1226:, along with several fellowships along the way. However, as previously stated, he came to disagree with Wittgenstein's later linguistic and analytic approach to philosophy dismissing it as "trivial", while Wittgenstein came to think of Russell as "superficial and glib", particularly in his popular writings. However, Norman Malcolm tells us in his recollections of Wittgenstein that Wittgenstein showed a deference towards Russell such as he never saw him show towards anyone else, and even went so far as to reprimand students of his who criticised Russell. As Ray Monk relates in his biography of Wittgenstein, Wittgenstein used to say that Russell's books should be bound in two covers, those dealing with mathematical philosophy in blue, and every student of philosophy should read them, while those dealing with popular subjects should be bound in red and no one should be allowed to read them.
694:, and so forth, from his isomorphic requirement, but he was never entirely satisfied with our understanding of such terms. One of the central themes of Russell's atomism is that the world consists of logically independent facts, a plurality of facts, and that our knowledge depends on the data of our direct experience of them. In his later life, Russell came to doubt aspects of logical atomism, especially his principle of isomorphism, though he continued to believe that the process of philosophy ought to consist of breaking things down into their simplest components, even though we might not ever fully arrive at an ultimate atomic fact.
424:, for it was known that given any number of elements, the number of classes they result in is greater than their number. This in turn led to the discovery of a very interesting class, namely, the class of all classes. It contains two kinds of classes: those classes that contain themselves, and those that do not. Consideration of this class led him to find a fatal flaw in the so-called principle of comprehension, which had been taken for granted by logicians of the time. He showed that it resulted in a contradiction, whereby Y is a member of Y, if and only if, Y is not a member of Y. This has become known as
1192:, Russell's attempts to solve the paradoxes led to the ramified theory of types, which, though it is highly complex and relies on the doubtful axiom of reducibility, actually manages to solve both syntactic and semantic paradoxes at the expense of rendering the logicist project suspect and introducing much complexity in the PM system. Philosopher and logician F.P. Ramsey would later simplify the theory of types arguing that there was no need to solve both semantic and syntactic paradoxes to provide a foundation for mathematics. The philosopher and logician
1158:, Russell made analysis the dominant methodology of professional philosophy. The various analytic movements throughout the last century all owe something to Russell's earlier works. Even Russell's biographer, the philosopher Ray Monk, no admirer of Russell's personal snobbery, characterised his work on the philosophy of mathematics as intense, august and incontestably great and acknowledged, in the preface to the second volume of his biography, that he is one of the indisputably great philosophers of the twentieth century.
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reminded of the fable about the elephant and the tortoise. Having constructed an elephant upon which the mathematical world could rest, I found the elephant tottering, and proceeded to construct a tortoise to keep the elephant from falling. But the tortoise was no more secure than the elephant, and after some twenty years of arduous toil, I came to the conclusion that there was nothing more that I could do in the way of making mathematical knowledge indubitable.
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of the physical world, a part of which we knew its intrinsic character directly, knowledge which goes beyond structure. His views on science have become integrated into the contemporary debate in the philosophy of science as a form of
Structural Realism, people such as Elie Zahar and Ioannis Votsis have discussed the implications of his work for our understanding of science. The seminal article "The Concept of Structure in
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1273:) have called his "journalism," than they are with his technical, philosophical work. There is a marked tendency to conflate these matters, and to judge Russell the philosopher on what he himself would definitely consider to be his non-philosophical opinions. Russell often cautioned people to make this distinction. Beginning in the 1920s, Russell wrote frequently for
607:." Normally this includes all terms beginning with "the," and sometimes includes names, like "Walter Scott." (This point is quite contentious: Russell sometimes thought that the latter terms shouldn't be called names at all, but only "disguised definite descriptions," but much subsequent work has treated them as altogether different things.) What is the "
588:. Russell's Theory of Definite Descriptions enables the sentence to be construed as meaningful but false, without commitment to the existence of any present King of France. This addresses a paradox of great antiquity (e.g. "That which is not must in some sense be. Otherwise, how could we say of it that it is not?" etc.), going back at least as far as
1729:, London: Routledge, 2000 , p. 39 ("It appeared to me obvious that the happiness of mankind should be the aim of all action, and I discovered to my surprise that there were those who thought otherwise. Belief in happiness, I found, was called Utilitarianism, and was merely one among a number of ethical theories. I adhered to it after this discovery.").
1200:, stating that it is powerful enough to derive most classical mathematics, equating the power of PM to that of Z, a weaker form of set theory than ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel Set theory with Choice). In fact, ZFC actually does circumvent Russell's paradox by restricting the comprehension axiom to already existing sets by the use of subset axioms.
880:. Notwithstanding his influence on them, Russell himself did not construe ethical propositions as narrowly as the positivists, for he believed that ethical considerations are not only meaningful, but that they are a vital subject matter for civil discourse. Indeed, though Russell was often characterised as the
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Russell left a large assortment of writing. From his adolescent years, he wrote about 3,000 words a day, with relatively few corrections; his first draft nearly always was his last, even on the most complex, technical matters. His previously unpublished work is an immense treasure trove, and scholars
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compounds. Logical atomism is a form of radical empiricism, for
Russell believed the most important requirement for such an ideal language is that every meaningful proposition must consist of terms referring directly to the objects with which we are acquainted, or that they are defined by other terms
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Russell and Moore were devoted to clarity in arguments by breaking down philosophical positions into their simplest components. Russell, in particular, saw formal logic and science as the principal tools of the philosopher. Russell did not think we should have separate methods for philosophy. Russell
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Russell held that of the physical world we know only its abstract structure except for the intrinsic character of our own brain with which we have direct acquaintance (Russell, 1948). Russell said that he had always assumed copunctuality between percepts and non-percepts, and percepts were also part
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and a claim of uniqueness which give this appearance, but these can be broken apart and treated separately from the predication that is the obvious content of the proposition. The proposition as a whole then says three things about some object: the definite description contains two of them, and the
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Russell's solution was, first of all, to analyse not the term alone but the entire proposition that contained a definite description. "The present king of France is bald," he then suggested, can be reworded to "There is an x such that x is a present king of France, nothing other than x is a present
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was published in 1910, and is largely ascribed to
Russell. More than any other single work, it established the speciality of mathematical or symbolic logic. Two more volumes were published, but their original plan to incorporate geometry in a fourth volume was never realised, and Russell never felt
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I wanted certainty in the kind of way in which people want religious faith. I thought that certainty is more likely to be found in mathematics than elsewhere. But I discovered that many mathematical demonstrations, which my teachers wanted me to accept, were full of fallacies ... I was continually
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There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that "remembered" a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary connection between events at different times; therefore nothing that is happening
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As a philosopher, if I were speaking to a purely philosophic audience I should say that I ought to describe myself as an
Agnostic, because I do not think that there is a conclusive argument by which one can prove that there is not a God. On the other hand, if I am to convey the right impression to
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which was a fierce attack on the Oxford School of
Ordinary Language philosophy and Wittgenstein's later work and was supportive of Gellner in the subsequent academic dispute. However, Russell still held Wittgenstein and his early work in high regard, he thought of him as, "perhaps the most perfect
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Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terror of the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kind of elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes. A good world needs knowledge, kindliness, and courage; it
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of the whole depends on the truths of the parts? Definite descriptions appear to be like names that by their very nature denote exactly one thing, neither more nor less. What, then, are we to say about the proposition as a whole if one of its parts apparently isn't functioning correctly?
