626:
178:. However, the vast majority of open-source projects make a distinction between binary-only device drivers (blobs) and binary-only firmware (not considered blobs), allowing for certain proprietary firmware to be freely distributed as part of their kernels, and, to the disagreement of some core contributors, also support the use of proprietary device drivers that are distributed externally, providing internal compatibility interfaces for such proprietary drivers and userspace components to work with their system. Projects following this policy include the
556:
234:
2267:
2257:
296:, a version of the Linux kernel that attempts to remove all binary blobs, including sourceless microcode, wrote in 2011: "Linux hasn't been Free Software since 1996, when Mr Torvalds accepted the first pieces of non-Free Software in the distributions of Linux he has published since 1991. Over these years, while this kernel grew by a factor of 14, the amount of non-Free firmware required by Linux drivers grew by an alarming factor of 83."
329:
229:
defends the policy of asking for distribution rights only for microcode firmware. "Once they are distributed... at least the device works." Implying that the alternative would be for the members of his small project to code free firmware themselves in the assembly language of many chipsets, he pleads
400:
Finally, binary blobs can be seen as drawing a line between the portion of the community that believes in free software ideals, rejecting proprietary software, and the portion that sees open source as desirable for purely technical reasons, often lacking a strong opposition to binary blobs "as long
384:
Firstly, their precise operation cannot be known and bugs cannot be detected by auditing source code; bugs are frequently only diagnosed by painstaking investigation when a system begins to behave unexpectedly. Such undetected bugs may also silently expose users and systems to security hazards. The
396:
Thirdly, using this software would force users to trust vendors or third parties not to put backdoors, spyware or malicious code into the blob. As well, the hardware vendor can decide not to support a given operating system, abandon driver maintenance at any time, or, in the event the company goes
205:
project has a notable policy of not only not accepting any binary device drivers into its source tree, but also officially not supporting any third-party proprietary device driver components on its platform, either; citing not only the potential for undetectable or irreparable security flaws, but
546:
tree (which precludes some encumbered wireless devices (e.g., Intel
Wireless) from being available during the initial install). On Microsoft Windows implementations, the microcode binary may be embedded in the SYS / DLL / VXD device driver directly, as opposed to separated microcode file.
276:
that stated "We, the undersigned Linux kernel developers, consider any closed-source Linux kernel module or driver to be harmful and undesirable... We have repeatedly found them to be detrimental to Linux users, businesses, and the greater Linux ecosystem." The Linux kernel maintainer
392:
is not available, the driver cannot be readily improved by its users, cannot be ported to architectures not originally supported, nor adapted to operate for slight variants of the hardware or updated it to be workable in new kernels having the changed API and architecture.
586:
computers. In the late 1990s work started on EFI (Extensible
Firmware Interface) with the objective to move legacy BIOS to a modern interface with a modular driver model. EFI is closed source and was eventually adopted by many industry leading hardware manufacturers as
401:
as they work". This fragmentation, and the acceptance of a growing number of proprietary components into Linux, is seen as weakening the ability of the community to resist the trend of manufacturers to increasingly refuse to provide documentation for their binaries.
210:(FSF) is actively campaigning against binary blobs. FSF also considers OpenBSD's policy confusingly worded, as "blobs" in the BSD community refer only to what it considers non-free drivers, and does not apply to proprietary firmware and sourceless microcode. The
532:
devices). Although the firmware is thus present in the operating system driver, it is merely copied to the device and not executed by the CPU, removing concerns about extra security flaws compared to what's already possible with a
97:
vendors provide complete technical documentation for their products, operating system developers are able to write hardware device drivers to be included in the operating system kernels. However, some vendors, such as
541:
images and will redistribute these images if the license permits; if free and unconditional redistribution is not permitted by the vendor, the machine instructions on fetching these images may be provided in the
271:
to even consider tying my hands over some binary-only module", and continuing: "I want people to know that when they use binary-only modules, it's THEIR problem." In 2008, 176 Linux kernel developers signed a
606:
architecture coreboot only incorporates the few proprietary binaries that are necessary to provide users with a base level hardware support. A completely open source alternative to BIOS and UEFI is
230:"don't load us up with more tasks." Despite this he favours chipsets that run without firmware and speaks warmly of Asian designs which he describes as slower to market but more mature.
