265:
easier maintenance of biowales, whether it be adequate space to locate machinery or safety to those working. Different types of filters can be used to catch sediments. Grass filter strips or rock inlets can be used to filter sediments and particulates; however, without proper maintenance, runoff could flow away from the bioswales due to blockage. Structural inlets have become more common due to the ease of maintenance, use, and its effectiveness. Avoiding the use of floating mulch and selecting the best fit low-maintenance plants ensure better efficiency in the bioswales. Depending on a community's needs for a bioswale, a four step assessment program can be developed. Visual inspection, capacity testing, synthetic runoff, and monitoring are the four steps that can be used to evaluate performance and maintenance of bioswales.
381:, completed in 2001. Rather than using traditional piping, SEA's goal was to create a natural landscape that represented what the area was like before development. The street was 11% more pervious than a standard street and was characterized with evergreen trees and bioswales. The bioswales were planted on graded slopes with wetland and upland plants. Other landscaping also focused on native and salmon-friendly plants. SEA provided a strong benefit for stormwater runoff mitigation that helped continue to protect Seattle's creek ecology. The project street also created a more inviting and aesthetically pleasing site as opposed to hard landscaping.
335:
31:
391:(NYC DEP) has built more than 11,000 curbside bioswales, which are referred to as 'rain gardens'. Rain gardens are constructed throughout the city to manage storm water and to improve the water quality of city waterways. The care and tending of rain gardens is a partnership between the NYC DEP and a group of citizen volunteers called "harbor protectors". Rain gardens are inspected and cleaned at least once a week.
124:
326:
required to ensure that other infrastructure would not be damaged. The overfill drain should be located at least 6 inches above the ground plane to allow for maximum concentration time of stormwater runoff in the bioswales. Rocks can also be used to slow down the runoff velocity. The use of filters is important to prevent inlets from becoming blocked by sediments or trash.
264:
Improper maintenance can lead to high restoration costs to address inefficient bioswales. An accumulation of large sediments, trash, and improper growth of vegetation can all affect the quality and performance of bioswales. It is beneficial at the planning stages to set apart easements to allow for
83:
It is important to maintain bioswales to ensure the best possible efficiency and effectiveness in removal of pollutants from stormwater runoff. Planning for maintenance is an important step, which can include the introduction of filters or large rocks to prevent clogging. Annual maintenance through
309:
Vegetated bioswales are created with taller growing plants, ornamental vegetations, shrubs, and even trees. These types can also be lined with rocks to slow down the velocity of stormwater runoff that is flowing through bioswales to increase collection time for decontamination. Vegetated bioswales
325:
Bioswales require a certain soil composition that does not contain more than 5% clay. The soil itself before implementation should not be contaminated. Bioswales should be constructed with a longitudinal slope to allow sediments to settle. Maximum slope of bioswales is 3:1. A minimum clearance is
272:
There are different methods to determine if a bioswale needs maintenance. Bioswales are benchmarked to meet a specific level of infiltration to determine if maintenance is required. A staff gauge is used to measure the infiltration rate. Soil chemistry testing is also required to determine if the
251:
work to decrease the velocity of stormwater runoff while removing pollutants from the discharge. They are extremely beneficial in protecting surface water and local waterways from excessive pollution from stormwater runoff. The longer the runoff stays within the bioswale, the better the pollutant
288:
Maintenance can span to three different levels of care. Aesthetic maintenance is required to remove weeds that affect the performance of the other plants and the bioswale itself, clean and remove trash, and maintaining the looks of the vegetation. Partial restoration is needed when the inlet is
135:
Bioswales work to remove pollutants through vegetation and the soil. As the storm water runoff flows through the bioswale, the pollutants are captured and settled by the leaves and stems of the plants. The pollutants then enter the soil where they decompose or can be broken down by bacteria in
268:
Routine inspection is required to ensure that the performance and aesthetics of bioswales are not compromised. Time and frequency of inspections vary based on different local governments, but should occur at least once a year. Various aspects of inspection can take place, either visually or
297:
Bioswales experience short, potentially intense, periods of rain, flooding and pollutant loading followed by dry seasons. It is important to take into account how the vegetation selected for the bioswales will grow and understanding what types of plants are considered the best fit.