404:(see below). The appendix to this work, however, described a paradox arising from Frege's application of second- and higher-order functions which took first-order functions as their arguments, and Russell offered his first effort to resolve what would henceforth come to be known as the
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Copleston: Well, my position is the affirmative position that such a being actually exists, and that His existence can be proved philosophically. Perhaps you would tell me if your position is that of agnosticism or of atheism. I mean, would you say that the non-existence of God can be
498:, nor any other consistent system of primitive recursive arithmetic, could, within that system, determine that every proposition that could be formulated within that system was decidable, i.e. could decide whether that proposition or its negation was provable within the system (See:
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in a set of lectures, "The
Philosophy of Logical Atomism", which he gave in 1918. In these lectures, Russell sets forth his concept of an ideal, isomorphic language, one that would mirror the world, whereby our knowledge can be reduced to terms of atomic propositions and their
973:. I remember the exact moment during my fourth year when I became one. I had gone out to buy a tin of tobacco, and was going back with it along Trinity Lane, when I suddenly threw it up in the air and exclaimed: "Great God in Boots! â the ontological argument is sound!"
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for the remainder of his life, believing that our direct experiences have primacy in the acquisition of knowledge. While some of his views have lost favour, his influence remains strong in the distinction between two ways in which we can be familiar with objects:
359:, which were the primitives of his system. Russell took it upon himself to find logical definitions for each of these. Between 1897 and 1903 he published several articles applying Peano's notation to the classical Boole-Schröder algebra of relations, among them
1011:, where I found a sentence to the effect that his father taught him the question "Who made me?" cannot be answered, since it immediately suggests the further question "Who made God?" This led me to abandon the "First Cause" argument, and to become an atheist.
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While
Russell wrote a great deal on ethical subject matters, he did not believe that the subject belonged to philosophy or that when he wrote on ethics that he did so in his capacity as a philosopher. In his earlier years, Russell was greatly influenced by
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Russell often characterised his moral and political writings as lying outside the scope of philosophy, but
Russell's admirers and detractors are often more acquainted with his pronouncements on social and political matters, or what some (e.g., biographer
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example I have ever known of genius as traditionally conceived, passionate, profound, intense, and dominating." Russell's belief that philosophy's task is not limited to examining ordinary language is once again widely accepted in philosophy.
738:, maintaining that the distinctions between the material and mental worlds, in the final analysis, were arbitrary, and that both can be reduced to a neutral propertyâa view similar to one held by the American philosopher/psychologist,
769:, that science reaches only tentative answers, that scientific progress is piecemeal, and attempts to find organic unities were largely futile. He believed the same was true of philosophy. Russell held that the ultimate objective of
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thought philosophers should strive to answer the most general of propositions about the world and this would help eliminate confusions. In particular, he wanted to end what he saw as the excesses of metaphysics. Russell adopted
1184:, led him to doubt the intuitive certainty of mathematics. This doubt was perhaps Russell's most important 'influence' on mathematics, and was spread throughout the European universities, even as Russell himself laboured (with
731:, could only be inferred, or reasoned toâi.e. known by descriptionâand not known directly. This distinction has gained much wider application, though Russell eventually rejected the idea of an intermediate sense datum.
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the ordinary man in the street I think that I ought to say that I am an
Atheist, because, when I say that I cannot prove that there is not a God, I ought to add equally that I cannot prove that there are not the
746:, whom Russell greatly admired. Instead of James' "pure experience," however, Russell characterised the stuff of our initial states of perception as "events," a stance which is curiously akin to his old teacher
842:); and that these simple, undefinable moral properties cannot be analysed using the non-moral properties with which they are associated. In time, however, he came to agree with his philosophical hero,
1467:, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1971, p.130. This work's academic reputation was so good at the time that "reviewers have generally said of each successive book of mine that it showed a falling-off".
995:, who wish for readers to believe that even a well-known atheist philosopher supported this particular argument for God's existence. However, elsewhere in his autobiography, Russell also mentions:
1180:, since it is not clear that he was a logicist when he wrote the Tractatus. What is certain is that in 1901 Russell's own reflections on the issues raised by the paradox that takes his name
1847:
Wallechinsky, David & Irving
Wallace. 1975â1981, "Famous Marriages Bertrand Russell & Alla Pearsall Smith, Part 1" & "Part 3", on "Alys" Pearsall Smith, webpage content from
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and, despite any positive effects that religion might have, it is largely harmful to people. He believed religion and the religious outlook (he considered communism and other systematic
645:. In Russell's opinion, Wittgenstein's later work was misguided, and he decried its influence and that of its followers (especially members of the so-called "Oxford school" of
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described this paper as "a paradigm of philosophy." The theory considers the sentence "The present King of France is bald" and whether the proposition is false or meaningless.
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to be forms of religion) serve to impede knowledge, foster fear and dependency, and are responsible for much of the war, oppression, and misery that have beset the world.
444:. It also crippled Frege's project of reducing arithmetic to logic. The Theory of Types and much of Russell's subsequent work have also found practical applications with
1039:âthat any argument suggesting that the world was created as if it were already in motion could just as easily make it a few minutes old as a few thousand years:
398:, and the definition of number is now usually referred to as the Frege-Russell definition. Russell drew attention to Frege's priority in 1903, when he published
280:. The book was highly praised but according to the author "far more in fact than it deserved". Russell later realised that the conception it laid out would make
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549:, among others, who used many of the techniques that Russell originally developed. Russell, and GE Moore, argued that clarity of expression is a virtue.
941:, Russell chose to assume the position of the agnostic. It seems to have been because he admitted to not being able to prove the non-existence of God:
148:
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584:, that such sentences were meaningful but neither true nor false. Russell argues that the grammatical form of the sentence disguises its underlying
838:; that they were simple properties of objects, not equivalent (e.g., pleasure is good) to the natural objects to which they are often ascribed (see
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of doing philosophy than of his philosophical conclusions. Science was one of the principal components of analysis. Russell was a believer in the
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up to improving the original works, though he referenced new developments and problems in his preface to the second edition. Upon completing the
1146:, Russell had a major influence on modern philosophy, especially in the English-speaking world. While others were also influential, notably
727:âmomentary perceptions of colours, sounds, and the likeâand that everything else, including the physical objects that these were sense data
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contains the other. If the object does not exist, or if it is not unique, then the whole sentence turns out to be false, not meaningless.
233:; this, Russell suggested, held that to know any particular thing, we must know all of its relations. Russell argued that this would make
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does not need a regretful hankering after the past or a fettering of the free intelligence by the words uttered long ago by ignorant men.
