Biotechnology - Knowledge

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crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).

2276:. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety. The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing. The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. Depending on the coexistence regulations, incentives for the cultivation of GM crops differ. 1064: 4517:

of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).

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GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.

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research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

6375: 6874: 849: 836: 6886: 136: 1714: 1007:, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured, and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the 1771: 1557:. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. It is commonly considered as the next phase of green revolution, which can be seen as a platform to eradicate world hunger by using technologies which enable the production of more fertile and resistant, towards 1094:. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best-suited crops (e.g., those with the highest yields) to produce enough food to support a growing population. As crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain, it was discovered that specific organisms and their by-products could effectively 4770:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. 1642:. It has also been used to refer to biotechnology applied to insects. This includes biotechnology-based approaches for the control of harmful insects, the characterisation and utilisation of active ingredients or genes of insects for research, or application in agriculture and medicine and various other approaches. 5065:

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have

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Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far

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The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years

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Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views

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that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

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Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the

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In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of

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The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process

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Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Between 1996 and 2011, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops had increased by a factor of 94, from 17,000 to 1,600,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 to 395,400,000 acres). 10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010. As

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usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans—the main inputs into biofuels—by developing genetically modified seeds that resist pests and drought. By

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Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM

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Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the

1994:. These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed; in November 2013 none were available on the market, but in 2015 the FDA approved the first GM salmon for commercial production and consumption. 5170:

The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially

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The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent

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is to clean up an oil spill or hazard chemical leak) versus the adverse effects stemming from biotechnological enterprises (e.g., flow of genetic material from transgenic organisms into wild strains) can be seen as applications and implications, respectively. Cleaning up environmental wastes is an

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For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve the production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with

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There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered

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Aldridge, S. (2009). The four colours of biotechnology: the biotechnology sector is occasionally described as a rainbow, with each sub sector having its own colour. But what do the different colours of biotechnology have to offer the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical Technology Europe, (1).

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The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage

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When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the

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We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly

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On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that

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are engineered to have higher nutritional content, and there is potential for food products with longer shelf lives. Though not a form of agricultural biotechnology, vaccines can help prevent diseases found in animal agriculture. Additionally, agricultural biotechnology can expedite breeding

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GM crops also provide a number of ecological benefits, if not used in excess. Insect-resistant crops have proven to lower pesticide usage, therefore reducing the environmental impact of pesticides as a whole. However, opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including

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Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.

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that enhance the diversity of applications and economical viability of industrial biotechnology. By using renewable raw materials to produce a variety of chemicals and fuels, industrial biotechnology is actively advancing towards lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a

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that does not occur naturally in the species. Biotechnology firms can contribute to future food security by improving the nutrition and viability of urban agriculture. Furthermore, the protection of intellectual property rights encourages private sector investment in agrobiotechnology.

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In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently

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Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving field with significant potential to address pressing global challenges and improve the quality of life for people around the world; however, despite its numerous benefits, it also poses ethical and societal challenges, such as questions around

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Squassina A, Manchia M, Manolopoulos VG, Artac M, Lappa-Manakou C, Karkabouna S, Mitropoulos K, Del Zompo M, Patrinos GP (August 2010). "Realities and expectations of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine: impact of translating genetic knowledge into clinical practice".

1254:(Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, 1980, when the 2323:) (NIGMS) instituted a funding mechanism for biotechnology training. Universities nationwide compete for these funds to establish Biotechnology Training Programs (BTPs). Each successful application is generally funded for five years then must be competitively renewed. 3411:

Siam, R. (2009). Biotechnology Research and Development in Academia: providing the foundation for Egypt's Biotechnology spectrum of colors. Sixteenth Annual American University in Cairo Research Conference, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt. BMC Proceedings,

1869:, genes, or proteins. Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a 1514:, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale". Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as 1172:'s work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to that body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. 5171:

available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.

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is considered one of the essential cornerstones in industrial biotechnology due to its financial and sustainable contribution to the manufacturing sector. Jointly biotechnology and synthetic biology play a crucial role in generating cost-effective products with

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crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

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Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM

1508:(or "gold biotechnology") is an interdisciplinary field that addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as 2288:(European GMO Initiative for a Unified Database System) database is intended to help companies, interested private users and competent authorities to find precise information on the presence, detection and identification of GMOs used in the 1529:

Blue biotechnology is based on the exploitation of sea resources to create products and industrial applications. This branch of biotechnology is the most used for the industries of refining and combustion principally on the production of

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environmental concerns, whether food produced from GM crops is safe, whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.

1565:, plants and ensures application of environmentally friendly fertilizers and the use of biopesticides, it is mainly focused on the development of agriculture. On the other hand, some of the uses of green biotechnology involve 1030:

and natural sciences to tissues, cells, and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Relatedly,

85:, which allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of organisms to achieve desired outcomes. This can involve inserting genes from one organism into another, and consequently, create new traits or modifying existing ones. 1801:. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 6256:(2011). "Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value?". In Carter C, Moschini G, Sheldon I (eds.). 5066:

been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.

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I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another

99:, genetically modified crops, and innovative materials. It has also been used to address environmental challenges, such as developing biodegradable plastics and using microorganisms to clean up contaminated sites. 5427: 1289:) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. (Chakrabarty's work did not involve gene manipulation but rather the transfer of entire organelles between strains of the 1823:

animals (cattle or pigs). The genetically engineered bacteria are able to produce large quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like

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A factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products.

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in 1919 to refer to the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. The core principle of biotechnology involves harnessing biological systems and organisms, such as bacteria,

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National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).

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to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.

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Wu, Meng-Ying; Sung, Li-Yu; Li, Hung; Huang, Chun-Hung; Hu, Yu-Chen (December 15, 2017). "Combining CRISPR and CRISPRi Systems for Metabolic Engineering of E. coli and 1,4-BDO Biosynthesis".

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Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non-food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g.,

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Santomartino R, Averesch NJ, Bhuiyan M, Cockell CS, Colangelo J, Gumulya Y, Lehner B, Lopez-Ayala I, McMahon S, Mohanty A, Santa Maria SR, Urbaniak C, Volger R, Yang J, Zea L (March 2023).

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to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional

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clearly fit the broad definition of "utilizing a biotechnological system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise.

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

1958:. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as 1865:

tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in

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and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well.

2222:. The environment can be affected by biotechnologies, both positively and adversely. Vallero and others have argued that the difference between beneficial biotechnology (e.g., 88:

Other important techniques used in biotechnology include tissue culture, which allows researchers to grow cells and tissues in the lab for research and medical purposes, and

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Kumar, Pankaj; Kumar, Arun; Dhiman, Karuna; Srivastava, Dinesh Kumar (2021), "Recent Progress in Cereals Biofortification to Alleviate Malnutrition in India: An Overview",

937:, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology is based on the 3347:

VoIP Providers And Corn Farmers Can Expect To Have Bumper Years In 2008 And Beyond, According To The Latest Research Released By Business Information Analysts At IBISWorld

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in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP; if accepted, then stipend, tuition and health insurance support are provided for two or three years during the course of their

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Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, stressful environmental conditions, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a

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The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when Paul Berg's (Stanford) experiments in gene splicing had early success.

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is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials

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it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.

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Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".

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of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.

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thesis work. Nineteen institutions offer NIGMS supported BTPs. Biotechnology training is also offered at the undergraduate level and in community colleges.

4920: 4500:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops" 3363: 2639: 5608:

Sairam, R. V.; Prakash, C. S. (July 2005). "OBPC Symposium: maize 2004 & beyond—Can agricultural biotechnology contribute to global food security?".

