471:. The brutal fight with the opposition could have led to the above-mentioned Pagan Reaction, but it was probably instigated by discontent against the power of the Church and with the state apparatus. Contemporary historiography places these riots in 1031–1032, during the reign of Bezprym. The reaction was not only of a religious background, but also social. Mainly it was a reflection of the economic situation caused by the aggressive policy of Bolesław I the Brave and the less successful rule of Mieszko II. The defeat in the battle in the west during that period cut off the basic source of livelihood of the Polish troops, who were forced to loot the western lands. As a result, the cost of maintaining the existence of an extensive army was probably too much for the population. In addition, the devastating incursions of foreign troops was another cause of dissatisfaction among the citizenship.
325:. Though opinions vary about the actual identity of Bolesław I 's second wife, there are a number of researchers who still support the hypothesis that she was a daughter of Géza. Soon after his birth, the marriage of his parents ended, probably because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary. Bezprym's mother was repudiated and sent away, although she probably remained in Poland and died soon afterwards.
459:, she left the country. At the court of Emperor Conrad II, the deposed queen was received with all honors, and was also allowed to continue to use her royal title. The departure of Richeza, and especially of her son, was extremely beneficial for Bezprym, because this eliminated (at least temporarily) a possible pretender to the throne. Mieszko II was not considered too dangerous at that time, since he was still imprisoned in Bohemia.
913:że brak jakichkolwiek, choćby pośrednich wskazówek, które by pozwalały przypuszczać, że Bezprym - do niedawna, choć wbrew woli, zakonnik - oparł swe dążności na żywiołach pogańskich w Polsce (...) i że ofiarą jego padł Kościół polski. Prawo Bezpryma do tronu, jako pierworodnego, uznawać mogły najbardziej schrystianizowane żywioły
358:. There it was stated that in one of the hermitages resided a son of a Polish Duke, who in 1001 gave him a horse. According to modern historians, this Polish prince could only be Bezprym. However, in earlier historiography, it was theorised that the Polish prince who lived in the hermitage of Ravenna was
339:
Little is known about
Bezprym's youthful years, in contrast with his half-brother Mieszko II, whose youth was fully described in several contemporary sources. This probably showed that his father disliked him and considered Mieszko II as his successor since his birth, which was confirmed by Bolesław
462:
However, there probably remained a large group of supporters of the former ruler. It is believed that
Bezprym started a bloody persecution against them shortly after he began his government. As a result, many representatives of the Polish social elite were forced to flee. According to sources, some
494:
The rule of
Bezprym did not last long due to his extreme cruelty. According to the Chronicles of Hildesheim, he was murdered by his own men no later than spring of 1032. Probably the instigators of his death were his half-brothers, although the main conspirator was thought to be Otto, who remained
390:
After
Mieszko II took control over the government of Poland, both Bezprym and his youngest half-brother Otto probably resided in Poland for a short time. However, Mieszko II soon expelled Bezprym from the country, and probably did the same with Otto in 1030, when he discovered that they conspired
426:
to his domains and
Bezprym ascended to the Polish throne. It has been postulated that Yaroslav I's troops intervened directly in the central provinces of Poland, aimed at embedding the new Duke on the throne, but this is now considered doubtful. It is possible that the new rule of Bezprym was
274:. Due to tradition and the impossibility of determining the correct version of the name, Bezprym remains the form used, although, according to K. Jasiński, it probably requires modifications. This name meant literally "stubborn", "self-confident, not willing to retreat". The name of the
373:
and Zala county. In this case the name "Veszprém" would have originated from his name. However, this hypothesis proposed by a
Hungarian researcher has not found acceptance among Polish historians. It is also probable that Bezprym was present at the coronation of his father as
418:) from the German expedition of Conrad II, Bezprym and the Kievan forces entered into Poland, and Mieszko II was therefore unable to repel the Kievan attack. Mieszko II was then forced to escape to Bohemia, where he was imprisoned and castrated by orders of Duke
876:
According to chronicles of Wipo, the Polish prince banished by
Mieszko II soon after his succession was Otto; however, modern historians assume that in fact was Bezprym, and the author made a mistake by confusing the identity of the two
305:, who described only one brother of Mieszko II, Otto. Modern historians assume, however, that Bezprym did exist, and that the chronicler erroneously combined Otto and Bezprym into one person.
