303:
tramp to the women's site, where he is let down, while his guardian stands nearby. He is then made to stand, a foot on the each shoulder of the two men who support him, and shown to the women, who throw sticks their way. Then men swarm together and, with spears and shields, form a wall to hide him, and place him back on a man's shoulders and take him back to their camp, where he is again buried in leaves. A group of elders among the men, then return to the women's camp, and successively hand over, first clumps of grass, which the younger boys receive and hold at their chests, and then bundles of sticks, which they grasp after throwing the sheaves of grass away. The men then leave, gathered grass and place it back at their camp on the initiand, while the women pack up and shift camp several miles away. While doing so, they must sing certain songs and eat a restricted diet. The men return to their old camp, and hunt as preparations are made for the last stage, the
295:), where they all supper together. The men then return to the thoorapee, strip bark and form torches which they set alight and, swinging their firebrands, charge into the women's camp. Three times a boy, whom the women, on seeing the torches, prepare by stripping near their fire, is charged as if he were to be captured. A guardian, in tribal terms his brother-in-law, then, on the third attempt, takes him by the arm, and the tribesmen swing him up onto his shoulders as he is carried off.
299:
pay attention. Each then rubs the boy's nose and mouth, and he is then placed on a bed of leaves near the campfire. Feinting forays to poke his eyes out with sticks are fended off by two men wielding nulla nullas. The attackers back off, turned their backs, and walks backwards towards the boy, bending over him and threatening to shit on him. The men armed with nulla nullas intervene to save his honour. Buried in leaves, he must then lie there all night, motionless.
22:
339:. There is no single written account, but the diary of Henry Lewis Wilson, who oversaw convicts in the area, relates that after two convicts sent to work at Blackmans Point were killed by Indigenous men, a party of soldiers "got round the blacks and shot a great many of them, captured a lot of women and used them for a immoral purpose and then shot them. The offending soldiers were sent to
311:
as he gesticulates wildly. The pole is then placed almost flush to the boy, who must look at it, and the tunnel of legs, and feints are made to thrust it into him, while obscene remarks are made. They back off, turn the pole 90 degrees, and swaying together, hold it before the novice. The pole is dropped with a thud, raised and dropped again several times, bringing the rite to an end.
347:, after finding further corroborating written accounts, thinks that the Blackmans Point event referred to by Wilson involved around 20 people, but other massacres in the area may have caused the deaths of up to 300 people. Two or three of the massacres will be included in the official list of colonial massacres being compiled by the
298:
In the thoorapee camp, the novice is placed prone, and two men straddle his midriff. Two grasp his shoulders, two his legs, and a fifth his loins, and he is raised high off the ground, with the two men still astraddle, and then lowered, thrice. The 7 men then grab their genitals and ask the novice to
310:
A dozen men standing astride a twenty-foot pole, three or four inches in diameter, which had been prepared earlier, raise it simultaneously between their legs to knee-height, as the boy sits downcast near the fire. The pole is pointed his way, and the lead man has another on his shoulders, grimacing
287:
site until all are gathered in. At this point, a slanging match is started as each tribe hurls invectives at another, The morning after, the whole tribal assembly shifts camp, and women and the young are separated from the men, who then file off, clicking their boomerangs, as they make their way to
354:
The area around Taree was first settled by a naval man, William Wynter, who took up a selection of 2,560 acres (1,040 ha) there in 1831. Wynter appears to have had very amicable relations with the
Birrbay, something inferred by the fact that his son William, who grew up among the Birrbay, was
314:
He is rudely awoken by a din of boomerangs thumping shields near his head the following morning, shown a "stranger" who has been poised, grasping two branches, as if he were trampling on air, and then told to reveal to no one the secrets revealed. They then all return to the women's camp, save for
226:
An annual reunion of the MoB is held on the northern side of the hastings river in
October. With descendants attending from far and wide, numbers for these group gatherings continue to increase annually, being held in a culturally significant location known in modern parlance as the coal wharf in
302:
When morning breaks, two women elders edge near the camp, and throw boomerangs in, which fall short, and then are joined by the other women, who bear bundles of sticks. They all move towards the men's camp, singing incantations. The boy is once more set astraddle on a man's shoulders and the men
266:
in 1900. Unlike other rites, this did not require the presence of entire communities: two or three adjoining tribes would meet, choose initiated men from among each, and send them into the bush. They would select a spot several miles away, clear it, and create a 20-foot diameter circle on level
221:
Mari. The northern
Birrbay alternated between inland and coastal camps according to the seasons, heading to locations that would provide best food sources. The modern families quite often still follow these protocols when the modern world
355:
allowed to go hunting with them, and learnt their language. This is thought to bear witness to the peaceful character of the
Indigenous peoples themselves. Three years later cedar-cutters were establishing camps along the Manning river.