1106:. Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and 3784: 5464: 4137: 4053: 3884: 4435: 4248: 3450: 1735:) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. Researchers in the field investigate the influence of 6253: 6234: 1928:

of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the US,

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Biotechnologie der Fleisch-, Fett-, und Milcherzeugung im landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebe: für naturwissenschaftlich gebildete Landwirte verfasst

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branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products). The utilization of biological processes,

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B) that affect the biosynthesis pathway of 1,4-butanediol. Consequently, the yield of 1,4-butanediol significantly increased from 0.9 to 1.8 g/L.

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Microbial biotechnology has been proposed for the rapidly emerging area of biotechnology applications in space and microgravity (space bioeconomy)

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Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including

4339:, Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, P 9 2861:, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion", issued 1957-08-13 2316: 4956: 3346: 7152: 111:. As a result, there is ongoing debate and regulation surrounding the use and application of biotechnology in various industries and fields. 5264: 4824: 3880:

U.S. Department of State International Information Programs, "Frequently Asked Questions About Biotechnology", USIS Online; available from

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Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via

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Gaskell G, Bauer MW, Durant J, Allum NC (July 1999). "Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U.S.".

3246: 4017: 3044: 2693: 880: 3557: 2539: 1940:, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain. 7618: 6980: 2439:

Gupta, Varsha; Sengupta, Manjistha; Prakash, Jaya; Tripathy, Baishnab Charan (October 23, 2016). "An Introduction to Biotechnology".

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What is Biotechnology? – A curated collection of resources about the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology

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Environmental biotechnology includes various disciplines that play an essential role in reducing environmental waste and providing

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Edgar, J.D. (2004). The Colours of Biotechnology: Science, Development and Humankind. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, (3), 01

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These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.

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It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA

5044: 2138:, which is used in fiber manufacturing. In order to produce 1,4-butanediol, the authors alter the metabolic regulation of the 905:

of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and

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The applications of biotechnology are diverse and have led to the development of essential products like life-saving drugs,

7417: 5713: 3014: 934: 786: 567: 5015: 2366: 1912:), reduction of spoilage, or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of 6985: 6260:. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Vol. 10. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 201–224. 5330: 3199: 781: 3538: 1063: 4332: 3244:

Bergveld, P. (January 1970). "Development of an Ion-Sensitive Solid-State Device for Neurophysiological Measurements".

1913: 1755:. The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' 1584:, regenerative therapies, creation of artificial organs and new diagnostics of diseases. As well as the development of 1427: 1407:(REFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET). By the early 2000s, BioFETs such as the 5163:

environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

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of arid regions, which is related to the innovation, creation of agriculture techniques and management of resources.

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processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of

6279: 5428:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics" 2604: 1400: 4176: 7006: 6849: 6571: 4157: 3738:

Becquemont L (June 2009). "Pharmacogenomics of adverse drug reactions: practical applications and perspectives".

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Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology

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and biowarfare which uses microorganisms, and toxins to cause diseases and death in humans, livestock and crops.

6890: 6854: 2635: 1744: 1698:). In 2021, nearly 40% of the total company value of pharmaceutical biotech companies worldwide were active in 873: 31: 3773: 925:

as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the

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Haslberger, Alexander G. (2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".

3881: 2320: 2055: 1853:, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's 4060: 1490:. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities ( 7138: 6917: 4245: 3447: 2118:

Another example of synthetic biology applications in industrial biotechnology is the re-engineering of the

1026:) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of 108: 6237:, Kalaitzandonakes N (2011). "Present and Future EU GMO policy". In Oskam A, Meesters G, Silvis H (eds.). 2070:

features by using bio-based production instead of fossil-based. Synthetic biology can be used to engineer

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or loss of containment of a harmful microbe are examples of environmental implications of biotechnology.

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The regulation of genetic engineering concerns approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the

1165:'s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form. 6545: 5851:"Distributing a metabolic pathway among a microbial consortium enhances production of natural products" 4818:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" 4350: 2269: 1885: 1501:

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:

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in the grains broke down into alcohols, such as ethanol. Later, other cultures produced the process of

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useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and

6944: 6359: 2547: 2273: 1943: 1760: 918: 866: 151: 4307:. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). 1819:. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was previously extracted from the pancreas of 1015:

or systems to produce products that are anticipated to improve human lives is termed biotechnology.

6715: 6394: 6354: 4952: 2211: 2100: 2067: 2047: 1767:"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. 1446: 1276: 1150: 1075: 980: 776: 1243:. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. 39: 6910: 6611: 6389: 5268: 5128: 4817: 2031: 1645:

Gray biotechnology is dedicated to environmental applications, and focused on the maintenance of

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and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms, such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and

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Biotechnology had a significant impact on many areas of society, from medicine to agriculture to

7161: 4786: 4107:"Research and adoption of biotechnology strategies could improve California fruit and nut crops" 3385: 3092:; Lyons, Champ (1962). "Electrode Systems for Continuous Monitoring in Cardiovascular Surgery". 2300: 7639: 7227: 6878: 6783: 6768: 6596: 6490: 6470: 6317: 5401: 4499: 2420:. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health. December 15, 2023 2417: 2312: 2268:

technology, and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including

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has been considered as a promising method to combat malnutrition in India and other countries.

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processes in order to yield faster results and provide greater quantities of food. Transgenic

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delayed ripening tomato. To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on

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Violet biotechnology is related to law, ethical and philosophical issues around biotechnology.

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Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the

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in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.

7312: 7287: 7267: 7083: 7078: 4953:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion" 4351:"Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995" 3940: 3854: 3847: 3554: 2112: 1764: 1553:, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be 1510: 1452: 926: 462: 437: 417: 254: 234: 78: 5029:

Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:

3576:"Toward sustainable space exploration: a roadmap for harnessing the power of microorganisms" 2690: 7532: 7342: 7292: 6808: 6671: 6535: 6485: 6021: 4741: 4602: 3587: 3298: 3175: 3101: 1998: 1829: 1794: 1412: 1251: 1091: 1040: 804: 682: 492: 442: 104: 5292:"Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" 5032:

implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.

4732:

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first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing

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White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to

1519: 1515: 1464: 1353: 1259: 1052: 894: 819: 809: 597: 467: 161: 82: 55: 6025: 5710:"Industrial biotechnology, A powerful, innovative technology to mitigate climate change" 4745: 4720:

data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

4606: 4106: 3608: 3591: 3575: 3302: 3179: 3105: 2878: 7608: 7562: 7542: 7527: 7352: 7347: 6970: 6965: 6933: 6703: 6449: 6186: 6178: 6148: 6050: 6009: 5985: 5950: 5883: 5850: 5826: 5793: 5769: 5736: 5674: 5633: 5590: 5577: 5544: 5520: 5487: 5459: 5322: 5240: 5215: 5103: 4710: 4658: 4555: 4530: 4466: 4267: 4227: 3918: 3715: 3690: 3512: 3487: 3133: 3113: 3071: 2917: 2580: 2516: 2483: 2467: 2261: 1979: 1959: 1874: 1674: 1495: 1416: 1385: 1044: 766: 712: 692: 677: 502: 497: 168: 156: 6097: 2746: 7547: 7427: 7282: 7023: 6828: 6823: 6778: 6601: 6475: 6212: 6167: 6140: 6080: 6072: 6055: 6037: 5990: 5972: 5931: 5923: 5888: 5870: 5831: 5813: 5774: 5756: 5678: 5664: 5625: 5594: 5582: 5564: 5525: 5507: 5314: 5245: 5095: 5007: 4997: 4867: 4848: 4757: 4702: 4694: 4618: 4560: 4458: 4274: 4219: 4214: 4197: 3910: 3858: 3827: 3755: 3720: 3613: 3517: 3322: 3314: 3259: 3217: 3191: 3187: 3125: 3117: 3063: 3018: 2989: 2964: 2898: 2811: 2784: 2726: 2716: 2671: 2521: 2503: 2452: 2324: 2232: 2119: 2062: 1963: 1846: 1361: 1232: 1218: 1099: 945: 814: 697: 577: 432: 267: 205: 6010:"Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation" 5637: 5347: 4787:"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" 4714: 4662: 4231: 3922: 3137: 3075: 1227:. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by 968:) and conversely provides methods to support and perform basic research in biology. 92:, which is used to produce a wide range of products such as beer, wine, and cheese. 7272: 6758: 6725: 6480: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6132: 6045: 6029: 5980: 5962: 5915: 5878: 5862: 5821: 5805: 5764: 5748: 5656: 5617: 5572: 5556: 5515: 5499: 5306: 5235: 5227: 5107: 5087: 4989: 4988:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. 4917:– via International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. 4859: 4749: 4686: 4650: 4610: 4550: 4542: 4470: 4450: 4209: 4118: 4085: 3902: 3819: 3747: 3710: 3702: 3603: 3595: 3507: 3499: 3306: 3251: 3183: 3109: 3053: 2956: 2929: 2890: 2661: 2511: 2495: 2462: 2444: 2356: 2094: 2076: 2015: 1983: 1870: 1815: 1798: 1724: 1691: 1597: 1554: 1542: 1538: 1280: 992: 906: 853: 422: 263: 5809: 5560: 5503: 5326: 5231: 5135: 4690: 4587: 2389: 2104:

