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394:), containing only the object module to be replaced. In such systems, object code is in the form and format of 80-byte punched-card images, so that updates can be introduced into a system using that medium. In later releases of OS/360 and in subsequent systems, load-modules contain additional data about versions of components modules, to create a traceable record of updates. It also allows one to add, change, or remove an
22:
160:, the entire library has to be loaded during runtime as it is not known which functions or methods will be called during runtime. Library linking may thus be an iterative process, with some referenced modules requiring additional modules to be linked, and so on. Libraries exist for diverse purposes, and one or more system libraries are usually linked in by default.
279:
A program, together with the libraries it uses, might be certified (e.g. as to correctness, documentation requirements, or performance) as a package, but not if components can be replaced (this also argues against automatic OS updates in critical systems; in both cases, the OS and libraries form part
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has the additional capability of allowing the addition, replacement, and/or deletion of individual program sections. Operating systems such as OS/360 have format for executable load-modules containing supplementary data about the component sections of a program, so that an individual program section
334:
pass subsequently reassigns addresses, which may in turn allow more potential relaxations to occur. In general, the substituted sequences are shorter, which allows this process to always converge on the best solution given a fixed order of objects; if this is not the case, relaxations can conflict,
312:
on the system where it runs. Static linking also prevents "DLL hell", since each program includes exactly the versions of library routines that it requires, with no conflict with other programs. A program using just a few routines from a library does not require the entire library to be installed.
452:
In the beginning linkers gave users very limited control over the arrangement of generated output object files. As the target systems became complex with different memory requirements such as embedded systems, it became necessary to give users control to generate output object files with their
321:
As the compiler has no information on the layout of objects in the final output, it cannot take advantage of shorter or more efficient instructions that place a requirement on the address of another object. For example, a jump instruction can reference an absolute address or an offset from the
233:
environments allow dynamic linking, deferring the resolution of some undefined symbols until a program is run. That means that the executable code still contains undefined symbols, plus a list of objects or libraries that will provide definitions for these. Loading the program will load these
389:
One advantage of this is that it allows a program to be maintained without having to keep all of the intermediate object files, or without having to re-compile program sections that haven't changed. It also permits program updates to be distributed in the form of small files (originally
401:
The term "linkage editor" should not be construed as implying that the program operates in a user-interactive mode like a text editor. It is intended for batch-mode execution, with the editing commands being supplied by the user in sequentially organized files, such as
322:
current location, and the offset could be expressed with different lengths depending on the distance to the target. By first generating the most conservative instruction (usually the largest relative or absolute variant, depending on platform) and adding
307:
Static linking is the result of the linker copying all library routines used in the program into the executable image. This may require more disk space and memory than dynamic linking, but is more portable, since it does not require the presence of the
461:
On Unix and Unix-like systems, the linker is known as "ld". Origins of the name "ld" are "LoaDer" and "Link eDitor". The term "loader" was used to describe the process of loading external symbols from other programs during the process of linking.
140:
For most compilers, each object file is the result of compiling one input source code file. When a program comprises multiple object files, the linker combines these files into a unified executable program, resolving the symbols as it goes along.
693:
517:, is designed to be drop-in compatible, and may be used directly with the GNU compiler. Another drop-in replacement, mold, is a highly parallelized and faster alternative which is also supported by GNU tools.
256:
is improved, all programs using it dynamically will benefit from the correction after restarting them. Programs that included this function by static linking would have to be re-linked first.
115:
whole and the ability to better define the purpose and responsibilities of each individual piece, which is essential for managing complexity and increasing long-term maintainability in
444:
act of combining the various pieces into a relocatable binary, whereas the loading and relocation into an absolute binary at the target address is normally considered a separate step.
478:
implementation of the Unix command ld. GNU ld runs the linker, which creates an executable file (or a library) from object files created during compilation of a software project. A
190:: every program is put into its own address space, so there is no conflict even if all programs load at the same base address. This pass may also be omitted if the executable is a
241:
Often-used libraries (for example the standard system libraries) need to be stored in only one location, not duplicated in every single executable file, thus saving limited
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can be replaced, and other parts of the program updated so that relocatable addresses and other references can be corrected by the linkage editor, as part of the process.
156:
in the output executable; they include only those object files from the library that are referenced by other object files or libraries directly or indirectly. But for a
680:
272:", an incompatible updated library will break executables that depended on the behavior of the previous version of the library if the newer version is not correctly
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The executable output by the linker may need another relocation pass when it is finally loaded into memory (just before execution). This pass is usually omitted on
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211:(as in loading executable code onto a file). Additionally, in some operating systems, the same program handles both the jobs of linking and loading a program (
107:
While the process of linking is meant to ultimately combine these independent parts, there are many good reasons to develop those separately at the
326:, it is possible to substitute shorter or more efficient instructions during the final link. In regard to jump optimizations this is also called
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While instruction relaxation typically occurs at link-time, inner-module relaxation can already take place as part of the optimizing process at
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Computer programs typically are composed of several parts or modules; these parts/modules do not need to be contained within a single
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into another base. Since a compiler seldom knows where an object will reside, it often assumes a fixed base location (for example,
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defined "external" symbols, sometimes called "public" or "entry" symbols, which allow it to be called by other modules,
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specific requirements such as defining base addresses' of segments. Linkers control scripts were used for this.