275:, according to the dialect) and return to the main camp. Over the following nights, once some elders had set up another site hundreds of yards away, whirl the bullroarers, while chanting incantations, and strike
214:
Traditions differ as to whether the
Birrbay alternated between the coast and the hinterland seasonally. According to one tradition, they were divided into two distinct groups: inland women being called
979:
414:
1281:
999:
2103:
1274:
2138:
2131:
2161:
2096:
1267:
1210:
358:
The highland areas and the Falls country around the
Manning and Hastings rivers were still sufficiently wild to serve the Aboriginal outlaw
227:
contrast to assertions of near extinction claimed by John Heath in his recently released book
Birrpai. Beyond the lens of Thomas Dick.
2110:
2075:
2124:
1044:
2117:
1249:
1033:
965:
944:
348:
291:
On their return, they hunt game, and harvest honey, or grub up edible roots, to bring to the women's camp in procession (
1161:
916:
1952:
336:
1053:
510:, Australian soccer player, who revealed his identity after years of hiding it, by tattooing "Biripi" on his arm
1025:
247:
140:
128:
1309:
1238:
Aboriginal Tribes of
Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names
116:
1156:
1432:
1351:
1178:
Ryan, B. J. S. (June 1964). "Some
Aboriginal Place Names on the Mid-North Coast of New South Wales".
912:
96:
1068:
263:
1072:
1290:
1121:
124:
84:
1233:
1019:
934:
955:
152:
46:
2034:
1996:
1979:
1214:
1097:
8:
1986:
1962:
1093:
995:
975:
1259:
2041:
2017:
2010:
1846:
1197:
1193:
1143:
1139:
1109:
108:
2055:
2024:
1945:
1439:
1425:
1245:
1180:
1126:
1029:
961:
940:
613:
276:
54:
1189:
1135:
1084:
1057:
925:
501:
156:
76:
2048:
2003:
1969:
1850:
1838:
1294:
587:
571:
513:
112:
70:
50:
1854:
1376:
1229:
1211:"Blackmans Point massacre of Birpai people could soon be formally acknowledged"
495:
359:
328:
132:
80:
2155:
1920:
1858:
1530:
120:
92:
58:
957:
Aboriginal People, Parliament and "protection" in New South Wales, 1856-1916
1782:
1754:
1635:
1509:
1341:
597:
344:
259:
238:. The shark, dolphin and stingray are among the main totems of the clans.
1885:
1775:
1726:
1628:
1565:
1397:
280:
1201:
1147:
1113:
660:
1761:
1747:
1600:
1558:
1523:
1481:
1474:
1460:
528:
519:
507:
268:
1124:(June 1930). "The Social Organization of Australian Tribes. Part II".
1100:(February 1966). "Languages of the World: Indo-Pacific Fascicle Six".
25:
Indigenous peoples of the NSW coast; the
Birrbay are spelled "Biripi".
1899:
1803:
1796:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1642:
1579:
1334:
1241:
555:
288:
the ceremonial ring prepared several days earlier, where they dance.
255:
159:, but did divide their hordes into four intermarrying groups, 4 male
1369:
21:
1906:
1817:
1810:
1733:
1712:
1705:
1621:
1593:
1586:
1544:
1537:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1453:
1411:
1404:
1383:
627:
332:
87:. Gathang was a community language spoken by the six tribes of the
924:. Vol. 3. Melbourne: J. Ferres. pp. 350–351 – via
319:
every evening closer until, finally, he can enter the men's camp.
1913:
1892:
1831:
1789:
1768:
1740:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1614:
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719:
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79:(aka Gadjang or Worimi) is the speech of the Birrbay centred in
1927:
1824:
340:
316:
88:
650:
648:
1719:
1649:
1572:
1446:
1327:
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the novice, who must approach it in slow steps, pitching his
231:
127:. They were mainly located north of the Manning, and on the
1867:
1467:
1091:
666:
645:
343:
to be tried, but managed to escape punishment.". Historian
1289:
1046:
Her Story: Searching for the Lost Women of the Two Rivers
852:
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704:
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753:
741:
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910:
864:
729:
335:
of about 300 men, women and children around 1826 at
283:. Gradually, the initiated men trickle over to this
83:. Birpai is spelt Biripi in southern areas, such as
888:
687:
16:Indigenous people of New South Wales in Australia
2153:
974:
813:
654:
362:as a sanctuary at the turn of the 20th century.