in a consortium could be used as industrial microbes to produce precursors of the

7557: 7522: 6591: 6586: 6576: 6136: 5849:

Zhou, Kang; Qiao, Kangjian; Edgar, Steven; Stephanopoulos, Gregory (April 2015).

5697: 5660: 4614: 4454: 4436:"An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" 4434:

Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013).

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Biotechnology has several applications in the realm of food security. Crops like

1991: 1901: 1839: 1740: 1695: 1396: 1301: 707: 672: 51: 4546: 2448: 1790:

Biotechnology has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional

239: 66: 7412: 7222: 6763: 6740: 6646: 6641: 6581: 6566: 6530: 6415: 6098:"Debate on robot trees looks to clear the air: What are other countries doing?" 5291: 4641:

Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment".

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has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the

1019: 1008: 988: 938: 914: 840: 562: 374: 5919: 4983: 4356:. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. 4177:

GM microbe breakthrough paves way for large-scale seaweed farming for biofuels

3893:

Feldbaum C (February 2002). "Biotechnology. Some history should be repeated".

3503: 3284:"Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)" 3255: 3058: 3039: 2499: 1861:

to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes

7633: 7492: 7387: 7277: 7247: 6661: 6616: 6525: 6041: 5976: 5927: 5874: 5817: 5794:"Synthetic Biology Tools to Engineer Microbial Communities for Biotechnology" 5760: 5629: 5568: 5511: 5310: 4774:

more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.

4698: 4654: 4588:"A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" 4086:

Herbicide tolerant soybeans: Why growers are adopting Roundup Ready varieties

3535: 3318: 3195: 3156: 3121: 3067: 2948: 2902: 2507: 2159: 2151: 2085: 2039: 1828:. The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the 1623: 1604: 1566: 1558: 1471: 1456: 1333: 1262: 1247: 1228: 1162: 971: 902: 642: 537: 427: 399: 6902: 6241:(2nd ed.). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 23–332. 4329: 3906: 2730: 2361: 1576:

industries, and health preservation. This branch involves the production of

1179:

In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of

1080:

Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived

1039:(by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical or 7537: 7517: 7482: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7442: 7422: 7332: 7302: 7262: 7242: 7232: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 6813: 6798: 6710: 6651: 6550: 6520: 6429: 6171: 6144: 6059: 5994: 5935: 5892: 5835: 5778: 5586: 5543:

Tyczewska, Agata; Twardowski, Tomasz; Woźniak-Gientka, Ewa (January 2023).

5529: 5318: 5249: 5099: 5011: 4761: 4706: 4622: 4564: 4462: 4223: 3914: 3849:

Genetic Engineering For Almost Everybody: What Does It Do? What Will It Do?

3831: 3759: 3724: 3617: 3521: 3326: 3129: 3089: 2525: 1825: 1728: 1707: 1670: 1646: 1639: 1631: 1526:, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector. 1180: 1146: 1004: 965: 953: 949: 910: 687: 667: 632: 627: 617: 612: 592: 572: 482: 452: 412: 394: 384: 364: 359: 354: 349: 249: 89: 6175:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 5967: 5488:"Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2015" 4123: 3263: 7587: 7582: 7552: 7507: 7452: 7392: 7377: 7372: 7337: 7297: 7187: 7177: 7172: 6803: 6793: 6788: 6033: 5262: 4792:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012. 2054:. In the current decades, significant progress has been done in creating 2010: 1889: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1686:

In medicine, modern biotechnology has many applications in areas such as

1487: 1349: 1285: 1223: 1211: 1188: 1118: 1087: 1081: 1027: 737: 732: 702: 657: 602: 542: 527: 522: 487: 447: 339: 329: 324: 244: 190: 6374: 5752: 5737:"Developing synthetic biology for industrial biotechnology applications" 5091: 4301:"ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011" 3466:

Biotech: true colours. (2009). TCE: The Chemical Engineer, (816), 26–31.

2115:

in a co-culture approach to exploit the benefits from the two microbes.

1774:

Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold

1656:. One application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme 893:

The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for

74:, and plants, to perform specific tasks or produce valuable substances. 7572: 7567: 7512: 7497: 7437: 7402: 7397: 7367: 7327: 7307: 7237: 7217: 6730: 6683: 6606: 6515: 6008:

Danso, Dominik; Chow, Jennifer; Streit, Wolfgang R. (October 1, 2019).

5621: 4054:"Drought Tolerant GMO Maize in Africa, Anticipating Regulatory Hurdles" 2894: 2242:, which use biotechnology to filter pollutants from urban atmospheres. 2108: 1971: 1627: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1523: 1435:

increasing farm productivity, biotechnology boosts biofuel production.

1392: 1357: 1337: 1321: 1240: 1217:

Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928,

984: 957: 722: 717: 662: 647: 587: 552: 547: 517: 477: 457: 389: 369: 229: 224: 7130: 6304: 4753: 3993:

Definitions of Genetic Testing (Jorge Sequeiros and Bárbara Guimarães)

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tools to enhance their ability to produce bio-based products, such as

1312:

were later developed, and they have since been widely used to measure

1161:. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until 27:

Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products

7487: 7472: 7457: 7407: 7382: 7118: 7114: 7072: 7051: 6960: 5866: 3310: 2239: 2215: 1975: 1933: 1909: 1802: 1783: 1703: 1550: 1470:

For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of

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Park, Jeho; Nguyen, Hoang Hiep; Woubit, Abdela; Kim, Moonil (2014).

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Brown biotechnology is related to the management of arid lands and

1612: 1585: 1483: 1373: 1345: 1012: 991:

for exploration, extraction, exploitation, and production from any

961: 898: 835: 727: 652: 582: 512: 507: 334: 303: 282: 5542: 4863: 4531:"Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security" 3573: 1391:

By the mid-1980s, other BioFETs had been developed, including the

1110:

them with other plants — one of the first forms of biotechnology.

7592: 7322: 7192: 7088: 7030: 6773: 6666: 6444: 6439: 3808: 2089: 2051: 1967: 1917: 1833: 1810: 1806: 1770: 1635: 1577: 1572:

Red biotechnology is the use of biotechnology in the medical and

1531: 1460: 1431: 1377: 1325: 1313: 1309: 1199: 1141:) convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific 1134: 1067: 996: 941: 742: 472: 344: 291: 277: 127: 96: 6309: 3360:"The Recession List - Top 10 Industries to Fly and Flop in 2008" 1549:. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a 1003:

where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by

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Schöning, Michael J.; Poghossian, Arshak (September 10, 2002).