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and complex reasoning, Russell was exhausted, and he felt his intellectual faculties never fully recovered from the effort. Although the
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Wittgenstein, Russell's student, achieved considerable prominence in the philosophy of language after the posthumous publication of the
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1222:, which Russell was instrumental in having published. Russell also helped to secure Wittgenstein's doctorate and a faculty position at
2521:, edited by A. D. Irvine, 4 volumes, London: Routledge, 1999. Consists of essays on Russell's work by many distinguished philosophers.
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A History of Western Philosophy and Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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784:'s development into a separate branch of philosophy. Much of Russell's thinking about science is expressed in his 1914 book,
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2533:. by Michael K. Potter, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2006. A clear and accessible explanation of Russell's moral philosophy.
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and literature. In 1965, he wrote that the magazine "...has been one of the few voices which has been heard on behalf of
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In his 1949 speech, "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an
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in turn was shown (for example by Crossley) to be a special case of the Russell Paradox. This caused Russell to analyse
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About two years later, I became convinced that there is no life after death, but I still believed in God, because the "
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Russell also wrote many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works can be found in
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truths, however it is doubtful that Wittgenstein actually held this view, which he discussed in relation to
1077:, widely regarded as a masterpiece of prose, but a work that Russell came to dislike. While he rejected the
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king of France, and x is bald." Russell claimed that each definite description in fact contains a claim of
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referring to objects with which we are acquainted. Russell excluded some formal, logical terms such as
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1060:, Norton, 1927, p. 7, where Russell acknowledges Gosse's paternity of this anti-evolutionary argument.
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This is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.
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now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago.
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held the view of that-which-is-not being in some sense real; and Russell held this view prior to
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237:, time, science and the concept of number not fully intelligible. Russell's logical work with
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Dear Bertrand Russell... A Selection of his Correspondence with the General Public 1950â1968
1455:." EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. 2008. EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online. Accessed 23 February 2008.
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Bertrand Russell, Why I Am Not a Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
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As a young man, Russell had a decidedly religious bent, himself, as is evident in his early
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611:" of definite descriptions: how, in Frege's terms, could we paraphrase them to show how the
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Griffin, Nicholas ed. The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell. Cambridge. 2003. p. 412
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2385:(edited by Tsutomu Makino and Kazuteru Hitaka), Japan: Eichosha's New Current Books.
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John Newsome, Crossley (1973). "A Note on Cantor's Theorem and Russell's Paradox".
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Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy
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Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy
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Wittgenstein had an important influence on Russell as he himself discusses in his
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Our Knowledge of the External World as a Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy
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Changing viewpoints of philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872â1970)
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Bertrand Russell v. Fr. Copleston, 1948 BBC Radio Debate on the Existence of God
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in Paris, where he became familiar with the work of the Italian mathematician,
225:." Russell was particularly critical of a doctrine he ascribed to idealism and
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169:(1872â1970), from his early writings in 1896 until his death in February 1970.
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2539:, edited by P.A. Schilpp, Evanston and Chicago: Northwestern University, 1944.
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723:". For a time, Russell thought that we could only be acquainted with our own
577:
383:
277:
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214:
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201:, Russell was shown to be partly responsible for the British revolt against
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4681:
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4263:
4252:
4083:
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3184:
3102:
2378:(edited by Charles A. Fritz, Jr.), Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
1216:
Evidence of Russell's influence on Wittgenstein can be seen throughout the
1155:
1078:
988:
900:
881:
847:
703:
608:
585:
542:
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304:
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182:
2438:
Sur la logique des relations avec des applications à la théorie des séries
2297:
Why I Am Not A Christian and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
1717:
in a letter to Newman which has been reprinted in Russell's autobiography)
365:
Sur la logique des relations avec les applications à la théorie des séries
5011:
5006:
4959:
4571:
4494:
4307:
4142:
4028:
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3599:
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3489:
2990:
2560:
2343:(edited by R.E. Egner and L.E. Denonn), London: George Allen & Unwin.
2046:
2028:
1912:
1477:
Monk, Ray (January 1999). "Cambridge Philosophers IX: Bertrand Russell".
1280:
1254:
1250:
1230:
888:
877:
869:
633:
562:
518:
479:
226:
222:
198:
2578:
2037:
1980:
1425:
Parsons, Charles (November 2001). "Willard Van Orman Quine, 1908â2000".
987:
This quote has been used by many theologians over the years, such as by
887:
In terms of his normative ethical beliefs, Russell considered himself a
632:
One of the major complaints against Russell's theory, due originally to
269:
said Russell's work represented the greatest influence on his own work.
4954:
4922:
4887:
3648:
3379:
2058:(in collaboration with Dora Russell), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1996:
1438:
1275:
843:
821:
724:
589:
441:
340:
285:
2197:), 2 vols., London: Leonard & Virginia Woolf at the Hogarth Press.
2191:
The Amberley Papers: The Letters and Diaries of Lord and Lady Amberley
961:
Though he would later question God's existence, he fully accepted the
5016:
4877:
4788:
4692:
4604:
2572:
1066:
861:
650:
621:
412:, Russell became aware of Cantor's proof that there was no greatest
299:
Interested in the definition of number, Russell studied the work of
4937:
4384:
2824:
2707:
2701:
1427:
Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association
1270:
1096:
1081:, he freely admitted that he yearned for a deeper meaning to life.
1070:
970:
904:
514:
452:
293:
202:
2672:
2658:
469:
on which all of mathematics can be built. The first volume of the
5001:
4932:
1207:, 1956) of his reaction to Gödel's 'Theorems of Undecidability':
920:
911:
487:
289:
1998:
Proposed Roads to Freedom: Socialism, Anarchism, and Syndicalism
177:
Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of
4839:
4560:
336:
165:
cover the changing viewpoints of philosopher and mathematician
3252:
2292:(edited by Robert C. Marsh), London: George Allen & Unwin.
868:, which states that ethical propositions (along with those of
5031:
4746:
2596:, by Nicholas Griffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
1147:
612:
276:, was published in 1897. This work was heavily influenced by
234:
951:
Russell: No, I should not say that: my position is agnostic.
856:
Coupled with Russell's other doctrines, this influenced the
853:
that cannot be verified in the same way as matters of fact.
4991:
2299:(edited by Paul Edwards), London: George Allen & Unwin.
1868:
1196:
discusses the power of the PM system in the preface to his
830:. Along with Moore, he then believed that moral facts were
432:, and which he later developed into a complete theory, the
505:
Russell's last significant work in mathematics and logic,
2771:
1404:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
1115:, and moral arguments. He also discusses specifics about
734:
In his later philosophy, Russell subscribed to a kind of
4715:
440:, Russell's work led directly to the creation of modern
386:
had independently arrived at equivalent definitions for
249:'s principle against multiplying unnecessary entities,
193:
Bertrand Russell helped to develop what is now called "
2571:
Contains a sympathetic analysis of Russell's views on
1578:
The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, the Early Years
1295:
continue to gain new insights into Russell's thought.
1142:
As Nicholas Griffin points out in the introduction to
1084:
Russell's views on religion can be found in his book,
428:, the solution to which he outlined in an appendix to
256:
1760:. Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University
296:, and rejected his own earliest work on the subject.
