Belarus - Knowledge

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Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017).

4179: 3229: 4899: 4142: 2933: 2912: 16398: 5518: 4608: 3086: 3450: 3023: 1288: 2751: 16432: 16359: 819: 2107: 15767: 14597: 90: 16474: 16242: 16181: 16168: 16129: 16116: 4792: 3412: 2554: 16372: 14609: 16268: 16205: 16307: 16142: 5106: 16320: 16255: 16229: 16064: 16461: 1713: 16500: 16385: 16294: 191: 16526: 16346: 16333: 16281: 4749: 16513: 16487: 16103: 16155: 16090: 796: 777: 744: 725: 5445: 844: 5408: 3259:, a supranational confederation between Belarus and Russia, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus's repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a 1821: 2248: 4523: 2657:. Neither is Lukashenko recognized as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom or the United States. The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country. 3844:. In 2019, the share of manufacturing in GDP was 31%, over two-thirds of this amount fell on manufacturing industries. Manufacturing employed 34.7% of the workforce. Manufacturing growth is much smaller than for the economy as a whole—about 2.2% in 2021. Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat. 3733:) elected by its residents, and an executive authority or raion administration appointed by oblast executive powers. The city of Minsk is split into nine districts and enjoys special status as the nation's capital at the same administration level as the oblasts. It is run by an executive committee and has been granted a charter of self-rule. 12376: 3054:, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. 3377:, who serve for 12 months if they have higher education or 18 months if they do not. Demographic decreases in the Belarusians of conscription age have increased the importance of contract soldiers, who numbered 12,000 in 2001. In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus's gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure. 3880:. In the 1990s, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners. GDP only began to rise in 1996; the country was the fastest-recovering former Soviet republic in the terms of its economy. In 2006, GDP amounted to US$ 83.1 billion in 3491:, Belarus is ranked 153th out of 180 countries for 2022. The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organizations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. Lukashenko announced a new law in 2014 that will prohibit 4604:

intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges. The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s.

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level above; the chairs of executive committees for towns of raion subordination, settlements and villages are appointed by their councils, but upon the recommendation of the raion executive committees. In either case, the councils have the power to approve or reject a nonimee for executive committee chair.

2038:. It existed from only 1918 to 1919 but created prerequisites for the formation of a Belarusian state. The choice of name was probably based on the fact that core members of the newly formed government were educated in tsarist universities, with corresponding emphasis on the ideology of West-Russianism. 11395: 3915:

The labor force consists of more than 4 million people, of whom women are slightly more than men. In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population was employed in industrial factories. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The unemployment rate was 1.5%

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in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to

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campaigned for early elections later in the year, two years before they were scheduled. By May of that year, about 383,000 signatures had been collected for a petition to hold the referendum, which was 23,000 more than legally required to be put to a referendum at the time. Despite this, the meeting

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is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. As of 2015, 69.9% of Belarus's population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older. Its population is also aging; the median age of 30–34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64

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On 23 May 2011, the ruble depreciated 56% against the United States dollar. The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods. On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested

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received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including some presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the riot police. Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were

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to ultimately decide the date for said referendum was delayed by six months. However, with no evidence to suggest such, the Supreme Council rejected the petition on the grounds of massive irregularities. Elections for the Supreme Council were set for March 1994. A new law on parliamentary elections

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is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to 8,767,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 7,780,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 6,555,600 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 2,212,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 2%

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devastated Belarus. During that time, 209 out of 290 towns and cities were destroyed, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died and of those some 810,000 were combatants—some foreign. This figure

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Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist,

4732:. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. One ornamental pattern common in early dresses currently decorates the hoist of the 4603:

After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs. At first, a policy of "Belarusianization" was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR. This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian

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councils, and 1,151 village councils. The councils are elected by their residents, and have executive committees appointed by their executive committee chairs. The chairs of executive committees for raions and city of oblast subordinations are appointed by the regional executive committees at the

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prison in Minsk or on the way there. The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum. In an interview from September 2020 Lukashenko claimed that detainees faked their bruises, saying, "Some of the

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At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world's most industrially developed states by proportion of GDP and the richest CIS member-state. In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% by private companies (in which the

3392:. Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995. However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the CSTO. Tensions between NATO and Belarus peaked after the March 2006 presidential election in Belarus. 3041:

on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy. The Council of the Republic has the power to select various government officials, conduct an impeachment trial of the president, and accept or reject the bills passed by the House of Representatives. Each chamber has the

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entered Belarusian territory, and about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern regions) was affected by radiation fallout. The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of

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occurred in which 15 people were killed and 204 were injured. Two suspects, who were arrested within two days, confessed to being the perpetrators and were executed by shooting in 2012. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented

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member states (despite other member states' travel ban on Lukashenko and top officials), including neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his

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removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections. Re-admission of the country into the council is dependent on the completion of benchmarks set by the council, including the

12384: 2347:, and in the modern day these partisans have formed a core part of the Belarusian national identity, with Belarus continuing to refer to itself as the "partisan republic" since the 1970s. Following the war, many former Soviet partisans entered positions of government, among them 5375: 2098:

took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal

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along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945. Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market.

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prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. In 1863, economic and cultural pressure exploded in a

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However, the vote was marred by allegations of widespread fraud. These suspicions appeared to be confirmed by data from a limited number of polling stations that broke ranks with the government and identified opposition candidate Svyatlana Tsikhanouskaya as the clear

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in 2005, according to government statistics. There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, of whom two-thirds were women. The unemployment rate has been declining since 2003, and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in 1995.

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sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years. Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping.

3760:), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. At the basic level are 118 raions councils and 10 cities of oblast subordination councils, which are supervised by the governments of the oblasts. At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 3852:

Belarus has trade relations with over 180 countries. As of 2007, its main trading partners were Russia, which accounted for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports (which include petroleum), and the EU countries, with 25% of exports and 20% of imports.

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to the south. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus's borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009. Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.

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Bilateral relations with the United States are strained; the United States had not had an ambassador in Minsk since 2007 and Belarus never had an ambassador in Washington since 2008. Diplomatic relations remained tense, and in 2004, the United States passed the

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in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old ruble = 1 new ruble). From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins could be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021. This

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tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by the Slavs. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts, but their gradual assimilation into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature. Invaders from

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Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. Of the principalities held by the duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become the

3335:(ENP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms. However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country. 1114:, and were finalized after World War II. During World War II, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources. In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the 2649:, in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office. Neighbouring countries Poland and Lithuania do not recognize Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus and the Lithuanian government has allotted a residence for main opposition candidate 2278:

and incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR. The Soviet-controlled Byelorussian People's Council officially took control of the territories, whose populations consisted of a mixture of Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews, on 28 October 1939 in

166: 4547:, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk. The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country. 2665:

in the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Russian troops were allowed to stage part of the invasion from Belarusian territory. These include not only corporate offices and individual officers of government but also private individuals who work in the

3787:). These territorial units may also be classified as a city of regional or raion subordination, urban-type settlement or rural settlement, but whose government is administered by the council of another primary or basic unit. In October 1995, a 3369:

on the new republic's territory. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in 1997, reduced the number of its soldiers by 30,000 and restructured its leadership and military formations.

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The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. The judiciary comprises the

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was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). The republic was created in 1920 following

9404: 2844:(consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 16% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under 6153: 3594:

condemned the usage of migrants as a weapon and suggested that Belarus could be subject to further sanctions. In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the

2205:, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active, and thus suffered fewer repressions than the Ukrainians. In 1935, after the death of Piłsudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many 3194:

and RPTS, one each. Most non-partisans represent a wide scope of social organizations such as workers' collectives, public associations, and civil society organizations, similar to the composition of the Soviet legislature.

15642: 12106: 11463: 2788:), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F). Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in). The country is in the transitional zone between 2434:

Between Stalin's death in 1953 and 1980, Belarusian politics was dominated by former members of the Soviet partisans, including First Secretaries Kirill Mazurov and Pyotr Masherov. Mazurov and Masherov oversaw Belarus's

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became dominant, and in 1696, Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language, with Ruthenian being banned from administrative use. However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their native language. Also, the

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Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko's leadership, Belarus has maintained government control of key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics.

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imposed stricter sanctions on Belarus. In May 2021, Lukashenko threatened that he will flood the European Union with migrants and drugs as a response to the sanctions. In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a

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officially the sanctions were reduced as a 'reward' for the 2015 presidential elections being peaceful and non-violent, despite the fact that these elections were just as non-democratic as any previous election in

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was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name "Belarus". Despite significant efforts, the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the

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Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha; León, Lorena Rivera; World Intellectual Property Organization (2023). Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Rivera León, Lorena; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (eds.).

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after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including

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eliminated term limits. Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result

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sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe. The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was

3541:. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons. At least three detainees suffered injuries indicative of sexual violence in 12210: 3860:, the EU imposed trade sanctions on Belarus. The sanctions were extended and expanded in August 2023. These sanctions are in addition to those imposed following the rigged 2020 "election" of Lukashenko. 2495: 11396:"Belarus: EU adopts new round of individual sanctions over continued human rights abuses and imposes further targeted measures in response to involvement in Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" 5046:

The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Beltelecom owns all the backbone channels that linked to the Lattelecom, TEO LT,

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in 2050. There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus. The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women). Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are

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twice since then. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996. The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since. In 2007, The

165: 16663: 1272:. An alternative explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. A third theory suggests that the old Rus' lands that were not conquered by the 9987: 4504:, most schools in major cities began to teach in Russian rather than Belarusian. The annual circulation of Belarusian-language literature also significantly decreased from 1990 to 2020. 3507:

in the country are also ranked among the lowest in Europe. In March 2023, Lukashenko signed a law which allows to use capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high

13560: 10828: 2545:, which controlled the Supreme Council at the time and was largely opposed to political and economic reform, with allegations that some of the deputies opposed Belarusian independence. 2179:. After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the 11923:"Международное обозначение белорусского рубля меняется на BYN после деноминации – Новости республики – Минский район-Минск-Новости Минска-Новости Минского района-Минский райисполком" 4065:

Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its

2768:(Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132 ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90 m (295 ft). The average elevation of Belarus is 160 m (525 ft) 4972: 4500:. Belarusian, although not as widely used as Russian, is the mother tongue of 53.2% of the population, whereas Russian is the mother tongue of only 41.5%. Following the election of 4488:; Russian is the most common language spoken at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%. Minorities also speak 16653: 12110: 2423:. This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. After Stalin's death in 1953, 11471: 2389:

and never recovered. The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971. Belarus was also hit hard economically, losing around half of its economic resources.

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can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate. On 6 October 2022, Lukashenko banned price increases, to combat food inflation. In January 2023, Belarus legalized

3534: 3129:(OSCE) ruled that the elections were unfair because opposition candidates were arbitrarily denied registration and the election process was designed to favor the ruling party. 15707: 8070:. the Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2011. Archived from 4774:

bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of

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workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will—a change of job and living location will require permission from governors. The law was compared with

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The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference. Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and

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in 1993. Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside state-controlled sectors, Belarus lost its EU

2662: 1409:. This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people. 12453: 9635: 3365:

heads the Ministry of Defence, and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief. The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former

15637: 15412: 4034:(1.7%). Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas. 2439:

and transformation from one of the Soviet Union's poorest republics into one of its richest. In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the

10655: 8527: 16688: 12203: 10775: 6289:. Translated by Michell, Robert; Forbes, Nevill. Introduction by C. Raymond Beazley. Text account by A.A. Shakhmatov. London, Offices of the society. p. 41. 2958:. However, Belarus has been led by a highly centralized and authoritarian government, and has often been described as "Europe's last dictatorship" and president 8701: 3960:, the two states have discussed using a single currency analogous to the Euro. This led to a proposal that the Belarusian ruble be discontinued in favor of the 1443:(its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was used officially only until 1991. Officially, the full name of the country is 16547: 16053: 15565: 13135: 6972: 16668: 15100: 12924: 4670:

by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk.

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have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. Most major Belarusian banks are also under restrictions.

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caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks. During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term

16683: 13655: 4389: 2095: 1941: 10195: 3884:(PPP) dollars (estimate), or about $ 8,100 per capita. In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%. Belarus was ranked 80th in the 11874: 11269: 3320: 10221: 15803: 11733: 11067: 3292:, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs, and prohibited loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes. 11999: 8454: 8431: 5619: 15297: 15189: 10489: 2003: 682: 11715: 7804: 1039:

to the northwest. Belarus spans an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) with a population of 9.1 million, The country has a

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As for 2019, the administrative-territorial and territorial units include 115 cities, 85 urban-type settlements, and 23,075 rural settlements.

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by Lukashenko himself. Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012. Belarus is the only European country still using

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ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a

12480:"The Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk amazes with its artistic atmosphere, popular artistes, hundreds of events and thousands of reasons to enjoy" 10683: 8628:

Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media, closed Belarus's only independent radio station .

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Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media, closed Belarus's only independent radio station .

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statement condemning "the apparent terrorist attack" intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing.

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sharply increased multiple times when compared to the 2020 statistics. Illegal migrants numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in

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Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Online version:

9236: 9155: 7782: 5840:Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956. 4644:

largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the

4416:. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions. 3349: 2329: 855: 2401:

Belarusian poster where the text reads "Long live the Stalinist constitution of victorious socialism and true democracy!" (issued in 1940)

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Between the medieval period and the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including

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in Lithuanian means "the other" and may have been used historically by Lithuanians to refer to any people who did not speak Lithuanian.

15986: 15886: 15616: 13859: 11981: 9282: 4677:, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. During this period, 4000:

The banking system of Belarus consists of two levels: Central Bank (National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and 25 commercial banks.

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pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border. Following the granting of humanitarian visas to an Olympic athlete

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declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the

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Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weißrußland im 20. Jahrhundert. In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik 45 (2000), 200–214.

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Bykau, A.; Vysotski, S. (2019). "What Belarus Produces, Exports, and Imports: Analyzing Trade in Value Added". In Sergi, B.S. (ed.).

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attributed to Lukashenko's government's centralized control of the economy, with inflation reaching 108.7%. Around the same time the

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but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997, and Belarus provided refueling and airspace support for the

2134: 1801: 1075: 545: 7898: 4400:

is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism. Minorities also practice

3864:

government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% by foreign companies. In 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially

15747: 15601: 15095: 14301: 13914: 13675: 13511: 13319: 11352: 10722: 8577: 6827: 3385: 3312: 2990:

for each presidency is five years. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a

2275: 1193: 14582:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

12797: 10274: 7216: 4431:

minorities. President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country".

2201:, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions. Nonetheless, compared to the (larger) 15585: 15200: 14901: 13785: 13660: 13623: 13501: 12504: 11204: 7916:"Belarus election: UK refuses to recognise result and demands international investigation into 'grisly repression' of protests" 7110:Клоков В. Я. Великий освободительный поход Красной Армии. (Освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии).-Воронеж, 1940. 4984: 4864: 3260: 3183: 3122: 3106: 2593: 2585: 2149: 2051: 1087: 558: 12334: 12301: 11948: 11413: 10411: 10038: 9452: 8939:

The countries of the former Soviet Union at the turn of the twenty-first century: the Baltic and European states in transition

7933: 5926: 4891:

was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus but it was cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns. The

2195:, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development. A Belarusian organization, the 1515:

that occupied parts of the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine in the 4th and 5th centuries. The self-naming of Goths was

15796: 15575: 13279: 13195: 12889: 12822: 12430: 12246: 11608: 11316: 9256: 9175: 8813: 8609: 8493: 7606: 7461: 7374: 7142: 7093: 7062: 7005: 6917: 6888: 6810: 6726: 6685: 6658: 6616: 6466: 6439: 6311: 6267: 6186: 6002: 5963: 5936: 5583: 5167: 5143: 4892: 3199: 3174:, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. The runner-up opposition leader 3171: 3148: 3141: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 2996: 2646: 2570: 2255: 1146: 12714: 10889: 10856: 9931: 9900: 9616: 9004: 8615: 8347: 6775: 6591:Русское дєло в Сєверо-Западном крає: материиалы для историии Виленскаго учебнаго округа преимущественно в Муравьевскую эпоху 5748: 4458:

is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited.

2584:

The 2000s saw a number of economic disputes between Belarus and its primary economic partner, Russia. The first one was the

13692: 13045: 9373: 8915: 8325: 5755: 4528: 3837: 2138: 1765: 1213: 103: 13248: 11962: 10437: 9036: 8154: 4626:. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was 15056: 15011: 14926: 14851: 13993: 13393: 12597: 9631: 8761:

Marples, David R (2005). "Europe's Last Dictatorship: The Roots and Perspectives of Authoritarianism in 'White Russia'".

8665: 7746: 7364: 4910: 4168: 3160: 2448: 2165: 12958: 10921: 8829: 7048: 3323:(OSCE). As an OSCE member state, Belarus's international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the 2712:. Its extension from north to south is 560 km (350 mi), from west to east is 650 km (400 mi). It is 16424: 15313: 15165: 14485: 13947: 13707: 13479: 12860: 11119:"№ 434 от 20.10.1995. Об объединении административных единиц Республики Беларусь, имеющих общий административный центр" 10552: 9270:

unanimous agreement among serious scholars that... Lukashenko's 2015 election occurred within an authoritarian context.

9189:

unanimous agreement among serious scholars that... Lukashenko's 2015 election occurred within an authoritarian context.

8519: 8046: 4945: 4377: 3869: 3705:), which is elected by its residents, and a provincial executive authority called a region administration (Belarusian: 3264: 3164: 3034: 3012: 2525: 1741: 1707: 1189: 1071: 781: 499: 11668: 11144: 9828: 7885:"El Pais interview with HR/VP Borrell: "Lukashenko is like Maduro. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him"" 6675: 5654: 5058:, Transtelekom and MTS ISPs. Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus. 16009: 14916: 13565: 13545: 13329: 13308: 13258: 13118: 13097: 13076: 13066: 13055: 13034: 13015: 12994: 12236: 12060: 11644: 11598: 11446: 10130: 8946: 8255: 8064:"Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus" 7679: 7347: 7132: 6837: 6758: 6510: 6411: 6356: 6240: 5897: 5335: 5271: 5216: 4369: 3900: 3538: 3203: 3016: 2642: 2314:

called for the extermination, expulsion, or enslavement of most or all Belarusians for the purpose of providing more

1729: 1664: 1647:

in the 13th century, but the lands of modern-day Belarus avoided the brunt of the invasion and eventually joined the

1644: 1154: 484: 12736: 11828: 10090: 9953: 9132: 8540:"I am the last dictator in Europe," Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko has told Reuters in a rare interview. 6976: 5953: 5668: 5493: 1968:

The first government ("activists") of the Belarussian People's Republic (BNR, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка), 1918.