267:ground with banked earth. There they would make
1120:
723:
111:of some 2,800 square miles (7,300 km) of
1275:
1282:
1268:
95:found four elderly speakers of Gathang at
2076:List of Australian Aboriginal group names
932:
834:
522:, historic figure, leader, autobiography
1154:
953:
870:
846:
20:
1228:
1067:
1042:
994:
807:
795:
783:
771:
759:
747:
735:
708:
693:
681:
2154:
1017:
911:Bench of Magistrates, Wingham (1887).
858:
146:
2162:Aboriginal peoples of New South Wales
1263:
667:O'Grady, Voegelin & Voegelin 1966
322:
1242:Australian National University Press
1208:
1177:
1157:"Simon, Cinderella Jane (1902–1981)"
936:Baal Belbora: The End of the Dancing
894:
882:
819:
516:, tattoo artist and graphic designer
365:
241:
1021:Death and Life of Australian Soccer
370:Tindale gives the following names:
13:
1194:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1964.tb00270.x
1162:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1140:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1930.tb01645.x
1000:"Social Divisions of the Birripai"
188:marrying into four female groups:
14:
2173:
1345:(mainly Queensland bordering NSW)
489:
119:eastwards to the coast where the
1165:. Australian National University
246:The Birrbay practised a form of
1077:Queensland Geographical Journal
1026:University of Queensland Press
417:notes the following synonyms:
123:debouches into the Pacific at
45:and variant spellings, are an
1:
933:Blomfield, Geoffrey (2013) .
885:, pp. 284–287, 297, 300.
535:
531:, international soccer player
262:peoples. It was described by
1209:Sati, Wiriya (23 May 2021).
639:
7:
1102:Anthropological Linguistics
548:, name for a massacre site)
64:
10:
2178:
1302:Aboriginal language groups
913:Curr, Edward Micklethwaite
903:
151:The Birrbay, according to
102:
68:
2085:
2065:
1937:
1877:
1361:
1352:Western Bundjalung people
1319:
1301:
1043:Mathews, Nareile (2005).
620:, where it was abundant).
504:, rugby league footballer
498:, rugby league footballer
634:
1230:Tindale, Norman Barnett
1155:Ramsland, John (2012).
1073:"The Murrawin ceremony"
954:Doukakis, Anna (2006).
349:University of Newcastle
254:, found also among the
219:and those of the coast
91:when required to meet.
1566:Kawambarai/Gawambaraay
1122:Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.
1092:O'Grady, Geoffrey N.;
26:
2091:By state or territory
1310:Yugambeh-Bandjalangic
1098:Voegelin, Florence M.
939:. Australian e-book.
230:The Birrbay also had
153:A. R. Radcliffe-Brown
47:Aboriginal Australian
24:
1938:Aboriginal languages
1094:Voegelin, Charles F.
1083:: 35–41 – via
1018:Gorman, Joe (2017).
960:. Federation Press.
724:Radcliffe-Brown 1930
655:AIATSIS – E3:Birrbay
293:ngooraykoo binbinnie
279:rhythmically with a
861:, pp. 324–325.
147:Social organisation
33:people, also spelt
2104:Northern Territory
1433:Western Bundjalung
1362:Aboriginal peoples
1320:Aboriginal nations
1063:on 17 August 2017.
323:History of contact
109:traditional owners
27:
2149:
2148:
2139:Western Australia
1496:Gidhabal/Githabul
1251:978-0-708-10741-6
1035:978-0-702-25926-5
967:978-1-862-87606-4
946:978-1-925-02922-2
918:The Manning River
762:, pp. 36–37.
750:, pp. 35–36.
616:, hence the name
366:Alternative names
242:Murrawin ceremony
55:dialect continuum
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1085:Internet Archive
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1056:. Archived from
1054:Hastings Council
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614:native fig fruit
556:type of tea-tree
542:belbora/baalbora
502:Latrell Mitchell
273:gheewarra/guarra
77:Gathang language
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2176:
2172:
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2118:South Australia
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2097:New South Wales
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1295:New South Wales
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998:(August 1932).
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524:Through My Eyes
514:Nikita Ridgeway
492:
368:
337:Blackmans Point
325:
244:
232:personal totems
149:
113:Mid North Coast
107:Birbay are the
105:
73:
71:Worimi language
67:
53:. They share a
51:New South Wales
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2165:
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1250:
1234:"Birpai (NSW)"
1226:
1206:
1188:(4): 278–307.
1175:
1152:
1134:(2): 206–246.
1118:
1089:
1069:Mathews, R. H.