443:
to the
Emperor. Thus, he resigned from the royal title and accepted the primacy of his western neighbour. The royal crown and regalia were personally delivered by Mieszko II's wife,
1262:
206:. His reign was short-lived and, according to some sources, extremely cruel. He was murdered in 1032 and Mieszko II returned to the throne of Poland. It is speculated that a
202:
after the death of their father, Bezprym became ruler of large areas of Poland in 1031 following a simultaneous attack by German and Kievan forces and
Mieszko II's escape to
44:
486:) This Bolesław apparently succeeded his father in 1034 until his own death in 1038, and, according to some historians, was the real instigator of the Pagan Reaction.
952:). This idea is opposite to the theory of Roman Grodecki, according to which both the social and religious problems occurred only in the second half of the 1030s (
474:
It is noteworthy that one can find in older historiography the theory, currently generally rejected, of the existence of an older son of
Mieszko II known as
929:
937:
948:
stated that the social problems during the government of Bezprym were only one of several reactions, the first of which was to occur as early as 1022 (
1169:
945:
294:
686:
1397:
1392:
1061:
467:. Perhaps among the victims of the repression were two bishops, Roman and Lambert, whose date of death was recorded in 1032 in the
1636:
322:
1631:
187:, but was deprived of the succession by his father, who around 1001 sent him to Italy in order to become a monk at one of
1651:
1367:
818:
732:
666:
647:
632:
617:
602:
558:
532:
1387:
1646:
1561:
1302:
1054:
499:
1372:
1078:
1483:
789:
1586:
586:
392:
317:
born from his second marriage with an unknown Hungarian princess who, in older literature, was identified as
553:, introduction and development of Marian Plezia, Editorial Ossolineum, Wrocław 2003, pp. 36–37, 39-40,
250:). This name was not used among the Polish nobility but was known in Bohemian sources, where it appears as:
1488:
1437:
502:. After his death the country was divided into three parts, governed by Mieszko II, Otto, or their cousin
1656:
1277:
1047:
944:). G. Labuda put the thesis already mentioned above, that the reaction led to the same Bezprym. In turn,
363:
297:
also suggested, on the basis of numismatic research, that this "combined" prince could have governed the
419:
1576:
1523:
1419:
854:, explained by Izabela Szyszkowska-Andruszko in "Kwartalnik Historyczny”, vol. XCV, 1988, No 4, p. 9.
1332:
1226:
475:
1414:
1087:
428:
207:
1337:
1282:
1252:
1452:
1242:
1070:
452:
362:, son of Mieszko I, or an unknown son of Bolesław I from his first marriage with the daughter of
224:
1237:
1210:
427:
attractive to the population. Some scholars assume that he may even have stood at the head of a
1661:
1641:
1581:
1571:
1551:
1232:
658:
448:
444:
402:
and probably used the weakened position of Mieszko II as an excuse to gain the alliance of the
1513:
1442:
1312:
1307:
1287:
1159:
716:
411:
263:
314:
286:
184:
130:
1626:
1621:
1556:
1493:
1475:
1407:
911:, pp. 85-86; Roman Grodecki, by the other hand, was opposed to this idea, saying that the
290:
8:
1531:
1508:
1503:
1342:
1317:
1292:
407:
1546:
1460:
1327:
1271:
1247:
1220:
1031:
1006:
456:
359:
333:
246:
199:
169:
162:
79:
69:
1541:
1382:
1566:
1465:
1322:
728:
662:
643:
628:
613:
598:
554:
528:
507:
379:
318:
140:
1347:
1297:
302:
298:
343:
Bezprym was then destined to a church career, a fact that was demonstrated in the
1377:
1362:
479:
159:
152:
597:, vol. I, Editorial Platan, Kraków 1995 (first edition 1926), pp. 103–125,
1536:
1115:
1021:
822:
550:
440:
399:
375:
233:
176:
51:
1352:
369:
It is possible that Bezprym was in Hungary and there he was appointed head of
1615:
1498:
1429:
1197:
979:
904:
834:
760:
188:
180:
120:
423:
1187:
1154:
571:, edited by J. Strzelczyka and J. Dobosza, Poznań 2000, pp. 111–121.
727:] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Literárne informačné centrum. p. 61.
29:
370:
279:
1136:
332:, who bore him five children. The eldest son of this union, the future
1205:
1129:
1101:
1039:
1014:
950:
Kryzys monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej w latach trzydziestych XI wieku
540:
Kryzys monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej w latach trzydziestych XI wieku
1177:
1143:
1122:
511:
1108:
464:
415:
403:
355:
346:
329:
275:
203:
192:
115:
1182:
1149:
1094:
503:
351:
100:
414:. In 1031, while Mieszko II was defending the western border (
942:
Bunt Bezpryma jako początek tzw. reakcji pogańskiej w Polsce
566:
Bunt Bezpryma jako początek tzw. reakcji pogańskiej w Polsce
282:
is considered to be derived from the same West Slavic name.
