295:). One expectation of the theory (that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging) is that among species with differing maximum life spans, the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan. The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair. They found that nucleotide excision repair capability increased systematically with species longevity. This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species (reviewed by Bernstein and Bernstein). In general, the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span. Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of
28:
299:(PARPs). PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair. Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs, and especially PARP-1, are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity. The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly(ADP ribosyl)ation capability measured in mononuclear cells. Furthermore, lymphoblastoid cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals.
247:. But there's a problem that some free radicals are used by organism as signal molecules, and too active general reduction of free radicals causes to organism more harm than good. Some time ago idea of slowing aging using antioxidants were very popular but now high doses of antioxidants are considered harmful. At present some scientists try to invent approaches of local suppression of free radicals only in certain places of cells. Efficiency of such approach remains to be unclear, research is ongoing.
77:, "we have a 50/50 chance of developing technology within about 25 to 30 years from now that will, under reasonable assumptions about the rate of subsequent improvements in that technology, allow us to stop people from dying of aging at any age". The idea of this approach is to use presently available technology to extend lifespans of currently living humans long enough for future technological progress to resolve any remaining aging-related issues. This concept has been referred to as
354:
287:. DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging is based, in part, on evidence in human and mouse that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging. There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues, such as those of the brain, muscle, liver and kidney (see
2744:
243:(ROS). ROS are small, highly reactive, oxygen-containing molecules that can damage a complex of cellular components such as fat, proteins, or from DNA; they are naturally generated in small amounts during the body's metabolic reactions. These conditions become more common as humans grow older and include diseases related to aging, such as dementia, cancer and heart disease. Amount of free radicals in the cell can be reduced with help of
96:
393:, is determined by a "biological clock" via genetic information in the nucleus of the cell. Genes responsible for apoptosis provide an explanation for cell death, but are less applicable to death of an entire organism. An increase in cellular apoptosis may correlate to aging, but is not a 'cause of death'. Environmental factors and genetic mutations can influence gene expression and accelerate aging.
238:
proposed the free-radical theory of aging and even demonstrated that free radical reactions contribute to the degradation of biological systems. Oxidative damage of many types accumulate with age, such as oxidative stress that oxygen-free radicals, because the free radical theory of aging argues that
68:
in industrialized countries will reach 100 for children born after the year 2000. Many surveyed biogerontologists have predicted life expectancies of more than three centuries for people born after the year 2100. Other scientists, more controversially, suggest the possibility of unlimited lifespans
156:
which surpasses the capacity for repair. Due to these internal and external insults, cells lose their ability to regenerate, which ultimately leads to mechanical and chemical exhaustion. Some insults include chemicals in the air, food, or smoke. Other insults may be things such as viruses, trauma,
151:
Wear and tear theories of aging began to be introduced yet in 19th century. They suggest that as an individual ages, body parts such as cells and organs wear out from continued use. Wearing of the body can be attributable to internal or external causes that eventually lead to an accumulation of
129:
There are numerous theories of aging, and no one theory has been entirely accepted. At their extremes, the wide spectrum of aging theories can be categorized into programmed theories – which imply that aging follows a biological timetable, and error theories – which suggest aging occurs due to
138:
Stochastic theories of aging are theories suggesting that aging is caused by small changes in the body over time and the body's failure to restore the system and mend the damages to the body. Cells and tissues are injured due to the accumulation of damage over time resulting in the diminished
20:
107:, or as a method for extending lifespan. A relatively new interdisciplinary field called geroscience focuses on preventing diseases of aging and prolonging the 'healthspan' over which an individual lives without serious illness. The approach of biogerontologists is that aging is
229:
and cause irreversible damage. The free-radical theory of aging proposes that this damage cumulatively degrades the biological function of cells and impacts the process of aging. The idea that free radicals are toxic agents was first proposed by
404:, which relatively objectively measures the biological age of cells, are useful tool for testing different anti-aging approaches. The most famous epigenetic clock is Horvath's clock, but now already more accurate analogues have appeared.
195:
are only expressed later in life, when reproduction has ceased and future survival is increasingly unlikely, then these mutations are likely to be unknowingly passed on to future generations. In this situation the force of
114:
and should be treated directly, with the ultimate goal of having the probability of individual dying be independent of their age (if external factors are held constant). This is in contrast to the opinion that
276:. This theory has changed over the years as new research has discovered new types of DNA damage and mutations, and several theories of aging argue that DNA damage with or without mutations causes aging.