1065:
1040:
1034:
1015:
996:Enright, W. J.
992:
982:. 26 July 2019
972:
966:
951:
945:
930:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:
897:, p. 288.
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
835:Blomfield 2013
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
752:
740:
728:
726:, p. 237.
713:
711:, p. 192.
698:
686:
684:, p. 100.
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496:Josh Addo-Carr
491:
490:Notable people
488:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
375:
367:
364:
360:Jimmy Governor
329:oral histories
324:
321:
305:goorooyoonbang
243:
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212:
211:
205:
200:
195:
186:
185:
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81:Port Macquarie
69:Main article:
66:
63:
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9:
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3:
2:
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2073:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:(or Dharawal)
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:Wallumettagal
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:Wanggeriburra
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
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1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1752:
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1728:
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1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
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1689:
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1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
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1598:
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1588:
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1577:
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1507:
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1497:
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1469:
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1462:
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1437:
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1427:
1423:
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1413:
1409:
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1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1367:
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1364:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1307:
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1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1280:
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1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
997:
993:
981:
977:
976:"E3: Birrbay"
973:
969:
963:
959:
958:
952:
948:
942:
938:
937:
931:
927:
920:
919:
914:
909:
908:
896:
891:
884:
879:
872:
871:Ramsland 2012
867:
860:
855:
849:, p. 12.
848:
847:Doukakis 2006
843:
836:
831:
829:
821:
816:
810:, p. 40.
809:
804:
798:, p. 39.
797:
792:
786:, p. 38.
785:
780:
774:, p. 37.
773:
768:
761:
756:
749:
744:
738:, p. 41.
737:
732:
725:
720:
718:
710:
705:
703:
695:
690:
683:
678:
676:
669:, p. 49.
668:
663:
656:
651:
649:
644:
629:
625:
622:
619:
615:
611:
608:
605:
602:
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585:
582:
580:(water reeds)
579:
576:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
553:
550:
547:
546:place of evil
543:
540:
539:
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512:
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503:
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497:
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318:
312:
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296:
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289:
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278:
274:
270:
265:
264:R. H. Mathews
261:
257:
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239:
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144:
142:
138:
136:
130:
126:
122:
121:Manning River
118:
114:
110:
100:
98:
94:
93:W. J. Enright
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
62:
60:
59:Worimi people
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
23:
19:
1783:Wirraayaraay
1755:Wangaaypuwan
1636:Nhaawuparlku
1510:Gumbaynggirr
1418:
1237:
1218:. Retrieved
1185:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1160:
1131:
1125:
1108:(2): 1–197.
1105:
1101:
1080:
1076:
1058:the original
1045:
1020:
1010:
1006:
984:. Retrieved
956:
935:
917:
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
815:
808:Mathews 1900
803:
796:Mathews 1900
791:
784:Mathews 1900
779:
772:Mathews 1900
767:
760:Mathews 1900
755:
748:Mathews 1900
743:
736:Mathews 1900
731:
709:Tindale 1974
694:Mathews 2005
689:
682:Enright 1932
662:
623:
609:
603:
593:
583:
577:
567:
561:
551:
545:
541:
523:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
369:
357:
353:
345:Lyndall Ryan
331:tell of the
326:
313:
309:
304:
301:
297:
292:
290:
284:
272:
260:Gumbaynggirr
251:
245:
235:
229:
225:
220:
216:
213:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
150:
134:
106:
74:
42:
38:
34:
30:
28:
18:
2035:Wemba Wemba
1997:Madhi Madhi
1987:Gamilaraay
1980:Dyirringany
1953:Bandjalang
1886:Cammeraygal
1776:Wemba-Wemba
1727:Yuwaalaraay
1629:Muthi Muthi
1398:Barranbinya
1293:peoples in
859:Gorman 2017
598:wild apples
588:white cedar
281:nulla nulla
269:bullroarers
115:land, from
2111:Queensland
2004:Nganywyana
1963:Darkinjung
1851:Kombumerri
1762:Wanjiwalku
1748:Wandandian
1601:Malyangapa
1573:Kula/Kurnu
1559:Karenggapa
1524:Himberrong
1482:Gandangara
1475:Gamilaraay
1461:Djiringanj
1440:Darkinyung
1426:Bundjalung
1291:Aboriginal
1169:10 October
536:Some words
529:Kyah Simon
520:Ella Simon
508:Jade North
133:Hastings (
117:Gloucester
49:people of
2042:Wiradjuri
2025:Tharawal
2018:Ngunnawal
2011:Ngiyambaa
1972:(or Eora)
1900:Gorualgal
1855:Mununjali
1804:Wiradjuri
1797:Wilyakali
1699:Paaruntyi
1692:Paakantyi
1685:Ngunnawal
1678:Ngiyampaa
1643:Nari-Nari
1580:Kuringgai
1335:Kuringgai
1013:(5): 102.