216:
and other heavy metals are concentrated in the structures. Unfortunately, these metals slowly poison the surrounding soil. Regular soil removal is required in order to prevent metals from dissolving and releasing back into the environment. Some bioswales are designed to include
369:
consists of building roof runoff, parking lot runoff and overland flow from properties to the north of the project site. A total of two lineal miles of bioswale was designed into the project. The purpose of the bioswale was to minimize runoff contaminants from entering
162:
will volatilize or degrade over time and
Bioswales slow the conveyance of these materials into waterways, and before they can affect aquatic life. Although not all organic material will be captured, the concentration of organic material is greatly reduced by
252:
removal outcome. It is also beneficial in removing standing ponds that could potentially attract mosquitos. Bioswales can also be designed to be aesthetically pleasing and attract animals and create habitats. Bioswales can also be beneficial for
79:
are also commonly added along the bioswale to increase stormwater infiltration. A bioswale's make-up can be influenced by many different variables, including climate, rainfall patterns, site size, budget, and vegetation suitability.
305:
Low grass bioswales utilize low growing grass that can be landscaped, similar to lawns. These types of bioswales tend to be less effective than vegetated bioswales in treating stormwater runoff and sustaining an adequate collection
320:
Wet bioswales are similar to wetlands in which they retain water for a much longer period of time that allows for infiltration of stormwater instead of simply emptying the water at the end of the bioswale into storm drain
221:
plant species. These plants absorb but do not transform the metals. Cuttings from these plants often decompose back into the pond or are pruned by gardening services that do not know the compost they are collecting is
943:, prepared for the William A. Saks Company pursuant to requirements of the County of Sonoma. Approximately 2000 bioswales are projected to be installed in New York City to protect the city's combined sewer system.
289:
blocked by sediments or when vegetation needs to be replaced. Full restoration is required when the bioswales no longer filter pollutants adequately and overall performance is severely lacking.
269:
mechanically. Visual observation of the vegetation, water, and inlets are all crucial to ensure performance. Some organizations utilize checklists to streamline the visual inspection process.
1256:
500:
239:
such as roads, parking lots, or rooftops can benefit from additions of bioswales. They can also be integrated into road medians, curb cutouts, sidewalks, or any public space.
231:
Bioswales can be implemented in areas that require stormwater management to regulate the runoff velocity and decontaminate the runoff. Bioswales are created to handle the
582:
388:
75:, which aids the collection and removal of pollutants, silt and debris. Depending on the site topography, the bioswale channel may be straight or meander.
673:
Shetty, Nandan H.; Hu, Ranran; Mailloux, Brian J.; Hsueh, Diana Y.; McGillis, Wade R.; Wang, Mark; Chandran, Kartik; Culligan, Patricia J. (2019-05-15).
342:
Two early examples of scientifically designed bioswales for large scale applications are found in the western US. In 1996, for
Willamette River Park in
1032:
632:
Purvis, Rebecca; Winston, Ryan; Hunt, William; Lipscomb, Brian; Narayanaswamy, Karthik; McDaniel, Andrew; Lauffer, Matthew; Libes, Susan (2018-01-31).
374:. The bioswale channel is grass-lined and nearly linear in form. Downslope gradient is approximately 4% and cross-slope gradient is approximately 6%.
850:
979:
804:
1176:
509:
143:
that may be collected or arrested with bioswales. These fall into the categories of silt, inorganic contaminants, organic chemicals and
71:
drainage course with gently sloped sides (less than 6%). Bioswale design is intended to safely maximize the time water spends in the
248:
362:
346:, a total of 2330 lineal feet of bioswale was designed and installed to capture and prevent pollutant runoff from entering the
1353:
1008:
592:
1368:
1348:
1169:
282:
1343:
1058:
365:
and County of Sonoma to produce a detailed design to channel surface runoff at the perimeter of a large parking area.