15789: 15175: 15026: 13185: 13087: 12162: 11257: 10953: 10183: 9340: 8125: 7659: 6066: 4664:). At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. The ballet 4401: 4384:

According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those,

3186:, 105 of the 110 members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. The 3102: 3097:

and then between 1991 and 1995, is widely used as a symbol of opposition to the government of Alexander Lukashenko.

1829: 1613: 208: 15145: 12178: 11597:

Bléjer, Mario I.; Blejer, Director of the Centre for Central Banking Studies Mario I.; Skreb, Marko (9 May 2001).

10160: 9686: 5792:"Icann Адобрыла Заяўку Беларусі На Дэлегаванне Дамена Першага Ўзроўню З Падтрымкай Алфавітаў Нацыянальных Моў.Бел" 4685:, served as the "tutor" of Belarusian composers. The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the 4539:, which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. Several state holidays, such as 2581:

who received 14% of the vote. The elections were the first and only free elections in Belarus after independence.

2490:

of the Byelorussian SSR took place. Though the opposition candidates, mostly associated with the pro-independence

1280:. A fourth theory suggests that the color white was associated with the west, and Belarus was the western part of 15752: 15737: 15560: 15105: 14921: 14841: 14550: 13141: 13108: 12479: 11757: 11189: 6648: 5992: 3051: 2483: 2475: 2015: 1945: 1134: 597: 584: 378: 12351: 10064: 4708:

years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist

4652:

composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet

4600:, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk. 3791:

abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the

15031: 14821: 13940: 13496: 13433: 13298: 12767: 12139: 11894: 10225: 8546: 7171: 5955:

Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

5642:

Several EU countries and the US say they do not recognise Mr Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus.

5133: 5014:, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships. The Belarusian senior group earned bronze at the 4988: 4868: 4848: 4550:

Belarusian literature began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of

4435: 2725: 2542: 2505: 2382: 1721: 1636:

in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of

729: 532: 10800: 7970: 4762:

consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or

3836:, it has a "very high" human development. It is one of the most equal countries in the world, with one of the 3299:

are close, with Lukashenko visiting China multiple times during his tenure. Belarus also has strong ties with

16648: 16599: 15668: 15231: 14956: 14881: 13765: 13005: 12662: 11871: 11421: 11399: 10631: 10199: 8458: 5027: 4653: 4612: 3816:

Change in per capita GDP of Belarus, 1973–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

3332: 3289: 2180: 2119: 2042: 1328: 1174: 1091: 938: 11277: 7427: 6701: 6126: 3525: 3007:, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. The National Assembly is a 2343:, including Jewish, Polish, and Soviet partisans. Belarusian partisan formations formed a large part of the 1663:. During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of 1651:. There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of 16643: 15702: 15611: 15555: 15206: 15160: 14991: 14640: 14398: 13630: 13518: 13413: 12584: 11378:"EU sanctions in response to the involvement of Belarus in the Russian military aggression against Ukraine" 11056: 10805: 10013: 8691: 6150:

Belarus and its Neighbors: Historical Perceptions and Political Constructs. International Conference Papers

4888: 4884: 4536: 4397: 3596: 3223: 3110: 2962:

as "Europe's last dictator" by some media outlets, politicians and authors. Belarus has been considered an

2955: 2373: 2202: 968: 914: 904: 469: 11740: 11030: 2577:

into national prominence. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80% in the second, defeating

1937:

to Belarusian in 1864 and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905.

1360:, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian royal court. During the 17th century, the Russian 15692: 15251: 15150: 15001: 14836: 14576:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

13904: 13804: 13387: 12149: 12003: 11244: 10170: 8374: 8112: 7934:"Canada denounces Lukashenko's inauguration in Belarus, preparing sanctions over human rights violations" 7646: 6053: 5704: 3969: 3873: 3857: 3308: 3296: 2631: 2436: 2226: 2188: 1123: 17: 11805: 10299: 7116:Трайнин И.Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии.—М., 1939.—80 с. 4724:

period. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from

1609: 15697: 15570: 15140: 15042: 14986: 14931: 13909: 13665: 13650: 13555: 13363: 10829:"Lukašenkos keršto akcija pasiekė ir Latviją: šią savaitę – ryškus nelegalių migrantų skaičiaus šuolis" 9074:

Republic of Belarus Presidential Election 19 March 2006: OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Report

6232: 5540: 5353: 4737: 4540: 4442:, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent. The 3187: 3094: 3000: 2991: 2943: 2333: 2324: 2206: 1633: 1571: 882: 420: 9753: 8974: 8102: 4131: 2616: 15081: 13702: 13572: 12530: 12454:"The Belarusian language in the period of socio-political crisis: signs of linguistic discrimination" 12377:"Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City" 10553:"UN human rights experts: Belarus must stop torturing protesters and prevent enforced disappearances" 10377: 9532: 4872: 4635: 4113: 4070: 3820: 3608: 3488: 3480: 3275: 3191: 2922: 2288: 1845: 1332: 1292: 1111: 449: 13163: 11234: 9483: 3152: 2772:. The climate features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from −4 2731:

Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the

2047: 16557: 15194: 15020: 14966: 14946: 14896: 13745: 13489: 13474: 7054: 4645: 4472: 4178: 3896: 3645: 3324: 3159:

of the Social Democrats. Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the

3047: 2650: 2620: 2532: 2491: 2455: 2431:

program, stating, "The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism."

2254:

Memorial; during World War II the German Nazis murdered civilians in 5,295 different localities in

2063: 1717: 1648: 1257: 1067: 983: 31: 13207: 12555: 11982:"Belarus Legalizes Piracy Of Audiovisual Material And Computer Software From "Unfriendly" Nations" 11626: 10509: 8412: 4419:

Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around

4141: 3303:, considered a key partner in the Middle East. In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the 1106:

to Poland. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the

15812: 15717: 15256: 15185: 15037: 15015: 14911: 14633: 13816: 13682: 13640: 13613: 13464: 13406: 10926: 10894: 9009: 8961: 7826: 7709: 6880: 5606: 4830: 4691: 4686: 4451: 4009: 3885: 3881: 3833: 3600: 3401: 3344: 3304: 3167:

deemed the vote open and fair while the OSCE and other organizations called the election unfair.

2976: 2966:

where power is ultimately concentrated in the hands of the president, elections are not free and

2936: 2562: 2541:

failed to pass by 1993. Disputes over the referendum were accredited to the largely conservative

2501: 1898: 1886: 1652: 1197: 1162: 1138: 1063: 833: 706: 669: 610: 10247: 6146:"Gudas as a Historical Name of Belarusians in the Lithuanian Language: 'Goths' or 'Barbarians'?" 5726: 4579: 1933:(also known as Kastus). After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of 1755:

of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the

15060: 14996: 14981: 14937: 14071: 13740: 13644: 9779: 7729:"Security Council Press Statement on Minsk Bombing | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 5083: 4880: 4867:

following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals and regularly competes in the

4623: 4618:

The last major revival of Belarusian literature occurred in the 1960s with novels published by

3986: 3924: 3504: 3354: 3132: 2721: 2667: 2521: 2494:, took only 10% of the seats, Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the 2214: 2176: 1861: 1857: 1107: 756: 700: 12262: 11301:

Modeling Economic Growth in Contemporary Belarus (Entrepreneurship and Global Economic Growth)

9248: 7339: 7333: 7162: 6746: 6716: 6481: 6456: 6176: 5575: 4649: 2405:

The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed

2262:

In September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded and occupied eastern Poland, following the German

1807: 15271: 14907: 14554: 14417: 14388: 13899: 13884: 13874: 13831: 13635: 13608: 13469: 11693: 11438: 10303: 6905: 6606: 5033: 5003: 4992: 4856: 3994: 3792: 3713:), whose chairman is appointed by the president. The regions are further subdivided into 118 3464: 3137: 3026: 2967: 2509: 2114:

woods, 1989, where between 1937 and 1941 from 30,000 to 250,000 people, including Belarusian

2024: 1999: 1949: 1740:. This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the 1683: 1491: 1158: 13377: 13269: 10776:"Poland accuses Belarus of sending migrants over border as "living weapons" in "hybrid war"" 10721: 10580: 9167: 7708: 7636: 4042:, with a population of 481,000, is the second-largest city and serves as the capital of the 3868:), agricultural products, and energy products. Economically, Belarus involved itself in the 3607:

also accused Belarus for organizing a hybrid warfare as the number of migrants crossing the

2815:, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 2302:

The Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained under

2094:, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. After a variety of delays, 1944:, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the 16562: 16403: 15282: 15221: 15051: 14976: 14826: 14811: 13879: 13826: 13790: 13697: 13618: 13528: 12838: 12689: 11057:"СВЕДЕНИЯ о составе избранных депутатов местных Советов депутатов двадцать восьмого созыва" 10412:"Pańszczyzna u Łukaszenki. Prezydent Białorusi chce zakazać kołchoźnikom odchodzić z pracy" 9903:. Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 31 August 2007. Archived from 9801: 7221: 6340: 6104: 6043: 5015: 4925: 4844: 4836: 4666: 4501: 4467: 4066: 3697:. Each region has a provincial legislative authority, called a region council (Belarusian: 3640: 3587: 3316: 3233: 3090: 3038: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2902: 2897: 2769: 2687: 2635: 2612:

and through a series of events ended up banning the import of dairy products from Belarus.

2574: 2566: 2296: 2284: 2100: 2020: 1956:

ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world's longest serving government in exile.

1930: 1921: 1882: 1424:

was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control,

1413: 1229: 1205: 1149:

after independence, serving as president ever since. Lukashenko heads a highly centralized

1142: 638: 440: 434: 180: 15978: 10890:"Section I: Principles of the Constitutional System. Published 1994, amended in 1996" 10450: 8855: 8604:. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. 8488:. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. 7827:"Headquarters of Tsikhanouskaya, Coordination Council and National Anti-Crisis Management" 2720:

land. About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. The country lies within two ecoregions:

2059: 89: 8: 15246: 14972: 14886: 14806: 14801: 14792: 14510: 14343: 14141: 13841: 13836: 13775: 13670: 13591: 12331: 11853:

With economy in tatters, Belarus appeals to IMF for rescue loan of up to $ 8 billion

11381: 9874: 8295: 7585: 7486: 7406: 7198:"What Did You Do during the War?: Personal Responses to the Aftermath of Nazi Occupation" 6951: 6284: 5438: 5368: 5344: 5091: 5071: 5047: 4937: 4802: 4631: 4544: 4485: 4455: 4360: 3904: 3772: 3745: 3658: 3550: 3484: 3422: 3366: 3328: 3237: 3042:

ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution.

2881: 2789: 2765: 2701: 2697: 2625: 2210: 2071: 1953: 1592: 1335: 414: 328: 269: 57: 14489: 12091:[About demographic situation in January–March 2015] (in Russian). Archived from 10331: 9844: 6257: 5854: 3812: 1675:

in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of

16673: 15266: 15236: 15226: 15211: 15116: 14942: 14797: 14409: 13985: 13933: 13869: 13851: 13728: 13603: 13550: 13506: 13441: 13382: 12644: 12636: 12144: 11322: 11239: 10716: 10165: 9856: 8860: 8778: 8743: 8635:"One Week After Election, Belarus Sees Giant Protests Against 'Europe's Last Dictator'" 8223: 8188: 8107: 7641: 7309: 7301: 6906:"War, Population Displacement and State Formation in the Russian Borderlands 1914–1924" 6048: 5545: 5138: 5075: 5011: 5007: 4759: 4513: 4493: 4118: 4074: 3829: 3807: 3636: 3500: 3468: 3228: 3156: 3118: 2816: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2691: 2604:, a trade dispute, started when Russia wanted Belarus to recognize the independence of 2444: 2271: 2263: 2172: 1991: 1972: 1910: 1687: 1672: 1563: 1538: 1170: 1079: 1044: 1012: 506: 295: 11341: 11308: 10979: 9397:"Police guard threatened to rape Belarus Free Theatre director after election protest" 9235:

Jones, Mark P. (2018). Herron, Erik S; Pekkanen, Robert J; Shugart, Matthew S (eds.).

9154:

Jones, Mark P. (2018). Herron, Erik S; Pekkanen, Robert J; Shugart, Matthew S (eds.).

9061: 8569: 7866: 7764: 6018: 5777: 4766:. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. 4587: 3771:

without their own local council and executive committee are called territorial units (

2932: 2891: 1339: 15534: 15358: 15348: 15330: 15324: 15261: 15241: 15216: 15135: 15046: 14876: 14871: 14816: 14700: 14608: 14116: 13894: 13770: 13577: 13325: 13304: 13275: 13254: 13191: 13114: 13093: 13072: 13051: 13030: 13011: 12990: 12818: 12648: 12426: 12242: 11640: 11604: 11442: 11326: 11312: 11092: 9860: 9848: 9252: 9171: 9014: 8942: 8809: 8782: 8774: 8747: 8605: 8598:; Way, Lucan A. (2010). "The Evolution of Post-Soviet Competitive Authoritarianism". 8489: 8251: 8228: 8210: 7694: 7675: 7457: 7370: 7343: 7313: 7293: 7197: 7167: 7138: 7113:Минаев В. Западная Белоруссия и Западная Украина под гнетом панской Польши.—М., 1939. 7089: 7058: 7001: 6913: 6884: 6833: 6806: 6754: 6722: 6681: 6654: 6612: 6506: 6462: 6435: 6407: 6352: 6307: 6263: 6236: 6182: 5998: 5959: 5932: 5893: 5589: 5579: 4968: 4933: 4902: 4678: 4428: 4385: 4373: 3865: 3795:

of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units.

3575: 3562: 2971: 2917: 2578: 2565:

was adopted in March 1994 in which the functions of prime minister were given to the

2471: 2428: 2424: 1995: 1853: 1811: 1629: 1099: 1083: 455: 372: 109: 12619:

Tereshkovich, Pavel; Robert J. Valliere (2001). "The Belarusian Road to Modernity".

12508: 12507:. Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States of America. Archived from 11175: 10747:"Baltarusijos pareigūnai su skydais blokuoja migrantų grąžinimą: kadrai iš pasienio" 9308: 9073: 8482:; Way, Lucan A. (2010). "The Evolution of Post-SovietCompetitive Authoritarianism". 7050:

National purpose in the world economy: post-Soviet states in comparative perspective

6702:"Europe's Last Dictatorship Is Opposed by the Oldest Exiled Government in the World" 4998:

Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. Noticeable gymnasts include

3202:, Lukashenko won again with official results giving him 80% of the vote, leading to 2133:

In January 1919, a part of Belarus under Bolshevik Russian control was declared the

1690:, began military campaigns in 1486 in an attempt to incorporate the former lands of 1252:. An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old 16638: 16577: 16572: 16567: 15742: 15125: 15006: 14831: 14546: 13956: 13889: 13757: 13173: 12632: 12628: 12309: 11632: 11417: 11304: 10861: 10688: 9840: 9594: 9572: 9506: 9442: 9425: 9244: 9163: 8801: 8770: 8735: 8218: 8200: 7805:"Lithuania to Belarus: 'Rather watch hell freeze over' than deliver Tsikhanouskaya" 7728: 7551: 7285: 6373: 5890:

The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name

5637: 5468: 5393: 5381: 5291: 5236: 5230: 5181: 4917: 4674: 4641: 4562: 4447: 4434:

Belarus was once a major center of European Jews, with 10% of the population being

4372:

is one of the oldest churches in Belarus. Its current style is an ideal example of

3977: 3941: 3780: 3768: 3753: 3741: 3666: 3163:. Lukashenko won the election with 80% of the vote; the Russian Federation and the 2597: 2344: 2319: 2161: 1926: 1815: 1668: 1177:. In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the 866: 808: 334: 300: 274: 72: 13177: 12886: 10224:. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. 2009. Archived from 10093:(in Russian). Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus. 2006. Archived from 7614: 6991: 4898: 4038:, the nation's capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents in 2015. 16043: 16038: 16033: 16028: 16023: 15120: 14866: 14601: 14514: 14322: 14201: 14028: 13864: 13367: 13289: 12893: 11878: 11859: 10931: 10930:. Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 2004. Archived from 10899: 10898:. Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 2004. Archived from 9904: 9829:"Market Socialism in Belarus: An Alternative to China's Socialist Market Economy" 9429: 9013:. Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 2004. Archived from 8805: 8599: 8595: 8483: 8479: 8351: 8016:"EU bans 70% of Belarus exports to bloc with new sanctions over Ukraine invasion" 7848: 7507: 6853: 6742: 6589: 6488: 6381: 6348: 5285: 4976: 4960: 4941: 4876: 4871:, often making the quarterfinals. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the 4852: 4809: 4733: 4607: 4591: 4497: 4489: 4413: 3472: 3458: 3429: 3175: 2911: 2845: 2793: 2524:

to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the

2517: 2440: 2309: 2079: 1934: 1789: 1756: 1745: 1217: 1166: 1137:, Belarus gained independence on 25 August 1991. Following the adoption of a new 1118:, along with the Soviet Union. The republic was home to a widespread and diverse 1103: 290: 95: 10397: 9657: 9555:"Belarus: EU imposes sanctions as Lukashenko orders police to clear the streets" 9365: 9339:. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 11 April 2006. Archived from 8907: 8882: 8317: 7988: 7289: 7244: 3725:). Each raion has its own legislative authority, or raion council, (Belarusian: 3673:), which are named after the cities that serve as their administrative centers: 3085: 2454:

By the late 1980s, political liberalization led to a national revival, with the

1595:, swept through c. 400–600 AD, but were unable to dislodge the Slavic presence. 16442: 15727: 14690: 14656: 14579: 14276: 14091: 13961: 13459: 12941: 9961: 9040: 7157: 6555: 6427: 5111: 5079: 4953: 4775: 4752: 4721: 4627: 4551: 4288: 4265: 4234: 4216: 4059: 3982: 3949: 3674: 3620: 3571: 3566: 3362: 3268: 3248: 3240: 3211: 3207: 3082:, although none of those elections were considered free or fair nor democratic. 3004: 2987: 2841: 2781: 2758: 2508:, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. 2487: 2362: 2352: 2348: 2292: 2115: 1984: 1902: 1856:. The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of 1833: 1781: 1737: 1733: 1691: 1676: 1643:

Many early principalities were virtually razed or severely affected by a major

1621: 1604: 1579: 1567: 1406: 1386: 1281: 1265: 1209: 1185: 1115: 1059: 1016: 519: 13221:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555, 556. 12605: 10801:"Poland Says Belarus Is Letting Migrants Cross Border In 'Hybrid War' With EU" 10463: 10198:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. 2002. Archived from 9689:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. 2007. Archived from 9105: 8739: 8375:"Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation" 7184:

Deutsche Herrschaft in Russland, 1941–1945: Eine Studie über Besatzungspolitik

6751:

The Baltic States: Years of Independence – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, 1917–40

6078: 5620:"Belarus leader Lukashenko holds secret inauguration amid continuing protests" 5593: 4895:

in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host.