440:
in 1969. According to
Walford, incorrect immunological procedures are the cause of the process of aging. Walford, who stated that his optimized health regime would allow him to live to 120, died of
169:
Accumulation theories of aging suggest that aging is bodily decline that results from an accumulation of elements, whether introduced to the body from the environment or resulting from cell
87:, also known as experimental gerontology and life extension, is a sub-discipline of biogerontology endeavoring to slow, prevent, and even reverse aging in both humans and animals.
432:
The immunological theory of aging suggests that the immune system weakens as an organism ages. This makes the organism unable to fight infections and less able to destroy old and
389:
Genetic theories of aging propose that aging is programmed within each individual's genes. According to this theory, genes dictate cellular longevity. Programmed cell death, or
2215:
2235:
60:
has said that the natural average lifespan for a human is around 92 years and, if humans do not invent new approaches to treat aging, they will be stuck with this lifespan.
191:
in 1952 as an evolutionary explanation for biological ageing and the associated decline in fitness that accompanies it. The theory explains that, in the case where harmful
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is defined by the cells machinery of repair, damage tolerance, and checkpoint pathways that counteracts DNA damage. One hypothesis proposed by physicist
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will be weak, and so insufficient to consistently eliminate these mutations. Medawar posited that over time these mutations would accumulate due to
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accumulating in aging tissues is the cause of aging. The crosslinking of proteins disables their biological functions. The hardening of the
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126:, which is a field of medicine that studying the treatment of existing disease in aging people, rather than the treatment of aging itself.
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617:"Will human life expectancy quadruple in the next hundred years? Sixty gerontologists say public debate on life extension is necessary"
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2199:
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1179:
Gerschman R, Gilbert DL, Nye SW, Dwyer P, Fenn WO (7 May 1954). "Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common".
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670:
221:
are reactive molecules produced by cellular and environmental processes, and can damage the elements of the cell such as the
56:
in 2000. It involves interdisciplinary research on the causes, effects, and mechanisms of biological aging. Biogerontologist
2900:
2430:
2157:
1770:
Bürkle A, Brabeck C, Diefenbach J, Beneke S (May 2005). "The emerging role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in longevity".
1932:
1569:
Gensler, H. L.; Bernstein, H. (September 1981). "DNA damage as the primary cause of aging". Q Rev Biol. 56 (3): 279–303.
103:
Biogerontologists vary in the degree to which they focus on the study of the aging process as a means of mitigating the
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46:, its evolutionary origins, and potential means to intervene in the process. The term "biogerontology" was coined by
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offers the "tentative timeframe" that with adequate funding of research to develop interventions in aging such as
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in 1958 is that damage accumulation to the DNA causes aging. The hypothesis was developed soon by physicist
2590:
2435:
441:
213:
182:
1688:"Correlation between deoxyribonucleic acid excision-repair and life-span in a number of mammalian species"
1535:
Freitas, AA; de
Magalhaes, JP (Jul–Oct 2011). "A review and appraisal of the DNA damage theory of aging".
921:
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820:
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2016:
479:
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256:
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1972:
1419:[Mitochondrial-targeted anti-aging antioxidants] (in Russian). SKQ Project. 11 December 2018.
1117:
484:
365:
344:
104:
78:
770:"Physiological geroscience: targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity"
3071:
3064:
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52:
424:, gradually decline and ultimately fail to function. The rate of failure varies system by system.
139:
functioning of organs. The notion of accumulated damage was first introduced in 1882 by biologist
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2583:
1925:
967:
Carlos López-Otín; Maria A. Blasco; Linda
Partridge; Manuel Serrano; Guido Kroemer (2013-06-06).
687:
240:
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1999:
436:. This leads to aging and will eventually lead to death. This theory of aging was developed by
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1982:
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1977:
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8:
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821:"Recognizing Degenerative Aging as a Treatable Medical Condition: Methodology and Policy"
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116:
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has been one of the major causes in diseases related to aging. The stability of the
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2011:
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2023:
1962:
1783:
1654:
1200:
1086:
922:"Aging Fits the Disease Criteria of the International Classification of Diseases"
786:
328:
140:
65:
1548:
920:; Matveyev, Yuri; Alekseev, Aleksey; Cortese, Franco; Ioviţă, Anca (July 2020).
2824:
2814:
2809:
2784:
2708:
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2609:
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2113:
2080:
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1823:
1692:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
986:
973:
656:
634:
417:
311:(stable bonds formed by the binding of glucose to proteins) and other aberrant
70:
1853:
1348:
Beckman, KB; Ames BN (April 1998). "The free radial theory of aging matures".