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may be passed to GNU ld to exercise greater control over the linking process. The GNU linker is part of the
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Another
Listing of Where to Get a Complete Collection of Free Tools for Assembly Language Development
790:. Ellis Horwood Series In Computers And Their Applications (1 ed.). Chicester, West Sussex, UK:
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as addresses into other modules, which are mapped into memory addresses when linked for execution.
786:. Written at California State University, Northridge, California, US. In Chivers, Ian D. (ed.).
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undefined "external" symbols, which reference other modules where these symbols are defined, and
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971:. 1969-07-23 . Program number 360S-ED-510. File No. S360-31. Form Y28-6610-2. Archived from
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205:, the process performed by a linker (assembling object files into a program) was called
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If a bug in a library function is corrected by replacing the library or
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Computer program which combines multiple object files into a single file
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1102:(3). University of California, Santa Barbara, California, US: 149–167.
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The linker also takes care of arranging the objects in a program's
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Operating System 360 - Linkage Editor (E) - Program Logic Manual
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723:(1978) . "5.7. Linkage editors and consolidators". Written at
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and the linker needs to weigh the advantages of either option.
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Typically, an object file can contain three kinds of symbols:
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The command-line and linker script syntaxes of GNU ld is the
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to mitigate or trade-off these individual pros and cons.
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An illustration of the linking process. Object files and
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objects/libraries as well, and perform a final linking.
152:. Most linkers do not include all the object files in a
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Linkers can take objects from a collection called a
993:(August 1983). "Assembly Language as Object Code".
346:as part of the relocation process or combined with
731:. Computer Monographs (3 ed.). New York, US:
2240:
842:
893:"GCC 12 Adds Support For Using The Mold Linker"
727:, Southampton, UK. In Floretin, J. John (ed.).
377:mainframes, this type of program is known as a
918:(April 1982). "A Machine Independent Linker".
875:"LLD - The LLVM Linker — lld 14 documentation"
827:
490:, and a "streamlined" ELF-only version called
398:structure from an already linked load module.
342:. In some cases, relaxation can also occur at
100:, and in such cases refer to each other using
29:are assembled into a new library or executable
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1140:"Relocating Machine Instructions by Currying"
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88:is typically considered a separate process.
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237:This approach offers two advantages:
549:Free and open-source software portal
2259:Programming language implementation
1085:; White, John R. (September 1972).
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470:The GNU linker (or GNU ld) is the
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72:A simpler version that writes its
61:) and combines them into a single
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995:Software: Practice and Experience
920:Software: Practice and Experience
779:Salomon, David (February 1993) .
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1168:from the original on 2020-05-18.
682:IBM OS Linkage Editor and Loader
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381:. As the name implies a linkage
69:file, or another "object" file.
1125:from the original on 2020-03-07
856:from the original on 2020-03-06
815:from the original on 2020-03-23
699:from the original on 2020-03-06
295:environments may further allow
885:
867:
850:"GNU Binutils: Linker Scripts"
558:Binary File Descriptor library
260:There are also disadvantages:
1:
781:"8.2.3 Automatic jump-sizing"
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589:Dynamic dead code elimination
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348:dynamic dead-code elimination
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171:code that assumes a specific
1263:Application binary interface
768:. August 1984. ND-60.196.01.
436:nomenclature) refers to the
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1138:Ramsey, Norman (May 1996).
733:Elsevier North-Holland Inc.
535:Computer programming portal
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1195:article by Sandeep Grover
1003:John Wiley & Sons Ltd
928:John Wiley & Sons Ltd
725:University of Southampton
914:Fraser, Christopher W.;
836:UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL
501:standard in much of the
838:(6 ed.). May 1975.
49:that takes one or more
2264:Utility software types
2214:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2209:Standard Unix programs
1601:command-line interface
1011:10.1002/spe.4380130806
936:10.1002/spe.4380120407
788:Assemblers and Loaders
766:BRF-LINKER User Manual
729:Assemblers and Loaders
457:Common implementations
448:Linker Control Scripts
30:
1551:Comparison of formats
1209:LLD - The LLVM Linker
1159:10.1145/249069.231429
1108:10.1145/356603.356605
1095:ACM Computing Surveys
1087:"Linkers and Loaders"
792:Ellis Horwood Limited
721:Barron, David William
569:Compile and go system
365:environments such as
328:automatic jump-sizing
297:system administrators
117:software architecture
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2102:Software development
1347:Virtual method table
798:. pp. 237–238.