4619: 2366: 1523:, which are close to Gudija. Yet another hypothesis is based on the idea that 16632: 16614: 16601: 14771: 14613: 14361: 14327: 14161: 13291:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

13212: 12954: 12338: 9852: 8398:

Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194

8214: 7297: 6946: 5928:

Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism

5125: 4438:. But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the 4424: 4252: 4027: 3990: 3961: 3616: 3591: 3515: 3476: 3449: 2740: 2736: 2609: 2596:

centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the

2513: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2386: 2192: 1980: 1917: 1894: 1871: 1402: 1364:

used the term to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

1357: 1244: 1150: 931: 246: 233: 13972: 13164:"The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means?" 12864: 9740:"The U.S. Was Set to Send an Ambassador to Belarus. Then Came the Crackdown" 8205: 7456:(New ed.). New Haven, London: Yale University Press. pp. 237–239. 6019:"Law of the Republic of Belarus – About the name of the Republic of Belarus" 3956:

abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian ruble. As part of the

2496:

Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic

1389:, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as 1287: 16437: 16364: 15732: 15497: 15407: 14776: 14366: 14332: 14281: 12906: 11152: 11151:. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from 10957: 10353: 10250:. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. 11 March 2002 9901:"Belarus-Syria report substantial progress in trade and economic relations" 9690: 8232: 4999: 4839:

as an independent nation. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government,

4697: 4575: 4443: 4342: 4324: 4306: 4270: 4198: 4159: 4043: 4022:

constituting 84.9% of Belarus's total population. Minority groups include:

3945: 3374: 3022: 3008: 2836: 2754: 2357: 2267: 2184: 2156: 2087: 1890: 1777: 1752: 1398: 1296: 1145:

was elected Belarus's first president in the country's first and only free

1095: 366: 310: 15781: 15674:

GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)

13025:

Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994).

13007:

Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States

12287: 12064: 11761: 11544: 11494: 9965: 9573:"UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 8287: 7577: 7478: 7398: 6877:

The global and the local: understanding the dialectics of business systems

3279:

Leaders of Belarus, Russia, Germany, France, and Ukraine at the summit in

2750: 2592:

ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. The

2280: 1429: 951: 16552: 15722: 15580: 15488: 15428: 15336: 14744: 14444: 14261: 14196: 13821: 13714: 13206: 12744: 12422:

Struggle over identity: the official and the alternative "Belarusianness"

12420: 12209:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus. November 2011. 11783: 10138: 10094: 9712: 9130: 8833: 8832:. Press Service of the Council of Europe. 17 January 1997. Archived from 7899:"U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus" 4709: 4705: 4583: 4535:

The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the

4301: 4019: 4018:

According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million with ethnic

4013: 3957: 3877: 3475:

rating is the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as "not free" by

3389: 3256: 3247:

The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the

2980: 2829: 2732: 2406: 2381:. In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million. The 2127: 2055: 2028: 1976: 1875: 1760: 1660: 1555: 1549: 1508: 1178: 1130: 888: 623: 493: 478: 407: 322: 157: 15528:

Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)

12640: 11636: 10712:"In Lithuania, Migrants Find Themselves Caught in a Geopolitical Battle" 10490:"Belarus approves death penalty for officials convicted of high treason" 9334:"Belarus in the aftermath of the Presidential election of 19 March 2006" 2106: 1122:

which dominated politics until well into the 1970s, overseeing Belarus'

16479: 16247: 16186: 16173: 16134: 16121: 15962: 15957: 15909: 15904: 15876: 15843: 15838: 15477: 15472: 15457: 15452: 15442: 15417: 15402: 15387: 15382: 15372: 14675: 14231: 14191: 14171: 14151: 14056: 13454: 11519: 11434: 11005:"Strengthening Institutional Frameworks for Local Governance Programme" 10271:"Nato and Belarus: partnership, past tensions and future possibilities" 9106:""The Election Game": Authoritarian Consolidation Processes in Belarus" 9039:. Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus. 2010. Archived from 8140: 8052:. The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. 7674:(3 ed.). Europa Publications Limited. November 1996. p. 181. 7533: 7305: 7273: 6021:(in Russian). Pravo – Law of the Republic of Belarus. 19 September 1991 5055: 4949: 4840: 4638:

2015, as "her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own".

4596: 4031: 2777: 2553: 2315: 1768:

was formed by the Poles in order to bring Orthodox Christians into the

1562:

as well as other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC. The

1559: 1040: 389: 340: 11949:"Новости – Официальный интернет-портал Президента Республики Беларусь" 10067:. Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus. 2015. Archived from 9928:"Membership of the Republic of Belarus in International Organizations" 9087: 8189:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 7783:"Belarus asks Lithuania to extradite opposition leader Tsikhanouskaya" 4388:

made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the

16377: 15952: 14715: 14573:

Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.

14394: 14166: 12925:"Queen Victoria takes the throne determined to court further success" 11758:"Banknotes and Coins of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus" 10371: 9925: 9447: 9314:. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. December 2004 9201:

Belarus election 'neither free nor fair,' says UN human rights expert

7989:"Ukraine conflict: UK sanctions Belarus for role in Russian invasion" 7085: 6805:(3rd ed.). Lanham (Md.): Rowman & Littlefield. p. 282. 5051: 4439: 3583: 3542: 3519: 3114: 2963: 2856: 2808: 2744: 2032: 1906: 1032: 13227:

Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War

12771: 12238:

Understanding Belarus and how Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

11963:"Belarusian Strongman Lukashenka Bans Price Hikes To Curb Inflation" 10068: 8800:. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer VS. pp. 463–493. 6650:

Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

5994:

Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

3454: 3003:

was denounced as a "fantastic" fake by the chief electoral officer,

2447:

power plant located 16 km beyond the border in the neighboring

1375:, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from 16312: 16273: 16210: 16147: 15894: 14766: 14735: 14685: 14586: 14536: 14506: 14427: 14422: 14312: 14246: 14241: 14216: 14076: 13398: 11716:"No Job? Pay Up. Belarus Imposes Fines for Being Unemployed – News" 11093:"Об административно-территориальном устройстве Республики Беларусь" 10751: 10660: 9632:"CIS: Foreign Ministers, Heads Of State Gather In Minsk For Summit" 9005:"Section IV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts" 8796:

Burkhardt F. (2016). "Belarus". In Fruhstorfer A.; Hein M. (eds.).

4980: 4921: 4283: 4079: 4023: 3973: 3471:

have criticized Lukashenko's violations of human rights. Belarus's

3280: 2825: 2605: 2601: 2111: 2035: 1773: 1769: 1625: 1620:

In the 9th century, the territory of modern Belarus became part of

1356:

to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir

1253: 926: 870: 30:

This article is about the Republic of Belarus. For other uses, see

15507:

1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)

14481: 10956:. Minsk City Executive Committee. 16 December 2009. Archived from 10656:"Belarus dictator threatens to 'flood EU with drugs and migrants'" 10248:"NATO Council adopted individual partnership program with Belarus" 8714:...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator' 8143:. Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus. 2015. 7971:"Britain and Canada impose sanctions on Belarus leader Lukashenko" 7217:"The Partisan Movements in Belarus During World War II (Part Two)" 6560:

Vossoyedineniye uniatov i istoričeskiye sud'bi Belorusskogo naroda

5791: 5697:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Belarus)" 5499:. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. 2021. 4748: 1712: 1082:

in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the

16466: 16325: 16260: 16234: 15967: 15942: 15871: 15828: 15518: 15513: 15462: 15437: 15392: 15367: 14750: 14725: 14720: 14705: 14695: 14670: 14625: 14531: 14271: 14221: 14181: 14136: 14131: 14121: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14081: 14066: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 13086:

Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2001).

11099:. National Center of Legal Information of the Republic of Belarus 10494: 9778:. United States State Department. 22 October 2007. Archived from 9705: 9131:

Foreign Affairs; International Trade Canada (25 September 2012).

8696: 8523: 8348:"The United Nations and Chernobyl – The Republic of Belarus" 8020: 6714: 4701: 4570: 4558: 4405: 4319: 4229: 4211: 4183: 4173: 4051: 4047: 3903:

status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior

3840:

measures of national resource distribution, and it ranks 82nd in

3694: 3686: 3558: 3508: 3496: 3492: 2868: 2821: 2804: 2785: 2773: 2654: 2589: 1905:. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring 1849: 1837: 1785: 1695: 1575: 1343: 1024: 402: 190: 12000:"Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom – Belarus" 9990:. European Commission Migration and Home Affairs. Archived from 9275: 8432:"Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus" 8401:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 6993:

Belarusians and Ukrainians in the policies of the Piłsudski camp

3744:

in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (

2999:

that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. The

16679:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

16505: 16390: 16299: 16160: 15947: 15848: 15467: 15397: 14740: 14730: 14710: 14439: 14317: 14291: 14266: 14256: 14236: 14226: 14211: 14206: 14186: 14156: 14126: 14111: 14086: 14020: 10558:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

10433: 8601:

Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War

8485:

Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War

6973:"Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)" 6556:Воссоединение униатов и исторические судьбы Белорусского народа 6402:

Rowell, S.C. (2005). "Baltic Europe". In Jones, Michael (ed.).

5087: 5067: 4929: 4906: 4808:

Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

4763: 4566: 4420: 4247: 4055: 3788: 3682: 3654: 3624: 3612: 3604: 3554: 3535:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

3428:

Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and

2864: 2860: 2852: 2671: 2251: 2091: 1433: 1273: 1055:; it is administered separately as a city with special status. 1036: 1028: 1020: 204: 12618: 12302:"Belarus, Roman Catholic Church may ink cooperation agreement" 8547:"Analysis | Can people power topple Europe's 'last dictator'?" 7672:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States 1997

6152:. Warsaw: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. pp. 56–68. Archived from 5245: 1844:

The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the

1632:

in 1054, the state split into independent principalities. The

16531: 16419: 16351: 16338: 16286: 16095: 16082: 15932: 15927: 15899: 14541: 14251: 14176: 14146: 13449: 13371: 12406: 11623: 10833: 10599:"Lukashenko blames Americans and drunks for Belarus protests" 9772:"Belarus Democracy Act Will Help Cause of Freedom, Bush Says" 7765:"Protests in Belarus continue despite challenger's departure" 6563: 5260: 5205: 4944:

in 2012. She also won the gold medal in mixed doubles at the

4767: 4477: 4409: 4337: 4193: 4154: 4146: 4136: 4039: 4035: 3714: 3690: 3678: 3300: 2717: 2675: 2240: 2067: 1637: 1276:(i.e., Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mogilev) had been referred to as 1269: 1261: 1173:. Belarus is the only European country that continues to use 1048: 919: 225: 16664:

Member states of the Collective Security Treaty Organization

15312: 13360: 13027:

Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

10128: 10039:"Belarus freezes migrant cooperation deal over EU sanctions" 9110:

Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization

8047:"Could Russia's Reliance on Belarus be its Soft Underbelly?" 7867:"Belarus opposition leader: Foreign mediation may be needed" 6434:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64. 5166:

Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus since the

3155:, who represented a coalition of opposition parties, and by 2571:

election for the presidency on 24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994

2145:(SSR LiB), which lost control of its territories by August. 1616:

in Eastern Europe before the Mongol and Lithuanian invasions

1165:. It has continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as 16518: 16492: 16108: 16008: 15937: 15866: 15673: 14432: 8883:"Belarus – Office of the Directorate General of Programmes" 5638:"Belarus: Mass protests after Lukashenko secretly sworn in" 5306: 5300: 5251: 5196: 5190: 4729: 4725: 4423:, consisting in a mixture of Belarusians and the country's 3381: 3214:

did not recognise the result and the EU imposed sanctions.

2812: 2800: 2123: 1820: 1588: 1584: 1512: 1361: 13205:

Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).

12794:"Шагал в Беларуси: игнорируемый, забытый и снова открытый" 11760:. National Bank of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from 11270:"Russia may cut oil supplies to ally Belarus – Putin" 11066:. Central Election Commission of the Republic of Belarus. 8590:'..an authoritarian ruling style is characteristic of me ' 7077: 6998:

Białorusini i Ukraińcy w polityce obozu piłsudczykowskiego

6338: 5851:"Why Is Belarus called White Russia | Belarus Travel" 5324: 4565:

translated the Bible into Belarusian. It was published in

3033:

The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the

2512:, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with 2328:

in 1941, but in 1943 the German authorities allowed local

2247: 1490:

is not clear. By one hypothesis the word derives from the

13250:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States

13150:

The Last Dictatorship in Europe: Belarus under Lukashenko

12887:

Cultures Profile Project – Eating the Belarusian Way

12371: 12369: 12263:"Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources" 10745:

Beniušis, Vaidotas; Balkūnas, Vidmantas (5 August 2021).

10684:"Belarus dictator weaponizes illegal migrants against EU" 10603: 9617:"Russia-Belarus relations: The future of the union state" 9309:"OSCE Report on the October 2004 parliamentary elections" 9228: 8726:

Liabedzka, Anatoly (2008). "Europe's Last Dictatorship".

8185: 7952:"U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action" 7508:"Belarus: Five things you may not know about the country" 5312: 5040: 4771: 3944:. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the 3933: 3929: 2600:

that runs through Belarus. Two years later the so-called

1751:

In the years following the union, the process of gradual

1728:

On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the

946: 14015: 13234:

The Last Soviet Republic: Alexander Lukashenko's Belarus

12235:

Ioffe, Grigoriĭ Viktorovich; Ioffe, Grigorij V. (2008).

12063:. United Nations Office in Belarus. 2003. Archived from 11806:"Belarus abandons pegging its currency to Russian ruble" 9592: 9214:"Belarus poll workers describe fraud in Aug. 9 election" 8155:"Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)" 7849:"Belarus protests: Why Poland is backing the opposition" 6653:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 57. 5428: 5358: 2828:

cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of

2322:

for Germans. Most of Western Belarus became part of the

2155:

The contested lands were divided between Poland and the

150: 134: 16654:

Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States

12204:"Religion and denominations in the Republic of Belarus" 11145:"Number and territorial distribution of the population" 6903: 13241:

The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

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10922:"Section V: Local government and self-government" 10857:"US, EU, UK and Canada Announce New Belarus Sanctions" 10131:"Military Development and the Armed Forces of Belarus" 6587: 4959:

Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist

3976:

code: BYN) was introduced in July 2016, replacing the

3856:

In April 2022, as a result of its facilitation of the

3561:

in order to detain opposition activist and journalist

2339:

During World War II, Belarus was home to a variety of

1889:

the national cultures were repressed with policies of

1694:, including the territories of modern-day Belarus and 1558:

predominated in what now constitutes Belarus, and the

15487:

Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the

11437:. "Belarus: Prices, Markets, and Enterprise Reform", 11298: 9283:"Lukashenka vs. democracy: Where is Belarus heading?" 8798:

Constitutional Politics in Central and Eastern Europe

7710:"Belarus Economic Crisis Deepens as Currency Plunges" 6801:

Ioffe, Grigorij Viktorovič; Silitski, Vitali (2018).