467:
and independently procure Linux-specific binary blobs directly from the hardware manufacturer in order to monitor and service the hardware. Circa 2005, this state of affairs prompted
921:
Only a few recalcitrant vendors remain closed. / ethernet 95% documented 99% working / Open documentation largely due to the effort of one man: Bill Paul
1760:
1618:
1839:
339:
307:
are shipped in binary and are linked against a specific version of the Linux kernel. This makes it very hard to upgrade a kernel version because it may require
2058:
1680:
1897:
413:
is software which allows one operating system to use a binary proprietary device driver written for another operating system. Examples of wrappers are
1829:
599:
738:
1093:
See
Christos Zoulas's response to "Is sharing between Free/Open/NetBSD and the Linux kernel a common occurrence? And if so, does it go both ways?"
198:. Some of these projects do provide options for building the system without proprietary firmware, thus excluding sourceless microcode on demand.
2296:
1588:
350:
1849:
1735:
1077:
1834:
1817:
102:, do not provide complete documentation for some of their products and instead provide binary-only drivers. This practice is most common for
2291:
1787:
1685:
451:
Another example is providing compatibility layers so that foreign utilities could be used to service the hardware. Examples include some
1963:
1797:
1770:
1750:
598:
project was started to create an open source alternative to legacy BIOS from scratch. The coreboot developer community organises around
1775:
1725:
1695:
1872:
591:(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface). The EDK (EFI Development Kit) was developed to assist EFI firmware development projects.
442:
1844:
1802:
1745:
107:
863:"Debian packages built from the source package 'firmware-nonfree' - Binary firmware for various drivers in the Linux kernel"
602:
and is led by firmware developers with commit rights. Despite closed source binary firmware having been at the heart of the
2260:
2208:
2138:
1822:
631:
1782:
1675:
1318:
1313:
2163:
2015:
315:, or a combination of these steps, all of which implies that legacy devices will never get the latest Android version.
516:
that accompany some hardware, is generally not considered to be a binary blob. In many devices, firmware is stored in
2078:
1988:
1983:
1546:
1521:
1496:
385:
fitness for purpose of the driver thus cannot be checked, and even if a bug is found there is no easy way to fix it.
368:
537:
even if the firmware was already stored within the device at all times. The OpenBSD project accepts binary firmware/
1807:
1715:
1051:
If the kernel is compiled with the COMPAT_LINUX option, or the aacraid_linux.ko and linux.ko modules are loaded...
2073:
1905:
1812:
1366:
1652:
1009:
If the kernel is compiled with the COMPAT_LINUX option, or the aac_linux.ko and linux.ko modules are loaded...
2168:
2063:
1887:
1877:
1661:
1612:
1606:
1419:
1154:
963:
27:
2234:
2088:
1882:
252:
115:
916:
2196:
2103:
1938:
73:
2093:
1978:
1755:
650:
304:
282:
83:
1592:
1337:
2228:
2143:
2128:
57:
1081:
2223:
2020:
1973:
1958:
1910:
1720:
1323:
1216:
943:
611:
311:, reimplementing the proprietary device drivers as free software, creating and debugging wrappers,
244:
207:
143:
103:
788:
713:
528:
and require the host operating system to upload firmware each time they are connected (especially
343:
that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2306:
1356:
2270:
2158:
2005:
1968:
1867:
1103:
660:
640:
219:
147:
50:
288:
However, the Linux kernel contains closed-source firmware required by various device drivers.