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and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917,

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Pakshirajan, Kannan; Rene, Eldon R.; Ramesh, Aiyagari (2014).

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McCarty, Nicholas S.; Ledesma-Amaro, Rodrigo (February 2019).

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European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010).

4104: 1900:

techniques. In most cases, the main aim is to introduce a new

1713: 1300:

invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960, Two years later,

50:

is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of

6860:

List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization

6720: 4433: 3695:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine

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chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once.

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A biologist conducting research in a biotechnology laboratory

5419: 4036: 2438: 1157:. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce 1113:

These processes also were included in early fermentation of

6434: 5848: 5263:

Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001).

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for the manufacture of organic products (examples include

1035:

is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies

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Gali Weinreb and Koby Yeshayahou for Globes May 2, 2012.

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as well as drugs that are the product of biotechnology –

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Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology

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Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects

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Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms

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variation on drug responses in patients by correlating

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Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends

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products). Another example is using naturally present

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Clarke, Lionel; Kitney, Richard (February 28, 2020).

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In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant

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systems toward the production of a chemical known as

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that have had specific changes introduced into their

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Huff, Howard; Riordan, Michael (September 1, 2007).

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The first BioFET was the 6885: 5256: 5191:from the original on January 9, 2019 5148:from the original on October 9, 2022 4883:from the original on October 9, 2022 4830:from the original on October 9, 2022 4799:from the original on October 9, 2022 4768:(citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011) 4575: 4506:from the original on January 9, 2019 4363:from the original on October 9, 2022 4258: 4027:Lawrence Journal-World – May 6, 1995 3871: 3790:from the original on October 9, 2022 3688: 3677:Modern Science & Future Medicine 3545:. March 21, 2017, de EMBOpress Sitio 3161:"The impact of MOSFET-based sensors" 3031: 3011:History of Semiconductor Engineering 2986:History of Semiconductor Engineering 2751:Encyclopedia of Science and Religion 2280:Database for the GMOs used in the EU 2034:. It includes the practice of using 1250:(Univ. Calif. at San Francisco) and 935:European Federation of Biotechnology 6986:List of geneticists and biochemists 6278:. December 18, 2013. 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In this process, 901:for human purposes, going back to 25: 7651: 6339: 6298: 6079:, Academic Press, Amsterdam, NV; 4679:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 4443:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 3969:from the original on June 8, 2011 3781:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2916:Frosch, C. J.; Derick, L (1957). 2779:Thieman WJ, Palladino MA (2008). 2252:Regulation of genetic engineering 1786:residues involved in zinc binding 6884: 6873: 6872: 6373: 6264: 6211:. March 10, 2010. Archived from 6116: 6090: 6066: 6001: 5942: 5741:Biochemical Society Transactions 4215:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03431.x 3989:"Definitions of Genetic Testing" 2205: 1896:of which has been modified with 1849:of vulnerabilities to inherited 1534:with photosynthetic micro-algae. 1401:chemical field-effect transistor 1239:– to form what we today know as 975:Principles of Tissue Engineering 848: 847: 834: 134: 6850:Index of biotechnology articles 5899: 5842: 5785: 5728: 5702: 5684: 5644: 5601: 5536: 5479: 4401: 4375: 4323: 4238: 4189: 4169: 4150: 4131: 4078: 4045: 4030: 3981: 3955: 3929: 3838: 3766: 3669: 3633: 3624: 3479: 3469: 3352: 3340: 3209: 3082: 2977: 2940: 2909: 2851: 2738: 2703: 2684: 2649: 2629: 1745:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1649:and the remotion of pollutants. 1626:), for example in making wine ( 6855:List of biotechnology articles 6164:10.1126/science.288.5472.1751a 4529:Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011). 4330:GM Science Review First Report 3963:"Genetic Testing: MedlinePlus" 3486:Frazzetto G (September 2003). 3349:. Los Angeles (March 19, 2008) 2646:. Retrieved on March 20, 2013. 2610: 2598: 2566: 2532: 2475: 2432: 2410: 2381: 2341: 2042:, or components of cells like 1880: 1805:developed synthetic humanized 1356:. The ISFET is widely used in 32:Biotechnology (disambiguation) 13: 1: 6699:Genetically modified organism 6466:Biotechnology industrial park 5955:BioMed Research International 5810:10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.002 5561:10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.013 5504:10.1080/21645698.2017.1317919 5047:. World Health Organization. 4691:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684 3448:Rainbow Code of Biotechnology 2783:. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2781:Introduction to Biotechnology 2484:"Bioethics and biotechnology" 2388:Ereky, Karl. (June 8, 1919). 2321:National Institutes of Health 2245: 2227:example of an application of 2059:petrochemical-based economy. 2025: 1049:biopharmaceutical engineering 114: 6137:10.1126/science.285.5426.384 5661:10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_11 5453:Pollack A (April 13, 2010). 5375:"FDA and Regulation of GMOs" 4615:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003 4455:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 4052:Paarlburg R (January 2011). 3457:. CHEMIK. Wroclaw University 3188:10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8 2667:10.1088/978-0-7503-1299-8ch1 1690:discoveries and production, 1137:, malted grains (containing 109:intellectual property rights 7: 7110:List of conservation topics 6689:Environmental biotechnology 6252:Beckmann VC, Soregaroli J, 5232:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142 5125:British Medical Association 4547:10.1534/genetics.111.128553 4251:September 13, 2011, at the 3887:September 12, 2007, at the 3386:Bioinformatics Introduction 2844:United States Supreme Court 2449:10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_1 2295: 2264:associated with the use of 2238:Many cities have installed 2229:environmental biotechnology 2190:the three competing genes ( 1809:by joining its gene with a 1681: 1438: 1409:DNA field-effect transistor 1256:United States Supreme Court 10: 7656: 6995:Institutions, publications 4385:. Fda.gov. March 6, 2009. 4273:. Caister Academic Press. 4095:. AgBioForum, 2(2), 65–72. 