5805: 5458: 5336: 5327: 5315: 5272: 5263: 5239: 5217: 5208: 5184: 4851:

has never qualified for a major tournament; however,

4720:

The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the

4476:

Bilingual Belarusian–Russian sign in Belarusian town

2143:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

2137:(SSRB) for just two months, but then merged with the 1248:. There are several claims to the origin of the name 13300:

Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union

13085: 12935: 11889: 11887: 11881:

Associated Press, 1 June 2011; retrieved 2 June 2011

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7119:Гiсторыя Беларусі. Том пяты.—Мінск, 2006.—с. 449–474 6715:

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6500: 6079:""Беларусь" vs "Белоруссия": ставим точку в вопросе" 5875: 5511:"Generations and Gender Survey, 2020 Belarus Wave 1" 5321: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5257: 5248: 5242: 5202: 5193: 5187: 5101: 5010:, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics and 4835:

Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the

3127:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2231:

German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II

13157:

Belarus Under Lukashenka: Adaptive Authoritarianism

12768:"Belarus entry to the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest" 12280: 12031:"Национальный состав населения Республики Беларусь" 11492: 9954:"Growth in United Nations membership, 1945–present" 9088:"Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions" 9037:"Deputy Prime Ministers of the Republic of Belarus" 8417:

Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church

2803:deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, 2213:was discouraged. Belarusian leadership was sent to 1959: 980:"FAO's Information System on Water and Agriculture" 11342:"The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad" 11205:"Belarus GDP Distribution Across Economic Sectors" 10129:Bykovsky, Pavel; Alexander Vasilevich (May 2001). 9802:"China's Xi promises Belarus $ 1 billion in loans" 9443:"Belarus: 7 presidential candidates face 15 years" 9419: 8413:"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Belarus" 6773: 6127:"Lithuania Refuses to Call Belarus as "Belarusia"" 3321:Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe 3062:Lukashenko was officially re-elected as president 2653:and other members of the Belarusian opposition in 2645:erupted across the country following the disputed 2470:Leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the 2372:The German occupation in 1941–1944 and war on the 1342:mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke 13047:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 13024: 12175:"International Programs: International Data Base" 12088:О демографической ситуации в январе-марте 2015 г. 11884: 11734:"The EU's Relationship With Belarus – Trade" 11596: 9738:Gramer, Robbie; Mackinnon, Amy (12 August 2020). 9719:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 27 April 2009 9676: 9629: 9504: 9079: 8429: 6540: 5778:"Time Zone & Clock Changes in Minsk, Belarus" 5411:within Belarus, although commonly used in Russia. 4973:800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics 4484:Belarus's two official languages are Russian and 3529:Rally against Lukashenko in Minsk, 23 August 2020 3522:are lacking in Belarus's anti-corruption system. 3267:(CIS). Belarus has trade agreements with several 1870:) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the 1701: 16630: 15190:German occupation of Estonia during World War II 13340:Belorussia: The Making of a Nation: A Case Study 13243:(University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436 pages 13068:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 12134: 12132: 12130: 12128: 11303:. Emerald Publishing Limited. pp. 235–248. 10744: 9426:Belarus opposition leader Andrei Sannikov jailed 7706: 6708: 6608:Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe 6426: 5924: 5817: 4843:is the nation's second most popular sport after 3717:, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: 3101:Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the 2716:, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of 2266:two weeks earlier which marked the beginning of 2209:and Belarusian schools being closed. Use of the 2187:drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish 1720:in the 15th century prior to its union with the 1566:later became widespread at the beginning of the 1524: 1511:. Another hypothesis connects the word with the 1485: 1479: 1473: 1460: 1448: 1264:who had been Christianized early, as opposed to 124: 49: 13318:Treadgold, Donald; Ellison, Herbert J. (1999). 11085: 10430:"In chase of upgrade: serfdom for woodworkers?" 9737: 9476:"Why Belarus' Dictator Is Not Fond of Applause" 4924:whose honours include three gold medals at the 4712:and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College. 4578:. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as 3824:Belarus regions by Gross Regional Product (GRP) 2504:erupted in April 1991. With the support of the 969:Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 16689:States and territories established in the 980s 11872:Belarus Appeals To IMF For $ 8bln Rescue Loan. 11826: 9926:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RB (2007). 9473: 9147: 8830:"Belarus suspended from the Council of Europe" 8281: 8279: 7186:, pp. 234–236. Droste Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf. 6673: 4454:, Belarus has no official religion. While the 3546:girls there had their butts painted in blue". 3395: 3327:. Belarus is included in the European Union's 3272:government and opposition groups in dialogue. 1578:. The region was first permanently settled by 1494: 1129:The parliament of the republic proclaimed the 650:207,595 km (80,153 sq mi) ( 15994: 15797: 15298: 14641: 14001: 13977: 13414: 13268:Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). 12955:"Belarus – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 12623:. Belarus:Between the East and the West (I). 12125: 11669:"What Are The Biggest Industries In Belarus?" 11458: 11456: 11454: 10268: 9103: 8936: 8520:"Interview with Belarus President Lukashenko" 8452: 8135: 8133: 7362: 7130: 6856:. Official website of the Republic of Belarus 6800: 6482:"Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project 6215:Historical Atlas, Ancient and Classical World 5951: 5572:Geopolitics: Making Sense of a Changing World 5569: 5402: 4875:in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club 3037:, make constitutional amendments, call for a 2784:) to −8 °C (17.6 °F) in northeast ( 2379:a staggering quarter of the prewar population 1865: 1454: 1376: 1268:, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan 1208:. It has shown no aspirations of joining the 1043:climate and is administratively divided into 664:1.4% (2.830 km or 1.093 sq mi) 140: 64: 16669:Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union 15713:Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union 14367:autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark 12885:Canadian Citizenship and Immigration – 11631:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 11563: 10627:"EU imposes sanctions on Belarusian economy" 9623: 9588: 9586: 8795: 8666:"Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship" 8248:Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003 7274:"Understanding Belarus: Belarusian Identity" 7163:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin 7036:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 137. 6630: 6628: 6581: 6503:Societies, Corporations and the Nation State 5727:"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Belarus" 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 3972:. A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble ( 3964:(RUB), starting as early as 1 January 2008. 3565:along with his girlfriend; in response, the 3539:protests following the presidential election 2307: 2062:. Centered on the historical capital of the 1772:. The Belarusian church entered into a full 15811: 15602:Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002) 12709: 12707: 11229: 11227: 11225: 10541:. GAN Integrity Solutions. 5 November 2020. 10398:"Lukashenka promises "serfdom" in villages" 10294: 10292: 10161:"Belarus § Military and Security" 10122: 8900: 8594: 8478: 8434:. University of Eastern Finland. p. 14 8276: 8056: 7969:Ljunggren, Josh Smith (29 September 2020). 7700: 7242: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6454: 6448: 6406:. Cambridge University Press. p. 710. 6404:The New Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. 6) 6374:"The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation" 6174: 6101:State Commission of the Lithuanian Language 6038: 6036: 5565: 5563: 4446:, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly 3832:, but at 60th place in the United Nations' 3653:Belarus is divided into six regions called 3630: 3457:depicting Belarusian human rights activist 3380:Belarus has not expressed a desire to join 1347: 1314: 1308: 1133:of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the 16684:States and territories established in 1991 16001: 15987: 15804: 15790: 15617:Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS 15359:1991 agreements parties and "participants" 15305: 15291: 15101:Czech resistance against German occupation 14648: 14634: 14008: 13994: 13421: 13407: 13184:Levy, Patricia; Spilling, Michael (2009). 12987:After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire 12497: 12234: 11786:. National Bank of the Republic of Belarus 11628:Global Innovation Index 2023, 16th Edition 11569: 11486: 11451: 11333: 11023: 10773: 10330:. Human Rights Watch. 2005. Archived from 9919: 9875:"Syria and Belarus agree to promote trade" 9388: 8130: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8040: 8038: 6989: 6955:(Polish edition), second tome, pp. 512–513 6604: 6536: 6534: 6303:Pa sliadakh adnago mifa (Tracing one Myth) 6299: 6143: 3895:Belarus applied to become a member of the 2875: 2538:Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus 2168:, led to famine and political repression. 1507:, in its turn, is one of the names of the 189: 179: 14760:Sovereign states with limited recognition 13106: 12984: 12810: 12425:. Budapest: CEU press. pp. 151–155. 11414:"EU restrictive measures against Belarus" 11111: 10535:"Snapshot of the Belarus Country Profile" 10153: 10031: 10006: 9754:"Modest Advances in US-Belarus Relations" 9583: 9194: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8725: 8684: 8315: 8270: 8222: 8204: 8013: 7968: 7399:"Belarus – Stalin and Russification" 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7338:. Carroll & Graf Publishers. p. 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6735: 6634: 6625: 6525: 6345:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945 6326: 6320: 6201: 6011: 5828: 5682: 3997:created by "unfriendly" foreign nations. 3503:, having carried out executions in 2011. 2458:becoming a major pro-independence force. 1499:, which, in turn, is related to the form 818: 15314:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 14589:which has sovereignty over Vatican City. 13064: 12863:. Fotw.fivestarflags.com. Archived from 12861:"Belarus – Ornament, Flags of the World" 12704: 12579: 12577: 12140:"Belarus § People and Society" 11726: 11222: 10681: 10300:"Human rights by country – Belarus" 10289: 9827:Li, Yan; Cheng, Enfu (1 December 2020). 9394: 9241:The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems 9237:"Presidential and Legislative Elections" 9160:The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems 9156:"Presidential and Legislative Elections" 9097: 8632: 7578:"Belarus – Prelude to Independence" 7571: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7267: 7265: 7029: 6958: 6420: 6255: 6033: 5978: 5952:Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). 5560: 5503: 4897: 4747: 4606: 4522: 4471: 4394:Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church 4364: 3923: 3819: 3811: 3644: 3524: 3448: 3348: 3274: 3227: 3131: 3084: 3021: 2931: 2749: 2630: 2552: 2465: 2396: 2246: 2234: 2166:five-year plans for the national economy 2135:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 2105: 2086:), for 18 months the entity served as a 1963: 1819: 1802:Belarusian history in the Russian Empire 1711: 1624:, a vast East Slavic state ruled by the 1608: 1397:was formed by three parts of Russia—the 1307:is often conflated with its Latin forms 1286: 1126:from an agrarian to industrial economy. 546:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 184: 142:Государственный гимн Республики Беларусь 16010:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 15748:Collective Security Treaty Organization 15325:Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS 13003: 12947: 12548: 12308:. BelITA. 25 April 2009. Archived from 12198: 12196: 11520:"Belarus and CIS countries and Georgia" 11349:Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies 11202: 11137: 10999: 10997: 10774:Wądołowska, Agnieszka (6 August 2021). 10709: 10322: 10320: 9826: 9249:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.001.0001 8760: 8663: 8340: 8086: 8035: 7454:Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship 7366:Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship 7134:Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship 7046: 7033:Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957 6825: 6753:. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 100–102. 6568: 6531: 5869: 5811: 5061: 4965:2015 Road World Time Trial Championship 4648:. In the 19th century, Polish composer 3758:административно-территориальные единицы 3586:authorities and top European officials 3549:On 23 May 2021, Belarusian authorities 3386:International Security Assistance Force 3313:Collective Security Treaty Organization 3263:. Belarus was a founding member of the 2198:Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union 2103:'s confederation plans by Polish ally. 1724:. Belarus was fully within its borders. 1478:(White Russia), Belarus is also called 1428:became commonly used in the regions of 1319:, thus Belarus is often referred to as 1086:, ultimately ending in the rise of the 974: 964: 158:State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus 152:Gosudarstvennyy gimn Respubliki Belarus 14: 16631: 15331:Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS 13502:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 13043: 12944:, OpenNet Initiative, 18 November 2010 12025: 12023: 12021: 11666: 10884: 10882: 10880: 10451:Death sentences and executions in 2011 9650: 9531:. Russia Today Society. Archived from 8992: 8350:. United Nations. 2004. Archived from 8044: 7451: 7383: 7369:. Yale University Press. p. 110. 6933: 6680:. Yale University Press. p. 282. 6401: 6226: 5912: 5719: 5397:; alternatively and formerly known as 4879:, and several have also played in the 4518: 3750:адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі 3373:Most of Belarus's service members are 3107:Republican Party of Labour and Justice 2150:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1188:since its founding and has joined the 559:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 15982: 15785: 15286: 14629: 13989: 13976: 13402: 13347:A Bibliographical Guide to Belorussia 12574: 12418: 12109:. World-gazetteer.com. Archived from 11428: 11358:from the original on 27 November 2007 10653: 10328:"Essential Background – Belarus" 9638:from the original on 16 November 2007 9395:Oliphant, Roland (25 December 2010). 9301: 9293:from the original on 12 August 2020. 9234: 9168:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190258658.013.23 9153: 8366: 8285: 8250:. Taylor & Francis. p. 132. 8239: 8014:Guarascio, Francesco (2 March 2022). 7575: 7562: 7476: 7470: 7396: 7331: 7320: 7271: 7262: 7243:Chernyshova, Natalya (15 June 2022). 7214: 6874: 6741: 6646: 6611:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 26. 6501:Scheuch, E.K.; David Sciulli (2000). 6371: 6262:. Longmans, Green. pp. 491–492. 6137: 5990: 5881: 5741: 5669:"Population at the beginning of 2024" 5574:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 5467: 5437: 5392: 5367: 5168:2020 Belarusian presidential election 5144:Republican Scientific Medical Library 5021: 4993:UFC heavyweight champion of the world 4952:, who holds ten Grand Slam titles in 4936:became the first Belarusian to win a 4893:2021 UEC European Track Championships 3170:After the December completion of the 3142:2006 Belarusian presidential election 2647:2020 Belarusian presidential election 2419:to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from 1784:in 1595, while keeping its Byzantine 1184:The country has been a member of the 207: (dark grey) – [ 201:Location of Belarus (green) 13428: 12663:"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2015" 12562:from the original on 11 October 2007 12193: 12177:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from 11979: 10994: 10510:"2012 Human Rights Reports: Belarus" 10317: 10222:"North Atlantic Treaty Organization" 9820: 9455:from the original on 19 January 2011 9435: 9085: 9062:Belarus vote 'neither free nor fair' 8822: 8645:from the original on 6 December 2021 8580:from the original on 23 October 2007 8530:from the original on 8 November 2021 8377:. International Atomic Energy Agency 8245: 7124: 7102: 7071: 7040: 6868: 6790:from the original on 9 October 2022. 6783:(in Polish). F. Mildner & Sons. 6286:The chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471 5887: 5756:United Nations Development Programme 5655:"Lukashenko appoints new government" 5094:(shared with nine other countries). 4785: 3968:an economic rescue package from the 3405: 3357:on the Belarusian border with Poland 3217: 3015:(the lower house) and the 64-member 2139:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1766:Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church 1214:bilateral relationship with the bloc 1110:were reintegrated into it after the 16659:Member states of the United Nations 15096:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 13162:Korosteleva, Elena A. (June 2016). 13110:Belarus: At a Crossroads in History 12985:Birgerson, Susanne Michele (2002). 12679: 12216:from the original on 9 October 2022 12018: 11829:"Belarus devaluation spreads panic" 11808:. English.pravda.ru. 23 August 2007 11572:"Belarus – Country Brief 2003" 11173: 11073:from the original on 9 October 2022 10914: 10877: 9845:10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.11.4.0428 9203:, United Nations (13 October 2015). 8704:from the original on 6 October 2015 8633:Treisman, Rachel (16 August 2020). 8557:from the original on 24 August 2020 8544: 8167:from the original on 1 October 2008 7249:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History 7182:(German) Dallin, Alexander (1958). 7078:Taylor & Francis Group (2004). 6175:Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2008). 3736: 3649:Administrative divisions of Belarus 3050:and specialized courts such as the 2661:were imposed in 2022 following the 1574:were found in Belarus and parts of 136:Dziaržaŭny Himn Respubliki Biełaruś 24: 16425:Commonwealth of Independent States 15201:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 14902:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic 14655: 13361:Website of the Republic of Belarus 13129: 12961:from the original on 21 April 2006 12621:International Journal of Sociology 12558:. Virtual Guide to Belarus. 1994. 12107:"Largest Cities of Belarus (2007)" 11190:"Gini Coefficient by Country 2023" 10269:Laurie Walker (21 November 2010). 9713:"Belarus president visits Vatican" 9407:from the original on 11 March 2011 9376:from the original on 13 March 2006 8918:from the original on 20 April 2010 8664:Rausing, Sigrid (7 October 2012). 8328:from the original on 24 April 2006 8316:Rainsford, Sarah (26 April 2005). 7829:. Voice of Belarus. 7 January 2021 7215:Ioffe, Grigory (6 February 2015). 7195: 6904:Nick Baron; Peter Gatrell (2004). 6747:"The Early Stages of Independence" 6721:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 308–. 6491:, ucla.edu; accessed 4 March 2016. 6282: 5876:Vauchez, Dobson & Lapidge 2001 5749:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 4778:when greeting a guest or visitor. 4097:Largest cities or towns in Belarus 3870:Commonwealth of Independent States 3627:imposed new sanctions on Belarus. 3551:forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight 3265:Commonwealth of Independent States 2992:change in the constitution in 2004 2594:2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute 2586:2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute 2526:Commonwealth of Independent States 2052:1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division 1867:Белорусское генерал-губернаторство 1503:, which is a distorted version of 1352:" in 1381. The first known use of 1260:that had been populated mostly by 126:Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь 25: 16700: 13715:Union State of Russia and Belarus 13354: 13229:(Columbia University Press, 2014) 13152:(Columbia University Press, 2011) 12839:"Belarusian traditional clothing" 12680:Zou, Crystal (11 December 2003). 12061:"About Belarus – Population" 11784:"History of the Belarusian ruble" 11309:10.1108/978-1-83867-695-720191016 11276:. 25 October 2006. Archived from 10710:Hopkins, Valerie (19 July 2021). 