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1928:
1920:
1859:
1792:
1360:
452:
111:
99:
2218:
2153:
2148:
1710:
1277:
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675:
670:
460:
31:
1394:
862:
8:
2098:
1700:
464:
308:
163:
78:
20:
906:
150:
operating system and will remove all binary blobs when no documentation for hardware or
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1295:
1291:
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665:
278:
195:
53:
2301:
2256:
2178:
2025:
1705:
1542:
1517:
1492:
691:
434:
346:
94:
2311:
1943:
154:
for device drivers and all applicable firmware is available; such projects include
64:, and is sometimes also applied to code running outside the kernel, such as system
61:
1539:
Embedded
Firmware Solutions: Development Best Practices for the Internet of Things
1514:
Embedded
Firmware Solutions: Development Best Practices for the Internet of Things
1489:
Embedded
Firmware Solutions: Development Best Practices for the Internet of Things
1206:
433:. These wrappers allow these operating systems to use network drivers written for
2213:
1536:
1511:
1486:
1299:
884:
680:
562:, an open-source implementation of BIOS, running as coreboot payload on a Lenovo
513:
289:
1630:
933:
2010:
1933:
1609:
on Damien
Bergamini's wpi(4) driver, a blobless ipw3945 alternative for OpenBSD
1562:
583:
410:
264:
555:
267:
has made strong statements on the issue of binary-only modules, asserting: "I
2285:
2241:
2202:
2108:
1765:
1690:
1638:
1469:
1390:
1251:
1230:
902:
762:
543:
300:
226:
191:
123:
47:
1464:
281:
has stated that it is illegal to redistribute closed source modules for the
2083:
2040:
1953:
1444:
1038:
910:
739:"How Intel and PC makers prevent you from modifying your laptop's firmware"
521:
517:
480:
422:
312:
260:
239:
233:
215:
179:
206:
also the encroachment onto the openness and freedom of its software. The
114:. Most notably, closed-source drivers are very uncommon for non-wireless
2173:
2000:
1995:
1211:
938:
414:
389:
293:
155:
151:
87:
1621:
by Brian Krebs on the
Washington Post's website, archived on May 5, 2012
1128:
837:
487:
monitoring, both of which concepts have subsequently found its way into
218:, clearly marking and separating the non-free packages according to the
1159:
996:
575:
534:
525:
35:
255:, AMD had to constantly adapt the former binary blob used by Catalyst.
2030:
1338:"::[FSFLA]:: Take your freedom back, with Linux-2.6.33-libre"
655:
607:
579:
538:
524:, but to decrease costs and ease upgrades, some devices contain only
504:
438:
118:, which can almost always be configured via standard utilities (like
69:
2068:
1948:
1624:
1273:
813:
792:
717:
685:
645:
595:
563:
509:
500:
381:
There are a number of reasons why binary blobs can be problematic.
175:
171:
119:
65:
1423:
1164:
967:
1449:
1402:
1319:
GNU Project § Free System
Distribution Guidelines (GNU FSDG)
1136:
1111:
1046:
1004:
992:
850:
Blobs are vendor-compiled binary drivers without any source code.
845:
817:
559:
468:
456:
426:
248:
214:
project included both free and non-free binary firmware from the
202:
187:
131:
127:
1537:
Vincent Zimmer; Jiming Sun; Marc Jones; Stefan Reinauer (2015).
1512:
Vincent Zimmer; Jiming Sun; Marc Jones; Stefan Reinauer (2015).
1487:
Vincent Zimmer; Jiming Sun; Marc Jones; Stefan Reinauer (2015).
885:"Почему так важно иметь документацию по программированию железа"
488:
476:
472:
430:
211:
183:
167:
1615:
with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini regarding binary blobs
2035:
1058:
418:
159:
1378:
drivers designed for binary only Linux RAID management tools
1306:
1148:
1146:
588:
571:
484:
340:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
397:
out of business, leave the driver completely unsupported.