937:
3117:
2794:
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47:
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1208:
1044:
1004:
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895:
856:
805:
754:
703:
661:
642:
601:
542:
412:
General imbalance theories of aging suggest that body systems, such as the
61:
1731:
1615:
1582:
1369:
1334:
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837:
2849:
2829:
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2623:
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2006:
1989:
1905:
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312:
244:
39:
1875:
has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace
353:
3057:
2890:
2718:
1967:
1430:
Failla, G (30 September 1958). "The aging process and cancerogenesis".
1023:
Lipsky, Martin S.; King, Mitch (2015). "Biological theories of aging".
869:
768:
Seals, Douglas R.; Justice, Jamie N.; LaRocca, Thomas J. (2015-01-29).
570:
521:
170:
158:
123:
43:
2804:
2673:
2544:
2523:
1941:
390:
1639:"Premature aging and cancer in nucleotide excision repair-disorders"
99:
Wrinkled skin on the face is a characteristic feature of old people.
2743:
2643:
1574:
719:"Advances in Geroscience: Impact on Healthspan and Chronic Disease"
433:
331:
errors, and this leads to deformed cells and increases the risk of
280:
192:
916:
2905:
1957:
1872:
474:
108:
95:
19:
1602:
Hoeijmakers JH (October 2009). "DNA damage, aging, and cancer".
1291:"Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging"
204:
and lead to the evolution of what is now referred to as ageing.
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1949:
332:
265:
563:
2915:
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234:
and colleagues in 1945, but came to prominence in 1956, when
1910:
1772:
1417:"Митохондриально-направленные антиоксиданты против старения"
1391:
716:
1636:
564:
Christensen, L; Doblhammer, K; Rau, G; Vaupel, JW (2009).
1289:
Hagen, Bruce N; MK Shigenaga; TM Hagen (September 1993).
1288:
284:
226:
31:
Life expectancy in various countries of the world in 2019
1178:
50:, and came in regular use with the start of the journal
1534:
870:
The Lancet
Diabetes & Endocrinology (2018-08-01).
1807:"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types"
1637:Diderich K, Alanazi M, Hoeijmakers JH (July 2011).
767:
187:Mutation accumulation theory was first proposed by
1744:
1152:
872:"Opening the door to treating ageing as a disease"
1131:Fabian, Daniel (2011). "The Evolution of Aging".
400:have been explored as a contributing factor. The
3115:
323:are connected to the cross-linking of proteins.
3025:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To
2729:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
176:
75:strategies for engineered negligible senescence
1530:
1528:
1347:
1085:Taylor, Albert W.; Johnson, Michel J. (2008).
557:
2605:
2591:
1926:
1084:
1763:
1056:
1054:
649:
338:
130:cumulative damage experienced by organisms.
1601:
1525:
514:
239:aging results from the damage generated by
122:Biogerontology should not be confused with
2598:
2584:
1933:
1919:
1685:
1432:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1022:
717:Burch, John B.; et al. (2014-05-08).
655:
517:"Leonard Hayflick and the limits of aging"
2684:Index of topics related to life extension
1832:
1822:
1804:
1721:
1711:
1662:
1508:
1498:
1324:
1314:
1265:
1255:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1060:
1051:
994:
846:
836:
795:
785:
744:
734:
608:
591:
566:"Aging populations: the challenges ahead"
146:
69:for those currently living. For example,
1630:
1088:Physiology of Exercise and Healthy Aging
818:
279:DNA damage is distinctly different from
94:
26:
18:
1472:
1111:
876:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
686:Lithgow, Gordon J. (1 September 2013).
685:
427:
307:The cross-linking theory proposes that
302:
3116:
1889:|...|checked=yes}}
1429:
1229:
1130:
1073:
614:
283:, although both are types of error in
250:
207:
133:
90:
2579:
1914:
1148:
1146:
1018:
1016:
1014:
723:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
1475:"On the nature of the aging process"
926:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
665:. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 15.
407:
348:
119:can not, or should not, be altered.
1604:The New England Journal of Medicine
659:; Rae, Michael (October 14, 2008).
13:
1452:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb54674.x
1143:
1011:
455:Antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis
14:
3140:
1745:Bernstein C, Bernstein H (1991).
2742:
2076:Biodemography of human longevity
1686:Hart RW, Setlow RB (June 1974).
1153:Boniewska-Bernacka, Ewa (2016).