691:
Imiennictwo dynastii piastowskiej we wczesnym średniowieczu
43:
852:
Kontakty Polski i Węgier w dobie tworzenia się obu państw
262:. According to one of the hypotheses the name is of pure
285:
Older historiography frequently combined the figures of
179:
from 1031 until his death. He was the eldest son of the
527:, Editorial Avalon, Kraków 2005 (first edition 1895),
301:
in 1003. These theories are based on the chronicle of
612:, Oficyna Volumen Editorial, 1993, pp. 105–107,
495:
free in Germany. The place of his burial is unknown.
498:
As a result of Bezprym's rule, the Polish state was
965:Theory supported, among others, by Roman Grodecki.
510:on Polish affairs. Poland also lost its status as
266:origin, and was probably originally pronounced as
506:. This significantly increased the impact of the
1613:
547:Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum
328:Shortly after his divorce, Bolesław I married
1055:
806:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII wiek - 1370)
439:Shortly after taking power, Bezprym sent the
1602:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
593:R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski,
1062:
1048:
642:, National Agency Editorial, Kraków 1989,
42:
715:
936:, p. 80). Close to him are the views of
709:
725:Living Chronicles of the Slovak History
218:In primary sources Bezprym appears as:
1614:
1069:
903:A strong supporter of this theory was
778:Historia Węgier do 1526 roku w zarysie
447:. In 1031, together with her children
1043:
469:Chronicles of the Chapter of Kraków
13:
627:, Editorial Secesja, Kraków 1992,
590:, vol. II, Kraków 1936, p. 2.
321:, daughter of the Hungarian ruler
14:
1673:
693:, PWN, Warsaw 1980, pp. 106-109).
959:
922:
897:
880:
870:
857:
844:
828:
517:
1637:11th-century murdered monarchs
811:
804:, pp. 105-107; J. Wyrozumski,
794:
783:
770:
754:
741:
721:Živé kroniky slovenských dejín
696:
679:
422:. Yaroslav I the Wise annexed
340:I's later political activity.
313:Bezprym was the only child of
308:
210:began during his short reign.
1:
954:Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej
934:Historia Polski Średniowiecze
917:Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej
673:
655:Historia Polski średniowiecze
595:Dzieje Polski Średniowiecznej
391:against him with the help of
213:
198:Expelled by his half-brother
172:
93:
1632:11th-century Polish monarchs
1587:Stanisław August Poniatowski
385:
110:1032 (aged 45–46)
34:Coronation of the First King
7:
1562:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1303:Władysław III Spindleshanks
928:This pattern of events the
892:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
587:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
514:for nearly a half century.
364:Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen
10:
1678:
1652:11th-century Polish people
817:A hypothesis presented by
802:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
749:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
704:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
610:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
1595:
1522:
1474:
1451:
1427:
1406:
1393:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
1272:Senior or Supreme Princes
1261:
1196:
1168:
1077:
1028:
1019:
1000:
973:
136:
126:
114:
106:
89:
85:
75:
65:
57:
50:
41:
26:
21:
1388:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
767:, Kraków 1895, pp. 39-41
640:Pierwsze państwo polskie
489:
434:
242:Chronicles of Hildesheim
1647:11th-century Christians
1368:Dukes of Greater Poland
956:, vol. I, pp. 103-114).
463:of them took refuge in
398:Bezprym took refuge in
1572:Augustus II the Strong
1489:Władysław III of Varna
1373:Dukes of Little Poland
1278:Władysław II the Exile
1233:Casimir I the Restorer
1227:Bolesław the Forgotten
909:Mieszko II król Polski
867:, Warsaw 1964, p. 292.
661:2002, pp. 75–81,
659:Wydawnictwo Literackie
625:Mieszko II król Polski
500:substantially weakened
483:
476:Bolesław the Forgotten
166:
156:
1514:Sigismund II Augustus
1484:Władysław II Jagiełło
1461:Louis I the Hungarian
1443:Casimir III the Great
1338:Bolesław V the Chaste
1313:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
1283:Bolesław IV the Curly
1253:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1160:Piast the Wheelwright
819:Tadeusz Wojciechowski
569:Nihil superfluum esse
1557:John II Casimir Vasa
1476:Jagiellonian dynasty
1438:Władysław I Łokietek
1238:Bolesław II the Bold
1211:Bolesław I the Brave
747:Kazimierz Jasiński:
225:Thietmar's Chronicle
1509:Sigismund I the Old
1453:Capet-Anjou dynasty
1343:Leszek II the Black
1333:Bolesław the Horned
1293:Casimir II the Just
1288:Mieszko III the Old
484:Bolesław Zapomniany
408:Yaroslav I the Wise
336:, was born in 990.
