"
933:
Reimer, Gwen; Chartrand, Jean-Philippe (14 March 2005).
1109:
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (October 1996).
1025:
Women of the First Nations: Power, Wisdom, and Strength
162:, and had translated many Christian writings into Cree
1234:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
1027:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press. p. 138.
889:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015).
838:
455:
In 1942, two children died of pulmonary tuberculosis.
1036:
1034:
557:
473:
In 1965, a boy died, but the cause was not recorded.
635:
483:
458:
In 1943, a girl died of acute pulmonary meningitis.
130:
arrived on the island in 1852, and in 1855 opened a
81:The first inhabitants of the James Bay region were
1309:Charles, Grant; DeGagné, Mike (17 December 2013).
1031:
869:. London: The Religious Tract Society. p. 50.
1355:. Nipissing University School of Graduate Studies
823:Moose Factory: An Exploration of Frontier History
667:"Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement"
464:In 1946, a girl died of tuberculosis meningitis.
1404:
1350:"NIkaawii Otipaachimowina (My Mother's Stories)"
470:In 1951, a boy died of tuberculosis meningitis.
461:In 1945, a boy died of tuberculosis meningitis.
1010:Ellen Smallboy: Glimpses of a Cree Woman's Life
932:
60:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement
1308:
1120:. Government of Canada. pp. 320, 349, 359
1022:
198:peoples of the James Bay area. Signed by the
138:In 1872, Horden was consecrated as the first
1074:. Lorimer. pp. 71–72, 78, 104–108, 88.
839:General Synod Archives (23 September 2008).
645:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
478:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
326:, Island Falls, Peterbelle, and Oskalaneo.
294:, Moose Factory, East Main, Fort McKenzie,
215:Missionary Society of the Church of England
1347:
1045:. Nishnawbe Aski Nation. pp. 122–131.
1269:
1160:
1140:"Bishop Horden Hall IAP School Narrative"
769:
737:
638:"Bishop Horden Hall IAP School Narrative"
1007:
664:
523:In 1956, the superintendent of the
442:In 1933, two boys died of tuberculosis.
264:
15:
802:Hudson's Bay Company History Foundation
439:In 1930, a child died of tuberculosis.
178:, treaty commissioners started signing
1405:
1263:
1208:
202:in August, the treaty established the
39:that operated from 1906 until 1976 on
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1302:
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1043:Indian Residential Schools in Ontario
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991:Indian residential schools in Ontario
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467:In 1948, a boy died of tuberculosis.
169:
108:. In 1673, the company established a
1348:Sutherland, Lorraine Serena (2014).
1185:"Bishop Horden Hall (Moose Factory)"
884:
882:
880:
878:
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834:
832:
825:. Ontario Heritage Foundation. 2002.
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1423:Defunct Christian schools in Canada
636:Government of Canada (1 May 2012).
365:Shingwauk Indian Residential School
333:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
13:
1299:
1149:
1049:
926:
665:Marshall, Tabitha (11 July 2013).
558:Effects of the school on survivors
14:
1444:
1433:1976 disestablishments in Ontario
997:. Ontario: Nishnawbe Aski Nation.
873:
829:
758:
738:Schuurman, Lisa (December 1994).
684:
602:
484:Discipline, punishments and abuse
770:Logotheti, Argyro (April 1991).
66:acknowledged the damage done to
1341:
1257:
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1132:
1102:
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1001:
981:
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542:
1413:Residential schools in Ontario
858:
815:
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1:
1165:. UBC Press. pp. 163–164
845:The Anglican Church of Canada
595:
420:School records document that
371:to complete their schooling.
204:Factory Island Indian Reserve
1327:10.1080/0145935X.2013.859903
968:Cree Nations Heritage Centre
964:"Residential School History"
260:
7:
1118:Library and Archives Canada
374:
298:, Nemiska, Rupert's House,
126:to run it. He and his wife
10:
1449:
1315:Child & Youth Services
1161:Vanthuyne, Karine (2017).
445:In 1940, two boys died of
250:Department of Public Works
174:In 1905, on behalf of the
76:
1428:Former schools in Ontario
1041:Auger, Donald J. (2005).
1008:Flannery, Regina (1995).
988:Auger, Donald J. (2005).
671:The Canadian Encyclopedia
391:Indigenous children into
369:Sault Ste, Marie, Ontario
43:, at the southern end of
1213:. Orca Book Publishers.
865:Batty, Beatrice (1893).
432:were sometimes present.
337:educational institutions
942:MĂ©tis Nation of Ontario
403:
1287:Cite journal requires
1209:Newman, Carey (2019).
778:. pp. 50, 159–160
270:
62:(IRSSA), in which the
21:
447:tubercular meningitis
268:
102:Charles II of England
19:
341:religious commitment
106:Hudson's Bay Company
64:Government of Canada
41:Moose Factory Island
1389:51.2502°N 80.6146°W
1385: /
798:"The Royal Charter"
87:hunted and gathered
47:, at the bottom of
271:
246:Moose Factory Band
200:Moose Factory Cree
170:Years of operation
37:residential school
25:Bishop Horden Hall
22:
1418:Cochrane District
1394:51.2502; -80.6146
1250:978-0-7735-4657-8
905:978-0-7735-4649-3
416:Illness and death
393:European-Canadian
304:Great Whale River
196:Omushkegowuk Cree
68:Indigenous people
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1084:. Archived from
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908:. Archived from
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150:and could speak
128:Elizabeth Horden
53:northern Ontario
27:, also known as
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1145:. May 2012.
316:Pointe Blue
308:Fort George
280:Fort Albany
184:Anishinaabe
124:John Horden
33:Horden Hall
1407:Categories
1380:80°36′53″W
1377:51°15′01″N
1195:2022-04-06
1095:2020-06-27
919:2020-06-27
596:References
529:Mistassini
389:assimilate
320:Senneterre
312:Mistassini
228:Indian Act
220:non-status
132:day school
49:Hudson Bay
1335:144148882
1266:CiteSeerX
509:principal
426:influenza
300:Waswanipi
292:Fort Hope
261:Education
208:the Crown
188:Algonquin
182:with the
164:syllabics
160:Chipewyan
156:Inuktitut
100:In 1670,
97:grounds.
45:James Bay
430:pleurisy
375:Language
347:Because
296:La Sarre
288:Chapleau
144:Moosonee
95:trapping
35:, was a
1359:27 June
1169:27 June
1124:28 June
973:28 June
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850:27 June
807:27 June
782:27 June
750:27 June
676:27 June
650:27 June
525:Abitibi
385:convert
192:Ojibway
152:Ojibway
91:hunting
77:History
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379:Early
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158:, and
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51:, in
1361:2020
1293:help
1245:ISBN
1215:ISBN
1189:NCTR
1171:2020
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517:RCMP
476:The
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331:The
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