10119:Military Balance 2007, pp. 158–59 9833:World Review of Political Economy 9593:United States Government (2007). 9509:. Parties and Elections in Europe 9366:"Belarus rally marred by arrests" 8618:from the original on 12 June 2020 8455:"Country Report: Belarus Borders" 8372: 8045:Ferris, Emily (12 January 2023). 7887:. eeas.europa.eu. 24 August 2020. 7534:"Post-Soviet Belarus: A Timeline" 7000:] (in Polish). pp. 4–5. 6594:(in Russian). Тип. А.С. 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According to Article 16 of the 4370:Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk 3901:Generalized System of Preferences 2548: 2520:of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in 2152:(BSSR) was created in July 1920. 1795: 1238:is closely related with the term 1157:in international measurements of 1102:(1918–1921), Belarus lost almost 16524: 16511: 16498: 16485: 16472: 16459: 16430: 16396: 16383: 16370: 16357: 16344: 16331: 16318: 16305: 16292: 16279: 16266: 16253: 16240: 16227: 16203: 16179: 16166: 16153: 16140: 16127: 16114: 16101: 16088: 16075: 16062: 15766: 15765: 15156:German occupation in World War I 14607: 14596: 14595: 14290: 12917: 12899: 12896:(1998); retrieved 21 March 2007. 12879: 12853: 12831: 12804: 12786: 12759: 12729: 12673: 12655: 12612: 12590: 12523: 12472: 12446: 12412: 12399: 12344: 12324: 12294: 12255: 12228: 12167: 12099: 12079: 12053: 11992: 11973: 11955: 11941: 11915: 11865: 11846: 11820: 11798: 11776: 11750: 11708: 11686: 11660: 11617: 11590: 11537: 11512: 11406: 11388: 11370: 11292: 11262: 11196: 11182: 11167: 11049: 10982:. 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Short (25 August 2021). 5439:[rɛsˈpublʲikabʲɛlaˈrusʲ] 5290: 5235: 5180: 5118: 5104: 4971:, who won the gold medal in the 4790: 4177: 4167: 4140: 4130: 3711:областной исполнительный комитет 3410: 3261:dispute over the petroleum trade 3161:All Belarusian People's Assembly 3113:opposition parties, such as the 3103:Belarusian Social Sporting Party 2910: 2890: 2851:Belarus borders five countries: 2573:catapulted the formerly unknown 1960:Early states and interwar period 1570:. In addition, remains from the 1543: 1385:) first rose in the days of the 842: 817: 795: 794: 776: 775: 743: 742: 724: 723: 572:Declaration of State Sovereignty 162: 102: 88: 15753:Collective Rapid Reaction Force 15738:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 15561:Unified Team at the Paralympics 13142:List of Slavic studies journals 13089:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages 12977: 12765:National State Teleradiocompany 11895:"ISO 4217 Amendment Number 161" 11667:Sharon, Omondi (14 June 2019). 10539:Business Anti-Corruption Portal 9988:"European Neighbourhood Policy" 9658:"EU imposes Belarus travel ban" 8908:"Profile: Alexander Lukashenko" 8570:"Profile: Alexander Lukashenko" 8103:"Belarus § Geography" 7739: 7721: 7688: 7664: 7629: 7599: 7544: 7526: 7500: 7445: 7428:"Потери гражданского населения" 7420: 7356: 7236: 7208: 7204:: 807 – via ResearchGate. 7189: 7176: 7151: 7023: 7014: 6983: 6897: 6846: 6819: 6794: 6767: 6694: 6667: 6640: 6598: 6588:Иван Петрович Корнилов (1908). 6546: 6541:Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994 6519: 6494: 6475: 6395: 6365: 6332: 6293: 6276: 6249: 6220: 6207: 6195: 6168: 6119: 6103:(in Lithuanian). Archived from 6089: 6085:(in Russian). 26 February 2014. 6071: 5984: 5972: 5945: 5918: 5906: 5843: 5834: 5784: 5770: 5661: 5657:. eng.belta.by. 19 August 2020. 5640:. BBC News. 23 September 2020. 5414: 5173: 4634:, the Belarusian winner of the 4003: 3940:The currency of Belarus is the 2942:Belarus, by constitution, is a 2867:to the north and the east, and 2696:Belarus lies between latitudes 2461: 2220: 1940:During the negotiations of the 1216:, and also participates in the 1135:dissolution of the Soviet Union 13497:Belarusian Democratic Republic 13480:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 12942:"ONI Country Profile: Belarus" 12633:10.1080/15579336.2001.11770234 11827:Yuras Karmanau (25 May 2011). 10837:(in Lithuanian). 6 August 2021 9474:Motlagh, Jason (7 July 2011). 8775:10.1080/1080/09668130500199509 6990:Mironowicz, Eugeniusz (2007). 5931:. Princeton University Press. 5853:. 5 April 2016. Archived from 5647: 5630: 5612: 5600: 5533: 5486: 5156: 5134:List of Belarus-related topics 4887:was hosted in Belarus and the 4378:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3580:migrants to the European Union 2726:Central European mixed forests 2543:Party of Belarusian Communists 2506:Communist Party of Byelorussia 2332:to set up a client state, the 2295:was the first major battle of 2173:western part of modern Belarus 1948:. Immediately afterwards, the 1909:primary school education with 1742:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1708:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1702:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1628:. Upon the death of its ruler 1598: 1284:in the 9th to 13th centuries. 1072:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 843: 533:Belarusian Democratic Republic 13: 1: 15669:Interstate Aviation Committee 15581:CIS national rugby union team 15027:People's Republic of Bulgaria 14551:country of the United Kingdom 13676:Presidential Security Service 13512:Annexation of Western Belarus 13394:FAO Country Profiles: Belarus 13345:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 13338:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 13190:. New York: Benchmark Books. 13178:10.1080/13510347.2015.1005009 12505:"Belarusian National Culture" 11980:Ntim, Zac (10 January 2023). 11422:Council of the European Union 11400:Council of the European Union 11340:Kaare Dahl Martinsen (2002). 11235:"Belarus § Economy" 10632:Council of the European Union 9964:. 3 July 2006. Archived from 8459:University of Eastern Finland 8318:"Belarus cursed by Chernobyl" 6677:The Reconstruction of Nations 5479: 5028:Telecommunications in Belarus 4967:, and middle-distance runner 4812:related to non-recent events. 4803:slanted towards recent events 4654:Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich 4613:Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich 3910: 3432:related to non-recent events. 3423:slanted towards recent events 3333:European Neighbourhood Policy 2663:country's role and complicity 2638:has ruled Belarus since 1994. 2043:Republic of Central Lithuania 1897:which included the return to 1327:. The name first appeared in 1212:but nevertheless maintains a 284:Recognized minority languages 15703:Eurasian Patent Organization 15612:Joint CIS Air Defense System 15576:CIS national ice hockey team 15556:Unified Team at the Olympics 15161:Estonian War of Independence 13661:Ministry of Internal Affairs 13303:. Hoover Institution Press. 12715:"Classical Music of Belarus" 12598:"About Nasha Niva newspaper" 12241:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11967:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty 11600:Transition: The First Decade 11493:Library of Congress (1994). 10806:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 8806:10.1007/978-3-658-13762-5_19 7552:"Belarus profile – Timeline" 6912:. Anthem Press. p. 19. 6306:. Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika. 6097:""Gudija" ar "Baltarusija"?" 4889:2021 IIHF World Championship 4885:2014 IIHF World Championship 4865:2002 Salt Lake City Olympics 4537:Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk 4461: 3224:Foreign relations of Belarus 3151:, Lukashenko was opposed by 3057: 2681: 2427:continued his predecessor's 2383:Jewish population of Belarus 2016:Belarusian People's Republic 1946:Belarusian People's Republic 1484:. The etymology of the word 1436:during the interwar period. 1349:Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto 1223: 1120:anti-Nazi insurgent movement 624:Formation of the Union State 7: 15693:Eurasian Economic Community 15653:2023 Free Trade in Services 14842:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 13624:Central Election Commission 13388:Central Intelligence Agency 13236:(Trafford Publishing, 2007) 13050:. Oxford University Press. 12306:Belarusian Telegraph Agency 12150:Central Intelligence Agency 11551:. Library of Congress. 1995 11245:Central Intelligence Agency 10400:. Charter '97. 28 May 2014. 10171:Central Intelligence Agency 10014:"EU relations with Belarus" 9962:United Nations Organization 9064:BBC News, 10 September 2001 8113:Central Intelligence Agency 7958:. New York. 24 August 2020. 7697:BBC News, 10 September 2001 7647:Central Intelligence Agency 7290:10.1080/0966813032000141105 6774:Żeligowski, Lucjan (1943). 6432:A Concise History of Poland 6430:; Zawadzki, Hubert (2001). 6300:Ermalovich, Mikola (1991). 6181:. Wiley. pp. 203–204. 6178:A Dictionary of Archaeology 6054:Central Intelligence Agency 5958:. Oxford University Press. 5705:International Monetary Fund 5459: 5429: 5359: 5097: 5002:, who earned silver at the 4354: 3970:International Monetary Fund 3958:Union of Russia and Belarus 3919: 3874:Eurasian Economic Community 3858:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3396:Human rights and corruption 3338: 3309:Eurasian Economic Community 3184:2012 parliamentary election 3140:in Minsk in 2006 after the 3001:referendum on the extension 2476:dissolving the Soviet Union 2392: 2227:Byelorussia in World War II 1655:and Lithuania for decades. 1465:). In Russia, the usage of 1461: 1023:to the east and northeast, 585:Declaration of independence 151: 135: 10: 16705: 15920:Free Trade Zone agreements 15698:Eurasian Patent Convention 15607:United Armed Forces (1992) 15571:CIS national football team 14399:British Overseas Territory 14017:Countries and dependencies 13208:"Minsk (government)" 13139: 13133: 11464:"Belarus in Figures, 2016" 10654:Evans, Joe (28 May 2021). 10514:The US Department of State 10354:"Belarus: Country Profile" 9630:Radio Free Europe (2006). 9595:"Background Note: Belarus" 9505:Wolfram Nordsieck (2012). 8975:"Belarus 1994 (rev. 2004)" 8941:. Routledge. p. 274. 8430:Larissa Titarenko (2011). 6378:Sarmatian Review XVII 6233:Cambridge University Press 5031: 5025: 4828: 4743: 4511: 4507: 4465: 4358: 4166: 4129: 4088: 4071:below the replacement rate 4007: 3805: 3801: 3634: 3615:. On 2 December 2021, the 3399: 3342: 3331:program, part of the EU's 3221: 3200:2020 presidential election 3188:Communist Party of Belarus 3172:2010 presidential election 3149:2006 presidential election 3011:comprising the 110-member 2944:semi-presidential republic 2879: 2817:Chernobyl nuclear disaster 2799:Natural resources include 2685: 2615:In 2011, Belarus suffered 2588:when Russian energy giant 2443:from the explosion at the 2334:Belarusian Central Council 2325:Reichskommissariat Ostland 2224: 1805: 1799: 1705: 1634:Battle on the Nemiga River 1602: 1554:From 5000 to 2000 BC, the 1547: 1536: 1532: 1227: 1090:, which became a founding 1078:. In the aftermath of the 695:45.8/km (118.6/sq mi) 421:semi-presidential republic 29: 16540: 16451: 16412: 16219: 16195: 16052: 16016: 15918: 15885: 15857: 15819: 15761: 15683:Outside the CIS framework 15682: 15661: 15625: 15594: 15548: 15527: 15506: 15486: 15431:parties and "members" (9) 15426: 15357: 15346: 15320: 15082:History of Czechoslovakia 14882:First Republic of Armenia 14785: 14759: 14663: 14568: 14524: 14499: 14474: 14461: 14408: 14384: 14377: 14354: 14341: 14299: 14288: 14027: 13983: 13978:Links to related articles 13927: 13850: 13812: 13803: 13736: 13727: 13599: 13590: 13536: 13527: 13440: 12929:The Sydney Morning Herald 12352:"Languages across Europe" 11613:– via Google Books. 11545:"Belarus – Industry" 10378:Reporters Without Borders 9529:"Soviet Local Government" 9086:OSCE (20 December 2010). 8964:Chapter 4, Art. 90 and 91 8740:10.1007/s12290-008-0029-7 7922:. London. 17 August 2020. 7137:. Yale University Press. 7081:Europa World Year, Book 1 6144:Dziarnovič, Aleh (2013). 5925:Philip G. Roeder (2011). 5494:"Belarus in figures 2021" 5451: 5421: 5403: 5385: 5348: 4873:Kontinental Hockey League 4700:was born in Liozna (near 4636:Nobel Prize in Literature 4046:. Other large cities are 3784: 3776: 3757: 3749: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3707:абласны выканаўчы камітэт 3706: 3703:Областной Совет депутатов 3702: 3698: 3670: 3662: 3533:On 1 September 2020, the 3489:Reporters Without Borders 3481:Index of Economic Freedom 3192:Belarusian Agrarian Party 3111:People's Coalition 5 Plus 2361:and the works of authors 1866: 1846:Third Partition of Poland 1744:, created in 1569 by the 1455: 1449: 1377: 1372: 1169:of large sections of the 1112:Soviet invasion of Poland 960: 937: 925: 913: 903: 895: 877: 862: 832: 807: 788: 769: 755: 736: 717: 699: 689: 675: 668: 658: 644: 637: 633: 620: 607: 594: 581: 568: 555: 542: 529: 516: 512: 505: 490: 475: 465: 461: 446: 431: 427: 413: 401: 352: 309: 283: 262: 218: 176: 141: 125: 118: 84: 65: 50: 41: 27:Country in Eastern Europe 16558:SCO Interbank Consortium 14892:Armenian–Azerbaijani war 13656:State Security Committee 13604:Administrative divisions 13475:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 13321:Twentieth Century Russia 13297:Szporluk, Roman (2000). 13288:Snyder, Timothy (2004). 12587:; accessed 4 March 2016. 12341:; retrieved 9 July 2007. 12163:(Archived 2007 edition.) 12087: 11495:"Belarus – Exports" 11258:(Archived 2007 edition.) 10184:(Archived 2007 edition.) 8700:. Berlin. 4 March 2012. 8292:Belarus: A Country Study 8288:"Belarus – Climate" 8126:(Archived 2007 edition.) 7785:. Euronews. 5 March 2021 7660:(Archived 2016 edition.) 7582:Belarus: A Country Study 7483:Belarus: A Country Study 7403:Belarus: A Country Study 7335:Russia's Heroes, 1941–45 7055:Cornell University Press 6832:. Routledge. p. 5. 6590: 6487:22 December 2015 at the 6259:The Conversion of Europe 6067:(Archived 2007 edition.) 5149: 4781: 4734:Belarusian national flag 4715: 4704:) in 1887. He spent the 4687:Benois de la Dance Prize 4683:In Polesye Virgin Forest 4646:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4529:Opera and Ballet Theater 3954:National Bank of Belarus 3897:World Trade Organization 3847: 3731:районный Совет депутатов 3631:Administrative divisions 3597:Belarus–Lithuania border 3518:protection and national 3479:, as "repressed" in the 3325:U.S. Helsinki Commission 3013:House of Representatives 2651:Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya 2621:2011 Minsk Metro bombing 2617:a severe economic crisis 2533:Belarusian Popular Front 2492:Belarusian Popular Front 2456:Belarusian Popular Front 2415:implemented a policy of 2285:invaded the Soviet Union 2064:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1989:Standing, left to right: 1738:marriage of their rulers 1718:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1649:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1258:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1068:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 500:House of Representatives 32:Belarus (disambiguation) 15813:Eurasian Economic Union 15718:Eurasian Economic Union 15566:CIS national bandy team 15186:Estonia in World War II 15146:Estophile Enlightenment 15002:Second Bulgarian Empire 14555:British-Irish Agreement 13781:International sanctions 13465:Principality of Polotsk 13366:15 January 2018 at the 13218:Encyclopædia Britannica 13107:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 13071:. Intercultural Press. 13065:Richmond, Yale (1995). 13044:Plokhy, Serhii (2001). 13004:Minahan, James (1998). 12682:"Ballets for Christmas" 12556:"Old Belarusian Poetry" 12531:"Belarusian Literature" 11858:14 January 2014 at the 10927:Constitution of Belarus 10895:Constitution of Belarus 10581:"Das verprügelte Minsk" 9010:Constitution of Belarus 8962:Constitution of Belarus 8576:. BBC. 9 January 2007. 7956:The Wall Street Journal 7452:Wilson, Andrew (2011). 7166:. Basic Books. p. 160. 7030:Lubachko, Ivan (1972). 6881:Oxford University Press 6826:Marples, David (1999). 6749:. In Gerald Onn (ed.). 6674:Timothy Snyder (2002). 6647:Ioffe, Grigory (2008). 6576:Russian policy ... 6227:Plokhy, Serhii (2006). 5991:Ioffe, Grigory (2008). 5607:Constitution of Belarus 4991:fighter and the former 4863:finished fourth at the 4831:Belarus at the Olympics 4692:Eurovision Song Contest 4681:, creator of the opera 4010:Demographics of Belarus 3886:Global Innovation Index 3882:purchasing power parity 3838:lowest Gini-coefficient 3834:Human Development Index 3785:территориальные единицы 3699:абласны Савет Дэпутатаў 3601:Krystsina Tsimanouskaya 3402:Human rights in Belarus 3353:Soldiers patrol in the 3345:Armed Forces of Belarus 3305:Eurasian Economic Union 3121:, won any seats in the 3017:Council of the Republic 2937:Government House, Minsk 2876:Government and politics 2437:rapid industrialisation 2306:until 1944. The German 2256:occupied Soviet Belarus 1970:Sitting, left to right: 1942:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1860:were included into the 1505:Sudwa, Sudovia. Sudovia 1495: 1472:In Lithuanian, besides 1293:Cross of St. Euphrosyne 1064:Principality of Polotsk 973: 963: 728:$ 221.186 billion ( 485:Council of the Republic 263:Official languages 15427:Additionally the 1993 14987:First Bulgarian Empire 14391:(Sovereign Base Areas) 14072:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13860:Awards and decorations 13247:Ryder, Andrew (1998). 13239:Rudling, Pers Anders. 13172:: 4 pp. 678–698. 12814:Атлас мировой живописи 11694:"Accessions – Belarus" 10585:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 10436:. 2012. Archived from 9216:. AP. 1 September 2020 9135:. Government of Canada 9104:Sofie Bedford (2017). 8937:Jeffries, Ian (2004). 7479:"Belarus- Perestroika" 7363:Andrew Wilson (2011). 7332:Axell, Albert (2002). 7131:Andrew Wilson (2011). 7047:Abdelal, Rawi (2001). 6505:. Brill. p. 187. 5162:A number of countries 4914: 4883:in North America. The 4881:National Hockey League 4849:national football team 4756: 4656:and created the opera 4624:Uladzimir Karatkievich 4615: 4532: 4481: 4381: 3987:copyright infringement 3937: 3825: 3817: 3777:тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі 3762:urban-type settlements 3727:раённы Савет Дэпутатаў 3650: 3530: 3461: 3358: 3284: 3244: 3153:Alaksandar Milinkievič 3144: 3098: 3091:former flag of Belarus 3030: 2939: 2761: 2722:Sarmatic mixed forests 2668:state-owned enterprise 2639: 2558: 2479: 2402: 2385:was devastated during 2308: 2259: 2244: 2215:Bereza Kartuska prison 2183:was no exception. The 2177:Second Polish Republic 2130: 2083: 2075: 2011: 1913:literacy was allowed. 1862:Belarusian Governorate 1841: 1830:his invasion of Russia 1725: 1617: 1587:, among whom were the 1572:Dnieper–Donets culture 1525: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1469:is still very common. 1348: 1315: 1309: 1300: 1108:Second Polish Republic 780:$ 68.864 billion ( 15633:Common Economic Space 14927:Stalinist repressions 14418:Bailiwick of Guernsey 14389:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13470:Principality of Turov 13271:The A to Z of Belarus 12989:. Praeger/Greenwood. 12892:20 March 2007 at the 12419:Bekus, Nelly (2010). 11149:census.belstat.gov.by 11097:world_of_law.pravo.by 10304:Amnesty International 8856:"Republic of Belarus" 8286:Fedor, Helen (1995). 8246:Bell, Imogen (2002). 8206:10.1093/biosci/bix014 7576:Fedor, Helen (1995). 7477:Fedor, Helen (1995). 7397:Fedor, Helen (1995). 6875:Sorge, Arndt (2005). 6718:The A to Z of Belarus 5084:Belovezhskaya Pushcha 5034:Censorship in Belarus 5004:2008 Beijing Olympics 4940:singles title at the 4901: 4751: 4610: 4557:By the 16th century, 4526: 4475: 4368: 3995:intellectual property 3948:and it has undergone 3927: 3823: 3815: 3793:administrative center 3648: 3635:Further information: 3609:Belarus–Poland border 3528: 3465:Amnesty International 3452: 3400:Further information: 3352: 3290:Belarus Democracy Act 3283:, 11–12 February 2015 3278: 3231: 3190:won 3 seats, and the 3135: 3093:, used in 1918, then 3088: 3025: 2968:judicial independence 2935: 2764:The highest point is 2753: 2634: 2563:national constitution 2556: 2531:In January 1992, the 2510:Stanislav Shushkevich 2469: 2400: 2270:. The territories of 2250: 2238: 2175:remained part of the 2109: 2025:Imperial Russian Army 1967: 1899:Orthodox Christianity 1823: 1806:Further information: 1715: 1706:Further information: 1612: 1603:Further information: 1548:Further information: 1290: 1104:half of its territory 982:. FAO. Archived from 971:Section 1, Article 17 660:• Water (%) 16649:Landlocked countries 16563:Eurasian Land Bridge 16404:United Arab Emirates 14897:Turkish–Armenian War 13915:World Heritage Sites 12817:. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. 12583:"Belarus: history", 12535:yivoencyclopedia.org 12330:Minsk Jewish Campus 12288:"Belarus – Religion" 11877:7 March 2016 at the 11441:. World Bank, 1997; 10135:Moscow Defense Brief 9881:. BBC. 13 March 1998 9808:. London. 7 May 2008 9451:. 22 December 2010. 9162:. pp. 282–302. 8526:. 27 November 2012. 8074:on 21 September 2013 7940:. 24 September 2020. 7905:. 24 September 2020. 7855:. 10 September 2020. 7222:Jamestown Foundation 6341:Aleksander Gieysztor 6339:Lerski, George Jan; 5888:Bely, Alies (2000). 5626:. 23 September 2020. 