1088:
1080:
The
Permaculture Earthworks Handbook: How to Design and Build Swales, Dams, Ponds, and Other Water Harvesting Systems
924:
876:
851:
Operation and
Maintenance of Green Infrastructure Receiving Runoff from Roads and Parking Lots; Technical Memorandum
159:
1118:
Xiao, Qingfu; McPherson, E. Gregory (2011). "Performance of engineered soil and trees in a parking lot bioswale".
953:
901:
185:. Principal sources of these nutrients comes from agricultural runoff attributed to excess fertilization. Excess
1373:
1162:
354:
were installed to further abet silt capture, which reduced by 50% suspended solids entering the river system.
829:
560:
488:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2021. p. 3. EPA 832-F-21-031P.
482:
310:
can also include vegetation that is highly useful in removing certain chemicals in runoffs very efficiently.
462:
72:
166:
Pathogens are deprived of a host or from a nutrient supply long enough for them to become the target of a
1378:
452:
1235:
358:
84:
soil testing, visual inspection, and mechanical testing is also crucial to the health of a bioswale.
17:
634:"Evaluating the Water Quality Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA"
529:"Evaluating the Water Quality Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA"
427:
1358:
281:
in the soil are two common pollutants that should be attended to. Analysis of inflow and outflow
317:
bioswales are populated with runoff generally only after rain and storms and stay dry otherwise.
1271:
1266:
584:
Design for
Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Climate Change
197:
in disposal zones and receiving waters. Specific bioswale plants absorb these excess nutrients.
301:
There are four types of bioswales that can be constructed based on the needs of the location.
155:
of receiving waters. Filters can be established to capture debris and silt during the process.
1261:
1240:
95:
pollution settles on the pavement and is flushed by the first instance of rain, known as the
1078:
508:. Champaign, IL: US Army Corps of Engineers, Research and Development Center. Archived from
377:
A relatively recent project established was the "Street Edge
Alternatives" (SEA) project in
1127:
853:(Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 2016. EP-BPA-13-R5-0001.
751:
686:
417:
253:
57:
151:
Silt. How bioswales and plants are constructed slow the conveyance of silt and reduce the
8:
1205:
378:
128:
1131:
755:
690:
675:"Studying the effect of bioswales on nutrient pollution in urban combined sewer systems"
313:
Low water use bioswales are helpful in areas that tend to be drier with hotter climate.
1363:
1312:
1307:
1225:
1143:
783:
720:
442:
236:
357:
A second example of a large scale designed bioswale is at the
Carneros Business Park,
1322:
1084:
1014:
1004:
920:
882:
872:
775:
767:
739:
712:
704:
655:
588:
235:
of pollutants during the event of rain, therefore, locations that have high areas of
201:
45:
1147:
1060:
Using
Hydrogeosphere to evaluate swales as a technique to conserve water on farmland
787:
763:
724:
699:
674:
1317:
1154:
1135:
811:. New York, NY: National Association of City Transportation Officials. 11 July 2013
759:
694:
645:
540:
347:
343:
218:
131:. The foreground one is under construction while the background one is established.
1107:
869:
Optimizing stormwater treatment practices a handbook of assessment and maintenance
1230:
1210:
1139:
740:"Robust spatial analysis of sequestered metals in a Southern California Bioswale"
140:
608:
422:
366:
194:
108:
1018:
738:
Evans, Natalya; Van Ryswyk, Hal; Los
Huertos, Marc; Srebotnjak, Tanja (2019).
517:
Construction
Engineering Research Laboratory. Document no. ERDC/CERL TR-03-12.