1657:Christian monarchs
1547:Sigismund III Vasa
1398:Dukes of Pomerania
1328:Henry II the Pious
1243:Władysław I Herman
1221:Mieszko II Lambert
1071:Monarchs of Poland
1032:Mieszko II Lambert
1011:Title last held by
1007:Mieszko II Lambert
839:Genealogia Piastów
765:Genealogia Piastów
525:Genealogia Piastów
382:on 25 April 1025.
334:Mieszko II Lambert
315:Bolesław the Brave
287:Bolesław the Brave
247:Annales Altahenses
200:Mieszko II Lambert
185:Bolesław the Brave
175:986–1032) was the
131:Bolesław the Brave
80:Mieszko II Lambert
70:Mieszko II Lambert
1609:
1608:
1567:John III Sobieski
1552:Władysław IV Vasa
1524:Elective monarchy
1408:Přemyslid dynasty
1323:Henry the Bearded
1038:
1037:
1029:Succeeded by
717:Krajčovič, Rudolf
545:Gallus Anonymus,
508:Holy Roman Empire
393:Emperor Conrad II
380:Gniezno Cathedral
191:'s hermitages in
146:
145:
141:Judith of Hungary
1669:
1383:Dukes of Kuyavia
1378:Dukes of Masovia
1363:Dukes of Silesia
1348:Henryk IV Probus
1308:Władysław Odonic
1298:Leszek the White
1064:
1057:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1026:1031–1032
996:
989:
971:
970:
966:
963:
957:
930:Stanisław Szczur
926:
920:
901:
895:
886:Roman Grodecki.
884:
878:
874:
868:
865:Bolesław Chrobry
861:
855:
850:György Györffy,
848:
842:
832:
826:
815:
809:
798:
792:
787:
781:
774:
768:
758:
752:
745:
739:
738:
713:
707:
700:
694:
683:
576:Bolesław Chrobry
549:, translated by
303:Wipo of Burgundy
299:Duchy of Bohemia
174:
98:
95:
46:
32:'s oil painting
19:
18:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1591:
1542:Stephen Báthory
1532:Henry of Valois
1518:
1470:
1447:
1423:
1402:
1264:
1257:
1192:
1164:
1073:
1068:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1009:
990:
984:
983:
976:
969:
964:
960:
946:Danuta Borawska
938:Zbyszko Górczak
927:
923:
902:
898:
885:
881:
875:
871:
863:A. F. Grabski,
862:
858:
849:
845:
833:
829:
816:
812:
799:
795:
788:
784:
775:
771:
759:
755:
746:
742:
735:
714:
710:
701:
697:
684:
680:
676:
574:A. F. Grabski,
520:
492:
437:
388:
311:
295:Marian Gumowski
216:
99:
96:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Anna Jagiellon
1534:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:Wenceslaus III
1417:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1170:Proto-historic
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1022:Duke of Poland
1018:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:
977:
974:
968:
967:
958:
921:
896:
890:– an entry in
879:
869:
856:
843:
841:, Kraków 1895.
827:
823:Anatol Lewicki
810:
793:
782:
769:
753:
740:
733:
708:
695:
685:Hypothesis of
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
651:
636:
621:
606:
591:
579:
578:, Warsaw 1964.
572:
562:
551:Roman Grodecki
543:
542:, Warsaw 1964.
536:
519:
516:
491:
488:
441:Polish regalia
436:
433:
429:pagan reaction
387:
384:
376:King of Poland
310:
307:
234:Annalista Saxo
215:
212:
208:pagan reaction
177:duke of Poland
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
97: 986-987
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
52:Duke of Poland
48:
47:
39:
38:
24:
23:
16:Duke of Poland
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1674:
1663:
1662:Sons of kings
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Piast dynasty
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:John I Albert
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1430:Piast dynasty
1426:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1415:Wenceslaus II
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1263:Fragmentation
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1198:Piast dynasty
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
987:
982:
981:
980:Piast dynasty
972:
962:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
925:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Gerard Labuda
900:
893:
889:
883:
873:
866:
860:
853:
847:
840:
836:
835:Oswald Balzer
831:
824:
820:
814:
807:
803:
800:K. Jasiński,
797:
791:
786:
779:
776:S. A. Sroka,
773:
766:
762:
761:Oswald Balzer
757:
751:, Warsaw 1993
750:
744:
736:
734:80-88878-99-3
730:
726:
722:
718:
712:
705:
702:K. Jasiński,
699:
692:
688:
682:
678:
668:
667:83-08-03272-9
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
648:83-03-02969-X
645:
641:
637:
634:
633:83-85483-46-2
630:
626:
622:
619:
618:83-85218-32-7
615:
611:
608:K. Jasiński,
607:
604:
603:83-7052-230-0
600:
596:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:R. Grodecki,
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
559:83-04-04610-5
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:D. Borawska,
537:
534:
533:83-918497-0-8
530:
526:
522:
521:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
487:
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Queen Richeza
442:
432:
430:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
383:
381:
377:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
341:
337:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:and Bezprym.