5394:[bʲɪlɐˈrusʲ] 5369:[bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] 5072:World Heritage Sites 5062:World Heritage Sites 5016:2012 London Olympics 4946:2012 Summer Olympics 4926:2014 Winter Olympics 4909:player and a former 4861:national hockey team 4837:1994 Winter Olympics 4611:Poet and librettist 4502:Alexander Lukashenko 4468:Languages of Belarus 4374:baroque architecture 3830:a developing country 3641:Districts of Belarus 3588:Ursula von der Leyen 3319:since 1998, and the 3317:Non-Aligned Movement 3315:, the international 3234:Alexander Lukashenko 3052:Constitutional Court 3009:bicameral parliament 2960:Alexander Lukashenko 2948:separation of powers 2898:Alexander Lukashenko 2790:continental climates 2688:Geography of Belarus 2636:Alexander Lukashenko 2575:Alexander Lukashenko 2567:President of Belarus 2297:Operation Barbarossa 2048:the staged rebellion 2021:Imperial German Army 1931:Konstanty Kalinowski 1920:drive in the 1840s, 1848:by Imperial Russia, 1414:Bolshevik Revolution 1338:; the chronicles of 1230:Etymology of Belarus 1206:Non-Aligned Movement 1159:freedom of the press 1153:government. Belarus 1143:Alexander Lukashenko 1092:constituent republic 1019:. It is bordered by 677:• 2024 estimate 611:Current constitution 441:Alexander Lukashenko 423:under a dictatorship 16644:Countries in Europe 16611: / 15887:Prospective members 15176:Soviet deportations 14917:Bronze and Iron Age 14887:Armeno-Georgian War 14802:Prehistoric Armenia 14511:unincorporated area 14440:Bailiwick of Jersey 14302:States with limited 13519:Republic of Belarus 13342:(Harvard UP, 1956). 13274:. Scarecrow Press. 13029:. Greenwood Press. 12867:on 9 September 2011 12774:on 24 February 2008 12692:on 25 February 2005 12511:on 10 February 2006 12460:. 26 September 2022 12006:on 23 February 2007 11637:10.34667/tind.46596 11578:on 10 December 2007 11570:World Bank (2006). 11474:on 21 February 2021 11382:European Commission 11011:. Council of Europe 10902:on 17 December 2007 10726:on 28 December 2021 10202:on 30 November 2007 10097:on 17 December 2007 9994:on 21 November 2020 9968:on 16 December 2007 9693:on 17 February 2008 9535:on 21 February 2009 9486:on 7 September 2013 9401:The Daily Telegraph 9017:on 17 December 2007 8763:Europe-Asia Studies 8453:Larissa Titarenko. 8296:Library of Congress 7873:. 9 September 2020. 7586:Library of Congress 7540:. 24 February 2006. 7487:Library of Congress 7407:Library of Congress 7278:Europe-Asia Studies 7196:Exeler, Franziska. 7086:Europa publications 6605:D. Marples (1996). 6458:A History of Russia 6351:. pp. 181–82. 6107:on 30 November 2020 5452:Республика Беларусь 5430:Respublika Byelarus 5422:Рэспубліка Беларусь 5092:Struve Geodetic Arc 5048:Tata Communications 4869:World Championships 4755:, the national dish 4738:disputed referendum 4650:Stanisław Moniuszko 4632:Svetlana Alexievich 4519:Arts and literature 4361:Religion in Belarus 3905:most favored nation 3789:presidential decree 3485:Press Freedom Index 3367:Soviet Armed Forces 3361:Lieutenant General 3329:Eastern Partnership 3236:shaking hands with 3019:(the upper house). 2882:Politics of Belarus 2840:was reported to be 2766:Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 2670:industrial sector. 2626:UN Security Council 2557:1997 map of Belarus 2341:guerrilla movements 2239:German soldiers in 2211:Belarusian language 2181:Belarusian minority 2141:(LSSR) to form the 2096:a disputed election 2050:of soldiers of the 1954:government in exile 1808:Kościuszko Uprising 1456:Республика Беларусь 1450:Рэспубліка Беларусь 1445:Republic of Belarus 1346:and his mother at " 1336:medieval literature 1098:in 1922. After the 1051:is the capital and 1009:Republic of Belarus 598:Republic of Belarus 243: / 66:Республика Беларусь 51:Рэспубліка Беларусь 43:Republic of Belarus 15643:1994 FTA Agreement 15586:CIS Cup (football) 15151:National awakening 15061:Kingdom of Bohemia 14982:Old Great Bulgaria 14957:Soviet repressions 14410:Crown Dependencies 13766:Telecommunications 13561:Biosphere Reserves 13507:Western Belorussia 13383:The World Factbook 13349:(Harvard UP, 1956) 13324:. Westview Press. 13148:Bennett, Brian M. 13113:. Westview Press. 12931:. 29 January 2012. 12907:"Darya Domracheva" 12841:. Belarusguide.com 12811:Геташвили (2006). 12717:. Belarusguide.com 12337:24 August 2013 at 12290:. Country Studios. 12181:on 8 February 2017 12145:The World Factbook 12067:on 17 October 2007 12041:on 17 October 2021 12035:www.belstat.gov.by 11468:www.belstat.gov.by 11240:The World Factbook 11176:"Country Insights" 10934:on 5 November 2007 10717:The New York Times 10607:. 9 September 2020 10561:. 1 September 2020 10418:(in Polish). 2014. 10334:on 15 January 2005 10277:on 20 October 2013 10196:"Belarus and NATO" 10166:The World Factbook 9934:on 5 December 2007 9907:on 20 January 2008 9782:on 16 October 2007 9664:. 19 November 2002 9346:on 11 January 2012 9289:. 10 August 2020. 8861:Human Rights Watch 8160:. United Nations. 8108:The World Factbook 7715:The New York Times 7642:The World Factbook 7607:"History, Belarus" 7316:– via JSTOR. 6704:. 26 January 2016. 6637:, pp. 105–106 6564:Pravoslavie portal 6235:. pp. 94–95. 6049:The World Factbook 5780:. timeanddate.com. 5546:CIA World Factbook 5521:on 16 October 2022 5460:Respublika Belarus 5139:Outline of Belarus 5076:Mir Castle Complex 5022:Telecommunications 5012:Melitina Staniouta 5008:Liubov Charkashyna 4979:, who was born in 4915: 4855:has played in the 4760:Belarusian cuisine 4757: 4630:. He was named by 4616: 4582:, Kazimir Svayak, 4533: 4514:Culture of Belarus 4482: 4456:freedom of worship 4382: 4075:net migration rate 3938: 3928:Belarusian annual 3826: 3818: 3808:Economy of Belarus 3651: 3637:Regions of Belarus 3619:, European Union, 3531: 3501:capital punishment 3469:Human Rights Watch 3462: 3359: 3295:Relations between 3285: 3245: 3157:Alyaksandr Kazulin 3145: 3119:United Civic Party 3099: 3039:vote of confidence 3031: 2940: 2859:to the northwest, 2762: 2692:Climate of Belarus 2640: 2559: 2502:Wide-scale strikes 2480: 2478:, 8 December 1991. 2421:Western influences 2403: 2272:Western Belorussia 2264:invasion of Poland 2260: 2245: 2203:Ukrainian minority 2189:National Democracy 2131: 2012: 1973:Aliaksandar Burbis 1842: 1726: 1688:Ivan III of Russia 1673:Battle of Grunwald 1618: 1564:Zarubintsy culture 1539:History of Belarus 1462:Respublika Belarus 1416:in 1917, the term 1301: 1175:capital punishment 1080:Russian Revolution 1013:landlocked country 986:on 26 January 2012 765:2023 estimate 713:2023 estimate 311:Ethnic groups 195:Show map of Europe 16594: 16593: 16588: 16587: 16568:Working languages 16220:Dialogue partners 15976: 15975: 15779: 15778: 15544: 15543: 15280: 15279: 15091:German occupation 14962:German occupation 14922:Early Middle Ages 14877:Caucasus campaign 14872:Armenian genocide 14623: 14622: 14564: 14563: 14486:autonomous region 14457: 14456: 14453: 14452: 13970: 13969: 13923: 13922: 13799: 13798: 13723: 13722: 13693:Political parties 13631:Foreign relations 13586: 13585: 13281:978-1-4617-3174-0 13232:Parker, Stewart. 13225:Marples, David. ' 13197:978-0-7614-3411-5 13159:(Routledge, 2015) 12824:978-5-373-00553-1 12800:on 26 March 2016. 12608:on 25 March 2016. 12432:978-963-9776-68-5 12248:978-0-7425-5558-7 12148:(2024 ed.). 12113:on 1 October 2007 11746:on 25 March 2009. 11610:978-0-262-02505-8 11398:(Press release). 11380:(Press release). 11318:978-1-83867-696-4 11243:(2024 ed.). 11174:Nations, United. 11031:"State Structure" 10865:. 2 December 2021 10780:Notes From Poland 10470:. 4 February 2022 10228:on 16 August 2014 10169:(2024 ed.). 10018:Council of the EU 9561:. 19 August 2020. 9258:978-0-19-025865-8 9177:978-0-19-025865-8 8815:978-3-658-13761-8 8611:978-1-139-49148-8 8545:Tharoor, Ishaan. 8495:978-1-139-49148-8 8111:(2024 ed.). 8068:Land of Ancestors 7771:. 11 August 2020. 7753:. 19 August 2020. 7558:. 20 August 2018. 7463:978-0-300-25921-6 7376:978-0-300-13435-3 7144:978-0-300-13435-3 7095:978-1-85743-254-1 7064:978-0-8014-3879-0 7007:978-83-89190-87-1 6919:978-1-84331-385-4 6890:978-0-19-153534-5 6854:"Belarus history" 6812:978-1-5381-1706-4 6777:Zapomniane prawdy 6728:978-1-4617-3174-0 6687:978-0-300-12841-3 6660:978-0-7425-5558-7 6618:978-0-230-37831-5 6468:978-0-19-512179-7 6441:978-0-521-55917-1 6313:978-5-343-00876-0 6269:978-0-00-750296-7 6188:978-0-470-75196-1 6052:(2024 ed.). 6004:978-0-7425-5558-7 5965:978-0-19-983799-1 5938:978-0-691-13467-3 5707:. 10 October 2023 5609:, 106, 97.5 97.7. 5585:978-1-5381-3540-2 5515:ggpsurvey.ined.fr 5457: 5427: 5357: 5066:Belarus has four 4969:Maryna Arzamasava 4934:Victoria Azarenka 4903:Victoria Azarenka 4827: 4826: 4679:Anatoly Bogatyrev 4402:Greek Catholicism 4398:Roman Catholicism 4392:, though a small 4386:Eastern Orthodoxy 4351: 4350: 3878:Union with Russia 3603:and her husband, 3576:human trafficking 3563:Roman Protasevich 3447: 3446: 3355:Białowieża Forest 3297:China and Belarus 3238:Russian President 3218:Foreign relations 2983:, and democracy. 2972:Council of Europe 2956:National Assembly 2925: 2918:Roman Golovchenko 2905: 2794:maritime climates 2704:, and longitudes 2659:Further sanctions 2579:Vyacheslav Kebich 2522:Białowieża Forest 2486:for seats in the 2472:Belavezha Accords 2429:cultural hegemony 2425:Nikita Khrushchev 2304:German occupation 2207:Orthodox churches 2060:Lucjan Żeligowski 1996:Pyotra Krecheuski 1950:Polish–Soviet War 1858:Catherine II 1832:and crossing the 1828:retreating after 1812:November Uprising 1732:were joined in a 1730:Kingdom of Poland 1722:Kingdom of Poland 1630:Yaroslav the Wise 1492:Old Prussian name 1256:lands within the 1100:Polish-Soviet War 1031:to the west, and 1007:, officially the 1002: 1001: 790:• Per capita 738:• Per capita 603:19 September 1991 470:National Assembly 456:Roman Golovchenko 373:Eastern Orthodoxy 247:53.917°N 27.550°E 169: 16:(Redirected from 16696: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16530: 16528: 16527: 16517: 16515: 16514: 16504: 16502: 16501: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16478: 16476: 16475: 16465: 16463: 16462: 16436: 16434: 16433: 16402: 16400: 16399: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16376: 16374: 16373: 16363: 16361: 16360: 16350: 16348: 16347: 16337: 16335: 16334: 16324: 16322: 16321: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16285: 16283: 16282: 16272: 16270: 16269: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16246: 16244: 16243: 16233: 16231: 16230: 16209: 16207: 16206: 16185: 16183: 16182: 16172: 16170: 16169: 16159: 16157: 16156: 16146: 16144: 16143: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16120: 16118: 16117: 16107: 16105: 16104: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16081: 16079: 16078: 16068: 16066: 16065: 16003: 15996: 15989: 15980: 15979: 15859:Observer members 15806: 15799: 15792: 15783: 15782: 15769: 15768: 15743:New Union Treaty 15708:EU Technical Aid 15355: 15354: 15307: 15300: 15293: 15284: 15283: 15126:Livonian Crusade 15057:High Middle Ages 15052:Duchy of Bohemia 14992:Christianization 14977:Odrysian kingdom 14837:Mongol invasions 14832:Medieval Armenia 14827:Sasanian Armenia 14812:Artaxiad dynasty 14664:Sovereign states 14650: 14643: 14636: 14627: 14626: 14611: 14599: 14598: 14585:Governed by the 14547:Northern Ireland 14490:Åland convention 14472: 14471: 14382: 14381: 14352: 14351: 14294: 14029:Sovereign states 14010: 14003: 13996: 13987: 13986: 13974: 13973: 13950: 13943: 13936: 13905:National symbols 13865:Belarusian names 13810: 13809: 13761: 13734: 13733: 13597: 13596: 13534: 13533: 13423: 13416: 13409: 13400: 13399: 13335: 13314: 13285: 13264: 13222: 13210: 13201: 13155:Frear, Matthew. 13124: 13103: 13082: 13061: 13040: 13021: 13000: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12932: 12921: 12915: 12914: 12903: 12897: 12883: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12857: 12851: 12850: 12848: 12846: 12835: 12829: 12828: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12796:. Archived from 12790: 12784: 12783: 12781: 12779: 12770:. Archived from 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12743:. Archived from 12733: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12711: 12702: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12688:. Archived from 12677: 12671: 12670: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12604:. Archived from 12594: 12588: 12581: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12541: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12501: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12416: 12410: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12387:on 3 August 2017 12383:. Archived from 12373: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12348: 12342: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12312:on 26 March 2012 12298: 12292: 12291: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12259: 12253: 12252: 12232: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12215: 12208: 12200: 12191: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12171: 12165: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12136: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12103: 12097: 12096: 12083: 12077: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12037:. Archived from 12027: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12002:. Archived from 11996: 11990: 11989: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11945: 11939: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11929:on 25 March 2016 11925:. Archived from 11919: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11902:Currency-iso.org 11899: 11891: 11882: 11869: 11863: 11850: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11824: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11802: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11780: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11739:. Archived from 11738: 11730: 11724: 11723: 11720:The Moscow Times 11712: 11706: 11705: 11703: 11701: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11574:. Archived from 11567: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11470:. Archived from 11460: 11449: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11418:European Council 11410: 11404: 11403: 11402:. 3 August 2023. 11392: 11386: 11385: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11357: 11346: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11296: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11266: 11260: 11255: 11253: 11251: 11231: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11203:O'Neill, Aaron. 11200: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11089: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11072: 11061: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11035:president.gov.by 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11001: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10918: 10912: 10911: 10909: 10907: 10886: 10875: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10862:Voice of America 10853: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10814: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10725: 10720:. Archived from 10707: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10689:Atlantic Council 10679: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10668: 10651: 10645: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10623: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10595: 10589: 10588: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10506: 10500: 10499: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10475: 10464:"Rainbow Europe" 10460: 10454: 10448: 10442: 10441: 10440:on 26 July 2014. 10426: 10420: 10419: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10384: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10360:. 20 April 2023. 10350: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10324: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10296: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10273:. Archived from 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10255: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10207: 10192: 10186: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10157: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10146: 10137:. Archived from 10126: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10087: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10052: 10050: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9950: 9944: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9930:. Archived from 9923: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9888: 9886: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9798: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9768: 9762: 9761: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9687:"Foreign Policy" 9683: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9669: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9590: 9581: 9580: 9569: 9563: 9562: 9551: 9545: 9544: 9542: 9540: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9514: 9502: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9491: 9482:. Archived from 9471: 9465: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9439: 9433: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9383: 9381: 9372:. 2 March 2006. 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9313: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9265: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9128: 9122: 9121: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9033: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9001: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8934: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8904: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8893: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8836:on 26 April 2006 8826: 8820: 8819: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8709: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8630: 8625: 8623: 8596:Levitsky, Steven 8592: 8587: 8585: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8542: 8537: 8535: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8504: 8502: 8480:Levitsky, Steven 8476: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8373:Smith, Marilyn. 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8313: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8283: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8243: 8237: 8236: 8226: 8208: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8128: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8099: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7912: 7906: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7871:Associated Press 7863: 7857: 7856: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7807:. Deutsche Welle 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7769:Associated Press 7761: 7755: 7754: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7712: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7668: 7662: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7613:. Archived from 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7573: 7560: 7559: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7514:. 11 August 2020 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7424: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7413: 7394: 7381: 7380: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7329: 7318: 7317: 7269: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7193: 7187: 7180: 7174: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7128: 7122: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7044: 7038: 7037: 7027: 7021: 7018: 7012: 7011: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6979:on 23 June 2008. 6975:. Archived from 6969: 6956: 6952:God's Playground 6944: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6782: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6743:Rauch, Georg von 6739: 6733: 6732: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6692: 6691: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6585: 6579: 6572: 6566: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6498: 6492: 6479: 6473: 6472: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6141: 6135: 6134: 6133:. 16 April 2010. 