1337:
886:
771:
708:
659:
437:
385:
174:
1112:
1292:
1220:
998:
779:
716:
457:
432:
412:
400:
371:
1276:
980:"Environmental groups team up to expand and maintain city's rain gardens"
832:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University; MSU Extension. 2015-06-10.
447:
334:
232:
167:
112:
96:
88:
30:
1215:
1185:
609:"Bioswales | Climate Technology Centre & Network | Tue, 11/08/2016"
274:
104:
103:, can be created around the edges of parking lots to capture and treat
92:
64:
650:
633:
545:
528:
68:
1200:
351:
314:
285:
is also another way to determine the performance level of bioswales.
186:
178:
152:
100:
76:
53:
737:
1302:
1108:
Combating Climate Change with Landscape Architecture Resource Guide
278:
209:
144:
213:
190:
182:
867:
Erickson, Andrew J.; Weiss, Peter T.; Gulliver, John S. (2013).
49:
361:. Starting in 1997 the project design team worked with the
205:
123:
1113:
Sustainable Residential Design: Improving Water Efficiency
27:
Landscape elements designed to manage surface runoff water
631:
941:
Hydrology and biology studies for Carneros Business Park
845:
843:
841:
839:
87:
Bioswales are commonly applied along streets and around
1039:. New York City Department of Environmental Protection
567:. Victoria, BC: Capital Regional District. 2013-11-10.
866:
836:
672:
483:"Stormwater Best Management Practice: Grassed Swales"
1184:
899:
527:Purvis, Rebecca; et al. (January 31, 2018).
475:
1335:
44:are channels designed to concentrate and convey
34:Runoff from the vicinity flows into an adjacent
917:Handbook of Water Sensitive Planning and Design
830:"Bioswales can improve water quality resources"
502:Design Schematics for a Sustainable Parking Lot
273:soil has a certain off-level of any pollutant.
63:Bioswales are typically vegetated, mulched, or
1056:
158:Organics. Many organic contaminants including
1170:
1117:
900:Caflisch, Mary; Giacalone, Katie (May 2015).
581:Watson, Donald; Adams, Michele (2010-10-19).
580:
1257:Continuous monitoring and adaptive control
1177:
1163:
698:
649:
544:
118:
403:, swales are used for water harvesting.
333:
122:
29:
986:. New York, NY: Charter Communications.
960:. Seattle, WA: Seattle Public Utilities
14:
1336:
1076:
996:
914:
587:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 119.
526:
498:
389:Department of Environmental Protection
363:California Department of Fish and Game
56:. Bioswales can also be beneficial in
1158:
977:
862:
860:
799:
797:
499:Loechl, Paul M.; et al. (2003).
492:
576:
574:
539:(2). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 134.
24:
1083:. Canada: New Society Publishers.
857:
794:
107:runoff before releasing it to the
25:
1390:
1101:
1057:van der Zanden, Isabelle (2017).
571:
226:
744:Science of the Total Environment
679:Science of the Total Environment
160:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1070:
1050:
1025:
990:
971:
946:
933:
908:
893:
822:
764:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.441
700:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.121
565:Green Stormwater Infrastructure
394:
338:A curbside bioswale in Chicago.
173:Common inorganic compounds are
99:. Bioswales, or other types of
902:"An Introduction to Bioswales"
731:
666:
625:
601:
553:
520:
259:
13:
1:
468:
139:There are several classes of
1354:Hydrology and urban planning
1140:10.1080/1573062X.2011.596213
1066:(Masters). Ghent University.
939:Lumina Technologies (1998).
463:Water-sensitive urban design
7:
978:Clark, Roger (2021-07-26).
453:Sustainable drainage system
406:
329:
242:
200:Metallic compounds such as
10:
1395:
1369:Waste treatment technology
1349:Environmental soil science
1236:Stormwater detention vault
997:Brears, Robert C. (2021).
954:"Street Edge Alternatives"
915:France, Robert L. (2002).