692:Public Policy & Aging Report
352:
293:DNA damage (naturally occurring)
2759:Timeline of senescence research
1798:
1738:
1679:
1595:
1563:
1466:
1423:
1409:
1384:
1341:
1282:
1223:
1172:
1124:
1105:
1037:10.1016/j.disamonth.2015.09.005
960:
910:
495:Timeline of senescence research
309:advanced glycation end-products
164:
143:as the "wear and tear" theory.
1904:contains material copied from
1114:An unsolved problem of Biology
863:
812:
761:
710:
679:
622:Journal of Anti-Aging Medicine
615:Richel, Theo (December 2003).
508:
1:
1940:
1749:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1473:Szilard, Leo (January 1959).
1362:10.1152/physrev.1998.78.2.547
1112:Medawar, Peter Brian (1952).
888:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30214-6
819:Stambler, Ilia (2017-10-01).
584:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61460-4
535:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60908-2
501:
490:List of life extension topics
161:, and high body temperature.
1784:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.10.006
1655:10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.04.025
1479:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1295:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1236:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1201:10.1126/science.119.3097.623
1155:"Selected Theories of Aging"
787:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282665
442:amytrophic lateral sclerosis
214:Free-radical theory of aging
183:Mutation accumulation theory
177:Mutation accumulation theory
7:
2886:Alliance for Aging Research
1549:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.05.001
1230:Harman, D (November 1981).
447:
297:Poly ADP ribose polymerases
10:
3145:
2921:Gerontology Research Group
2017:research into centenarians
1824:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115
1747:Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair
1133:Nature Education Knowledge
1118:H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.
987:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039
635:10.1089/109454503323028902
480:Research into centenarians
384:
342:
289:DNA damage theory of aging
257:DNA damage theory of aging
254:
211:
180:
23:The hand of an older adult
3095:
3035:
2984:
2961:MPI for Biology of Ageing
2863:
2767:
2751:
2740:
2694:Longevity escape velocity
2616:
2537:
2486:
2446:
2408:
2363:
2208:
2150:
2139:
2086:Longevity escape velocity
2049:
1973:aging-associated diseases
1948:
1854:10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6
938:10.1016/j.mad.2020.111230
774:The Journal of Physiology
515:Geoff Watts (June 2011).
485:Longevity escape velocity
345:Stem cell theory of aging
339:Stem cell theory of aging
79:longevity escape velocity
3072:Experimental Gerontology
2971:SENS Research Foundation
2565:Longest-living organisms
1392:"SKQ Project | Molecule"
969:"The Hallmarks of Aging"
688:"Origins of Geroscience"
657:de Grey, Aubrey D. N. J.
321:enlargement of the heart
44:biological aging process
16:Sub-field of gerontology
3044:Ageing Research Reviews
2689:List of aging processes
1316:10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
1257:10.1073/pnas.78.11.7124
319:, kidney diseases, and
241:reactive oxygen species
2734:Transhumanist politics
2560:Transhumanist politics
2478:Immortality in fiction
2456:Biological immortality
2000:cognitive epidemiology
1713:10.1073/pnas.71.6.2169
1063:"Wear-and-Tear Theory"
147:Wear and tear theories
100:
85:Biomedical gerontology
32:
24:
3086:Rejuvenation Research
3079:Neurobiology of Aging
2956:Methuselah Foundation
2364:regions by continents
1983:negligible senescence
1978:degenerative diseases
1881:|...}}
1616:10.1056/NEJMra0804615
1162:Higher School's Pulse
838:10.14336/AD.2017.0130
736:10.1093/gerona/glu041
98:
30:
22:
2209:regions of countries
2029:LGBT life expectancy
1500:10.1073/pnas.45.1.30
704:10.1093/ppar/23.4.10
428:Immunological theory
303:Cross-linking theory
38:is the sub-field of
2931:Immortalist Society
2679:Indefinite lifespan
2659:Free-radical theory
2639:Calorie restriction
2629:Anti-aging movement
2550:Longevity insurance
2468:Digital immortality
2094:calorie restriction
2081:Indefinite lifespan
2071:Anti-aging movement
2041:Biomarkers of aging
1704:1974PNAS...71.2169H
1491:1959PNAS...45...30S
1444:1958NYASA..71.1124F
1307:1993PNAS...90.7915A
1248:1981PNAS...78.7124H
1232:"The aging process"
1193:1954Sci...119..623G
578:(9696): 1196–1208.