2634:
1745:
1399:
533:, a central part of philosophy, and this influenced
2557:
The Lost Cause: Causation and the Mind-Body Problem
2512:
2336:, Cleveland and New York: World Publishing Company.
1686:
1684:
1229:Russell's influence is also evident in the work of
335:. He mastered Peano's new symbolism and his set of
2876:
2553:. A lucid summary exposition of Russell's thought.
2418:began publishing in 1983. The Russell Archives at
1893:A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
1614:
1612:
928:Bertrand Russell, Collected Papers, vol. 11, p. 91
761:Russell claimed that he was more convinced of his
375:which in turn he believed to include some form of
2740:
2422:also has more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.
1635:
1089:and Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects
5170:
2864:British philosopher, logician, and social critic
2527:, by John Slater, Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.
1681:
311:. Materials in the Bertrand Russell Archives at
288:impossible. Thenceforth, he rejected the entire
3163:Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley
2913:
2583:by Dr. Ramendra, New York: Vantage Press,1993.
2276:Nightmares of Eminent Persons and Other Stories
1944:), 3 vols., Cambridge: At the University Press.
1609:
1526:, "Schröder Material at the Russell Archives",
1073:truths, as he makes clear in his famous essay,
803:Russell wrote several science books, including
436:. Aside from exposing a major inconsistency in
253:, as a central part of the method of analysis.
1844:, 3 volumes, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1658:
580:had argued, employing his distinction between
4731:
3238:
2840:
2816:
1547:
1545:
1265:, and many other philosophers and logicians.
1165:, who was his student between 1911 and 1914.
846:, who believed that ethical terms dealt with
529:Russell made language, or more specifically,
142:
2747:"Bertrand Russell's philosophical views"
2659:"Bertrand Russell's philosophical views"
2480:
2399:, 3 vols., London: George Allen & Unwin.
2329:("editor", Paul Foulkes), London: Macdonald.
1962:, Chicago and London: Open Court Publishing.
1031:Russell made an influential analysis of the
490:in Frege's approach, it was later proven by
2506:The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870â1940
2091:On Education, Especially in Early Childhood
1644:"Knowledge by Acquaintance vs. Description"
1568:, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1971, p.147.
1400:Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008).
1144:The Cambridge Companion to Bertrand Russell
649:, who he believed were promoting a kind of
603:The problem is general to what are called "
416:, which Russell believed was mistaken. The
213:. This revolt was echoed 30 years later in
4738:
4724:
3245:
3231:
2940:
2847:
2833:
2607:Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist
2580:The Ethical Philosophy of Bertrand Russell
1664:
1542:
1485:(1). Cambridge University Press: 105â117.
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1137:
149:
135:
2652:Works about Bertrand Russell's philosophy
1418:
1310:
1095:, UK, and published later that year as a
777:reality, not simply to make predictions.
524:
292:program as it related to mathematics and
2801:The First Reith Lecture given by Russell
2545:, by A. J. Ayer, London: Fontana, 1972.
2425:
2412:The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell
2056:The Prospects of Industrial Civilization
1869:Selected bibliography of Russell's books
1751:
1641:
1470:
1445:
1291:consistently throughout its existence."
894:
756:
265:. The American philosopher and logician
3145:Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
3023:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
2752:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2687:Philosophical Works by Bertrand Russell
2213:, New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
2007:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
1886:An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry
1690:
1665:Stubenberg, Leopold (3 February 2005).
1618:
1505:
1424:
1374:
1338:
742:, and one that was first formulated by
710:in his early years, Russell remained a
706:went through many phases. Once he shed
507:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
274:An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry
5171:
3055:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
2776:
2519:Bertrand Russell: Critical Assessments
2341:The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell
2304:Understanding History and Other Essays
2283:Portraits from Memory and Other Essays
2262:Satan in the Suburbs and Other Stories
2100:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
2086:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
2079:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
2072:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
2065:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
1821:, p. 136, Thunder's Mouth Press, 1990
1351:
261:Russell had great influence on modern
188:
163:Bertrand Russell's views on philosophy
4719:
3226:
2828:
2815:
2600:
2397:The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
2290:Logic and Knowledge: Essays 1901â1950
2227:Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits
2030:The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism
2010:, London: George Allen & Unwin, (
1907:, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1895:, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1888:, Cambridge: At the University Press.
1842:The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
1727:The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
1642:Fumerton, Richard (19 January 2004).
1571:
1566:The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
1465:The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
1368:
1311:Copleston, Frederick Charles (1975).
1304:
205:, a philosophy greatly influenced by
172:
3031:Free Thought and Official Propaganda
2854:
2269:Human Society in Ethics and Politics
1990:Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays
1476:
672:Russell explained his philosophy of
329:International Congress of Philosophy
4913:Analytic and synthetic propositions
4784:Formal semantics (natural language)
3213:Category: Works by Bertrand Russell
2788:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2678:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2664:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2392:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2371:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2357:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2350:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2322:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2313:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2285:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2278:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2271:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2264:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2257:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2250:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2243:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2236:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2229:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2206:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2172:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2165:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2163:Freedom and Organization, 1814â1914
2158:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2151:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2144:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2137:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2130:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2121:Selected Papers of Bertrand Russell
2107:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2093:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2051:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2042:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
2001:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1969:, London: George Allen & Unwin.
1967:Principles of Social Reconstruction
1758:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1752:Biletzki, Anat (17 November 2006).
478:, three volumes of extraordinarily
272:Russell's first mathematical book,
257:Logic and philosophy of mathematics
13:
2537:The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell
2483:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
2468:American Journal of Mathematics 23
2364:, New York: Philosophical Library.
2306:, New York: Philosophical Library.
2033:, London: George Allen & Unwin
1863:
1619:Klement, Kevin (24 October 2005).
1379:. London: Routledge. p. 424.
667:
14:
5195:
2630:
2594:Russell's Idealist Apprenticeship
2211:An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth
1018:Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
980:Autobiography of Bertrand Russell
969:For two or three years...I was a
5125:
3207:
3206:
3127:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell
2965:
2673:"Bertrand Russell's Metaphysics"
2637:
2513:Books about Russell's philosophy
2334:Bertrand Russell Speaks His Mind
2311:Common Sense and Nuclear Warfare
2255:The Impact of Science on Society
2070:Icarus, or the Future of Science
965:during his undergraduate years:
327:. In 1900 he attended the first
315:include notes of his reading in
28:
3139:John Russell, Viscount Amberley
3133:Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
3071:A History of Western Philosophy
2222:, New York: Simon and Schuster.
2179:, London: Thornton Butterworth.
1953:, London: Williams and Norgate.
1809:
1797:
1785:
1772:
1732:
1720:
1711:
1597:
1583:
1559:
1533:
1517:
860:, who formulated the theory of
697:
3157:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
3121:John Russell, 4th Earl Russell
2721:Bertrand Russell Audio Archive
2617:Bertrand Russell and His World
2563:. Oxford: Oxford Forum, 2003.