4091:November 19, 2012, at the 3600:10.1038/s41467-023-37070-2 3541:November 11, 2018, at the 3453:February 14, 2019, at the 2961:10.1142/9789814503464_0076 2306:Upstate Medical University 2270:genetically modified crops 2249: 1944:Genetically modified foods 1886:Genetically modified crops 1857:. In addition to studying 1694:, and genetic testing (or 1569:to clean and reduce waste. 1486:by the mining industry in 1194:Clostridium acetobutylicum 1073: 1058: 29: 7601: 7168: 7102: 7061: 7015: 6994: 6953: 6940: 6934:Topics related to biology 6868: 6842: 6749: 6629: 6559: 6508: 6499: 6458: 6403: 6382: 6371: 6360:Timeline of biotechnology 6347: 5920:10.1021/acssynbio.7b00251 4595:Environment International 4335:October 16, 2013, at the 4143:November 2, 2012, at the 3504:10.1038/sj.embor.embor928 3402:Retrieved on May 8, 2007. 3256:10.1109/TBME.1970.4502688 3059:10.5757/ASCT.2014.23.2.61 2696:January 23, 2013, at the 2622:November 8, 2012, at the 2548:American Chemical Society 2500:10.1007/s10616-007-9053-8 2274:genetically modified fish 919:American Chemical Society 787:List of unsolved problems 6716:Microbial biodegradation 6395:Industrial biotechnology 6355:History of biotechnology 5311:10.1177/1745691615621275 4655:10.1177/0162243915598381 2810:. CRC Press. p. 1. 2642:August 31, 2012, at the 2406:– via Hathi Trust. 2101:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1946:are foods produced from 1658:environmental conditions 1447:Outline of biotechnology 1151:lactic acid fermentation 1076:History of biotechnology 981:research and development 782:List of research methods 6390:Colors of biotechnology 5798:Trends in Biotechnology 5549:Trends in Biotechnology 5214:Marris, Claire (2001). 5187:. Pew Research Center. 5129:precautionary principle 3907:10.1126/science.1069614 2691:What Is Bioengineering? 2362:10.1351/goldbook.B00666 2032:industrial fermentation 1494:), and also to produce 1001:biochemical engineering 255:Response to environment 7228:Biological engineering 7121:development strategies 6784:Biomedical engineering 6491:Pharmaceutical company 6471:Biotechnology products 5696:April 5, 2013, at the 4111:California Agriculture 4023:July 31, 2022, at the 3560:July 19, 2018, at the 3534:Frazzetto, G. (2003). 2837:June 28, 2011, at the 2745:Cole-Turner R (2003). 2605:What is biotechnology? 2313:United States Congress 2308: 2106:chemotherapeutic agent 1787: 1721: 1547:industrial agriculture 1453:biodegradable plastics 1272:Diamond v. Chakrabarty 1071: 1033:biomedical engineering 976: 772:List of biology awards 380:Biological engineering 44: 7313:Developmental biology 7288:Computational biology 7268:Cellular microbiology 7084:Environmental science 7079:Physical anthropology 6181:|...}} 6158:(Retracted, see 5908:ACS Synthetic Biology 5434:on September 29, 2016 4409:"AquAdvantage Salmon" 4182:May 11, 2017, at the 4163:May 29, 2013, at the 4124:10.3733/ca.v066n02p62 3580:Nature Communications 3488:"White biotechnology" 3446:Kafarski, P. (2012). 3250:. BME-17 (1): 70–71. 3168:Sensors and Actuators 2418:"Genetic Engineering" 2303: 2113:metabolic engineering 1914:pharmaceutical agents 1773: 1765:personalized medicine 1716: 1511:computational biology 1332:(ISFET), invented by 1066: 979:Biotechnology is the 974: 463:Developmental biology 438:Computational biology 418:Cellular microbiology 79:environmental science 42: 7533:Reproductive biology 7418:Mathematical biology 7343:Evolutionary biology 7293:Conservation biology 6809:Chemical engineering 6672:Reproductive cloning 6536:Hybridoma technology 6486:Human Genome Project 6034:10.1128/AEM.01095-19 5855:Nature Biotechnology 5080:Nature Biotechnology 4933:on September 7, 2012 4265:Diaz E, ed. (2008). 4066:on December 22, 2014 2335:References and notes 2233:loss of biodiversity 2212:environmentally safe 2142:by CRISPR to induce 2072:model microorganisms 1999:scientific consensus 1954:with the methods of 1830:Human Genome Project 1795:pharmaceutical drugs 1622:in food production ( 1428:Department of Energy 1260:genetically modified 1221:discovered the mold 1092:Neolithic Revolution 1041:chemical engineering 805:Agricultural science 683:Reproductive biology 568:Mathematical biology 493:Evolutionary biology 443:Conservation biology 105:genetic modification 56:engineering sciences 30:For other uses, see 7318:Ecological genetics 7162:Branches of biology 7062:Related disciplines 7002:Bachelor of Science 6694:Genetic engineering 6677:Therapeutic cloning 6657:Bionic architecture 6637:Animal cell culture 6404:Biological concepts 6282:on October 28, 2014 6215:on October 12, 2013 6026:2019ApEnM..85E1095D 5968:10.1155/2014/235472 5753:10.1042/BST20190349 5492:GM Crops & Food 5092:10.1038/nbt0703-739 4746:2016JSFA...96.1851Y 4607:2011EnInt..37..734D 3999:on February 4, 2009 3853:. Penguin. p. 3592:2023NatCo..14.1391S 3536:White biotechnology 3303:2002Ana...127.1137S 3223:Electronics Letters 3180:1985SeAc....8..109B 3106:1962NYASA.102...29C 2554:on November 7, 2012 2266:genetic engineering 2214:processes, such as 1970:first marketed its 1956:genetic engineering 1898:genetic engineering 1688:pharmaceutical drug 1520:structural genomics 1516:functional genomics 1354:reference electrode 1168:Before the time of 1053:genetic engineering 942:biological sciences 810:Biomedical sciences 468:Ecological genetics 122:Part of a series on 83:genetic engineering 7609:History of biology 7543:Structural biology 7528:Relational biology 7353:Generative biology 7348:Freshwater biology 6971:History of biology 6966:Notable biologists 6954:People and history 6750:Interdisciplinary 6704:Molecular genetics 6450:Selective breeding 6104:. November 9, 2023 5716:on January 2, 2014 5622:10.1079/ivp2005663 5460:The New York Times 4383:"Consumer Q&A" 3391:2007-06-16 at the 3009:Lojek, Bo (2007). 2984:Lojek, Bo (2007). 2947:KAHNG, D. (1961). 2895:10.1149/2.F02073IF 2711:Arnold JP (2005). 2309: 2120:metabolic pathways 1960:selective breeding 1875:genetic counseling 1788: 1727:(a combination of 1722: 1675:biological weapons 1496:biological weapons 1386:genetic technology 1340:is replaced by an 1277:Ananda Chakrabarty 1072: 1045:tissue engineering 995:and any source of 977: 917:technologies. The 841:Biology portal 693:Structural biology 678:Relational biology 503:Generative biology 498:Freshwater biology 65:was first used by 45: 7627: 7626: 7548:Synthetic biology 7428:Molecular biology 7283:Cognitive biology 7128: 7127: 7024:Omne vivum ex ovo 7016:Terms and phrases 6900: 6899: 6829:Nanobiotechnology 6824:Molecular biology 6625: 6624: 6476:Biotechnology law 6085:978-0-12-375089-1 6073:Daniel A. Vallero 5914:(12): 2350–2361. 5670:978-981-16-2338-7 5003:978-0-309-43738-7 4873:978-92-79-16344-9 4754:10.1002/jsfa.7523 4280:978-1-904455-17-2 4202:The Plant Journal 4138:About Golden Rice 3864:978-0-14-013501-5 3824:10.2217/pgs.10.97 3752:10.2217/pgs.09.37 3650:. November 2021. 2995:978-3-540-34258-8 2970:978-981-02-0209-5 2934:10.1149/1.2428650 2817:978-90-5702-407-8 2790:978-0-321-49145-9 2722:978-0-9662084-1-2 2677:978-0-7503-1299-8 2586:on August 7, 2015 2458:978-981-10-0873-3 2443:. pp. 1–21. 2325:Graduate students 2088:of medicines and 2063:Synthetic biology 1964:mutation breeding 1696:genetic screening 1543:transgenic plants 1415:FET (GenFET) and 1362:DNA hybridization 1310:Biosensor MOSFETs 1233:Ernst Boris Chain 1219:Alexander Fleming 946:molecular biology 891: 890: 815:Health technology 698:Synthetic biology 578:Molecular biology 433:Cognitive biology 230:Energy processing 16:(Redirected from 7647: 7273:Chemical biology 7155: 7148: 7141: 7132: 7131: 6927: 6920: 6913: 6904: 6903: 6888: 6887: 6876: 6875: 6726:Pharmacogenomics 6506: 6505: 6500:Basic techniques 6481:Green Revolution 6459:General concepts 6377: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6311: 6310: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6182: 6156: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6070: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5988: 5970: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5867:10.1038/nbt.3095 5846: 5840: 5839: 5829: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5772: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5712:. 