1016:
603:
529:
445:
1143:
990:
882:
1179:"Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS"
1681:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
814:"Chromium suddenly starts downloading a binary blob"
714:"Coreboot: Replacing Intel's Binary Video BIOS Blob"
621:
1348:
964:"Interview with Jonathan Gray and Damien Bergamini"
919:. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy.
2049:
1619:The Black Hat Wireless Exploit Interview, Verbatim
1414:
1412:
1290:
1268:
1096:
957:
955:
953:
1660:
1369:. Courtyard Venice Airport, Venice/Tessera, Italy
1362:Driver Architecture and Implementation in OpenBSD
1015:"aac -- Adaptec AdvancedRAID Controller driver".
997:"aac(4) — Adaptec AdvancedRAID Controller driver"
2283:
1589:"Researchers hack Wi-Fi driver to breach laptop"
1296:"Myths, Lies, and Truths about the Linux kernel"
1057:"aacraid -- Adaptec AACRAID Controller driver".
1039:"aacraid(4) — Adaptec AACRAID Controller driver"
926:
1625:A creative example of the value of free drivers
1409:
1395:"RAID management support coming in OpenBSD 3.8"
1207:"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems"
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
950:
786:
711:
1422:. KernelTrap. November 2, 2004. Archived from
1274:"A position statement on Linux Kernel Modules"
789:"Raspberry Pi GPU Driver Turns Out To Be Crap"
736:
1646:
1389:
1354:
1036:
901:
582:applications, is a crucial component of many
222:. As of Debian 6.0 those blobs were removed.
130:attributes this to the work done by a single
1686:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1383:
1192:
1123:
1121:
1069:
1032:
1030:
876:
1653:
1639:
1357:"Page 26: Only open for business: FreeBSD"
895:
274:Position Statement on Linux Kernel Modules
1482:
1480:
1420:"OpenBSD Works To Open Wireless Chipsets"
1181:. Free Software Foundation. 27 April 2006
1118:
1027:
811:
369:Learn how and when to remove this message
1586:
1104:"build/options/WITHOUT_SOURCELESS_UCODE"
986:
984:
830:
554:
512:is the software required by the onboard
483:concepts as an alternative solution for
232:
1457:
1152:
961:
146:-approved projects strive to provide a
2297:Pejorative terms related to technology
2284:
1565:. Free Software Foundation. 2006-11-29
1477:
1075:
934:"List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions"
237:The proprietary Linux graphic driver,
16:Software published only in binary code
1634:
981:
883:Constantine A. Murenin (2006-12-10).
2209:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
632:Free and open-source software portal
465:Linux compatibility layer in FreeBSD
322:
137:
2292:Free software culture and documents
1676:Alternative terms for free software
404:
283:GNU General Public License-licensed
13:
2016:Python Software Foundation License
1587:McMillan, Robert (June 21, 2006).
494:
251:. As there is no stable in-kernel
14:
2323:
2079:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1696:Free software project directories
1580:
1129:"3.8: "Hackers of the Lost RAID""
907:"Page 11: The hardware: ethernet"
2266:
2265:
2255:
1716:Open-source software development
1231:"Debian firmware-linux packages"
1163:, Jeremy Andrews, archived from
966:. kerneltrap.org. Archived from
624:
550:
327:
2074:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1906:Free Software Movement of India
1555:
1530:
1505:
1437:
1367:OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006
1330:
1284:
1262:
1244:
1223:
1171:
917:OpenCON 2006, 2–3 December 2006
912:Open Documentation for Hardware
46:. The term usually refers to a
1153:Andrews, Jeremy (2006-05-02),
962:Andrews, Jeremy (2006-04-19).
855:
805:
787:Michael Larabel (2012-10-24).
780:
755:
730:
712:Michael Larabel (2012-08-06).
705:
1:
2064:Contributor License Agreement
1878:Open-source-software movement
1662:Free and open-source software
737:Chris Hoffmann (2015-02-13).