614:Dynamic-link library
484:GNU Binary Utilities
192:position independent
1312:Memory segmentation
1189:Linkers and Loaders
1180:Ian Lance Justin's
1147:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
1040:Linkers and Loaders
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167:. This may involve
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509:project's linker,
201:variants, such as
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426:consolidation
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1184:blog entries
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1127:. Retrieved
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980:. Retrieved
973:the original
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879:lld.llvm.org
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76:directly to
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51:object files
42:
38:
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1612:File system
1441:object file
1342:System call
1322:Object code
1273:conventions
1005:: 715–725.
930:: 351–366.
505:world. The
472:GNU Project
254:performance
98:object file
43:link editor
2243:Categories
2204:Categories
1437:Executable
1337:Relocation
1290:Call stack
1134:(19 pages)
1129:2020-03-07
1068:2020-01-12
982:2020-03-07
860:2019-01-18
819:2008-10-01
703:2020-03-07
667:References
645:Relocation
639:Prelinking
466:GNU linker
430:collection
392:card decks
360:System/360
317:Relocation
223:See also:
169:relocating
134:relocation
113:monolithic
63:executable
2249:Compilers
2064:Searching
1753:Processes
1280:Alignment
1037:(2000) .
1019:1097-024X
952:206508204
944:1097-024X
834:"1. ld".
503:Unix-like
363:mainframe
344:load-time
289:Contained
282:qualified
186:offering
84:, though
59:assembler
35:computing
1872:basename
1163:Archived
1120:Archived
1076:Errata:
1063:42413382
1027:42995338
854:Archived
810:Archived
751:78-19961
694:Archived
692:. 1972.
574:DLL hell
560:(libbfd)
521:See also
499:de facto
373:for the
270:DLL hell
197:On some
184:hardware
92:Overview
55:compiler
1977:strings
1897:dirname
1821:logname
1770:crontab
1443:formats
1383:dynamic
1295:Library
1182:Linkers
1116:5694671
624:Library
396:overlay
358:In IBM
310:library
293:virtual
266:Windows
208:loading
146:library
102:symbols
86:loading
67:library
1957:printf
1882:csplit
1624:chattr
1518:OS/360
1498:Mach-O
1390:Loader
1378:Linker
1300:static
1271:Parts,
1226:Manual
1114:
1073:Code:
1061:
1051:
1025:
1017:
950:
942:
802:
749:
739:
629:Loader
383:editor
367:OS/360
249:space.
243:memory
109:source
82:loader
78:memory
74:output
65:file,
57:or an
39:linker
2181:sleep
2135:strip
2115:ctags
2050:unset
2030:alias
2012:xargs
1992:troff
1952:patch
1947:paste
1922:iconv
1851:write
1841:uname
1744:umask
1734:touch
1724:split
1719:rmdir
1694:mkdir
1679:fuser
1644:cksum
1639:chgrp
1634:chown
1629:chmod
1538:XCOFF
1478:ECOFF
1453:a.out
1265:(ABI)
1224:User
1222:Linux
1216:ld(1)
1166:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
1123:(PDF)
1112:S2CID
1090:(PDF)
1023:S2CID
1001:(8).
976:(PDF)
965:(PDF)
948:S2CID
926:(4).
813:(PDF)
784:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
686:(PDF)
410:, or
280:of a
229:Many
2227:List
2166:expr
2140:yacc
2125:make
2076:grep
2071:find
2055:wait
2045:test
2040:echo
1997:uniq
1982:tail
1972:sort
1962:read
1937:more
1927:join
1917:head
1912:fold
1892:diff
1877:comm
1836:tput
1831:talk
1826:mesg
1816:exit
1795:time
1785:nice
1780:kill
1739:type
1674:file
1598:Unix
1556:.exe
1493:Hunk
1488:GOFF
1463:COFF
1439:and
1191:, a
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
1015:ISSN
940:ISSN
800:ISBN
747:LCCN
737:ISBN
507:LLVM
492:gold
408:DASD
371:z/OS
247:disk
245:and
199:Unix
177:zero
37:, a
2161:cal
2120:lex
2092:man
1967:sed
1887:cut
1867:awk
1846:who
1811:env
1729:tee
1709:pwd
1704:pax
1649:cmp
1619:cat
1528:PEF
1513:OMF
1483:ELF
1473:COM
1468:CMD
1458:AIF
1155:doi
1104:doi
1007:doi
932:doi
513:lld
488:bfd
474:'s
440:or
434:ICL
428:or
422:IBM
291:or
215:).
148:or
119:.
41:or
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2176:od
2171:lp
2156:bc
2130:nm
2110:ar
2035:cd
2007:wc
2002:vi
1987:tr
1942:nl
1932:m4
1907:ex
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1790:ps
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1765:bg
1760:at
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1699:mv
1689:ls
1684:ln
1669:df
1664:du
1659:dd
1654:cp
1523:PE
1508:NE
1503:MZ
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712:^
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1009::
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934::
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432:(
420:(
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136:.
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