1344:Environmental engineering
1285:
1249:
1193:
809:Urban Street Design Guide
359:Sonoma County, California
292:
1077:Barnes, Douglas (2017).
1194:Treatment / Containment
1000:Regional water security
283:pollutant concentration
1272:Hydrodynamic separator
1267:Flow control structure
339:
249:low-impact development
132:
119:Contaminants addressed
58:recharging groundwater
38:
1374:Stormwater management
1262:Flood control channel
1241:Stormwater harvesting
1188:management structures
958:Neighborhood Projects
904:. Clemson University.
337:
247:Bioswales are useful
126:
33:
1037:Green Infrastructure
418:Green infrastructure
254:groundwater recharge
127:Two bioswales for a
91:, where substantial
67:. They consist of a
1206:Constructed wetland
1132:2011UrbWJ...8..241X
1120:Urban Water Journal
1003:. Wiley-Blackwell.
984:Spectrum News / NY1
756:2019ScTEn.650..155E
691:2019ScTEn.665..944S
379:Seattle, Washington
277:and high levels of
129:housing development
1379:Water conservation
1313:Percolation trench
1308:Infiltration basin
1226:Oil-grit separator
443:Soil contamination
340:
237:impervious surface
133:
39:
1331:
1330:
1323:Semicircular bund
1010:978-1-119-66112-2
750:(Pt 1): 155–162.
651:10.3390/w10020134
594:978-0-470-89002-8
546:10.3390/w10020134
46:stormwater runoff
16:(Redirected from
1386:
1318:Permeable paving
1179:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1023:
1022:
994:
988:
987:
975:
969:
968:
966:
965:
950:
944:
937:
931:
930:
912:
906:
905:
897:
891:
890:
864:
855:
854:
847:
834:
833:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
801:
792:
791:
735:
729:
728:
702:
670:
664:
663:
653:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
605:
599:
598:
578:
569:
568:
557:
551:
550:
548:
524:
518:
516:
514:
507:
496:
490:
489:
487:
479:
348:Willamette River
344:Portland, Oregon
219:hyperaccumulator
141:water pollutants
21:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1281:
1245:
1231:Retention basin
1211:Detention basin
1189:
1183:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1011:
995:
991:
976:
972:
963:
961:
952:
951:
947:
938:
934:
927:
913:
909:
898:
894:
879:
865:
858:
849:
848:
837:
828:
827:
823:
814:
812:
803:
802:
795:
736:
732:
671:
667:
630:
626:
617:
615:
607:
606:
602:
595:
579:
572:
559:
558:
554:
525:
521:
512:
505:
497:
493:
485:
481:
480:
476:
471:
409:
397:
350:. Intermittent
332:
295:
262:
245:
229:
121:
48:while removing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:Gardening aids
1356:
1351:
1346:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1102:External links
1100:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1069:
1049:
1033:"Rain Gardens"
1024:
1009:
989:
970:
945:
932:
925:
907:
892:
877:
856:
835:
821:
793:
730:
665:
624:
600:
593:
570:
552:
519:
515:on 2010-06-02.
491:
473:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
423:Green urbanism
420:
415:
408:
405:
396:
393:
367:Surface runoff
331:
328:
323:
322:
318:
311:
307:
294:
291:
261:
258:
244:
241:
228:
227:Best locations
225:
224:
223:
198:
195:eutrophication
175:macronutrients
171:
164:
156:
136:healthy soil.
120:
117:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:(4): 241–53.
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1090:9781550926392
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1002:
1001:
993:
985:
981:
974:
959:
955:
949:
942:
936:
928:
926:1-56670-562-2
922:
919:. CRC Press.