986:3 January
895:Ryan 1964
883:Ryan 1964
820:Sati 2021
640:Citations
594:kundibakh
572:toad fish
552:bellbouri
481:Waw wyper
409:Waw-wyper
285:thoorapee
277:coolamons
256:Dunghutti
250:known as
234:, called
161:phratries
155:, had no
99:in 1932.
57:with the
2156:Category
2132:Victoria
2125:Tasmania
2070:See also
2056:Yugambeh
1946:Awabakal
1907:Jerrinja
1859:Tulgigin
1839:Yugambeh
1818:Wonnarua
1811:Wodiwodi
1734:Walbunja
1713:Tharawal
1706:Barindji
1622:Muruwari
1594:Kwiambal
1587:Kureinji
1545:Jukambal
1538:Jitajita
1489:Geawegal
1454:Djangadi
1412:Bigambul
1405:Bidjigal
1384:Awabakal
1232:(1974).
1215:ABC News
1202:40329446
1148:40327321
1114:30029431
1071:(1900).
628:ironbark
610:tareebin
578:kimbriki
457:Birripai
449:Birrapee
389:Birripai
384:Birrapee
333:massacre
327:Birrbay
252:Murrawin
248:ceremony
217:Winmurra
208:Wirragan
198:Karragan
173:Kurraboo
157:moieties
143:rivers.
135:Dhungang
97:Wauchope
65:Language
1970:Dharug
1914:Ngambri
1893:Gadigal
1845:Clans:
1832:Yaygirr
1790:Wiyabal
1769:Weilwan
1741:Walgalu
1671:Ngarigo
1664:Ngarbal
1657:Ngambaa
1615:Milpulo
1608:Maraura
1552:Galibal
1517:Gweagal
1419:Birrbay
1377:Arakwal
1181:Oceania
1127:Oceania
1007:Mankind
980:AIATSIS
915:(ed.).
904:Sources
624:tigerah
606:(ferns)
604:kureeki
584:koribar
564:(knee).
477:Kattang
473:Gathang
469:Brippai
461:Birripi
453:Birrbay
437:Birippi
425:Biribai
415:AIATSIS
404:Brippai
394:Birripi
378:Birippi
222:allows.
183:Murrong
103:Country
43:Birippi
31:Birrbay
2049:Worimi
1928:Wangal
1825:Worimi
1531:Jeithi
1391:Banbai
1370:Anēwan
1248:
1220:28 May
1200:
1146:
1112:
1032:
964:
943:
562:bucker
485:Worimi
445:Birpay
441:Birpai
433:Biripi
429:Biribi
421:Birbay
374:Biripi
341:Sydney
317:gunyah
203:Wangan
193:Gooran
178:Wirraw
141:Wilson
129:Forbes
89:Worimi
39:Biripi
35:Birpai
1720:Thaua
1650:Ngaku
1447:Darug
1342:Murri
1328:Koori
1198:JSTOR
1144:JSTOR
1110:JSTOR
1061:(PDF)
1050:(PDF)
1003:(PDF)
922:(PDF)
635:Notes
618:Taree
568:groki
465:Bripi
399:Bripi
168:Wombo
125:Taree
85:Taree
1868:Yuin
1468:Eora
1246:ISBN
1222:2021
1171:2018
1030:ISBN
988:2020
962:ISBN
941:ISBN
258:and
236:mari
139:and
75:The
29:The
1190:doi
1136:doi
626:. (
596:. (
586:. (
570:. (
554:. (
544:. (
380:(?)
2158::
1857:,
1853:,
1849:,
1244:.
1240:.
1236:.
1213:.
1196:.
1186:34
1184:.
1159:.
1142:.
1130:.
1104:.
1096:;
1081:16
1079:.
1075:.
1052:.
1028:.
1024:.
1009:.
1005:.
978:.
827:^
716:^
701:^
674:^
647:^
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
447:,
443:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
427:,
423:,
351:.
307:.
163::
131:,
61:.
41:,
37:,
1283:e
1276:t
1269:v
1254:.
1224:.
1204:.
1192::
1173:.
1150:.
1138::
1132:1
1116:.
1106:8
1087:.
1038:.
1011:1
990:.
970:.
949:.
928:.
873:.
837:.
822:.
696:.
657:.
630:)
612:(
600:)
590:)
574:)
558:)
271:(
210:.
137:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