6123: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6075: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6015: 6009: 6008: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5832: 5826: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5753: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5693: 5680: 5679: 5673: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5616: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5517:. Archived from 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5456:romanized: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5426:romanized: 5425: 5423: 5418: 5412: 5409:often proscribed 5406: 5405: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5339: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5289: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5234: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5164:do not recognize 5160: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 4985:Byelorussian SSR 4918:Darya Domracheva 4857:Champions League 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810:add more content 4794: 4793: 4786: 4675:Second World War 4642:Music in Belarus 4563:Francysk Skaryna 4541:Independence Day 4181: 4171: 4144: 4134: 4098: 4086: 4085: 3978:Belarusian ruble 3942:Belarusian ruble 3786: 3778: 3759: 3751: 3742:Local government 3737:Local government 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3672: 3664: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430:add more content 3414: 3413: 3406: 3307:(previously the 3109:(RPTS), nor the 2950:, governed by a 2921: 2914: 2901: 2894: 2846:public ownership 2780:) in southwest ( 2598:Druzhba pipeline 2345:Soviet partisans 2313: 2162:collectivization 2000:Kastuś Jezavitaŭ 1869: 1868: 1816:January Uprising 1669:Teutonic Knights 1528: 1498: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1351: 1318: 1312: 1088:Byelorussian SSR 995: 993: 991: 977: 967: 886: 867:Belarusian ruble 853: 852: 846: 845: 839: 828: 827: 821: 820: 814: 798: 797: 779: 778: 762: 746: 745: 727: 726: 710: 258: 257: 255: 254: 253: 248: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 221:and largest city 196: 193: 186: 183: 171: 170: 154: 148: 144: 143: 138: 132: 128: 127: 106: 92: 76: 68: 67: 61: 53: 52: 39: 38: 21: 16704: 16703: 16699: 16698: 16697: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16629: 16628: 16619: 16617: 16613: 16610: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16597: 16595: 16590: 16589: 16584: 16536: 16525: 16523: 16512: 16510: 16499: 16497: 16486: 16484: 16473: 16471: 16460: 16458: 16447: 16431: 16429: 16408: 16397: 16395: 16384: 16382: 16371: 16369: 16358: 16356: 16345: 16343: 16332: 16330: 16319: 16317: 16306: 16304: 16293: 16291: 16280: 16278: 16267: 16265: 16254: 16252: 16241: 16239: 16228: 16226: 16215: 16204: 16202: 16196:Observer states 16191: 16180: 16178: 16167: 16165: 16154: 16152: 16141: 16139: 16128: 16126: 16115: 16113: 16102: 16100: 16089: 16087: 16076: 16074: 16063: 16061: 16048: 16012: 16007: 15977: 15972: 15914: 15881: 15853: 15815: 15810: 15780: 15775: 15757: 15678: 15657: 15648:2011 FTA Treaty 15621: 15590: 15540: 15523: 15502: 15482: 15422: 15342: 15316: 15311: 15281: 15276: 15171:Soviet invasion 15131:Danish conquest 15121:Ancient Estonia 14822:Arsacid dynasty 14807:Orontid dynasty 14781: 14755: 14659: 14654: 14624: 14619: 14592: 14580:Oceanic islands 14560: 14553:subject to the 14520: 14515:Svalbard Treaty 14513:subject to the 14495: 14488:subject to the 14468: 14466: 14464: 14449: 14404: 14373: 14348: 14345: 14337: 14323:Northern Cyprus 14306: 14303: 14295: 14286: 14202:North Macedonia 14023: 14014: 13979: 13971: 13966: 13953: 13946: 13939: 13932: 13919: 13910:Public holidays 13846: 13795: 13759: 13719: 13666:Internal Troops 13651:Law enforcement 13582: 13556:Protected areas 13523: 13436: 13427: 13368:Wayback Machine 13357: 13352: 13332: 13317: 13311: 13296: 13282: 13267: 13261: 13246: 13204: 13198: 13183: 13167:Democratization 13144: 13138: 13132: 13130:Further reading 13127: 13121: 13100: 13079: 13058: 13037: 13018: 12997: 12980: 12975: 12974: 12964: 12962: 12953: 12952: 12948: 12940: 12936: 12923: 12922: 12918: 12911:www.olympic.org 12905: 12904: 12900: 12894:Wayback Machine 12884: 12880: 12870: 12868: 12859: 12858: 12854: 12844: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12825: 12809: 12805: 12792: 12791: 12787: 12777: 12775: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12737:"Eurovision.tv" 12735: 12734: 12730: 12720: 12718: 12713: 12712: 12705: 12695: 12693: 12678: 12674: 12661: 12660: 12656: 12617: 12613: 12596: 12595: 12591: 12582: 12575: 12565: 12563: 12554: 12553: 12549: 12539: 12537: 12529: 12528: 12524: 12514: 12512: 12503: 12502: 12498: 12488: 12486: 12478: 12477: 12473: 12463: 12461: 12452: 12451: 12447: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12417: 12413: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12375: 12374: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12350: 12349: 12345: 12329: 12325: 12315: 12313: 12300: 12299: 12295: 12286: 12285: 12281: 12271: 12269: 12261: 12260: 12256: 12249: 12233: 12229: 12219: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12173: 12172: 12168: 12154: 12152: 12138: 12137: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12070: 12068: 12059: 12058: 12054: 12044: 12042: 12029: 12028: 12019: 12009: 12007: 11998: 11997: 11993: 11978: 11974: 11961: 11960: 11956: 11947: 11946: 11942: 11932: 11930: 11921: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11904: 11897: 11893: 11892: 11885: 11879:Wayback Machine 11870: 11866: 11860:Wayback Machine 11851: 11847: 11837: 11835: 11825: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11789: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11777: 11767: 11765: 11764:on 27 June 2014 11756: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11736: 11732: 11731: 11727: 11722:. 3 April 2015. 11714: 11713: 11709: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11687: 11677: 11675: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11622: 11618: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11568: 11564: 11554: 11552: 11549:Country Studies 11543: 11542: 11538: 11528: 11526: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11499:Country Studies 11491: 11487: 11477: 11475: 11462: 11461: 11452: 11433: 11429: 11412: 11411: 11407: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11384:. 8 April 2022. 11376: 11375: 11371: 11361: 11359: 11355: 11344: 11338: 11334: 11319: 11297: 11293: 11283: 11281: 11280:on 5 March 2016 11268: 11267: 11263: 11249: 11247: 11233: 11232: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11201: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11172: 11168: 11158: 11156: 11155:on 29 June 2022 11143: 11142: 11138: 11128: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11112: 11102: 11100: 11091: 11090: 11086: 11076: 11074: 11070: 11059: 11055: 11054: 11050: 11040: 11038: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11012: 11003: 11002: 10995: 10985: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10973: 10963: 10961: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10937: 10935: 10920: 10919: 10915: 10905: 10903: 10888: 10887: 10878: 10868: 10866: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10840: 10838: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10810: 10809:. 5 August 2021 10799: 10798: 10794: 10784: 10782: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10755:(in Lithuanian) 10743: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10708: 10704: 10694: 10692: 10680: 10676: 10666: 10664: 10652: 10648: 10638: 10636: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10610: 10608: 10597: 10596: 10592: 10579: 10578: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10551: 10550: 10546: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10508: 10507: 10503: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10461: 10457: 10449: 10445: 10428: 10427: 10423: 10416:Gazeta Wyborcza 10410: 10409: 10405: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10382: 10380: 10370: 10369: 10365: 10352: 10351: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10326: 10325: 10318: 10308: 10306: 10298: 10297: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10267: 10263: 10253: 10251: 10246: 10245: 10241: 10231: 10229: 10220: 10219: 10215: 10205: 10203: 10194: 10193: 10189: 10175: 10173: 10159: 10158: 10154: 10144: 10142: 10127: 10123: 10114: 10110: 10100: 10098: 10089: 10088: 10084: 10074: 10072: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10048: 10046: 10037: 10036: 10032: 10022: 10020: 10012: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9986: 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9952: 9951: 9947: 9937: 9935: 9924: 9920: 9910: 9908: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9884: 9882: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9800: 9799: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9770: 9769: 9765: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9711: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9685: 9684: 9677: 9667: 9665: 9656: 9655: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9628: 9624: 9615: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9553: 9552: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9527: 9526: 9522: 9512: 9510: 9503: 9499: 9489: 9487: 9472: 9468: 9458: 9456: 9441: 9440: 9436: 9430:BBC News Online 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9393: 9389: 9379: 9377: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9336: 9332: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9302: 9287:AtlanticCouncil 9281: 9280: 9276: 9263: 9261: 9259: 9233: 9229: 9219: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9199: 9195: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9152: 9148: 9138: 9136: 9129: 9125: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9084: 9080: 9072: 9068: 9060: 9056: 9046: 9044: 9043:on 4 March 2010 9035: 9034: 9030: 9020: 9018: 9003: 9002: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8935: 8931: 8921: 8919: 8906: 8905: 8901: 8891: 8889: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8854: 8853: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8828: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8794: 8790: 8759: 8755: 8724: 8720: 8707: 8705: 8690: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8662: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8631: 8621: 8619: 8612: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8568: 8567: 8560: 8558: 8551:Washington Post 8543: 8533: 8531: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8500: 8498: 8496: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8461: 8451: 8447: 8437: 8435: 8428: 8424: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8244: 8240: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8152: 8148: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8117: 8115: 8101: 8100: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8043: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7967: 7963: 7950: 7949: 7945: 7932: 7931: 7927: 7920:The Independent 7914: 7913: 7909: 7896: 7892: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7832: 7830: 7825: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7776: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7727: 7726: 7722: 7705: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7670: 7669: 7665: 7651: 7649: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7617:on 2 April 2019 7605: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7574: 7563: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7475: 7471: 7464: 7450: 7446: 7436: 7434: 7432:function.mil.ru 7426: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7409: 7395: 7384: 7377: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7330: 7321: 7270: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7241: 7237: 7227: 7225: 7213: 7209: 7194: 7190: 7181: 7177: 7158:Snyder, Timothy 7156: 7152: 7145: 7129: 7125: 7107: 7103: 7096: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7045: 7041: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7008: 6988: 6984: 6971: 6970: 6959: 6945: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6573: 6569: 6552: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6513: 6499: 6495: 6489:Wayback Machine 6480: 6476: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6428:Lukowski, Jerzy 6425: 6421: 6414: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6382:Rice University 6370: 6366: 6359: 6349:Greenwood Press 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6225: 6221: 6212: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6173: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6142: 6138: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6110: 6108: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6058: 6056: 6042: 6041: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5923: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5785: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5761: 5759: 5758:. 13 March 2024 5751: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5695: 5694: 5683: 5671: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5601: 5586: 5568: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5464: 5443: 5442: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5389: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5337: 5320: 5293: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5218: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5064: 5036: 5030: 5024: 4987:, is a current 4977:Andrei Arlovski 4961:Vasil Kiryienka 4942:Australian Open 4905:, professional 4877:HC Dinamo Minsk 4833: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4807: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4746: 4736:, adopted in a 4718: 4592:Maksim Haretski 4588:Źmitrok Biadula 4580:Uładzimir Žyłka 4521: 4516: 4510: 4498:Eastern Yiddish 4470: 4464: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4069:was 1.22, well 4016: 4008:Main articles: 4006: 3936:rates 2001–2013 3922: 3913: 3850: 3810: 3804: 3739: 3643: 3633: 3473:Democracy Index 3459:Ales Bialiatski 3443: 3437: 3434: 3427: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3347: 3341: 3226: 3220: 3176:Andrei Sannikov 3060: 2975:improvement of 2930: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2900: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2770:above sea level 2694: 2686:Main articles: 2684: 2624:wording of the 2551: 2518:Leonid Kravchuk 2482:In March 1990, 2464: 2441:nuclear fallout 2395: 2310:Generalplan Ost 2283:. Nazi Germany 2233: 2225:Main articles: 2223: 2110:Meeting in the 2101:Józef Piłsudski 2031:, and then the 1990: 1988: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1818: 1804: 1798: 1790:Church Slavonic 1757:Polish language 1746:Union of Lublin 1710: 1704: 1645:Mongol invasion 1607: 1601: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1535: 1340:Jan of Czarnków 1291:Stamp with the 1232: 1226: 1218:Baku Initiative 1167:state ownership 1163:civil liberties 998: 989: 987: 978: 956: 881: 850: 849: 848: 837: 825: 824: 823: 812: 791: 772: 760: 739: 720: 704: 692: 681:9,155,978 ( 678: 661: 647: 629:8 December 1999 626: 613: 600: 587: 574: 561: 548: 535: 522: 496: 481: 452: 437: 397: 385: 356: 348: 315: 305: 279: 251: 249: 245: 242: 237: 234: 232: 230: 229: 228: 222: 214: 213: 198: 197: 194: 187: 172: 163: 155: 149: 146: 139: 133: 130: 123: 114: 113: 112: 107: 99: 98: 93: 80: 79: 70: 55: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16702: 16692: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16666: 16661: 16656: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16592: 16591: 16586: 16585: 16583: 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15774: 15773: 15762: 15759: 15758: 15756: 15755: 15750: 15745: 15740: 15735: 15730: 15728:Russian Empire 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15686: 15684: 15680: 15679: 15677: 15676: 15671: 15665: 15663: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15638:Economic Court 15635: 15629: 15627: 15623: 15622: 15620: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15598: 15596: 15592: 15591: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15542: 15541: 15539: 15538: 15531: 15529: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15521: 15516: 15510: 15508: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15500: 15494: 15492: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15434: 15432: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15420: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15364: 15362: 15352: 15344: 15343: 15341: 15340: 15334: 15328: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15310: 15309: 15302: 15295: 15287: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15232:Ottoman Empire 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15198: 15192: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15114: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15054: 15049: 15043:Czech Republic 15040: 15035: 15029: 15024: 15018: 15009: 15007:Ottoman Empire 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14970: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14952:Russian Empire 14949: 14940: 14935: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14905: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14867:Russian Empire 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14795: 14789: 14787: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14763: 14761: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14748: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14691:Czech Republic 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14667: 14665: 14661: 14660: 14657:Eastern Europe 14653: 14652: 14645: 14638: 14630: 14621: 14620: 14618: 14617: 14605: 14591: 14590: 14583: 14577: 14574: 14570: 14569: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14528: 14526: 14525:United Kingdom 14522: 14521: 14519: 14518: 14503: 14501: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14493: 14478: 14476: 14469: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14455: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14448: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14414: 14412: 14406: 14405: 14403: 14402: 14392: 14385: 14379: 14378:United Kingdom 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14369: 14358: 14356: 14349: 14342: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14309: 14307: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14289: 14287: 14285: 14284: 14279: 14277:United Kingdom 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14092:Czech Republic 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14024: 14013: 14012: 14005: 13998: 13990: 13984: 13981: 13980: 13968: 13967: 13965: 13964: 13959: 13952: 13951: 13944: 13937: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13921: 13920: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13856: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13786:Stock exchange 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13755: 13754: 13753: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13721: 13720: 13718: 13717: 13712: 13711: 13710: 13703:Prime Minister 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13648: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13627: 13626: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13587: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13569: 13568: 13566:National parks 13563: 13553: 13548: 13546:Extreme points 13543: 13537: 13531: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13521: 13516: 13515: 13514: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13493: 13492: 13485:Russian Empire 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13437: 13426: 13425: 13418: 13411: 13403: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13375: 13356: 13355:External links 13353: 13351: 13350: 13343: 13336: 13330: 13315: 13309: 13294: 13286: 13280: 13265: 13259: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13213:Chisholm, Hugh 13202: 13196: 13181: 13160: 13153: 13145: 13134:Main article: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13119: 13104: 13098: 13083: 13077: 13062: 13056: 13041: 13035: 13022: 13016: 13001: 12995: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12973: 12972: 12946: 12934: 12916: 12898: 12878: 12852: 12830: 12823: 12803: 12785: 12758: 12728: 12703: 12672: 12667:NobelPrize.org 12654: 12611: 12589: 12585:Britannica.com 12573: 12547: 12522: 12496: 12471: 12458:Penbelarus.org 12445: 12431: 12411: 12407:Ethnologue.com 12398: 12381:Belstat.gov.by 12365: 12343: 12332:Jewish Belarus 12323: 12293: 12279: 12254: 12247: 12227: 12192: 12166: 12124: 12098: 12095:on 4 May 2015. 12078: 12052: 12017: 11991: 11972: 11954: 11940: 11914: 11883: 11864: 11845: 11819: 11797: 11775: 11749: 11725: 11707: 11685: 11659: 11645: 11616: 11609: 11589: 11562: 11536: 11511: 11485: 11450: 11427: 11405: 11387: 11369: 11332: 11317: 11291: 11261: 11221: 11195: 11181: 11166: 11136: 11110: 11084: 11048: 11022: 10993: 10971: 10960:on 22 May 2010 10945: 10913: 10876: 10848: 10820: 10792: 10766: 10737: 10702: 10674: 10646: 10635:. 24 June 2021 10618: 10590: 10572: 10544: 10526: 10501: 10481: 10455: 10443: 10421: 10403: 10389: 10363: 10345: 10316: 10288: 10261: 10239: 10213: 10187: 10152: 10141:on 5 July 2018 10121: 10108: 10082: 10071:on 2 June 2018 10056: 10045:. 28 June 2021 10043:Deutsche Welle 10030: 10005: 9979: 9945: 9918: 9892: 9866: 9819: 9793: 9763: 9745: 9730: 9704: 9675: 9649: 9622: 9608: 9582: 9564: 9546: 9520: 9497: 9466: 9434: 9418: 9387: 9357: 9325: 9300: 9274: 9257: 9227: 9205: 9193: 9176: 9146: 9123: 9116:(4): 381–305. 9096: 9078: 9066: 9054: 9028: 8991: 8966: 8954: 8947: 8929: 8899: 8874: 8847: 8821: 8814: 8788: 8769:(6): 895–908. 8753: 8718: 8683: 8656: 8610: 8511: 8494: 8471: 8445: 8422: 8404: 8388: 8365: 8339: 8308: 8275: 8271:Zaprudnik 1993 8263: 8256: 8238: 8199:(6): 534–545. 8178: 8146: 8129: 8085: 8055: 8034: 8006: 7995:. 