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(2013) 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3571: 3565: 3552: 3546: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3483: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3444: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3311:10.1039/B204444G 3297:(9): 1137–1151. 3288: 3279: 3268: 3267: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3165: 3159:(October 1985). 3153: 3142: 3141: 3090:Clark, Leland C. 3086: 3080: 3079: 3061: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2849: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2707: 2701: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2669: 2653: 2647: 2633: 2627: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2585: 2579:. Archived from 2578: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550:. 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Boyer 1100:restore nitrogen 993:living organisms 883: 876: 869: 856: 851: 850: 843: 839: 838: 777:List of journals 423:Chemical biology 138: 119: 118: 52:natural sciences 21: 7655: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7644: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7597: 7558:Systems biology 7523:Quantum biology 7164: 7159: 7129: 7124: 7098: 7057: 7011: 6990: 6949: 6936: 6931: 6901: 6896: 6864: 6838: 6779:Biopharmacology 6751: 6745: 6621: 6592:Electrophoresis 6587:Kidney dialysis 6577:Crystallization 6555: 6501: 6495: 6454: 6399: 6378: 6369: 6343: 6338: 6301: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6250: 6246: 6232: 6228: 6218: 6216: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6184: 6176: 6174: 6157: 6131:(5426): 384–7. 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6071: 6067: 6006: 6002: 5947: 5943: 5904: 5900: 5847: 5843: 5790: 5786: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5698:Wayback Machine 5689: 5685: 5671: 5649: 5645: 5606: 5602: 5541: 5537: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5294: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5271:on May 25, 2017 5261: 5257: 5212: 5208: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5118: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5021: 5019: 5004: 4980: 4976: 4962: 4960: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4772: 4771: 4722: 4721: 4629: 4590: 4580: 4576: 4527: 4523: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4438: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4337:Wayback Machine 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4263: 4259: 4253:Wayback Machine 4243: 4239: 4194: 4190: 4184:Wayback Machine 4174: 4170: 4165:Wayback Machine 4155: 4151: 4145:Wayback Machine 4136: 4132: 4103: 4099: 4093:Wayback Machine 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4050: 4046: 4035: 4031: 4025:Wayback Machine 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3965:. Nlm.nih.gov. 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3943:on May 29, 2006 3935: 3934: 3930: 3889:Wayback Machine 3879: 3872: 3865: 3843: 3839: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3736: 3732: 3707:10.1002/wsbm.42 3689:Wang L (2010). 3687: 3683: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3648:The Pharma 1000 3643: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3572: 3568: 3562:Wayback Machine 3553: 3549: 3543:Wayback Machine 3533: 3529: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3455:Wayback Machine 3445: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3398:Yale University 3393:Wayback Machine 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on June 2, 2008 3358: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3242: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3163: 3154: 3145: 3087: 3083: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017:. p. 120. 3007: 3003: 2996: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2945: 2941: 2914: 2910: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2839:Wayback Machine 2829: 2825: 2818: 2802: 2798: 2791: 2777: 2770: 2760: 2758: 2747:"Biotechnology" 2743: 2739: 2723: 2708: 2704: 2698:Wayback Machine 2689: 2685: 2678: 2654: 2650: 2644:Wayback Machine 2634: 2630: 2624:Wayback Machine 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2540:"Biotechnology" 2538: 2537: 2533: 2480: 2476: 2459: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2349:"Biotechnology" 2347: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2298: 2282: 2258: 2250:Main articles: 2248: 2208: 2068:nature-friendly 2028: 1992:cotton seed oil 1883: 1840:Genetic testing 1761:adverse effects 1741:gene expression 1684: 1441: 1405:reference ISFET 1397:pressure sensor 1368:detection from 1302:Leland C. Clark 1269:in the case of 1078: 1061: 927:science of life 887: 846: 833: 832: 825: 824: 800: 792: 791: 758: 750: 749: 748: 747: 708:Systems biology 673:Quantum biology 318: 310: 309: 274: 259: 221: 210: 186: 178: 143: 141:Science of life 117: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Biotech company 15: 12: 11: 5: 7653: 7643: 7642: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7413:Marine biology 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7223:Bioinformatics 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6930: 6929: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6769:Bioengineering 6766: 6764:Bioelectronics 6761: 6755: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6741:Tissue culture 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6674: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6647:Bioinformatics 6644: 6642:Biofabrication 6639: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6582:Chromatography 6579: 6574: 6569: 6567:Centrifugation 6563: 6561: 6560:Chemical field 6557: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6531:Flow cytometry 6528: 6523: 6518: 6512: 6510: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6418: 6413: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6379: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6299:External links 6297: 6294: 6293: 6263: 6244: 6226: 6196: 6115: 6089: 6065: 6000: 5941: 5898: 5861:(4): 377–383. 5841: 5804:(2): 181–197. 5784: 5747:(1): 113–122. 5727: 5701: 5683: 5669: 5643: 5616:(4): 424–430. 5600: 5555:(3): 331–341. 5535: 5498:(3): 156–193. 5478: 5445: 5418: 5392: 5365: 5339: 5305:(3): 315–324. 5282: 5255: 5226:(7): 545–548. 5206: 5175: 5116: 5086:(7): 739–741. 5070: 5036: 5002: 4994:10.17226/23395 4974: 4944: 4894: 4872: 4841: 4778: 4685:(2): 213–217. 4649:(6): 883–914. 4601:(4): 734–742. 4574: 4521: 4491: 4426: 4400: 4374: 4341: 4322: 4286: 4279: 4257: 4237: 4208:(4): 684–701. 4188: 4168: 4149: 4130: 4097: 4077: 4044: 4029: 4010: 3980: 3954: 3928: 3870: 3863: 3837: 3818:(8): 1149–67. 3801: 3783:. March 2005. 3765: 3730: 3681: 3668: 3632: 3623: 3566: 3547: 3527: 3478: 3468: 3459: 3414: 3404: 3384:Gerstein, M. " 3377: 3351: 3339: 3269: 3236: 3208: 3174:(2): 109–127. 3157:Bergveld, Piet 3143: 3081: 3030: 3023: 3001: 2994: 2976: 2969: 2939: 2908: 2869: 2850: 2823: 2816: 2796: 2789: 2768: 2737: 2721: 2702: 2683: 2676: 2660:. IOPscience. 