2248:New Hopes for a Changing World
2156:Education and the Social Order
1458:
1393:
1317:. Paulist Press. p. 577.
780:Russell's work contributed to
773:science and philosophy was to
552:A significant contribution to
509:, was written while he was in
500:Gödel's incompleteness theorem
231:doctrine of internal relations
1:
2983:The Principles of Mathematics
2796:The Bertrand Russell Archives
2508:. Princeton University Press.
1904:The Principles of Mathematics
1900:The Principles of Mathematics
1840:Bertrand Russell. 1967â1969,
1834:
1554:The Principles of Mathematics
937:between Bertrand Russell and
401:The Principles of Mathematics
382:Russell then discovered that
3079:My Philosophical Development
3063:Power: A New Social Analysis
2619:, by Ronald W. Clark (1981)
2376:On the Philosophy of Science
2319:My Philosophical Development
2234:Authority and the Individual
2203:Power: A New Social Analysis
1742:. Jonathan Cape. 2000. p. 5.
1352:Irvine, A. D. (1 May 2003).
1170:My Philosophical Development
647:ordinary language philosophy
642:Philosophical Investigations
451:Russell continued to defend
448:and information technology.
7:
3195:Professorship of Philosophy
2777:Irvine, A.D. (1 May 2003).
2123:, New York: Modern Library.
1985:, New York: The Century Co.
1621:"Russell's Logical Atomism"
77:Professorship of Philosophy
10:
5200:
3007:The Problems of Philosophy
2923:RussellâEinstein Manifesto
2710:(public domain audiobooks)
2018:for Routledge paperback) (
1992:, London: Longmans, Green.
1950:The Problems of Philosophy
1931:, London: Longmans, Green.
1881:, London: Longmans, Green.
1804:The Autobio. of B. Russell
1792:The Autobio. of B. Russell
1697:. Routledge. p. 251.
1691:Russell, Bertrand (1993).
1604:The Autobio. of B. Russell
1375:Russell, Bertrand (1992).
1190:Thinking About Mathematics
653:). He wrote a foreword to
592:. In Russell's own time,
377:unrestricted comprehension
102:RussellâEinstein Manifesto
5120:
5080:
5052:
5045:
4997:Necessity and sufficiency
4900:
4865:
4817:
4771:
4753:
4745:
4658:
4427:
4196:
3956:
3731:
3499:
3264:
3258:Nobel Prize in Literature
3203:
3172:
3089:
2974:
2963:
2869:
2862:
2822:
2817:Links to related articles
2772:National Portrait Gallery
2703:Works by Bertrand Russell
2693:Works by Bertrand Russell
2531:Bertrand Russell's Ethics
2495:10.1080/00048407312341051
2142:The Conquest of Happiness
1591:Principles of Mathematics
1512:Bertrand Russell Archives
1491:10.1017/S0031819199001072
834:, but known only through
814:
717:knowledge by acquaintance
486:did not fall prey to the
355:, and the singular term,
209:and his British apostle,
3039:Why I Am Not a Christian
2886:CoplestonâRussell debate
2757:University of St Andrews
2186:, London: Jonathan Cape.
2113:Why I Am Not a Christian
2105:An Outline of Philosophy
1453:Quine, Willard Van Orman
1298:
1198:Logic, logic & logic
1093:National Secular Society
1087:Why I Am Not a Christian
721:knowledge by description
241:continued this project.
97:CoplestonâRussell debate
37:This article is part of
2442:Rivista di matematica 7
2383:Russell's Peace Appeals
1879:German Social Democracy
1782:. Academic Press. 1977.
1530:1 (1990â1991), 237â247.
1138:Influence on philosophy
788:, which influenced the
459:, wrote the monumental
4220:Gabriel GarcĂa MĂĄrquez
4073:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
3180:Appointment court case
3165:(maternal grandmother)
3159:(paternal grandfather)
2948:PeanoâRussell notation
2901:Theory of descriptions
2460:Alfred North Whitehead
2449:On the Notion of Order
2149:The Scientific Outlook
2098:The Analysis of Matter
1976:, Chicago: Open Court.
1942:Alfred North Whitehead
1859:(accessed 2008-11-08).
1780:Elements of Set Theory
1514:at McMaster University
1377:The Analysis of Matter
1214:
1186:Alfred North Whitehead
1135:
1075:"A Free Man's Worship"
1063:
1023:
993:Philosophy of Religion
985:
959:
948:
931:
798:The Analysis of Matter
558:theory of descriptions
554:philosophy of language
525:Philosophy of language
457:Alfred North Whitehead
361:On the Notion of Order
321:Charles Sanders Peirce
229:, which he dubbed the
117:Theory of descriptions
92:PeanoâRussell notation
82:Appointment court case
5132:Philosophy portal
4165:Isaac Bashevis Singer
4040:Miguel Ăngel Asturias
3713:Frans Eemil SillanpÀÀ
3444:Verner von Heidenstam
3299:BjĂžrnstjerne BjĂžrnson
2999:Principia Mathematica
2763:Russell Photo Gallery
2727:In Praise of Idleness
2502:Ivor Grattan-Guinness
2426:Additional references
2414:, an anthology which
2390:War Crimes in Vietnam
2170:In Praise of Idleness
2077:The ABC of Relativity
1937:Principia Mathematica
1816:Katrina Vanden Heuvel
1754:"Ludwig Wittgenstein"
1669:. Stanford University
1646:. Stanford University
1623:. Stanford University
1402:From Plato to Derrida
1356:. Stanford University
1314:History of Philosophy
1209:
1205:Portraits from Memory
1124:
1041:
997:
967:
949:
943:
935:1948 BBC Radio Debate
916:
895:Religion and theology
809:The ABC of Relativity
782:philosophy of science
757:Philosophy of science
712:philosophical realist
605:definite descriptions
496:Principia Mathematica
462:Principia Mathematica
3691:Roger Martin du Gard
2743:Robertson, Edmund F.
2475:Secondary references
2362:Essays in Skepticism
2177:Religion and Science
2048:The Problem of China
2039:The Analysis of Mind
1929:Philosophical Essays
1916:, Mind vol. 14, NS,
1849:The People's Almanac
1819:The Nation 1865â1990
1740:The Ghost of Madness
1279:on changing morals,
1113:argument from design
1109:natural-law argument
1105:first cause argument
1053:, 1921, pp. 159â60;
1051:The Analysis of Mind
963:ontological argument
840:Naturalistic fallacy
442:axiomatic set theory
219:logical positivists'
5184:Analytic philosophy
4794:Philosophy of logic
4594:Svetlana Alexievich
3936:Salvatore Quasimodo
3622:Erik Axel Karlfeldt
3556:George Bernard Shaw
3413:Rabindranath Tagore
3391:Maurice Maeterlinck
3115:Edith Finch Russell
3097:Alys Pearsall Smith
3047:Marriage and Morals
2878:Views on philosophy
2741:O'Connor, John J.;
2464:On Cardinal Numbers
2420:McMaster University
2416:McMaster University
2184:Which Way to Peace?
2135:Marriage and Morals
2021:Copy at Archive.org
1974:Justice in War-time
1778:Enderton, Herbert.