918:
911:
903:
896:
888:
884:
880:
878:9781461446248
874:
870:
863:
861:
852:
846:
844:
842:
840:
831:
825:
810:
806:
800:
798:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
669:
661:
657:
652:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
614:
613:www.ctc-n.org
610:
604:
596:
590:
586:
585:
577:
575:
566:
562:
556:
547:
542:
538:
534:
530:
523:
511:
504:
503:
495:
484:
478:
474:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
438:Riparian zone
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
404:
402:
392:
390:
387:
386:New York City
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
336:
327:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
302:
299:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
270:
266:
257:
255:
250:
240:
238:
234:
220:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
149:
148:
146:
142:
137:
130:
125:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
19:
1297:
1293:Bioretention
1286:Infiltration
1250:Flow control
1221:Media filter
1123:
1119:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1036:
1027:
999:
992:
983:
973:
962:. Retrieved
957:
948:
940:
935:
916:
910:
895:
871:. Springer.
868:
824:
813:. Retrieved
808:
747:
743:
733:
682:
678:
668:
641:
637:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:
603:
583:
564:
555:
536:
532:
522:
510:the original
501:
494:
477:
458:Urban runoff
433:Rain gardens
428:Infiltration
413:Bioretention
401:permaculture
398:
395:Permaculture
383:
376:
372:Sonoma Creek
356:
341:
324:
300:
296:
287:
271:
267:
263:
246:
230:
138:
134:
89:parking lots
86:
82:
62:
41:
40:
35:
1277:Storm drain
805:"Bioswales"
685:: 944–958.
561:"Bioswales"
448:Storm water
260:Maintenance
233:first flush
168:heterotroph
113:storm sewer
97:first flush
1338:Categories
1216:Green roof
1186:Stormwater
1043:2022-03-31
1019:1200831922
964:2022-03-31
815:2022-03-31
644:(2): 134.
618:2022-07-24
469:References
352:check dams
275:Phosphorus
222:poisonous.
193:can cause
187:phosphates
179:phosphates
163:bioswales.
105:stormwater
101:biofilters
93:automotive
77:Check dams
65:xeriscaped
1364:Landscape
1201:Biofilter
887:830293149
772:0048-9697
709:0048-9697
660:2073-4441
315:Xeriscape
153:turbidity
145:pathogens
109:watershed
54:pollution
42:Bioswales
18:Bioswales
1303:Dry well
1298:Bioswale
1148:17859768
788:52192159
780:30196215
725:73457342
717:30790764
407:See also
330:Examples
279:salinity
243:Benefits
210:chromium
191:nitrates
183:nitrates
177:such as
36:bioswale
1128:Bibcode
752:Bibcode
687:Bibcode
321:inlets.
214:cadmium
202:mercury
1146:
1087:
1017:
1007:
923:
885:
875:
786:
778:
770:
723:
715:
707:
658:
591:
293:Design
69:swaled
50:debris
1144:S2CID
1064:(PDF)
784:S2CID
721:S2CID
638:Water
533:Water
513:(PDF)
506:(PDF)
486:(PDF)
306:time.
73:swale
1085:ISBN
1015:OCLC
1005:ISBN
921:ISBN
883:OCLC
873:ISBN
776:PMID
768:ISSN
713:PMID
705:ISSN
656:ISSN
589:ISBN
384:The
206:lead
189:and
181:and
52:and
1136:doi
760:doi
748:650
695:doi
683:665
646:doi
541:doi
399:In
111:or
1340::
1142:.
1134:.
1122:.
1035:.
1013:.
982:.
956:.
881:.
859:^
838:^
807:.
796:^
782:.
774:.
766:.
758:.
746:.
742:.
719:.
711:.
703:.
693:.
681:.
677:.
654:.
642:10
640:.
636:.
611:.
573:^
563:.
537:10
535:.
531:.
256:.
212:,
208:,
204:,
147:.
115:.
60:.
1178:e
1171:t
1164:v
1150:.
1138::
1130::
1124:8
1093:.
1046:.
1021:.
967:.
929:.
889:.
818:.
790:.
762::
754::
727:.
697::
689::
662:.
648::
621:.
597:.
549:.
543::
170:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
