183:("in qua omnia semel et simul fecit Deus"), and are eternal but not coeternal with God. According to John of Salisbury, Bernard also taught that there exist native forms—copies of the Ideas created with matter—which are alone united with matter. It is difficult, however, to determine what was Bernard's doctrine on this point. It is sufficient to note that he reproduced in his metaphysical doctrines many of the characteristic traits of
174:
According to
Bernard, there are three categories of reality: God, matter, and idea. God is supreme reality. Matter was brought out of nothingness by God's creative act and is the element which, in union with Ideas, constitutes the world of sensible things. Ideas are the prototypes by means of which
114:
Bernard of
Chartres used to say that we are like dwarves perched on the shoulders of giants , and thus we are able to see more and farther than the latter. And this is not at all because of the acuteness of our sight or the stature of our body, but because we are carried aloft and elevated by the
207:
Bernard argued that matter, although caused by God, existed from all eternity. In the beginning, before its union with the Ideas, it was in a chaotic condition. It was by means of the native forms, which penetrate matter, that distinction, order, regularity, and number were introduced into the
83:, a metrical treatise on the same subject, a moral poem on education, and probably a fourth work in which he sought to reconcile Plato with Aristotle. Fragments of these treatises are to be found in John's
415:
340:
1078:
988:
1103:
1093:
947:
103:
375:
408:
384:
240:
1083:
75:
were students of his, and some information about his work comes through their writings, as well as the writings of
146:(distinguishing between the abstract, the process, and the concrete—exemplified, for instance, by the Latin words
469:
708:
642:
667:
315:, Book III, Chapter 4. Cfr. Troyan, Scott D., Medieval Rhetoric: A Casebook, London, Routledge, 2004, p. 10.
1098:
401:
57:
876:
866:
767:
1013:
826:
334:
916:
554:
529:
559:
68:
1059:
1033:
1018:
998:
896:
891:
48:
The date and place of his birth are unknown. He was believed to have been the elder brother of
223:
must be attributed to
Bernard. These glosses edited by Dutton are Bernard's only extant work.
1088:
957:
886:
357:
60:
by 1115 and was chancellor until 1124. There is no proof that he was still alive after 1124.
351:
1023:
993:
657:
524:
509:
479:
432:
96:
8:
1008:
777:
698:
424:
124:
Bernard, in common with others of his school, devoted more attention to the study of the
49:
861:
733:
713:
582:
544:
474:
454:
126:
72:
846:
752:
677:
380:
286:
236:
180:
107:
76:
856:
841:
787:
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637:
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672:
647:
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188:
906:
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728:
723:
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564:
519:
448:
23:
1072:
983:
703:
652:
539:
514:
503:
329:
34:
56:
origin, but research has shown that this is unlikely. He is recorded at the
1038:
1028:
782:
693:
622:
587:
131:
333:
99:, and assigns to the former works which are to be ascribed to the latter.
1043:
881:
812:
797:
772:
738:
662:
627:
607:
602:
534:
464:
192:
159:
37:
393:
350:
219:
Paul Edward Dutton has shown that a set of anonymous glosses on Plato's
962:
942:
802:
792:
143:
92:
1003:
911:
901:
871:
184:
163:
135:
79:. According to John of Salisbury, Bernard composed a prose treatise
967:
952:
937:
932:
851:
459:
235:, edited with an introduction by Paul Edward Dutton, Toronto 1991.
139:
53:
379:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 19–20.
617:
484:
196:
31:
281:
130:
and the works of the Neo-Platonists than to the study of the
176:
344:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
142:. Consequently, he not only discussed the problem of
187:and Neo-Platonism: the intellect as the habitat of
361:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
373:Jeauneau, Edouard (1970). "Bernard of Chartres".
1070:
261:The Glosae super Platonem of Bernard of Chartres
233:The Glosae super Platonem of Bernard of Chartres
175:the world was from all eternity present to the
272:For the date of his death see Dutton p. 32-33.
409:
211:
199:, matter as the source of imperfection, etc.
158:) but also occupied himself with problems of
416:
402:
989:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
423:
30:; died after 1124) was a twelfth-century
372:
328:
102:The earliest attribution of the phrase "
63:
760:
1071:
348:
397:
862:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
104:standing on the shoulders of giants
95:confounds Bernard of Chartres with
13:
376:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
366:
14:
1115:
1079:12th-century French philosophers
355:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
290:, Vol. CXLIX, coll. 938 and 666.
16:French Neo-Platonist philosopher
470:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
179:; they constitute the world of
643:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
305:
293:
275:
266:
253:
169:
40:, scholar, and administrator.
1:
1104:12th-century writers in Latin
246:
202:
119:
58:cathedral school of Chartres
7:
1094:12th-century French writers
335:"Bernard of Chartres"
226:
10:
1120:
322:
259:Paul Edward Dutton (ed.),
1056:
976:
948:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
925:
897:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
857:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
834:
825:
768:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
751:
686:
573:
493:
440:
431:
352:"Bernard Sylvester"
263:, Toronto 1991, p. 40-42.
1014:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
907:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
842:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
349:Turner, William (1912).
138:and the commentaries of
115:magnitude of the giants.