1 March 2022 7980: 7961: 7943: 7925: 7907: 7890: 7876: 7858: 7840: 7818: 7796: 7774: 7756: 7751:Foreign Policy 7738: 7720: 7699: 7687: 7680: 7663: 7628: 7598: 7561: 7543: 7525: 7499: 7469: 7462: 7444: 7419: 7382: 7375: 7355: 7348: 7319: 7261: 7235: 7207: 7188: 7175: 7150: 7143: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7114: 7111: 7101: 7094: 7070: 7063: 7039: 7022: 7013: 7006: 6982: 6957: 6932: 6918: 6896: 6889: 6867: 6845: 6838: 6818: 6811: 6793: 6766: 6759: 6734: 6727: 6707: 6693: 6686: 6666: 6659: 6639: 6635:Birgerson 2002 6624: 6617: 6597: 6580: 6567: 6545: 6530: 6526:Birgerson 2002 6518: 6511: 6493: 6474: 6467: 6447: 6440: 6419: 6412: 6394: 6364: 6357: 6331: 6327:Zaprudnik 1993 6319: 6312: 6292: 6275: 6268: 6248: 6241: 6219: 6213:John Haywood, 6206: 6202:Zaprudnik 1993 6194: 6187: 6167: 6136: 6118: 6088: 6070: 6032: 6010: 6003: 5983: 5971: 5964: 5944: 5937: 5917: 5905: 5898: 5880: 5868: 5857:on 31 May 2021 5842: 5833: 5829:Zaprudnik 1993 5816: 5804: 5783: 5769: 5740: 5718: 5681: 5676:belstat.gov.by 5660: 5646: 5629: 5611: 5599: 5584: 5559: 5532: 5502: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5413: 5401:(from Russian 5172: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5115: 5112:Belarus portal 5099: 5096: 5080:Nesvizh Castle 5063: 5060: 5044: 5043: 5039:Country code: 5026:Main article: 5023: 5020: 4963:, who won the 4825: 4824: 4801:appears to be 4798: 4796: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4776:bread and salt 4745: 4742: 4717: 4714: 4628:Ales Adamovich 4552:Cyril of Turaw 4520: 4517: 4512:Main article: 4509: 4506: 4466:Main article: 4463: 4460: 4376:in the former 4359:Main article: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4289:Mogilev Region 4286: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4235:Vitebsk Region 4232: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4217:Mogilev Region 4214: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4067:fertility rate 4058:(314,800) and 4005: 4002: 3983:redenomination 3950:redenomination 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3849: 3846: 3842:GDP per capita 3806:Main article: 3803: 3800: 3738: 3735: 3632: 3629: 3621:United Kingdom 3572:hybrid warfare 3567:European Union 3445: 3444: 3421:appears to be 3418: 3416: 3409: 3397: 3394: 3363:Viktor Khrenin 3343:Main article: 3340: 3337: 3269:European Union 3249:United Nations 3241:Vladimir Putin 3222:Main article: 3219: 3216: 3212:United Kingdom 3208:European Union 3138:October Square 3123:2004 elections 3059: 3056: 3035:prime minister 3027:Victory Square 3005:Viktar Hanchar 2923:Prime Minister 2916: 2909: 2908: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2880:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2855:to the north, 2842:primary forest 2759:Vitebsk Region 2683: 2680: 2569:. A two-round 2550: 2549:Lukashenko era 2547: 2516:of Russia and 2488:Supreme Soviet 2463: 2460: 2394: 2391: 2363:Ales Adamovich 2353:Kirill Mazurov 2349:Pyotr Masherov 2293:Brest Fortress 2222: 2219: 2118:members, were 2116:intelligentsia 2004:Anton Ausianik 1985:Vasil Zacharka 1961: 1958: 1901:of Belarusian 1864:(Russian: 1834:Berezina river 1800:Main article: 1797: 1796:Russian Empire 1794: 1782:Union of Brest 1734:personal union 1703: 1700: 1677:Eastern Europe 1614:Principalities 1600: 1597: 1568:1st millennium 1545: 1542: 1537:Main article: 1534: 1531: 1513:Gothic Kingdom 1395:Russian Empire 1387:Russian Empire 1325:White Ruthenia 1266:Black Ruthenia 1225: 1222: 1210:European Union 1186:United Nations 1124:transformation 1116:United Nations 1076:Russian Empire 1027:to the south, 1017:Eastern Europe 1000: 999: 997: 996: 972: 961: 958: 957: 955: 954: 949: 943: 941: 935: 934: 929: 923: 922: 917: 911: 910: 907: 901: 900: 897: 893: 892: 879: 875: 874: 864: 860: 859: 840: 830: 829: 826:low inequality 815: 805: 804: 792: 789: 786: 785: 773: 770: 767: 766: 763: 753: 752: 747:$ 24,016 ( 740: 737: 734: 733: 721: 718: 715: 714: 711: 697: 696: 693: 691:• Density 690: 687: 686: 679: 676: 673: 672: 666: 665: 662: 659: 656: 655: 648: 645: 642: 641: 635: 634: 631: 630: 627: 621: 618: 617: 614: 608: 605: 604: 601: 595: 592: 591: 590:25 August 1991 588: 582: 579: 578: 575: 569: 566: 565: 562: 556: 553: 552: 551:1 January 1919 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 530: 527: 526: 523: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 503: 502: 497: 491: 488: 487: 482: 476: 473: 472: 467: 463: 462: 459: 458: 453: 450:Prime Minister 447: 444: 443: 438: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 417: 411: 410: 405: 399: 398: 396: 395: 392: 386: 384: 383: 382: 381: 375: 362: 359: 357: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 343: 337: 331: 325: 318: 316: 313: 307: 306: 304: 303: 298: 293: 287: 285: 281: 280: 278: 277: 272: 266: 264: 260: 259: 252:53.917; 27.550 223: 220: 216: 215: 200: 199: 188: 178: 177: 174: 173: 161: 116: 115: 108: 101: 100: 94: 87: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 62: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16701: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16670: 16667: 16665: 16662: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16634: 16627: 16624: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16570: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16548:Member states 16546: 16545: 16543: 16539: 16533: 16522: 16520: 16509: 16507: 16496: 16494: 16483: 16481: 16470: 16468: 16457: 16456: 16454: 16450: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16428: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16417: 16415: 16411: 16405: 16394: 16392: 16381: 16379: 16368: 16366: 16355: 16353: 16342: 16340: 16329: 16327: 16316: 16314: 16303: 16301: 16290: 16288: 16277: 16275: 16264: 16262: 16251: 16249: 16238: 16236: 16225: 16224: 16222: 16218: 16212: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16194: 16188: 16177: 16175: 16164: 16162: 16151: 16149: 16138: 16136: 16125: 16123: 16112: 16110: 16099: 16097: 16086: 16084: 16073: 16071: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16055: 16054:Member states 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16029:Dushanbe 2014 16027: 16025: 16022: 16021: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16004: 15999: 15997: 15992: 15990: 15985: 15984: 15981: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15921: 15917: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15884: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15856: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15826: 15824: 15822: 15821:Member states 15818: 15814: 15807: 15802: 15800: 15795: 15793: 15788: 15787: 15784: 15772: 15764: 15763: 15760: 15754: 15751: 15749: 15746: 15744: 15741: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15731: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15681: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15664: 15660: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15628: 15624: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15593: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15547: 15536: 15533: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15505: 15499: 15496: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15425: 15419: 15416: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15350: 15345: 15338: 15335: 15332: 15329: 15326: 15323: 15322: 15319: 15315: 15308: 15303: 15301: 15296: 15294: 15289: 15288: 15285: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15202: 15199: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15136:Terra Mariana 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15118: 15115: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:Great Moravia 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14974: 14971: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14947:Russification 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14909: 14906: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14817:Roman Armenia 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14772:South Ossetia 14770: 14768: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14758: 14752: 14749: 14746: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14651: 14646: 14644: 14639: 14637: 14632: 14631: 14628: 14616: 14615: 14614:Europe portal 14610: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14578: 14575: 14572: 14571: 14567: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14523: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14505: 14504: 14502: 14498: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14470: 14463:Special areas 14460: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14416: 14415: 14413: 14411: 14407: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14383: 14380: 14376: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14363: 14362:Faroe Islands 14360: 14359: 14357: 14353: 14350: 14347: 14340: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14328:South Ossetia 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14298: 14293: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14162:Liechtenstein 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14018: 14011: 14006: 14004: 13999: 13997: 13992: 13991: 13988: 13982: 13975: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13949: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13931: 13930: 13926: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13802: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13748: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13726: 13716: 13713: 13709: 13706: 13705: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13652: 13649: 13646: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13526: 13520: 13517: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13491: 13490:Russification 13488: 13487: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13419: 13417: 13412: 13410: 13405: 13404: 13401: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13385: 13384: 13379: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13358: 13348: 13344: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13331:0-8133-3672-4 13327: 13323: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13310:0-8179-9542-0 13306: 13302: 13301: 13295: 13293: 13292: 13287: 13283: 13277: 13273: 13272: 13266: 13262: 13260:1-85743-058-1 13256: 13253:. Routledge. 13252: 13251: 13245: 13242: 13238: 13235: 13231: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13188: 13182: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13137: 13122: 13120:0-8133-1794-0 13116: 13112: 13111: 13105: 13101: 13099:1-57958-282-6 13095: 13092:. Routledge. 13091: 13090: 13084: 13080: 13078:1-877864-30-7 13074: 13070: 13069: 13063: 13059: 13057:0-19-924739-0 13053: 13049: 13048: 13042: 13038: 13036:0-313-27497-5 13032: 13028: 13023: 13019: 13017:0-313-30610-9 13013: 13010:. Greenwood. 13009: 13008: 13002: 12998: 12996:0-275-96965-7 12992: 12988: 12983: 12982: 12960: 12956: 12950: 12943: 12938: 12930: 12926: 12920: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12895: 12891: 12888: 12882: 12866: 12862: 12856: 12840: 12834: 12826: 12820: 12816: 12815: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12789: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12747:on 4 May 2013 12746: 12742: 12741:Eurovision.tv 12738: 12732: 12716: 12710: 12708: 12691: 12687: 12686:Shanghai Star 12683: 12676: 12668: 12664: 12658: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12630: 12626: 12622: 12615: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12586: 12580: 12578: 12561: 12557: 12551: 12536: 12532: 12526: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12459: 12455: 12449: 12434: 12428: 12424: 12423: 12415: 12408: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12370: 12353: 12347: 12340: 12339:archive.today 12336: 12333: 12327: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12289: 12283: 12268: 12267:Nation Master 12264: 12258: 12250: 12244: 12240: 12239: 12231: 12212: 12205: 12199: 12197: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12164: 12151: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12112: 12108: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12066: 12062: 12056: 12040: 12036: 12032: 12026: 12024: 12022: 12005: 12001: 11995: 11987: 11983: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11950: 11944: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11903: 11896: 11890: 11888: 11880: 11876: 11873: 11868: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11849: 11834: 11833:Seattle Times 11830: 11823: 11807: 11801: 11785: 11779: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11742: 11735: 11729: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11695: 11689: 11674: 11670: 11663: 11648: 11646:9789280533200 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11629: 11620: 11612: 11606: 11603:. MIT Press. 11602: 11601: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11566: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11500: 11496: 11489: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11448: 11447:0-8213-3976-1 11444: 11440: 11436: 11431: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11409: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11354: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11320: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11295: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11246: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11230: 11228: 11226: 11210: 11206: 11199: 11191: 11185: 11177: 11170: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11140: 11124: 11120: 11114: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11069: 11065: 11058: 11052: 11036: 11032: 11026: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10981: 10980:"About Minsk" 10975: 10959: 10955: 10954:"About Minsk" 10949: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10901: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10852: 10836: 10835: 10830: 10824: 10808: 10807: 10802: 10796: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10741: 10724: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10706: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10678: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10650: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10622: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10594: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10560: 10559: 10554: 10548: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10515: 10511: 10505: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10485: 10469: 10465: 10459: 10452: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10425: 10417: 10413: 10407: 10399: 10393: 10379: 10375: 10374: 10367: 10359: 10358:Freedom House 10355: 10349: 10333: 10329: 10323: 10321: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10249: 10243: 10227: 10223: 10217: 10201: 10197: 10191: 10185: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10156: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10096: 10092: 10086: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10019: 10015: 10009: 9993: 9989: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9807: 9803: 9797: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9741: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9618: 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8541: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8475: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8408: 8400: 8399: 8392: 8376: 8369: 8354:on 6 May 2008 8353: 8349: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8282: 8280: 8273:, p. xix 8272: 8267: 8259: 8257:1-85743-137-5 8253: 8249: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8163: 8156: 8150: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8127: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8048: 8041: 8039: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8010: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7911: 7904: 7900: 7897:Dave Lawler, 7894: 7886: 7880: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7828: 7822: 7806: 7800: 7784: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7724: 7716: 7711: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7683: 7681:1-85743-025-5 7677: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7557: 7553: 7547: 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6679: 6678: 6670: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6609: 6601: 6593: 6584: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6542: 6537: 6535: 6528:, p. 101 6527: 6522: 6514: 6512:90-04-11664-8 6508: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6478: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6415: 6413:0-521-36290-3 6409: 6405: 6398: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6368: 6360: 6358:0-313-26007-9 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6279: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6242:0-521-86403-8 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6198: 6190: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6171: 6156:on 1 May 2021 6155: 6151: 6147: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6020: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5987: 5981:, p. 260 5980: 5979:Richmond 1995 5975: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5940: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5921: 5915:, p. 327 5914: 5909: 5901: 5899:985-6599-12-1 5895: 5891: 5884: 5878:, p. 163 5877: 5872: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5837: 5830: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5814:, p. 35. 5813: 5808: 5793: 5787: 5779: 5773: 5757: 5750: 5744: 5728: 5722: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5470: 5461: 5446: 5440: 5431: 5417: 5410: 5400: 5395: 5383: 5376: 5370: 5361: 5355: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5332: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5268: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5213: 5176: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5126:Europe portal 5116: 5113: 5102: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5086:(shared with 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5054:), Synterra, 5053: 5049: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4920:is a leading 4919: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4821: 4818:November 2020 4811: 4806: 4804: 4799:This article 4797: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4662:Peasant Woman 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4396:also exists. 4395: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4254: 4253:Grodno Region 4251: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3962:Russian ruble 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3814: 3809: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3716: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3617:United States 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3592:Josep Borrell 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516:whistleblower 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3487:published by 3486: 3483:, and in the 3482: 3478: 3477:Freedom House 3474: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3441: 3438:November 2022 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419:This article 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3204:mass protests 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3048:Supreme Court 3043: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970:is weak. The 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863:to the west, 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643:Mass protests 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2610:South Ossetia 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514:Boris Yeltsin 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2449:Ukrainian SSR 2446: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:Sovietization 2414: 2413:Joseph Stalin 2410: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2387:the Holocaust 2384: 2380: 2375: 2374:Eastern Front 2370: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2330:collaborators 2327: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287:in 1941. The 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243:, August 1941 2242: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193:Roman Dmowski 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2009: 2008:Liavon Zayats 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Arkadź Smolič 1986: 1982: 1981:Jazep Varonka 1978: 1974: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1918:Russification 1914: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:Russification 1892: 1888: 1887:Alexander III 1884: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1872:German Empire 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1716:A map of the 1714: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1544:Early history 1540: 1530: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1358:Jerome Horsey 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:authoritarian 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 985: 981: 976: 970: 966: 962: 959: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 942: 940: 936: 933: 930: 928: 927:ISO 3166 code 924: 921: 918: 916: 912: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 865: 861: 857: 841: 835: 831: 816: 810: 806: 802: 799:$ 7,477 ( 793: 787: 783: 774: 768: 764: 758: 754: 750: 741: 735: 731: 722: 716: 712: 708: 702: 698: 694: 688: 684: 680: 674: 671: 667: 663: 657: 653: 649: 643: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625: 619: 616:15 March 1994 615: 612: 606: 602: 599: 593: 589: 586: 580: 576: 573: 567: 563: 560: 554: 550: 547: 541: 538:25 March 1918 537: 534: 528: 524: 521: 515: 511: 508: 504: 501: 498: 495: 489: 486: 483: 480: 474: 471: 468: 464: 460: 457: 454: 451: 445: 442: 439: 436: 430: 426: 422: 418: 416: 412: 409: 406: 404: 400: 393: 391: 387: 380: 376: 374: 370: 369: 368: 364: 363: 361: 360: 358: 351: 344: 342: 338: 336: 332: 330: 326: 324: 320: 319: 317: 312: 308: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 286: 282: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 265: 261: 256: 227: 224: 217: 212: 210: 206: 192: 182: 175: 159: 153: 137: 121: 117: 111: 105: 97: 91: 83: 74: 63: 59: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 16596: 16438:Turkmenistan 16365:Saudi Arabia 16069: 16024:Beijing 2012 15833: 15733:Soviet Union 15662:Organization 15498:Turkmenistan 15447: 15408:Turkmenistan 15377: 15349:Participants 15257:Transnistria 15252:Soviet Union 15141:Swedish rule 15032:1989-present 15021:World War II 14932:World War II 14777:Transnistria 14680: 14612: 14600: 14333:Transnistria 14282:Vatican City 14061: 13948:Bibliography 13817:Demographics 13751:Central bank 13641:Human rights 13614:Constitution 13429: 13381: 13346: 13339: 13320: 13299: 13290: 13270: 13249: 13240: 13233: 13226: 13216: 13186: 13169: 13166: 13156: 13149: 13109: 13088: 13067: 13046: 13026: 13006: 12986: 12978:Bibliography 12963:. 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