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
211:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
189:Saint Romuald
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
164:
160:
158:
154:
150:
142:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
121:Piast dynasty
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
31:
28:Bezprym from
25:
20:
1599:
1582:Augustus III
1359:
1270:
1225:
1215:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1020:
1013:
1005:Kingship of
1001:
992:
985:
978:
961:
953:
949:
941:
933:
924:
916:
912:
908:
899:
891:
887:
882:
872:
864:
859:
851:
846:
838:
830:
813:
805:
801:
796:
790:Rootsweb.com
785:
777:
772:
764:
756:
748:
743:
724:
720:
711:
703:
698:
690:
687:Jacek Hertel
681:
654:
639:
624:
609:
594:
585:
582:
575:
568:
565:
564:Z. Górczak,
546:
539:
524:
518:Bibliography
497:
493:
473:
468:
461:
438:
424:Red Ruthenia
397:
389:
368:
344:
342:
338:
327:
312:
284:
271:
267:
259:
255:
251:
245:
241:
237:
229:
223:
219:
217:
197:
148:
147:
35:
27:
1627:1032 deaths
1622:980s births
1577:Stanisław I
1353:Przemysł II
653:S. Szczur,
638:G. Labuda,
623:G. Labuda,
523:O. Balzer,
400:Kievan Rus'
347:St. Romuald
309:Early years
264:West Slavic
66:Predecessor
30:Jan Matejko
1616:Categories
1494:Casimir IV
1137:Leszko III
919:, p. 107).
674:References
214:Onomastics
1504:Alexander
1428:Restored
1360:See also:
1206:Mieszko I
1188:Siemomysł
1155:Chościsko
1150:Popiel II
1130:Leszko II
1102:Krakus II
1079:Legendary
1015:Mieszko I
808:, p. 103.
706:, p. 106.
386:Accession
276:Hungarian
163:Hungarian
76:Successor
61:1031–1032
1318:Konrad I
1248:Zbigniew
1178:Siemowit
1144:Popiel I
1123:Leszko I
1095:Krakus I
975:Bezprym
877:princes.
780:, p. 19.
719:(2005).
457:Gertruda
412:Mstislav
371:Veszprém
345:Vita of
289:'s sons
280:Veszprém
278:city of
272:Bezprzym
268:Bezprzem
260:Bezperem
238:Bezbriem
167:Veszprém
157:Bezprzym
1600:Italics
1466:Jadwiga
1216:Bezprym
1109:Lech II
888:Bezprym
583:Bezprym
512:kingdom
465:Masovia
449:Casimir
420:Oldřich
416:Lusatia
406:rulers
404:Rurikid
360:Lambert
356:Ravenna
330:Emnilda
256:Bezprem
252:Bezprim
230:Besfrim
220:Besprim
204:Bohemia
193:Ravenna
149:Bezprym
116:Dynasty
22:Bezprym
1265:period
1183:Lestek
1088:Lech I
1002:Vacant
991:
988:c. 986
731:
665:
646:
631:
616:
601:
557:
531:
504:Dytryk
480:Polish
352:hermit
319:Judith
236:), or
181:Polish
153:Polish
137:Mother
127:Father
101:Poland
36:(1889)
1116:Wanda
993:Died:
986:Born:
723:[
490:Death
453:Ryksa
435:Reign
354:from
258:, or
183:king
58:Reign
995:1032
821:and
729:ISBN
663:ISBN
644:ISBN
629:ISBN
614:ISBN
599:ISBN
555:ISBN
529:ISBN
455:and
410:and
350:, a
323:Géza
291:Otto
244:and
107:Died
90:Born
378:in
270:or
228:),
1618::
907:,
837:,
763::
657:,
482::
451:,
431:.
395:.
366:.
254:,
195:.
173:c.
171:;
165::
161:,
155::
94:c.
1063:e
1056:t
1049:v
940:(
932:(
915:(
894:.
825:.
737:.
689:(
669:.
650:.
635:.
620:.
605:.
561:.
535:.
478:(
240:(
232:(
222:(
151:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