698:
471:to create and popularise its
116:network interface controllers
28:free and open-source software
2235:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
2089:The Free Software Definition
1355:Jonathan Gray (2006-12-02).
1076:Matzan, Jem (15 June 2005).
610:, which was promoted by the
594:Also in the late 1990s, the
225:For OpenBSD, project leader
86:to describe a collection of
7:
2139:Mozilla software rebranding
2104:Permissive software license
1591:. InfoWorld. Archived from
1080:. NewsForge. Archived from
617:
318:
108:wireless networking devices
90:stored as a single entity.
84:database management systems
10:
2328:
2144:Proprietary device drivers
2094:The Open Source Definition
1155:"Interview: Theo de Raadt"
1078:"BSD cognoscenti on Linux"
651:Graphics hardware and FOSS
498:
21:Binary large object (BLOB)
18:
2251:
2229:Source-available software
2187:
2129:Digital rights management
2121:
1919:
1896:
1858:
1734:
1668:
2224:Shared Source Initiative
2021:Shared Source Initiative
1974:Free Software Foundation
1911:Free Software Foundation
1761:Configuration management
1563:"Campaign for Free BIOS"
1324:Free Software Foundation
1217:Free Software Foundation
944:Free Software Foundation
812:Jake Edge (2015-06-17).
688:NSA Binary blob backdoor
612:Free Software Foundation
305:Android operating system
299:Most of the drivers for
208:Free Software Foundation
19:Not to be confused with
2159:SCO/Linux controversies
1491:. Apress. p. 121.
574:, which functions as a
263:development community,
2059:Comparison of licenses
1868:Free software movement
1541:. Apress. p. 65.
1516:. Apress. p. 61.
1037:Achim Leubner (2013).
661:Loadable kernel module
641:Character large object
567:
349:by rewriting it in an
256:
243:, will share the same
220:Debian Social Contract
158:kernel packaging from
2134:License proliferation
1445:"/sys/dev/microcode/"
1133:OpenBSD Release Songs
842:OpenBSD Release Songs
763:"BIOS Freedom Status"
558:
463:would have to enable
236:
2219:Open-source hardware
2154:Proprietary software
2149:Proprietary firmware
1850:Formerly open-source
1845:Formerly proprietary
1711:Open-source software
1613:KernelTrap interview
1278:The Linux Foundation
1060:FreeBSD Manual Pages
1018:FreeBSD Manual Pages
676:Proprietary software
671:Proprietary firmware
578:and supports legacy
461:system administrator
292:, the maintainer of
247:infrastructure with
104:accelerated graphics
38:is referred to as a
34:only available as a
32:proprietary software
2099:Open-source license
1701:Gratis versus libre
1465:"sysutils/firmware"
1108:BSD Cross Reference
1043:BSD Cross Reference
1001:BSD Cross Reference
309:reverse engineering
196:Linux distributions
76:programs. The term
1607:KernelTrap article
1314:"Nonfree Firmware"
1292:Greg Kroah-Hartman
1270:Greg Kroah-Hartman
666:Opaque binary blob
568:
351:encyclopedic style
338:is written like a
279:Greg Kroah-Hartman
257:
122:) out of the box;
82:was first used in
60:of an open-source
26:In the context of
2279:
2278:
2179:Trusted Computing
2169:Software security
2117:
2116:
1798:Operating systems
1706:Long-term support
692:Wireless security
435:Microsoft Windows
388:Secondly, as the
379:
378:
371:
138:Policy by project
95:computer hardware
36:binary executable
2319:
2269:
2268:
2259:
2164:Software patents
2047:
2046:
1959:Creative Commons
1818:Web applications
1655:
1648:
1641:
1632:
1631:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1401:(Mailing list).