1163:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1033:omphalos hypothesis
939:Frederick Copleston
891:early in his life.
858:logical positivists
790:logical positivists
582:sense and reference
535:Ludwig Wittgenstein
531:how we use language
369:On Cardinal Numbers
313:McMaster University
195:Analytic Philosophy
189:Analytic philosophy
179:analytic philosophy
62:Views on philosophy
5093:Rules of inference
5062:Mathematical logic
4804:Semantics of logic
4539:Mario Vargas Llosa
4517:J. M. G. Le Clézio
4374:WisĆawa Szymborska
4154:Vicente Aleixandre
4025:Shmuel Yosef Agnon
3903:Juan Ramón Jiménez
3771:Johannes V. Jensen
3459:Henrik Pontoppidan
3325:Henryk Sienkiewicz
2779:"Bertrand Russell"
2601:Biographical books
2327:Wisdom of the West
1354:"Bertrand Russell"
1285:individual liberty
1203:Russell wrote (in
1117:Christian theology
1049:Bertrand Russell,
1037:Philip Henry Gosse
1016:Bertrand Russell,
978:Bertrand Russell,
751:process philosophy
517:activities during
373:higher-order logic
309:Augustus De Morgan
263:mathematical logic
173:Philosophical work
5166:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5116:
5115:
4950:Deductive closure
4896:
4895:
4835:Critical thinking
4713:
4712:
4671:Abdulrazak Gurnah
4550:Tomas Tranströmer
4051:Yasunari Kawabata
4014:Mikhail Sholokhov
3870:Winston Churchill
3545:WĆadysĆaw Reymont
3523:Jacinto Benavente
3402:Gerhart Hauptmann
3220:
3219:
3099:(wife, 1894â1921)
2961:
2960:
2953:Russell's paradox
2936:
2935:
2909:
2908:
2697:Project Gutenberg
2645:Philosophy portal
2355:Has Man a Future?
1924:, Basil Blackwell
1524:Irving H. Anellis
1411:978-0-13-158591-1
1182:Russell's paradox
767:scientific method
426:Russell's paradox
408:. Before writing
247:William of Ockham
159:
158:
87:Russell's paradox
54:
53:
5191:
5179:Bertrand Russell
5130:
5129:
5128:
5050:
5049:
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4779:Computer science
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4473:Elfriede Jelinek
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4297:Camilo José Cela
4288:
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4242:Jaroslav Seifert
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4005:
4004:(declined award)
4002:Jean-Paul Sartre
3993:
3982:
3971:
3949:
3947:Saint-John Perse
3938:
3927:
3916:
3905:
3894:
3883:
3881:Ernest Hemingway
3872:
3861:
3859:François Mauriac
3850:
3839:
3837:Bertrand Russell
3828:
3826:William Faulkner
3817:
3806:
3795:
3784:
3782:Gabriela Mistral
3773:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3704:
3693:
3682:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3660:Luigi Pirandello
3651:
3640:
3629:
3613:
3602:
3591:
3580:
3569:
3558:
3547:
3536:
3525:
3514:
3492:
3481:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3446:
3435:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3404:
3393:
3382:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3316:
3310:Frédéric Mistral
3301:
3290:
3279:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3190:Peace Foundation
3151:John Stuart Mill
3109:Patricia Russell
2969:
2938:
2937:
2928:Russell Tribunal
2915:Views on society
2911:
2910:
2896:Russell's teapot
2874:
2873:
2856:Bertrand Russell
2849:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2792:
2783:Zalta, Edward N.
2759:
2682:
2668:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2525:Bertrand Russell
2498:
2348:Fact and Fiction
2241:Unpopular Essays
2195:Patricia Russell
2128:Sceptical Essays
2116:, London: Watts.
2063:The ABC of Atoms
1982:Political Ideals
1829:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1667:"Neutral Monism"
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1308:
1133:
1122:His conclusion:
1103:, including the
1101:existence of God
1069:. He longed for
1061:
1021:
983:
957:
929:
914:or an agnostic:
827:Principia Ethica
805:The ABC of Atoms
679:truth-functional
660:Words and Things
467:axiomatic system
446:computer science
438:naive set theory
418:Cantor's paradox
221:"revolt against
167:Bertrand Russell
151:
144:
137:
112:Russell's teapot
107:Russell Tribunal
71:Peace Foundation
67:Views on society
50:
49:
47:
46:Bertrand Russell
40:
32:
25:
24:
21:
20:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5126:
5124:
5112:
5076:
5067:Boolean algebra
5041:
4892:
4883:Metamathematics
4861:
4813:
4767:
4749:
4744:
4714:
4709:
4704:to be announced
4698:
4687:
4676:
4665:
4654:
4643:
4632:
4621:
4610:
4599:
4588:
4583:Patrick Modiano
4577:
4566:
4555:
4544:
4533:
4522:
4511:
4500:
4489:
4478:
4467:
4456:
4445:
4434:
4423:
4412:
4401:
4390:
4379:
4368:
4357:
4346:
4335:
4324:
4319:Nadine Gordimer
4313:
4302:
4291:
4280:
4269:
4258:
4247:
4236:
4231:William Golding
4225:
4214:
4203:
4192:
4181:
4176:Odysseas Elytis
4170:
4159:
4148:
4137:
4132:Eugenio Montale
4126:
4121:Harry Martinson
4111:
4100:
4089:
4078:
4067:
4056:
4045:
4034:
4019:
4008:
3996:
3991:Giorgos Seferis
3985:
3974:
3963:
3952:
3941:
3930:
3925:Boris Pasternak
3919:
3908:
3897:
3892:HalldĂłr Laxness
3886:
3875:
3864:
3853:
3842:
3831:
3820:
3809:
3798:
3787:
3776:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3707:
3696:
3685:
3674:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3643:
3638:John Galsworthy
3632:
3616:
3605:
3594:
3583:
3572:
3561:
3550:
3539:
3528:
3517:
3506:
3495:
3484:
3473:
3465:
3464:
3449:
3438:
3427:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3385:
3374:
3363:
3352:
3347:Rudyard Kipling
3341:
3336:GiosuĂš Carducci
3330:
3319:
3304:
3293:
3288:Theodor Mommsen
3282:
3277:Sully Prudhomme
3271:
3260:
3251:
3221:
3216:
3199:
3168:
3117:(wife, 1952â70)
3111:(wife, 1936â51)
3105:(wife, 1921â35)
3085:
2970:
2957:
2932:
2905:
2891:Logical atomism
2865:
2858:
2853:
2818:
2671:
2657:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2603:
2515:
2428:
2369:Unarmed Victory
1871:
1866:
1864:Further reading
1837:
1832:
1814:
1810:
1806:, pgs. 351â353.
1802:
1798:
1794:, pgs. 435â440.
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1689:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1593:(1903) pg. 449.