81:De expositione Porphyrii
1084:Scholastic philosophers
877:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
872:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
555:Dominicus Gundissalinus
530:Richard of Saint Victor
341:Encyclopædia Britannica
43:
1060:Renaissance philosophy
1034:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1019:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
117:
27:
958:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
953:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
425:Medieval philosophers
358:Catholic Encyclopedia
300:Catholic Encyclopedia
132:dialectical treatises
112:
64:Contemporary accounts
28:Bernardus Carnotensis
1024:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
994:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
968:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
943:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
658:Godfrey of Fontaines
560:Gilbert de la Porrée
525:Hugh of Saint Victor
510:Anselm of Canterbury
480:John Scotus Eriugena
311:John of Salisbury,
106:" is to Bernard (by
97:Bernardus Silvestris
69:Gilbert de la Porrée
1099:French male writers
933:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
852:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
778:Solomon ibn Gabirol
699:Marsilius of Inghen
550:Bernard of Chartres
212:Glosses on Plato's
50:Thierry of Chartres
20:Bernard of Chartres
734:Lambertus de Monte
714:Francesc Eiximenis
583:Robert Grosseteste
545:Alexander of Hales
475:Isidore of Seville
455:Augustine of Hippo
73:William of Conches
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
821:
820:
747:
746:
678:William of Ockham
287:Patrologia Latina
108:John of Salisbury
77:John of Salisbury
1111:
832:
831:
788:Abraham ibn Daud
758:
757:
719:Nicholas of Cusa
709:Albert of Saxony
638:Boetius of Dacia
633:Siger of Brabant
438:
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867:Matta ibn Yunus
817:
743:
682:
673:Petrus Aureolus
648:Meister Eckhart
593:Albertus Magnus
575:
569:
495:
489:
427:
422:
387:
369:
367:Further reading
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5:
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808:Hasdai Crescas
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770:
764:
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749:
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729:Paul of Venice
726:
724:Vincent Ferrer
721:
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613:Thomas Aquinas
610:
605:
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598:Henry of Ghent
595:
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579:
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571:
570:
568:
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565:Alain de Lille
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557:
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520:Anselm of Laon
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449:Church Fathers
444:
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332:, ed. (1911).
330:Chisholm, Hugh
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1027:
1025:
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1005:
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1000:
999:Rashid al-Din
997:
995:
992:
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985:
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918:
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895:
893:
890:
888:
887:Abd al-Jabbar
885:
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704:Nicole Oresme
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653:Giles of Rome
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634:
631:
629:
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621:
619:
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584:
581:
580:
578:
572:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Peter Lombard
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Peter Abelard
513:
511:
508:
505:
504:Scholasticism
501:
500:
498:
492:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
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446:
445:
443:
439:
436:
434:
430:
426:
419:
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407:
405:
400:
399:
396:
388:
386:0-684-10114-9
382:
378:
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371:
370:
360:
359:
353:
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336:
331:
327:
326:
314:
308:
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296:
289:
288:
283:
278:
269:
262:
256:
252:
242:
241:0-88844-107-X
238:
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167:
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149:
145:
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137:
133:
129:
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116:
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105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
87:(IV, 35) and
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
61:
59:
55:
52:and to be of
51:
41:
39:
36:
35:Neo-Platonist
33:
29:
25:
21:
1089:1120s deaths
1039:Ibn Taymiyya
1029:Ibn al-Nafis
783:Judah Halevi
694:Jean Buridan
623:John Peckham
588:Michael Scot
549:
374:
356:
339:
312:
307:
299:
295:
285:
277:
268:
260:
255:
232:
220:
218:
213:
206:
173:
155:
151:
147:
125:
123:
113:
101:
89:Policraticus
88:
84:
80:
67:
47:
19:
18:
1044:Ibn Khaldun
882:Ibn Masarra
813:Joseph Albo
798:Nachmanides
773:Saadia Gaon
739:John Hennon
663:Duns Scotus
628:Ramon Llull
608:Bonaventure
603:Roger Bacon
465:Cassiodorus
313:Metalogicon
177:Divine Mind
170:Metaphysics
160:metaphysics
85:Metalogicon
38:philosopher
1073:Categories
1009:al-Qazwini
984:Ibn Sab'in
963:Ibn Tufayl
917:al-Kirmani
803:Gersonides
793:Maimonides
247:References
208:universe.
195:, eternal
193:world-soul
181:Providence
144:universals
91:(VII, 3).
1058:See also
1004:Ibn Arabi
912:al-Biruni
902:Miskawayh
847:al-Nazzam
433:Christian
203:Cosmology
185:Platonism
164:cosmology
136:Aristotle
120:Doctrines
938:Ibn Hazm
892:Al-Amiri
761:Medieval
668:Durandus
535:Roscelin
460:Boethius
302:, I, 408
227:Editions
140:Boethius
827:Islamic
618:Vitello
576:century
574:13–14th
496:century
494:11–12th
323:Sources
221:Timaeus
214:Timaeus
127:Timaeus
93:Hauréau
753:Jewish
485:Alcuin
383:
239:
197:matter
191:, the
154:, and
148:albedo
54:Breton
32:French
835:Early
441:Early
282:Migne
189:Ideas
156:album
152:albet
24:Latin
977:Late
926:High
687:Late
381:ISBN
237:ISBN
162:and
71:and
44:Life
134:of
110:):
1075::
338:.
284:,
166:.
150:,
26::
506:"
502:"
451:"
447:"
417:e
410:t
403:v
389:.
22:(
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