1387:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1310:
1304:
1303:
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1266:
1260:
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1203:
1190:
1189:
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1175:
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1168:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:on 23 March 2006
1073:
1067:
1064:
1053:
1034:
1025:
1022:
1011:
988:
979:
978:
976:
975:
959:
948:
947:
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924:
923:
899:
893:
892:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
859:
853:
852:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
759:
753:
752:
750:
749:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
709:
634:
629:
628:
627:
514:microcontrollers
437:by implementing
405:Use via wrappers
374:
367:
363:
360:
354:
331:
330:
323:
242:
112:RAID controllers
62:operating system
2327:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2247:
2214:Open-core model
2189:
2183:
2113:
2051:
2045:
1915:
1892:
1854:
1737:
1730:
1664:
1659:
1598:
1596:
1595:on July 2, 2006
1583:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1510:
1506:
1499:
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1478:
1463:
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1443:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1370:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:Linux Symposium
1289:
1285:
1267:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1205:
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1184:
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1119:
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1101:
1097:
1087:
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1074:
1070:
1056:
1035:
1028:
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989:
982:
973:
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951:
932:
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927:
900:
896:
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877:
868:
866:
861:
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856:
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835:
831:
822:
820:
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806:
797:
795:
785:
781:
772:
770:
761:
760:
756:
747:
745:
735:
731:
722:
720:
710:
706:
701:
696:
681:NSA ANT catalog
630:
625:
623:
620:
600:Stefan Reinauer
553:
507:
499:Main articles:
497:
495:Device firmware
453:RAID controller
407:
375:
364:
358:
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347:help improve it
344:
332:
328:
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313:binary patching
290:Alexandre Oliva
240:libGL-fglrx-glx
238:
140:
110:, and hardware
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1581:External links
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905:(2016-12-03).
894:
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848:. 2006-05-01.
838:"3.9: "Blob!""
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301:mobile devices
285:Linux kernel.
265:Linus Torvalds
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1691:Free software
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1548:9781484200704
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1519:
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1498:9781484200704
1494:
1490:
1483:
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1471:
1470:OpenBSD ports
1466:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1426:on 2006-06-20
1425:
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1391:Theo de Raadt
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1272:(June 2008).
1271:
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1252:"a/lt-binary"
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1180:
1174:
1167:on 2006-06-03
1166:
1162:
1161:
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1149:
1147:
1139:. 2005-11-01.
1138:
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1114:. 2012-02-04.
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970:on 2007-12-11
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903:Theo de Raadt
898:
891:(in Russian).
890:
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551:BIOS and UEFI
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336:This section
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227:Theo de Raadt
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192:DragonFly BSD
189:
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124:Theo de Raadt
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48:device driver
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2240:
2233:
2201:
2084:Free license
1830:Android apps
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1567:. Retrieved
1557:
1538:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1488:
1468:
1459:
1448:
1439:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:the original
1398:
1385:
1377:
1371:. Retrieved
1361:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1317:
1308:
1286:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1235:. Retrieved
1225:
1210:
1183:. Retrieved
1173:
1165:the original
1158:
1132:
1107:
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1082:the original
1071:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1017:
1008:
1000:
993:Adaptec, Inc
991:Scott Long;
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
937:
928:
920:
911:
897:
889:Linux.org.ru
888:
878:
867:. Retrieved
857:
849:
841:
832:
821:. Retrieved
807:
796:. Retrieved
782:
771:. Retrieved
769:. 2014-11-12
766:
757:
746:. Retrieved
742:
732:
721:. Retrieved
707:
593:
569:
522:flash memory
518:non-volatile
508:
481:sensor drive
459:, where the
450:
423:Project Evil
408:
399:
395:
387:
383:
380:
365:
356:
337:
303:running the
298:
287:
273:
268:
261:Linux kernel
258:
224:
216:Linux kernel
200:
180:Linux kernel
141:
92:
77:
72:updates, or
43:
39:
25:
2174:Tivoization
1813:Video games
1788:Mathematics
1212:GNU Project
939:GNU Project
743:pcworld.com
455:drivers in
415:NDISwrapper
390:source code
294:Linux-libre
194:, and most
156:Linux-libre
152:source code
134:developer.