2648: 2628: 2609: 2597: 2565: 2544:portal.acs.org 2531: 2488:Cytotechnology 2474: 2457: 2431: 2409: 2380: 2353:IUPAC Goldbook 2339: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2297: 2294: 2290:European Union 2281: 2278: 2247: 2244: 2224:bioremediation 2220:biodegradation 2207: 2204: 2144:point mutation 2136:1,4-butanediol 2082:genome editing 2046:, to generate 2040:microorganisms 2027: 2024: 1922:bioremediation 1882: 1879: 1792:small molecule 1747:with a drug's 1718:DNA microarray 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1650: 1643: 1616: 1611:as industrial 1601: 1574:pharmaceutical 1570: 1567:microorganisms 1563:abiotic stress 1535: 1527: 1506:Bioinformatics 1492:bioremediation 1472:microorganisms 1440: 1437: 1417:cell-potential 1395:FET (GASFET), 1279:, working for 1275:. Indian-born 1237:Norman Heatley 1204:United Kingdom 1185:Chaim Weizmann 1170:Charles Darwin 1159:leavened bread 1074:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1020:bioengineering 1009:pharmaceutical 989:bioinformatics 915:tissue culture 889: 888: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 844: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 746: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 563:Marine biology 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 375:Bioinformatics 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 285: 280: 273: 272: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 220: 219: 214:Properties of 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 185:Key components 184: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 165: 164: 159: 154: 148: 145: 144: 139: 131: 130: 124: 123: 116: 113: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7652: 7641: 7640:Biotechnology 7638: 7637: 7635: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7493:Phylogenetics 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7388:Human biology 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7278:Chronobiology 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7253:Biotechnology 7251: 7249: 7248:Biostatistics 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7094:Biotechnology 7092: 7090: 7089:Life Sciences 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6921: 6916: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6893: 6892: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6871: 6870: 6867: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6662:Cell immunity 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6617:Sedimentation 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6526:Cultured meat 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509:Biology field 6507: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341:Biotechnology 6335: 6330: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6188: 6180: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6069: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5687: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5466: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5449: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5380: 5376: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5172: 5144: 5137: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5033: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4978: 4971: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4929: 4922: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4864:10.2777/97784 4861: 4854: 4853: 4845: 4826: 4819: 4811: 4795: 4788: 4782: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4673:And contrast: 4671: 4669: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4582:But see also: 4578: 4571: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4488: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4414: 4410: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4261: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4081: 4062: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3901:(5557): 975. 3900: 3896: 3890: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3866: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3024:9783540342588 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2800: 2792: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2582: 2575: 2569: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2419: 2413: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216:biofiltration 2213: 2206:Environmental 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2086:bioproduction 2083: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1709: 1708:Rare Diseases 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1634:), and beer ( 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:food industry 1621: 1620:biotechnology 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1465:environmental 1462: 1458: 1457:vegetable oil 1454: 1449: 1448: 1445: 1444:Main article: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1413:gene-modified 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1384:sensing, and 1383: 1380:measurement, 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352:solution and 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:Piet Bergveld 1331: 1327: 1326:environmental 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1263:microorganism 1261: 1258:ruled that a 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Howard Florey 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1163:Louis Pasteur 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:carbohydrates 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:control pests 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:biotechnology 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:By contrast, 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 936: 933:. As per the 932: 928: 924: 923:biotechnology 920: 916: 912: 908: 907:hybridization 904: 903:domestication 900: 896: 884: 879: 877: 872: 870: 865: 864: 862: 861: 855: 845: 842: 837: 831: 830: 829: 828: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 796: 795: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 764: 761: 760: 754: 753: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643:Phylogenetics 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 538:Human biology 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 428:Chronobiology 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404:Biotechnology 403: 401: 400:Biostatistics 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 314: 313: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 271: 269: 265: 261: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 217: 212: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 188: 182: 181: 174: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 149: 147: 146: 142: 137: 133: 132: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 112: 110: 106: 100: 98: 93: 91: 86: 84: 80: 75: 73: 68: 64: 63:biotechnology 59: 57: 53: 49: 48:Biotechnology 41: 37: 33: 19: 7538:Sociobiology 7518:Protistology 7483:Photobiology 7478:Pharmacology 7468:Parasitology 7463:Paleontology 7443:Neuroscience 7423:Microbiology 7333:Epidemiology 7303:Cytogenetics 7263:Cell biology 7252: 7243:Biosemiotics 7233:Biomechanics 7213:Biogeography 7208:Biochemistry 7203:Bacteriology 7198:Astrobiology 7093: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7007:Publications 6889: 6877: 6814:Microbiology 6799:Biochemicals 6711:Gene therapy 6652:Biosynthesis 6630:Applications 6551:Spectroscopy 6521:Cell culture 6430:Fermentation 6340: 6284:. Retrieved 6280:the original 6275: 6266: 6257: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6217:. Retrieved 6213:the original 6208: 6199: 6185:{{ 6177:{{ 6128: 6124: 6118: 6106:. Retrieved 6101: 6092: 6076: 6068: 6017: 6013: 6003: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5801: 5797: 5787: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5718:. Retrieved 5714:the original 5704: 5686: 5652: 5646: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5495: 5491: 5481: 5471:February 24, 5469:. Retrieved 5458: 5448: 5436:. Retrieved 5432:the original 5421: 5409:. Retrieved 5405: 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5379:the original 5368: 5356:. Retrieved 5342: 5302: 5298: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5269:the original 5258: 5223: 5220:EMBO Reports 5219: 5209: 5200: 5193:. Retrieved 5178: 5157: 5150:. Retrieved 5119: 5111: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5060: 5053:. Retrieved 5039: 5028: 5027: 5020:. Retrieved 4984: 4977: 4968: 4961:. Retrieved 4947: 4935:. Retrieved 4928:the original 4911:. Retrieved 4897: 4885:. Retrieved 4851: 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4808: 4801:. 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Retrieved 3364:the original 3354: 3342: 3294: 3290: 3245: 3239: 3227:. Retrieved 3221: 3211: 3171: 3167: 3100:(1): 29–45. 3097: 3093: 3084: 3052:(2): 61–71. 3049: 3043: 3033: 3010: 3004: 2985: 2979: 2952: 2942: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2853: 2842: 2826: 2806: 2799: 2780: 2759:. Retrieved 2750: 2740: 2712: 2705: 2686: 2657: 2651: 2631: 2612: 2600: 2590:December 29, 2588:. Retrieved 2581:the original 2568: 2556:. Retrieved 2552:the original 2543: 2534: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2440: 2434: 2424:December 18, 2422:. Retrieved 2412: 2400:. Retrieved 2394:. P. Parey. 