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1062:
1048:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1015:
984:
977:
958:
955:
930:
927:
897:
866:non-cognitivism
817:
759:
708:neo-Hegelianism
700:
674:logical atomism
670:
668:Logical atomism
574:Frank P. Ramsey
527:
434:theory of types
414:cardinal number
406:Russell Paradox
317:algebraic logic
282:Albert Einstein
259:
191:
175:
161:The aspects of
155:
126:
122:Logical atomism
45:
43:
42:
41:
38:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5134:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4827:
4821:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4696:
4685:
4674:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4641:
4630:
4627:Olga Tokarczuk
4619:
4616:Kazuo Ishiguro
4608:
4597:
4586:
4575:
4564:
4553:
4542:
4531:
4520:
4509:
4498:
4487:
4476:
4465:
4454:
4443:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4410:
4399:
4388:
4377:
4366:
4355:
4344:
4333:
4322:
4311:
4300:
4289:
4286:Naguib Mahfouz
4278:
4275:Joseph Brodsky
4267:
4256:
4245:
4234:
4223:
4212:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4187:CzesĆaw MiĆosz
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4124:
4117:Eyvind Johnson
4109:
4098:
4087:
4076:
4065:
4062:Samuel Beckett
4054:
4043:
4032:
4017:
4006:
3994:
3983:
3980:John Steinbeck
3972:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3939:
3928:
3917:
3906:
3895:
3884:
3873:
3862:
3851:
3848:PĂ€r Lagerkvist
3840:
3829:
3818:
3807:
3796:
3785:
3774:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3705:
3694:
3683:
3680:Eugene O'Neill
3672:
3663:
3652:
3641:
3630:
3614:
3611:Sinclair Lewis
3603:
3592:
3581:
3570:
3567:Grazia Deledda
3559:
3548:
3537:
3526:
3515:
3512:Anatole France
3503:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3479:Carl Spitteler
3471:
3462:
3455:Karl Gjellerup
3447:
3436:
3433:Romain Rolland
3425:
3416:
3405:
3394:
3383:
3372:
3369:Selma Lagerlöf
3361:
3350:
3339:
3328:
3317:
3314:José Echegaray
3302:
3291:
3280:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2774:
2765:
2760:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2684:
2683:
2669:
2649:
2648:
2632:
2631:External links
2629:
2628:
2627:
2614:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2554:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2499:
2472:
2471:
2456:
2453:Mind (n.s.) 10
2445:
2427:
2424:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2084:What I Believe
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1925:
1908:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1771:
1744:
1731:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1680:
1657:
1634:
1608:
1596:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1541:
1532:
1516:
1504:
1469:
1457:
1444:
1433:(2): 121â124.
1417:
1410:
1392:
1385:
1367:
1337:
1323:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1289:social justice
1263:John R. Searle
1231:Alfred J. Ayer
1139:
1136:
1129:
1046:
1035:enunciated by
1013:
975:
953:
925:
896:
893:
816:
813:
758:
755:
744:Baruch Spinoza
736:neutral monism
699:
696:
669:
666:
655:Ernest Gellner
547:P. F. Strawson
526:
523:
333:Giuseppe Peano
325:Ernst Schröder
258:
255:
207:G. W. F. Hegel
190:
187:
174:
171:
157:
156:
154:
153:
146:
139:
131:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
64:
56:
55:
52:
51:
39:a series about
35:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5196:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5109:
5108:Logic symbols
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4987:Logical truth
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4928:Contradiction
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4873:Argumentation
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4857:Philosophical
4855:
4853:
4852:Non-classical
4850:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:Doris Lessing
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4484:Harold Pinter
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4462:J. M. Coetzee
4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:V. S. Naipaul
4437:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:José Saramago
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:Seamus Heaney
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:Toni Morrison
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:Derek Walcott
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4209:Elias Canetti
4206:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
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3015:Why Men Fight
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2589:0-533-09424-0
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2551:0-00-632965-9
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2023:
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2017:
2016:0-415-09604-9
2013:
2009:
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1994:
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1827:1-56025-001-1
1824:
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1704:0-415-09605-7
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1386:0-415-08297-8
1382:
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1326:
1324:0-8091-0072-X
1320:
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1277:
1272:
1266:
1264:
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1256:
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1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:Alonzo Church
1236:
1235:Rudolf Carnap
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:George Boolos
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:logical truth
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1128:
1123:
1120:
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1034:
1029:
1026:
1019:
1012:
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1009:Autobiography
1006:
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791:
787:
783:
778:
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768:
764:
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749:
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741:
740:William James
737:
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718:
713:
709:
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695:
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675:
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595:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:
565:
564:
560:, set out in
559:
556:is Russell's
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
494:that neither
493:
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477:
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468:
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458:
454:
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439:
435:
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411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Gottlob Frege
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
284:'s schema of
283:
279:
278:Immanuel Kant
275:
270:
268:
267:Willard Quine
264:
254:
252:
251:Occam's razor
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:F. H. Bradley
208:
204:
200:
197:." Alongside
196:
186:
184:
180:
170:
168:
164:
152:
147:
145:
140:
138:
133:
132:
130:
129:
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98:
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83:
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78:
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72:
68:
65:
63:
60:
59:
58:
57:
48:
34:
31:
27:
26:
23:
22:
19:
5027:Substitution
4847:Mathematical
4772:Major fields
4703:
4682:Annie Ernaux
4659:2021âpresent
4649:Louise GlĂŒck
4638:Peter Handke
4528:Herta MĂŒller
4451:Imre Kertész
4418:Gao Xingjian
4407:GĂŒnter Grass
4352:KenzaburĆ Će
4264:Wole Soyinka
4253:Claude Simon
4084:Pablo Neruda
3914:Albert Camus
3626:posthumously
3625:
3205:
3185:Earl Russell
3103:Dora Russell
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2877:
2803:(Real Audio)
2786:
2750:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2616:
2606:
2593:
2579:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2505:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2458:1902, (with
2452:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2429:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2006:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1948:
1935:
1928:
1911:
1903:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1851:, webpages:
1848:
1841:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1693:
1671:. Retrieved
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1603:
1599:
1590:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1552:
1535:
1528:Modern Logic
1527:
1519:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1401:
1395:
1376:
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1328:. Retrieved
1313:
1306:
1293:
1274:
1267:
1247:David Kaplan
1228:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1197:
1189:
1174:tautological
1169:
1167:
1160:
1156:Wittgenstein
1143:
1141:
1125:
1121:
1085:
1083:
1079:supernatural
1064:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1008:
998:
992:
989:Louis Pojman
986:
979:
968:
960:
950:
944:
932:
917:
909:
901:superstition
898:
886:
882:patron saint
855:
825:
818:
808:
804:
802:
797:
794:
785:
779:
774:
770:
762:
760:
733:
728:
704:epistemology
701:
698:Epistemology
691:
687:
683:
671:
658:
640:
638:
631:
625:rest of the
618:
609:logical form
602:
597:
586:logical form
567:
561:
551:
543:J. L. Austin
539:Gilbert Ryle
530:
528:
506:
504:
495:
483:
475:
470:
460:
450:
429:
409:
399:
395:
391:
387:
381:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
305:Georg Cantor
301:George Boole
298:
273:
271:
260:
243:
192:
183:epistemology
176:
162:
160:
61:
18:
5142:WikiProject
5012:Proposition
5007:Probability
4960:Description
4901:Foundations
4572:Alice Munro
4495:Orhan Pamuk
4308:Octavio Paz
4143:Saul Bellow
4029:Nelly Sachs
3815:T. S. Eliot
3600:Thomas Mann
3534:W. B. Yeats
3490:Knut Hamsun
3153:(godfather)
3002:(1910â1913)
2991:On Denoting
2941:Mathematics
2768:Photographs
2715:Audio files
2561:Celia Green
2395:1967â1969,
1934:1910â1913,
1913:On Denoting
1764:27 February
1738:Monk, Ray.