88:binary data
44:binary blob
2286:Categories
2122:Challenges
1840:Commercial
1823:E-commerce
1808:Television
1599:2006-06-23
1569:2007-01-02
1430:2006-06-23
1373:2019-03-27
1237:2010-03-25
1185:2006-10-10
1160:KernelTrap
1088:2006-07-07
974:2008-01-06
869:2010-03-25
823:2015-06-23
798:2015-06-23
773:2015-06-23
748:2015-06-23
723:2015-06-23
699:References
576:bootloader
535:DMA attack
526:static RAM
359:March 2021
2052:standards
2050:Types and
2031:Unlicense
2026:Sleepycat
1860:Community
1627:, LWN.net
1342:fsfla.org
656:LinuxBoot
608:libreboot
580:real mode
539:microcode
505:Microcode
491:as well.
439:Microsoft
106:drivers,
70:microcode
56:into the
2302:Firmware
2271:Category
2188:Related
2069:Copyleft
1989:GNU LGPL
1984:GNU AGPL
1949:Beerware
1944:Artistic
1921:Licenses
1888:Advocacy
1835:iOS apps
1776:Wireless
1771:Graphics
1738:packages
1736:Software
1726:Timeline
1294:(2006).
995:(2000).
793:Phoronix
718:Phoronix
686:ScreenOS
646:Firmware
618:See also
596:coreboot
564:ThinkPad
520:onboard
510:Firmware
501:Firmware
319:Problems
182:itself,
176:LibreCMC
172:Trisquel
164:Parabola
120:ifconfig
74:userland
68:images,
66:firmware
2312:Booting
2197:Forking
1979:GNU GPL
1873:History
1803:Routing
1766:Drivers
1721:Outline
1669:General
1450:OpenBSD
1403:OpenBSD
1256:lwn.net
1137:OpenBSD
1112:FreeBSD
1047:FreeBSD
1005:FreeBSD
846:OpenBSD
818:LWN.net
767:puri.sm
614:(FSF).
560:SeaBIOS
469:OpenBSD
457:FreeBSD
427:FreeBSD
411:wrapper
345:Please
259:In the
249:Mesa 3D
203:OpenBSD
188:FreeBSD
132:FreeBSD
128:OpenBSD
2261:Portal
2190:topics
2011:Python
1934:Apache
1883:Events
1783:Health
1756:Codecs
1545:
1520:
1495:
1233:. 2010
865:. 2010
489:NetBSD
477:bioctl
473:bio(4)
431:NetBSD
421:, and
269:refuse
212:Debian
184:NetBSD
174:, and
168:Devuan
100:Nvidia
58:kernel
54:loaded
51:module
2036:WTFPL
1746:Audio
1399:misc@
544:ports
419:Linux
160:FSFLA
142:Some
93:When
2041:zlib
1964:CDDL
1939:APSL
1543:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1493:ISBN
589:UEFI
572:BIOS
570:The
503:and
485:RAID
479:and
443:NDIS
429:and
425:for
417:for
201:The
148:free
79:blob
40:blob
2006:MPL
2001:MIT
1996:ISC
1969:EPL
1954:BSD
1929:AFL
604:x86
566:X60
530:USB
446:API
441:'s
253:ABI
245:DRM
144:FSF
126:of
42:or
2288::
1479:^
1467:.
1447:.
1411:^
1397:.
1376:.
1365:.
1359:.
1340:.
1322:.
1316:.
1298:.
1276:.
1254:.
1215:.
1209:.
1194:^
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1120:^
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952:^
942:.
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909:.
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840:.
816:.
791:.
765:.
741:.
716:.
475:,
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409:A
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1473:.
1453:.
1433:.
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1344:.
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1280:.
1258:.
1240:.
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1188:.
1091:.
1063:.
1021:.
977:.
946:.
872:.
826:.
801:.
776:.
751:.
726:.
372:)
366:(
361:)
357:(
353:.
23:.
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