2390: 2383: 2373:February 14, 2371:. Retrieved 2352: 2343: 2310: 2283: 2259: 2237: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2139: 2123: 2117: 2099: 2093: 2075: 2061: 2048:industrially 2029: 2008: 2004: 1996: 1942: 1926: 1907: 1884: 1838: 1826:gene therapy 1814: 1789: 1729:pharmacology 1723: 1685: 1671:bioterrorism 1647:biodiversity 1640:fermentation 1632:cheesemaking 1619: 1596:, siRNA and 1509: 1500: 1469: 1450: 1443: 1442: 1425: 1421: 1390: 1295: 1293:bacterium). 1290: 1284: 1270: 1245: 1222: 1216: 1202:, which the 1192: 1181:microbiology 1178: 1174: 1167: 1112: 1086: 1079: 1036: 1023: 1017: 1005:biosynthesis 999:by means of 978: 966:microbiology 954:cell biology 950:biochemistry 922: 892: 799:Applications 688:Sociobiology 668:Protistology 633:Photobiology 628:Pharmacology 618:Parasitology 613:Paleontology 593:Neuroscience 573:Microbiology 483:Epidemiology 453:Cytogenetics 413:Cell biology 395:Biosemiotics 385:Biomechanics 365:Biogeography 360:Biochemistry 355:Bacteriology 350:Astrobiology 262: 250:Reproduction 213: 140: 101: 94: 90:fermentation 87: 76: 67:Károly Ereky 62: 60: 47: 46: 36: 7588:Xenobiology 7583:Virophysics 7553:Systematics 7508:Primatology 7453:Ornithology 7393:Ichthyology 7378:Herpetology 7373:Gerontology 7338:Epigenetics 7298:Cryobiology 7188:Agrostology 7178:Aerobiology 7173:Abiogenesis 6804:Biorobotics 6794:Biomimetics 6789:Biomedicine 6286:October 28, 6108:January 17, 3701:(1): 3–22. 3586:(1): 1391. 2955:: 583–596. 2761:December 7, 2162:six genes ( 2011:Golden rice 1997:There is a 1890:agriculture 1881:Agriculture 1867:chromosomes 1863:biochemical 1859:chromosomes 1842:allows the 1630:), cheese ( 1582:antibiotics 1488:bioleaching 1430:estimating 1403:(ChemFET), 1376:detection, 1350:electrolyte 1344:-sensitive 1291:Pseudomonas 1286:Pseudomonas 1224:Penicillium 1212:World War I 1198:to produce 1189:corn starch 1119:Mesopotamia 1088:Agriculture 1082:agriculture 1028:engineering 738:Xenobiology 733:Virophysics 703:Systematics 658:Primatology 603:Ornithology 543:Ichthyology 528:Herpetology 523:Gerontology 488:Epigenetics 448:Cryobiology 340:Agrostology 330:Aerobiology 325:Abiogenesis 191:Cell theory 7573:Toxicology 7568:Teratology 7513:Proteomics 7498:Physiology 7438:Neontology 7403:Lipidology 7398:Immunology 7368:Geobiology 7328:Embryology 7308:Dendrology 7238:Biophysics 7218:Biogeology 6759:Bioeconomy 6731:Stem cells 6684:Embryology 6607:Filtration 6597:Extraction 6516:Bioreactor 6254:Wesseler J 6235:Wesseler J 6219:January 1, 6209:Potato Pro 5961:: 235472. 5720:January 1, 5438:August 30, 5411:August 30, 5385:August 30, 5358:August 30, 5275:August 30, 5195:August 30, 5159:available. 5152:August 30, 5055:August 30, 5022:August 30, 4963:August 30, 4937:August 30, 4913:August 30, 4887:August 30, 4834:August 30, 4803:August 30, 4510:August 30, 4003:August 10, 3794:August 27, 2928:(9): 547. 2859:US2802760A 2626:. oecd.org 2246:Regulation 2231:; whereas 2158:gene, and 2109:paclitaxel 2074:, such as 2026:Industrial 1976:cash crops 1972:Flavr Savr 1628:winemaking 1605:industrial 1594:antibodies 1590:stem cells 1524:proteomics 1411:(DNAFET), 1393:gas sensor 1358:biomedical 1338:metal gate 1322:biological 1241:penicillin 1208:explosives 985:laboratory 958:embryology 723:Toxicology 718:Teratology 663:Proteomics 648:Physiology 588:Neontology 553:Lipidology 548:Immunology 518:Geobiology 478:Embryology 458:Dendrology 390:Biophysics 370:Biogeology 245:Regulation 225:Adaptation 115:Definition 7488:Phycology 7473:Pathology 7458:Osteology 7448:Nutrition 7408:Mammalogy 7383:Histology 7119:Precocial 7115:Altricial 7073:Physician 7052:In silico 6961:Biologist 6602:Fed Batch 6502:and tools 6187:retracted 6179:retracted 6042:1098-5336 5977:2314-6141 5928:2161-5063 5875:1087-0156 5818:0167-7799 5761:0300-5127 5679:245834290 5630:1054-5476 5595:256304868 5569:0167-7799 5512:2164-5698 4699:0738-8551 4070:April 25, 3319:1364-5528 3196:0250-6874 3122:1749-6632 3068:2288-6559 2903:1064-8208 2889:(3): 29. 2558:March 20, 2508:0920-9069 2402:March 16, 2240:CityTrees 2188:knockdown 1948:organisms 1934:Argentina 1910:herbicide 1847:diagnosis 1803:Genentech 1784:histidine 1704:Neurology 1613:catalysts 1551:pesticide 1366:biomarker 1308:in 1962. 1306:biosensor 1265:could be 1155:soy sauce 1096:fertilize 1013:organisms 931:livestock 899:organisms 895:modifying 763:Biologist 638:Phycology 623:Pathology 608:Osteology 598:Nutrition 558:Mammalogy 533:Histology 206:Phylogeny 201:Evolution 196:Ecosystem 61:The term 7634:Category 7602:See also 7578:Virology 7563:Taxonomy 7503:Pomology 7433:Mycology 7363:Genomics 7358:Genetics 7183:Agronomy 7069:Medicine 7045:In utero 7038:In vitro 6879:Category 6834:Virology 6736:Telomere 6383:Branches 6172:10877693 6145:10411496 6102:The Echo 6060:31324632 5995:24864232 5936:28854333 5893:25558867 5836:30497870 5779:32077472 5694:Archived 5638:25855065 5587:36710131 5530:28481684 5465:Archived 5352:Archived 5331:Archived 5319:27217243 5250:11463731 5189:Archived 5143:Archived 5100:12833088 5049:Archived 5016:Archived 5012:28230933 4957:Archived 4907:Archived 4878:Archived 4825:Archived 4794:Archived 4762:26536836 4715:11786594 4707:26767435 4663:40855100 4627:Archived 4623:21296423 4565:21546547 4535:Genetics 4504:Archived 4475:Archived 4463:24041244 4419:July 20, 4413:Archived 4387:Archived 4367:July 17, 4358:Archived 4333:Archived 4309:Archived 4249:Archived 4232:25954199 4224:18476872 4180:Archived 4161:Archived 4141:Archived 4089:Archived 4021:Archived 3967:Archived 3923:32595222 3915:11834802 3885:Archived 3832:20712531 3785:Archived 3760:19530963 3725:20836007 3652:Archived 3618:36944638 3609:10030976 3558:Archived 3539:Archived 3522:12949582 3451:Archived 3389:Archived 3331:Archived 3327:12375833 3200:Archived 3138:33342483 3130:14021529 3076:55557610 2835:Archived 2755:Archived 2731:71834130 2694:Archived 2640:Archived 2620:Archived 2526:19003197 2396:Archived 2367:Archived 2355:. 2014. 2296:Learning 2286:EUginius 2160:knock-in 2152:knockout 2150:A gene, 2090:biofuels 2052:biofuels 2038:such as 1918:biofuels 1855:ancestry 1851:diseases 1821:abattoir 1776:symmetry 1757:genotype 1753:toxicity 1749:efficacy 1733:genomics 1700:Oncology 1682:Medicine 1586:hormones 1578:vaccines 1532:bio-oils 1484:bacteria 1461:biofuels 1439:Examples 1374:antibody 1346:membrane 1318:chemical 1314:physical 1267:patented 1108:breeding 1043:such as 1024:directly 962:genetics 921:defines 854:Category 820:Pharming 757:Research 728:Virology 713:Taxonomy 653:Pomology 583:Mycology 513:Genomics 508:Genetics 335:Agronomy 317:Branches 304:Protists 283:Bacteria 268:Kingdoms 173:timeline 162:Glossary 97:biofuels 7593:Zoology 7323:Ecology 7193:Anatomy 7031:In vivo 6891:Commons 6774:Biology 6667:Cloning 6445:Protein 6440:Plasmid 6348:History 6153:5131870 6125:Science 6087:; 2010. 6051:6752018 6022:Bibcode 5986:4017724 5884:4867547 5827:6340809 5770:7054743 5578:9881846 5521:5617554 5241:1083956 5202:points. 5108:2533628 4742:Bibcode 4603:Bibcode 4556:3120150 4471:9836802 4411:. FDA. 4315:June 2, 3973:June 7, 3947:June 7, 3895:Science 3716:3894835 3588:Bibcode 3513:1326365 3370:May 19, 3299:Bibcode 3291:Analyst 3264:5441220 3229:May 13, 3176:Bibcode 3102:Bibcode 2517:2267612 2468:7119977 2198:C, and 2154:of the 2146:in the 2132:CRISPRi 2124:E. coli 2095:E. coli 2044:enzymes 2020:cereals 1980:soybean 1968:Calgene 1844:genetic 1834:biology 1811:plasmid 1807:insulin 1737:genetic 1654:deserts 1636:brewing 1609:enzymes 1555:Bt corn 1463:), and 1432:ethanol 1378:glucose 1210:during 1200:acetone 1139:enzymes 1135:brewing 1068:Brewing 1059:History 997:biomass 983:in the 944:(e.g., 897:living 743:Zoology 473:Ecology 345:Anatomy 292:Animals 288:Eukarya 278:Archaea 270:of life 264:Domains 169:History 157:Outline 128:Biology 7258:Botany 6819:Mining 6752:fields 6411:Allele 6170: 6166:, 6151: 6143: 6083: 6058: 6048: 6040: 6020:(19). 5993: 5983: 5975: 5934: 5926: 5891: 5881: 5873: 5834: 5824: 5816: 5777: 5767: 5759: 5677: 5667: 5636: 5628: 5593: 5585: 5575: 5567: 5528: 5518: 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