465:Biomarkers of aging
325:Crosslinking of DNA
251:DNA damage theories
208:Free radical theory
141:Dr. August Weismann
134:Stochastic theories
91:Approaches to aging
64:has predicted that
42:concerned with the
3001:The First Immortal
2200:World macroregions
2099:Diet and longevity
1805:Horvath S (2013).
1091:. Human Kinetics.
918:Khaltourina, Daria
729:(Suppl_1): S1–S3.
460:Hallmarks of aging
364:. You can help by
101:
33:
25:
3111:
3110:
2941:Insilico Medicine
2780:Eric R. Braverman
2724:Stem-cell therapy
2573:
2572:
2404:
2403:
2124:stem-cell therapy
2036:Maximum life span
1756:978-0-12-092860-6
1610:(15): 1475–1485.
1301:(17): 7915–7922.
1242:(11): 7124–7128.
1187:(3097): 623–626.
1098:978-0-7360-5838-4
825:Aging and Disease
672:978-0-312-36707-7
408:General imbalance
382:
381:
317:connective tissue
270:Gioacchino Failla
198:natural selection
117:maximum life span
105:diseases of aging
3136:
3009:Fantastic Voyage
2800:Leonard Hayflick
2746:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2416:Longevity claims
2148:
2147:
2012:supercentenarian
1935:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1882:
1867:Retraction Watch
1846:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1778:(5): 1043–1053.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1698:(6): 2169–2173.
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1599:
1593:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1438:(6): 1124–1140.
1427:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1020:
1009:
1008:
998:
981:(6): 1194–1217.
964:
958:
957:
914:
908:
907:
867:
861:
860:
850:
840:
816:
810:
809:
799:
789:
780:(8): 2001–2024.
765:
759:
758:
748:
738:
714:
708:
707:
683:
677:
676:
653:
647:
646:
612:
606:
605:
595:
561:
555:
554:
512:
470:Aging and memory
434:neoplastic cells
402:epigenetic clock
377:
374:
356:
349:
232:Rebeca Gerschman
58:Leonard Hayflick
3144:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3091:
3031:
2980:
2976:Sierra Sciences
2926:Human Longevity
2871:2045 Initiative
2859:
2855:Michael D. West
2763:
2747:
2738:
2612:
2604:
2574:
2569:
2533:
2487:Longevity genes
2482:
2442:
2400:
2359:
2204:
2143:life expectancy
2141:
2135:
2045:
2024:Life expectancy
1963:Longevity myths
1944:
1939:
1899:
1898:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1848:(Erratum:
1847:
1803:
1799:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1739:
1684:
1680:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1596:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1526:
1471:
1467:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1346:
1342:
1287:
1283:
1228:
1224:
1177:
1173:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1083:
1074:
1061:Jessica Kelly.
1059:
1052:
1031:(11): 460–466.
1025:Disease-a-Month
1021:
1012:
965:
961:
915:
911:
868:
864:
817:
813:
766:
762:
715:
711:
684:
680:
673:
654:
650:
613:
609:
562:
558:
513:
509:
504:
499:
450:
430:
410:
387:
378:
372:
369:
362:needs expansion
347:
341:
305:
259:
253:
216:
210:
185:
179:
167:
157:free radicals,
149:
136:
93:
66:life expectancy
17:
12:
11:
5:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3129:Life extension
3126:
3124:Biogerontology
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3103:Life extension
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3065:Biogerontology
3061:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2993:Life Extension
2988:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Buck Institute
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Ilya Mechnikov
2822:
2817:
2815:Dimu Kotsovsky
2812:
2810:Cynthia Kenyon
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Aubrey de Grey
2782:
2777:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Organ printing
2706:
2701:
2699:Mind uploading
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2610:life extension
2603:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Longevity risk
2552:
2547:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2452:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2114:organ printing
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2053:
2051:Life extension
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:biogerontology
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1897:
1896:
1811:Genome Biology
1797:
1762:
1755:
1737:
1678:
1649:(7): 772–780.
1629:
1594:
1575:10.1086/412317
1562:
1543:(1–2): 12–22.
1524:
1465:
1422:
1408:
1383:
1356:(2): 547–581.
1340:
1281:
1222:
1171:
1142:
1123:
1104:
1097:
1072:
1067:Lumen Learning
1050:
1010:
959:
909:
862:
831:(5): 583–589.
811:
760:
709:
678:
671:
648:
629:(4): 309–314.
607:
556:
529:(9783): 2075.
506:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
449:
446:
429:
426:
422:immune systems
409:
406:
396:More recently
386:
383:
380:
379:
359:
357:
343:Main article:
340:
337:
304:
301:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
212:Main article:
209:
206:
181:Main article:
178:
175:
166:
163:
148:
145:
135:
132:
92:
89:
71:Aubrey de Grey
53:Biogerontology
36:Biogerontology
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3141:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:Organizations
2862:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Denham Harman
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Anti-oxidants
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Eternal youth
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:Oldest people
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2396:South America
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:North America
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2178:South America
2176:
2174:
2173:North America
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:Topic outline
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1412:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
858:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
830:
826:
822:
815:
807:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
756:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
674:
668:
664:
663:
658:
652:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:
618:
611:
603:
599:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
560:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
518:
511:
507:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
445:
443:
439:
435:
425:
423:
419:
415:
405:
403:
399:
394:
392:
376:
367:
363:
360:This section
358:
355:
351:
350:
346:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
248:
246:
242:
237:
236:Denham Harman
233:
228:
224:
223:cell membrane
220:
219:Free radicals
215:
205:
203:
202:genetic drift
199:
194:
190:
189:Peter Medawar
184:
174:
172:
162:
160:
159:cross-linking
155:
144:
142:
131:
127:
125:
120:
118:
113:
110:
106:
97:
88:
86:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
41:
37:
29:
21:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3023:
3017:Ending Aging
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2835:Durk Pearson
2820:Ray Kurzweil
2790:Laura Deming
2775:Bill Andrews
2714:Rejuvenation
2704:Nanomedicine
2664:Gene therapy
2461:Regeneration
2313:South Africa
2119:rejuvenation
2109:nanomedicine
2104:gene therapy
1994:
1901:
1900:
1885:{{
1877:{{
1866:
1864:,
1817:(10): R115.
1814:
1810:
1800:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1746:
1740:
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62:James Vaupel
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2850:Roy Walford
2830:Liz Parrish
2669:Gerontology
2448:Immortality
2007:Centenarian
1990:Gerontology
1906:Gerontology
1902:attribution
1350:Physiol Rev
444:at age 79.
438:Roy Walford
398:epigenetics
329:replication
327:can induce
313:cross-links
274:Leó Szilárd
40:gerontology
3118:Categories
3096:Categories
3058:Aging Cell
2891:Altos Labs
2845:Sandy Shaw
2719:Senescence
2634:Biohacking
2607:Outline of
2431:by country
2328:Tajikistan
2293:Kazakhstan
2151:by country
1968:Senescence
1643:DNA Repair
1116:. London:
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571:The Lancet
522:The Lancet
502:References
373:March 2023
262:DNA damage
171:metabolism
124:geriatrics
2840:Mark Roth
2805:Saul Kent
2674:Glycation
2545:Blue zone
2303:Palestine
2221:Australia
2216:Argentina
1942:Longevity
1871:. If the
1537:Mutat Res
954:214779653
551:205963134
414:endocrine
391:apoptosis
193:mutations
48:S. Rattan
3036:Journals
2654:Exercise
2644:Cryonics
2426:verified
2348:shortest
2168:Americas
2140:Lists of
2090:Methods
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1843:24138928
1792:15743677
1673:21680258
1624:19812404
1591:20822805
1557:21600302
1519:16590351
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1396:Mitotech
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543:21684371
448:See also
281:mutation
2906:BioViva
2538:Related
2409:Records
2391:Oceania
2353:longest
2263:Germany
2258:Finland
2226:Belgium
2195:Oceania
1958:Old age
1887:erratum
1879:erratum
1873:erratum
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1700:Bibcode
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1189:Bibcode
1181:Science
1139:: 1–10.
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593:2810516
475:Old age
418:nervous
385:Genetic
154:insults
109:disease
3028:(2019)
3020:(2007)
3012:(2004)
3004:(1998)
2996:(1982)
2911:Calico
2768:People
2752:Events
2649:Cyborg
2617:Issues
2519:Klotho
2436:living
2381:Europe
2371:Africa
2333:Turkey
2323:Sweden
2308:Russia
2298:Mexico
2278:Israel
2268:Greece
2253:France
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112:per se
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2494:FOXO3
2318:Spain
2288:Japan
2283:Italy
2273:India
2241:China
2158:World
2064:index
1883:with
1587:S2CID
1374:S2CID
1326:47258
1213:S2CID
1158:(PDF)
950:S2CID
900:S2CID
547:S2CID
2946:LEAF
2881:AgeX
2504:CETP
2499:APOE
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2185:Asia
2129:SENS
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1839:PMID
1788:PMID
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