1673:23 February
1650:23 February
1627:23 February
1360:20 February
1330:20 February
1281:disarmament
1259:W. V. Quine
1255:Karl Popper
1251:Saul Kripke
1001:First Cause
889:utilitarian
878:preferences
870:metaphysics
807:(1923) and
748:Whitehead's
598:On Denoting
563:On Denoting
519:World War I
227:coherentism
223:metaphysics
199:G. E. Moore
5173:Categories
5072:Set theory
4970:Linguistic
4965:Entailment
4955:Definition
4923:Consequent
4918:Antecedent
3969:Ivo AndriÄ
3804:André Gide
3649:Ivan Bunin
3380:Paul Heyse
2870:Philosophy
2611:John Lewis
2470:: 367â384.
2444:: 115â148.
1835:References
1606:, pg. 329.
1551:Russell's
1479:Philosophy
1276:The Nation
1243:Kurt Gödel
1058:Philosophy
905:ideologies
848:subjective
844:David Hume
822:G.E. Moore
775:understand
725:sense data
702:Russell's
590:Parmenides
492:Kurt Gödel
430:Principles
410:Principles
341:arithmetic
286:space-time
5103:Fallacies
5098:Paradoxes
5088:Logicians
5022:Statement
5017:Reference
4982:Induction
4945:Deduction
4908:Abduction
4878:Metalogic
4825:Classical
4789:Inference
4693:Jon Fosse
4605:Bob Dylan
4428:2001â2020
4197:1981â2000
3957:1961â1980
3732:1941â1960
3500:1921â1940
3265:1901â1920
3254:Laureates
3135:(brother)
2573:causality
2489:: 70â71.
1922:0026-4423
1580:, p. 202.
1499:170259983
1224:Cambridge
1219:Tractatus
1067:Platonism
874:attitudes
862:emotivism
836:intuition
832:objective
651:mysticism
622:existence
572:, 1905).
488:paradoxes
484:Principia
476:Principia
471:Principia
392:successor
353:successor
239:Whitehead
5137:Category
5037:Validity
4938:Antinomy
4866:Theories
4830:Informal
4385:Dario Fo
3147:(mother)
3141:(father)
2708:LibriVox
2504:, 2000.
2455:: 35â51.
1271:Ray Monk
1130:â
1097:pamphlet
1047:â
1020:, pg. 36
1014:â
982:, pg. 60
976:â
971:Hegelian
954:â
926:â
811:(1925).
634:Strawson
627:sentence
515:anti-war
513:for his
480:abstract
453:logicism
294:geometry
203:idealism
5152:changes
5144: (
5002:Premise
4933:Paradox
4763:History
4758:Outline
3256:of the
3173:Related
2785:(ed.).
2770:at the
2543:Russell
2431:Russell
1439:3218726
1071:eternal
991:in his
946:proved?
933:In the
921:Homeric
912:atheist
719:" and "
594:Meinong
422:classes
379:axiom.
290:Kantian
217:by the
5054:topics
4840:Reason
4818:Logics
4809:Syntax
4561:Mo Yan
3211:
3090:Family
3082:(1959)
3074:(1945)
3066:(1938)
3058:(1935)
3050:(1929)
3042:(1927)
3034:(1922)
3026:(1919)
3018:(1916)
3010:(1912)
2994:(1905)
2986:(1903)
2623:
2613:(1968)
2587:
2567:
2549:
2447:1901,
2436:1900,
2402:1969,
2388:1967,
2381:1967,
2374:1965,
2367:1963,
2360:1963,
2353:1961,
2346:1961,
2339:1961,
2332:1960,
2325:1959,
2316:1959,
2309:1959,
2302:1958,
2295:1957,
2288:1956,
2281:1956,
2274:1954,
2267:1954,
2260:1953,
2253:1952,
2246:1951,
2239:1950,
2232:1949,
2225:1948,
2216:1946,
2209:1940,
2200:1938,
2193:(with
2189:1937,
2182:1936,
2175:1935,
2168:1935,
2161:1934,
2154:1932,
2147:1931,
2140:1930,
2133:1929,
2126:1928,
2119:1927,
2110:1927,
2103:1927,
2096:1927,
2089:1926,
2082:1925,
2075:1925,
2068:1924,
2061:1923,
2054:1923,
2045:1922,
2036:1921,
2027:1920,
2014:
2004:1919,
1995:1918,
1988:1918,
1979:1917,
1972:1916,
1965:1916,
1956:1914,
1947:1912,
1940:(with
1927:1910,
1920:
1898:1903,
1891:1900,
1884:1897,
1877:1896,
1857:Part 3
1855:&
1853:Part 1
1825:
1701:
1497:
1437:
1408:
1383:
1321:
1154:, and
1111:, the
1107:, the
851:values
815:Ethics
763:method
545:, and
396:number
394:, and
367:, and
349:number
337:axioms
307:, and
215:Vienna
5081:other
5046:Lists
5032:Truth
4799:Proof
4747:Logic
3129:(son)
3123:(son)
2975:Works
2781:. In
2735:Other
2609:, by
2559:, by
1910:1905
1495:S2CID
1435:JSTOR
1299:Notes
1152:Moore
1148:Frege
923:gods.
613:truth
578:Frege
465:, an
235:space
5146:talk
4992:Name
4977:Form
4700:2024
4689:2023
4678:2022
4667:2021
4645:2020
4634:2019
4623:2018
4612:2017
4601:2016
4590:2015
4579:2014
4568:2013
4557:2012
4546:2011
4535:2010
4524:2009
4513:2008
4502:2007
4491:2006
4480:2005
4469:2004
4458:2003
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4436:2001
4414:2000
4403:1999
4392:1998
4381:1997
4370:1996
4359:1995
4348:1994
4337:1993
4326:1992
4315:1991
4304:1990
4293:1989
4282:1988
4271:1987
4260:1986
4249:1985
4238:1984
4227:1983
4216:1982
4205:1981
4183:1980
4172:1979
4161:1978
4150:1977
4139:1976
4128:1975
4113:1974
4102:1973
4091:1972
4080:1971
4069:1970
4058:1969
4047:1968
4036:1967
4021:1966
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3998:1964
3987:1963
3976:1962
3965:1961
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3932:1959
3921:1958
3910:1957
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3273:1901
2621:ISBN
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2565:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1918:ISSN
1823:ISBN
1766:2008
1699:ISBN
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876:and
771:both
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